Computers and Electrical Engineering 87 (2020) 106772

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Computers and Electrical Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compeleceng

An internet of things-based smart energy meter for

monitoring device-level consumption of energy ✩
Shishir Muralidhara∗, Niharika Hegde, Rekha PM
JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The number of household appliances has drastically increased in the recent years and with
Received 7 May 2019 this, so has the consumption and demand for electricity. In the face of declining energy
Revised 5 July 2020
resources, there is a need for a solution that can help track, measure and control the con-
Accepted 13 July 2020
sumption of electricity. Conventional energy meters do not provide information regarding
power consumption at the device-level, due to which consumers cannot monitor or log the
Keywords: electricity consumed by each appliance. To bridge the gap in device energy consumption
Energy meter data, we propose the design and implementation of an Internet of Things (IoT) enabled,
Smart energy meter minimalistic, cost-effective and efficient smart energy meter which will aid consumers in
Energy metering obtaining information on the energy consumption of any electrical appliance. This will not
Smart metering only assist consumers in ensuring that their devices function as per the energy rating but
Energy consumption
also help them access energy expenditure patterns formed over time which will contribute
Internet of things
towards awareness and conscious conservation of energy.
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

In the current Indian scenario, traditional utility grids are still prevalent. Conventional electric meters supplied by the
Government’s electricity supply boards measure the power consumption of the whole residence or industry on a monthly
basis. This implies that consumers have no means to monitor the power consumption of individual appliances. Due to the
lack of communication facility in these meters, consumers cannot access or log the energy consumption either. Also, since
the billing system only acknowledges the overall consumption in this setting, consumers are unaware of their daily behavior
with respect to energy consumption. This means that they also lack awareness regarding the operational behavior of their
electrical appliances [1].
Owing to the advancements in ubiquitous computing and IoT, they are now found in a plethora of applications spanning
across numerous fields such as healthcare, home automation, industrial and manufacturing applications, defense systems
and environmental monitoring. Since IoT is essentially a large, coherent, integrated network of sensing and communicating
devices, it can be used to effectively monitor various parameters, the most crucial of which is energy [2]. IoT enabled energy
systems can be used to derive valuable information pertaining to the consumption of energy by every appliance, thereby
contributing to conservation of energy by preventing energy losses. This valuable data from the IoT enabled energy network

✩
This paper is for regular issues of CAEE. Reviews processed and recommended for publication to the Editor-in-Chief by Associate Editor Dr. Hui Tian.
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shishir_m@jssateb.ac.in (S. Muralidhara).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2020.106772
0045-7906/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 S. Muralidhara, N. Hegde and R. PM / Computers and Electrical Engineering 87 (2020) 106772

can then be easily accessed and used to identify, analyze and solve different energy related problems in a typical household
or industry [3].
The idea behind this paper is to implement such an energy monitoring system through which the consumer can be
equipped with information of the energy expenditure of individual or multiple electrical appliances [4]. This will help them
ascertain an expenditure pattern at the device-level and use this data to consciously manage their energy consumption.
Also, this information can be used by the consumer to detect and replace faulty and energy-intensive appliances with their
energy efficient counterparts.
This paper is organized as follows: the Section 2 is a detailed account of background and related work. The meter’s
design, operation as well as the implementation are detailed in Section 3. In Section 4, the performance analysis and results
for the smart energy meter are presented, and the paper is concluded in Section 5.

2. Background and related work

Electrical devices that are equipped to detect and display energy consumed in the form of readings are termed as electric
meters or electricity meters. Traditional meters have been in widespread use since the late 19th century. In an electric grid,
these electric meters might also be equipped to handle the data exchange between electronic devices and may be involved
in both production and distribution of electricity.
Conventional electricity meters are of two distinct types - single phase energy meters and three-phase energy meters.
The main difference between the two is that in single-phase energy meters, a single alternating current (AC) is supplied
through a single wire but on the other hand, in a three-phase system there are three wires carrying the alternating current
with the offset between the voltage waves being one-third of the period.
In most traditional electric meters, a rotating disk made of copper or aluminum attached to a clock mechanism through
a gear mechanism and a display is used to find the energy consumption. As the process of energy measurement is through a
specific mechanical structure, conventional meters are also called as electromechanical meters [4]. Today’s electricity meters
are digitally operated but they still come with some limitations. Many countries, especially those in Europe, have embarked
on switching to digital, smart energy meters through mass deployment [5]. The number of devices installed are predicted
to peak at an aggregate of 200 million units by 2020 [6]. Some of the limitations faced by traditional electricity meters can
be summarized as follows:
• Consumer has to anticipate the monthly electricity bill.
• The process of meter reading is manual and tedious.
• Meter readings are often not accurate.
• Development of meter software applications and supportive network infrastructure is complicated and often invasive.
• Consumption data on device-level is lacking.
• Lack of communication facility in the meters.

