2019 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronics, Intelligent Manufacture and Industrial Automation (ICAMIMIA)

Prototype Design Mapping of kWh Meters Based on

Internet of Things (IoT)
Fakhri Ramdana Muhammad Nasrun Casi Setianingsih
School O f Electrical Engineering School O f Electrical Engineering School O f Electrical Engineering
Telkom University Telkom University Telkom University
Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia
rmdnfakhri@student.telkomuniversity.a nasrun@telkonmmversity.ac.id setiacasie@telkomuniversity.ac.id
c.id
Muhammad Ary Murti
School O f Electrical Engineering
Telkom University
Bandung, Indonesia
arymurti@telkomuniversity.ac.id

Abstract— At present electricity is one of the most widely
used energy sources for humans to support their daily needs.
The electricity consumption used by each customer also varies
according to the power capacity obtained by each of the
electricity customers. Problems with the use of electricity
consumption also occur in the campus environment. in the
campus environment, the use of electrical energy is included in
the high usage due to the dense activity on campus. Generally,
the use of high electricity consumption occurs during working
hours during the day. but it does not rule out the possibility also
occurs at night with additional activities such as research labs
and non-academic student agendas.
In the construction of the kWh meter in this study, an
integration tool of digital power meter (kWh meter) was made
with the internet network using a microcontroller and IoT
module. By connecting the kWh meter device with IoT, the
measurement data can be easily monitored remotely. To
monitor the data, a web application was made to monitor the
data on electricity consumption. It is expected that with this
monitor system users can manage electricity consumption better
in accordance with needs.
In the measurement accuracy testing, the accuracy value
obtained with a multimeter of 99.19% was obtained in the 1P
Voltage parameter, and for the results of the throughput test the
best value was obtained 100% with a delivery time span every 5
minutes.
Keywords—kWh meter, IoT, monitoring, power meter,
microcontroller)
I. In t r o d u c t io n
At present electricity is one of the most widely used energy
sources for humans to support their daily needs. The
electricity consumption used by each customer also varies
according to the power capacity obtained by each of the
electricity customers. To calculate electricity usage, PLN
provides a tool commonly called a kWh meter. This kWh
meter can be classified with 2 models, namely Analog and
Digital kWh meters. For kWh analog meters is an old school
device that is widely used by PLN[1]. Whereas digital kWh
meters are devices that have used the latest technology.
Problems with the use of electricity consumption also
occur in the campus environment. in the campus environment,
the use of electrical energy is included in the high usage due
to the dense activity on campus. Generally, the use of high
electricity consumption occurs during working hours during
the day. But it does not rule out the possibility also occurs at
night with additional activities such as research labs and non­
academic student agendas. To record the consumption of
electricity consumption PLN still uses the door to door method
(on analog kWh meters), Automated Meter Readings (AMR)
in the industry, and smart electricity uses vouchers (prepaid).
Of all the existing usage of kWh meters, monitoring of
consumption can only be seen from the tool whereas for the
use of detail users still cannot monitor directly[2]. As users
who take care of the use of electrical energy find it difficult to
make policies for the use of electrical energy in each building,
so that use can be controlled more each time period.
until now a lot of research on kWh meters has been done
considering that quite a lot of these problems are felt by many
stakeholders. Several studies have been carried out, among
others, by making power usage reading devices with the
addition of wireless data reading technology[3], research on 3
phase kWh meters with RFID [4], and 3 phase voltage
monitoring with znpt101b sensors[5], also kwh reading
research meters with the support of modem / GSM
technology[6]. Besides that, there are still many studies with
other methods and technologies.
Due to the increasing development of internet technology
in the world, Internet of Thing (IoT) can be used as a solution
for recording electricity consumption[7]. With the IoT,
recording can be done by connecting a kWh meter device with
IoT for sending and receiving data [8]. More details on
building an IoT -based kWh meter for PLN customers.
It is expected that the making of IoT -based kWh meters is
able to make a solution to problems that are often faced by
users of electricity. In addition, with the existence of this tool,
recording and managing the use of electrical energy is able to
be more controlled and does not cause other major problems.
II. RELATED WORK
A. Machine to machine application as KWh meter
controlling(Wibisono and Suryati 2017)
At present PLN as a national electricity company must
visit the breach site to disconnect or deactivate the KWh meter
if the customer does not pay the bill on time. This is important
for the design of systems that automatically disconnect
electricity that flows to temporary or permanent customers
when bills are not paid by the customer while the deadline is
due. In the proposed system it is designed to minimize the time
to violate and improve PLN services. The proposed system
consists of KWh meters, actuators, sensors, and
communication devices and applications. The actuator