2.1. Literature review

Besides the aforementioned limitations, there are several other elements of traditional meters that contribute towards
the huge gap that exists between the consumer and their consumption behavior and statistics [7]. The literature reviewed
shed light on the rigorous effort in transforming conventional smart meters into smart energy meters, though little work
has been carried out on a smart energy meter that can measure energy consumption at the device-level.
Processing algorithms for data acquisition for smart meter data analytics have been proposed by Alahakoon et al. [8]. Key
metering processes and the benefits of the implementation of smart meters in the context of smart cities have also been
discussed. Opportunities and challenges associated with energy meters powered by cloud-based environments have been
explored and the reliability of data delivery using both wired and wireless modes of transmission are analysed.
To read power consumption, Gu et al. [9] employ current and voltage transformers. They also propose the use of special-
ized integrated circuits to measure the power rate and power factor. The communication medium used for their work are
power-line carrier, hybrid fiber coaxial and radio frequency.
Li et al. [10] propose a power meter with automatic meter reading and power quality management. These features are
facilitated using an ARM-based scheme for the power meter equipped with a WiFi communication module, accompanied
by both hardware and software systems. Security issues associated with WiFi-based communication are also discussed at
length. Ali et al. [11] also developed an automatic meter reading system for energy consumption tracking using an opto-
coupler sensor. The principle behind their work is to detect the optical pulse generated by the LED which is present within
energy meters and the microcontroller uses this data to determine the energy consumed. Ju et.al [12] have presented an
invasive, automatic meter reading device based on PLCC, which transmits data over electrical wiring cables.
The implementation of an energy meter is presented by Shajahan et al. [13], that is capable of non-invasive current
sensing, meaning it can be plugged readily wherever the power is to be measured. The energy consumption details are
accessible through a smart phone over the Internet.
The advantages of Smart Meters of the type as discussed above are as follows:
• Operational costs are considerably low.
 S. Muralidhara, N. Hegde and R. PM / Computers and Electrical Engineering 87 (2020) 106772 3

• Meter reading is made simpler and more accessible to consumers.

• Consumers are provided with features such as online bill payment.
• When implemented on a large scale, there are features such as automatic shut off of appliance when in stand-by mode.
However, all the above studies implement different stand-alone modules that are integrated to accomplish the task of
energy measurement and information transmission. Due to this, they occupy more space and also result in making the
implementation complex. Adding to the complexity is the need for operational power and the fact that most of these are
not cost-effective and are invasive, that is, they are accompanied by the added burden of professional installation, domestic
rewiring and maintenance.
However, the major drawback lies in the fact that they cannot measure the power consumption by individual devices.
Hiremath et al. [14] propose an IoT-enabled smart energy monitoring and measuring meter using Arduino Uno develop-
ment board, ESP8266 and current sensor module to measure and transmit the power consumed by individual devices over
the internet to a website. However, the system is invasive in nature and also very complex to implement as it is equipped
with relay drivers and real-time clock (RTC).
The inference from the above literature survey is that there is a dire need for an energy measurement device that is
lightweight, minimalistic and efficient, which can be easily incorporated into the existing system. The motivation behind
this paper is to lower energy expenditure through energy losses by inefficient appliances. This can be achieved by increasing
user awareness regarding device-level power consumption, which will contribute towards consumers taking conscious steps
towards energy consumption and conservation.

2.2. Review of existing systems

In this section, we review some of the commercially available smart energy meters and highlight our contribution by
comparing their features.
June Smart Energy Module [15] is a plug-and-use solution for energy metering. It is based on Narrowband IoT (NB-IOT)
and offers various features such as cloud-based data storage and analysis with visualizations. In addition, it can be set to
trigger notifications in case of an event. The drawback is the plug-and-use solution is for the main electricity switchboard
and not a wall socket, thus it is not capable of device-level monitoring of energy.
Smartenit’s ZBMSKT1 [16] provides home automation in addition to energy metering. It is a remotely controlled outlet
allowing the control of appliances via the accompanying Smartenit application. It measures electrical parameters like voltage,
current, frequency and power factor to integrate appliances into a ZigBee-based smart energy management system. The
limitation associated with this product is that it is not a plug-and-use meter but rather a non-portable replacement to wall
sockets, which adds to the set-up costs.
Revogi’s Smart Meter Plug [17] is a wall socket meter that is Bluetooth-based, providing features such as automation,
scheduled control and parental controls. Since it is based on Bluetooth, the short range does not allow for remote monitor-
ing.
Aurora by Larsen &Toubro [18] is single-phase smart meter with novel features such as load control, over-voltage and
over-current alerting system, data logging, billing parameters as well as prepayments. However, it is not capable of measur-
ing data consumption by individual appliances.
P3 International’s P4400 Kill A Watt Meter [19] is capable of measuring energy consumption of appliances connected to
it. The device comes with an LCD that displays various readings such as voltage, current, power and energy consumed. The
main drawback associated with this device is that the timed energy consumption data measured will be reset to zero on
unplugging the device, or if power is lost. The latter could pose a major problem in case of power fluctuations and effect
the extrapolation of consumption data over long periods of time.
P3 International released the P4460 Kill A Watt EZ [20], addressing the drawbacks associated with P4400. This enhanced
meter consists of a back-up battery used to power built-in memory that can store the data even when the device is dis-
connected from power supply. However, the system is limited in its capabilities as it is not WiFi-enabled, without which
it lacks remote monitoring and does not provide any scope for storing previously accumulated data for analysis. Along the
lines of the P4460 is BN-Link’s BNQ-60/U40 meter [21], which provides functions such as monitoring power consumption,
calculating customizable tariffs and built-in battery for storing the data when disconnected. However, like the P4460, this
smart meter lacks the function to store long-term data.
With this, we can infer that though some of these devices have limitations such as being invasive in nature, being in-
capable of measuring device-level consumption of energy, having no means to communicate the measured data or remote
monitoring, a critical drawback that can be found across all the existing smart energy meters is that they lack a mecha-
nism for storing previously measured long-term data and as a result, do not provide any opportunity for visualization and
analytics. Table 1 summarizes some key features of the smart energy meters as well as the proposed system.

2.3. Bureau of energy efficiency (BEE)

The Government of India has the Bureau of Energy Efficiency [22], an agency under the Ministry of Power that was
founded in March 2002 under the provisions of the nation’s Energy Conservation Act (2001). The agency’s objective is to
develop programs which will increase the efficient use of energy in India, thus boosting energy conservation.
4 S. Muralidhara, N. Hegde and R. PM / Computers and Electrical Engineering 87 (2020) 106772

Table 1
Comparison of the proposed system with existing commercial products.

System Plug & Use Remote Device-Level Data Dedicated

Monitoring Monitoring Storage Application

June N Y N Y Y
Smartenit N Y Y Y Y
Revogi Y N Y N Y
L&T N Y N Y –
P3 International (P4400) Y N Y N N
P3 International (P4460) Y N Y N N
BN-Link Y N Y N N
Proposed System Y Y Y Y Y

Fig. 1. Design of the proposed smart energy meter.

The principle purpose of the Standards & Labelling Program introduced under this act is to arm consumers with infor-
mation about energy saving and consequently, the cost saving potential of household and other appliances in the market.
This was expected to positively impact the energy savings of the country while at the same time set mandatory disclosure
norms for energy efficiency.
The Star Rating is a measure of the energy efficiency of an appliance. It is depicted on a five-point scale, where higher
rating indicates lower energy consumption and hence, better savings. The Star Rating is obtained after the appliance is
scrutinized based on standardized measures defined by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) [23].
The drawback associated with this system is that it only provides a subjective measure of the energy consumption of
electrical appliances that would help the consumers in making an informed choice while purchasing. However, there still
exists a need for a system that provides ready access to real- time information about the electricity consumption at the
device-level, when the device is in use.

3. System design and operation

3.1. System design

On the basis of the drawbacks determined in the survey of literature, the following are the design objectives identified
for the proposed smart energy meter:

• To develop a plug-in and use device which can be easily incorporated in any household or industry.
• Provide an objective and accurate measure of the energy consumed by individual devices.
• Provide remote monitoring of the energy consumption over the Internet.
• Provide an affordable, efficient solution towards making consumers aware about their electrical expenditure behavior
and thereby, encourage conscious conservation of energy.

Hence, the system has been designed to operate as a stand-alone device that can be placed between the electrical ap-
pliance and the mains, without requiring any drastic, invasive changes or interruptions. The system’s proposed design is as
depicted in Fig. 1 and consists of the microcontroller, the current sensor, the WiFi module and the OLED screen.

3.2. System specification

One of the main design objectives is to develop the system such that it can be easily and immediately used with any
household appliance without the need for any complex rewiring, envisioned much like as shown in the Fig. 2 below. Since
 S. Muralidhara, N. Hegde and R. PM / Computers and Electrical Engineering 87 (2020) 106772 5

Fig. 2. Overview of the design and working.

affordability and easy access to the consumption information are also pivotal objectives, the design needs to source and
utilize ubiquitous components.
Based on these guidelines, the system is built using the Arduino Uno which acts as the coordinating unit. It uses the
ESP8266 board as the WiFi module. The current sensor is the Hall Effect-based ACS712 that can measure AC or DC current
up to 5A/20A/30A, depending on the variant used [24]. The sensor is also capable of measuring high AC mains current while
being entirely isolated from the source, due to the integrated Hall Sensor. Hence, the proposed smart energy meter system
will not impact the working of the device whose consumption is being measured in anyway [25]. The information thus read
can then be accessed, visualized and monitored easily via ThingSpeak. Therefore, all of the system components are widely
available, low-cost and draw negligible power with the minimum supply voltage for operation being 5 V, which can be
provided separately.

3.3. System operation

3.3.1. System operational principle

Hall Effect and Induction are the two principles that form the basis of the proposed device. They are both non-contact
technologies which work on the principle that a proportional magnetic field is produced around the current carrying con-
ductor for given current [26]. This magnetic field is then measured by the two technologies to estimate the current. However,
they use different sensing methods.
Hall Effect sensors consist of the following basic components: the Core, Signal conditioning circuitry and the Hall Effect
device. The current conducting element passes through a magnetically permeable core which helps intensify the magnetic
field of the conductor. The Hall Effect device is carefully placed in a small slit made in the core, at a 90° angle to the
concentrated magnetic field. A constant current that is applied in one plane excites it. When the energized Hall Effect device
is exposed to the magnetic field from the core, the result is the production of a potential difference that can be measured
and later amplified into process level signals.
Hall Effect-based sensors are completely isolated from the voltage measured and hence, they pose no safety hazard.
Moreover, they have little to no insertion impedance and provide accurate measurements on both AC and DC power. These
factors make the use of ACS712, a Hall Effect-based sensor, ideal in the proposed energy meter [27].

3.3.2. System working

An overview of the system operation is summarized in Fig. 3. The system is placed between the AC power supply and
the device. It reads the energy consumption of the device by means of the current sensor. The Arduino then communicates
this consumption data to the WiFi module every two minutes (or any customizable time interval) and the WiFi module in
turn updates the ThingSpeak channel, where the consumer can access the information.
The system initiates the calibration itself and as a part of this calibration, the system initializes a “zero point”. The zero
point is the analogue value measured by the microcontroller when no load is connected to the system. The zero point is
then subtracted from subsequently measured current values.
During calibration, the system reads the value of the current measured by the sensor and sets it as a reference point of
measurement, and then returns this value. By default, this parameter is equal to half of the maximum value on analog input
i.e., 512; however, sometimes this value may vary as it depends upon on factors such as power issues. The value obtained
from the calibration is then set as the zero point for further measurements.
The mains voltage considered for this section is the standard voltage in India which is 220 volts, alternating at 50 Hertz
per second. Since this is the similar to most countries in the world including Australia, Europe and the UK, the system can
be easily adapted.
The root mean square current, Irms , is computed using Eq. (1) and provided to Eq. (2) for computing instantaneous
power, P, and this in turn is used to calculate total energy consumed, Wh, using Eq. (3). Table 2 provides the description of
attributes used for the calculations.

Measured Current Sample∗Sensitivity
Irms = (1)
ADC∗VREF
6 S. Muralidhara, N. Hegde and R. PM / Computers and Electrical Engineering 87 (2020) 106772

Fig. 3. Functional block diagram of experimental setup.

Table 2
Attributes and description used for computing the total energy consumed.

Attribute Description

V Operating Voltage
Irms Root Mean Square current
Sensitivity Change in sensor output in response to 1A change through the primary conductor
ADC Analog to Digital conversion
Power Instantaneous Power
Wh Cumulative Energy
Currenttime The time at which the instance of P is measured
Lasttime The time at which the previous instance of P was measured

P = V ∗ Irms (2)
 Current − Lasttime

time
Wh = Wh + P ∗ (3)
360 0 0 0 0

4. Results and performance evaluation

The performance of the system was tested using a variety of appliances and the accuracy was validated by comparing
it with the already known power rating of the appliance. The performance evaluation was carried out using 2 types of
appliances - those that have a fixed power consumption and devices that have varying power consumption on the basis of
the load over a fixed time period. The corresponding ThingSpeak channel outputs are also provided.

4.1. Fixed power consumption appliances

In the case of fixed consumption devices, the expected power consumption behavior is that the device draws consistent
amount of power throughout the duration of its use. In the case of the clothes iron, despite there being multiple settings,
the working is akin to that of fixed consumption devices since it consumes the same amount of power in different time
periods to accommodate the different temperature levels, after which it cuts off and no power is consumed. This is also
evidenced by the proposed smart energy meter with the graphed visualization in Fig. 4. The results are summarized in
Table 3.
The figures below depict the visualization of the data on the ThingSpeak channel, which is accessible to the user to
monitor the energy consumption behavior.

4.2. Varying power consumption appliances

In the case of load varying power consumption devices, the proposed Smart energy meter is capable of measuring the
energy consumed which depends on the load on the device when it is being used or the setting in which it is being used.
In the case of a table fan, the system quickly adapts to the various settings, including the swing feature. The series of values
 S. Muralidhara, N. Hegde and R. PM / Computers and Electrical Engineering 87 (2020) 106772 7

Fig. 4. ThingSpeak channels depicting the power consumption for (a) Desk lamp (b) Television (c) Toaster (d) Iron box.

Table 3
Result of testing various fixed energy consumption appliances.

Appliance Power Measured Power Measured power Percent

rating power rating consumption consumption error

Desk Lamp 40W 40.23W 6.67Wh 6.7Wh 0.4498

Televison 180W 180.89W 30Wh 29.99Wh 0.033
Toaster 800W 801.44W 13.34Wh 13.37Wh 0.2249
Iron Box 1000W 1006.71W 16.67Wh N/A –

Table 4
Result of testing various load varying power.

Appliance Power rating Measured power rating

Table Fan 60W a. Lowest Setting 40.53W

b. Medium Setting 47.69W
c. Highest Setting 56.21W
Hair Dryer 1000W a.Lowest Setting 183.34W
b.Medium Setting 727.23W
c.Highest Setting 994.79W

thus read is then visualized at the ThingSpeak channel, depicted in Fig. 5 below. The results of testing various load varying
devices have been tabulated in Table 4.
A salient feature of the system is that it is designed to continue measuring the power consumption from where it was
left off at the previous session. This ensures continuity in measurement of power consumption over a time period such as
a month, as illustrated in Fig. 6. There is also a reset option in case the user wishes to reset the consumption information
to zero.
8 S. Muralidhara, N. Hegde and R. PM / Computers and Electrical Engineering 87 (2020) 106772

Fig. 5. ThingSpeak channel for the load varying appliances visualizing the power consumption in different settings for (a) Table Fan (b) Hair Dryer.

Fig. 6. ThingSpeak channel illustrating the (a) daily (b) two day and (c) weekly consumption reports accessible by the consumer.
 S. Muralidhara, N. Hegde and R. PM / Computers and Electrical Engineering 87 (2020) 106772 9

5. Conclusion

In this work, we have presented an Internet of Things-based smart energy meter that can be deployed in households and
industries to measure power consumption at the device-level without disrupting the current operation of the appliances and
without the need for complex rewiring. The smart energy meter is cost-effective to build since it uses Arduino Uno along
with a WiFi module and a current sensor. During the testing of the system, it was found to be capable of extracting energy
expenditure information, which is then relayed to the ThingSpeak channel. The consumers can view, monitor and log the
consumption data. This can help them in ensuring if their appliances are working well within their expected power ratings.
Furthermore, as the consumers are equipped with their consumption behavioural data, they can consciously reduce their
energy consumption and hence, minimize energy expenditure. Possible future enhancements to the system could include
the augmentation of the proposed system with existing electrical sockets, thus creating an integrated energy consumption
tracking network and features such as load forecasting.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Shishir Muralidhara: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Niharika Hegde:
Methodology, Software, Investigation, Writing - review & editing, Visualization. Rekha PM: Supervision.

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en&hash=AE6306741695EC5F2BB37DF1E43F17A4397288B9.

Shishir Muralidhara graduated from JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore and received his Bachelor of Engineering degree from Visvesvaraya
Technological University. He is currently pursuing M.Sc in Computer Science at Technische Universität Kaiserslautern. His-research interests include Internet
of Things, Cyber-Physical systems, Smart Homes and Cities.

Niharika Hegde graduated from JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore and received her Bachelor of Engineering degree from Visvesvaraya Techno-
logical University. She is currently pursuing her M.Sc in Computer Science at Technische Universität Kaiserslautern. Her research interests include Internet
of Things, Medical Image Processing and Bioinformatics.

Rekha PM is currently working as an Associate Professor at Department of Information Science and Engineering, JSS Academy of Technical Education,
Bangalore and has eighteen years of teaching experience. She has published in five journals, ten conferences and a book chapter. She is a member of IRED,
IAENG, ISTE.