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command to disconnect or shut down based on the customer's
billing status at the time of the payment period. If the customer
does not pay the bill until the deadline in the second month,
the electricity will remain disconnected, while the KWh meter
will remain disconnected if until the third month deadline the
customer still has not paid the bill.
PLN will send industrial customer bills via SMS when it
has entered the deadline.
B. Smart energy meters fo r energy conservation &
minimizing errors(Ali, Maroof, and H anif 2010)
Power quality monitoring helps reduce energy costs and
extend machine life. Smart measurement is a complete end-
to-end solution that minimizes some errors and helps
distribute Quality Power. This is an energy policy for
consumers to give them a user-friendly face in handling utility
bills (especially Electricity). It provides users, a Digital KWh
Meter that displays real-time power consumption every time
in a very friendly and detailed format, and a website for
checking & analyzing their consumption and expenditure on
energy, using various types of graphs, tabulations and
manipulated data. This not only entertains their users but also
provides assistance to distribution companies by minimizing
power losses using automatic Power factor maintenance
techniques and providing anti-power theft capabilities. It also
provides control of power distribution through which
Distribution Companies can restrict users from exceeding
power usage for a certain duration.
C. Implementation o f Wi-Fi-Based single phase smart
meter fo r internet o f things (IoT)(Hlaing 5097)
With the advent of the Internet and the computing era, it
was not only an opportunity to send and receive data between
humans, but also between devices without human control.
This is known as the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT s)
that can be applied to solve a growing power / energy
management problem. The solution is to implement a cheap
and easy energy monitoring system for the use of daily
electricity. To overcome human error, manual labor and
reduce costs in energy consumption more efficiently for
power management systems, in this paper, we focus primarily
on IoT energy monitoring. The proposed design is to
implement a very low-cost network and wireless sensor
protocol for intelligent energy and web applications that are
able to automatically read units and send data automatically
to power users to see their current energy meter readings. By
using this system, users will be aware of the use of electricity
in their homes to reduce waste of energy and consumption
costs. This system consists of a digital energy meter, Wi-Fi
module ESP8266 and a web application for management
systems. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module will be pinned to the
meter and applies the TCP / IP protocol for communication
between meters and web applications. The experimental
results show that the proposed system works very well with
efficiency, and this is feasible to be applied in practical
applications for automatic low-cost energy reading.
D. Electrical power consumption monitoring using a real­
time system(Elamvazuthi et al. 2012)
Research on energy saving has increased in view of
addressing environmental issues and effectively using energy
resources. At the factory, monitoring the power consumption
of individual inductive devices such as motors will have a
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significant impact on energy savings in the long run.
However, the practice of measuring current power
consumption from all factories rather than individual devices
resulted in penalties for energy losses due to variations in
demand costs at the plant. Therefore, monitoring electricity
consumption in real-time is very important to keep it from
exceeding the critical demand level. KWh meters are
practical energy-saving tools that can help monitor electricity
consumption in the factory. This paper discusses the
development and implementation of a portable digital power
meter-based microcontroller that has the ability to measure
three-phase power supplies for one device to optimize power
usage in a factory.
E. AC Power and Energy Measurements based on Physical
Definitions(Kolanko et al. 2015)
A power processor is an electronic device that allows the
separation of a measured power signal (obtained from a
voltage and current multiplier circuit) in two components: P
+ and P- defined as input power P v and reverse power P r,
Separation obtained by shifting the phase angle between
current and voltage. The value of reverse power is negative.
Such separation is reasonable because it is based on the
physical phenomena that are conveyed, the useful energy, and
the dangerous flow of energy. Reverse power is considered
dangerous because it causes heating of the cable and AC
power source (as a transformer). The concepts and meters
presented can be useful for accurate billing purposes for the
electrical energy sent as well as for dynamic compensation
from nonlinear loads to reduce reverse power. Experiments
realized using a synchro electric meter WL-1 (operating in
accordance with the physical definition) confirm the high
percentage of back power for nonlinear loads, as an AC-
powered LED light source where the amount of reverse
power can reach 70% of the transmitted power
III. RESEARCH AND METHOD
A. Current kWh Meter System
PLN as one of the largest industries that provides electrical
energy services provides a kWh meter device to electricity
service customers. Where kWh meters are used partially using
analog kWh meters (old models) and some using digital kWh
meters for prepaid customers / using tokens [9]. In the kWh
meter provided by PLN, the data obtained by the kWh meter
can only be seen on the kWh meter. In the analog kWh mete r
recording electrical energy consumption is still a door to door
manual [10]. To find out the detailed consumption of the use
of electrical energy in ordinary kWh meters, this feature is not
yet available.
Fig. 1. General KWh Meter
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B. Alternating Current Power Measurement
Monitor power measurement in a building is a measure of
the energy used by equipment connected to the building
electricity. To understand how this is done, it is important to
know something about how the equipment interacts with the
electrical system. Not all equipment interacts with the
electrical system in the same way [11].
Real power is often defined as the power used by a device
to produce useful work. The power that is actually used by the
load, namely the power that will flow, minus the power that
returns, is the real power. Reactive or imaginary power is a
measure of alternating power between useless loads and
supplies [12].
As a result, active power in systems with non-sinusoidal
and asymmetric voltages and currents has useless but
dangerous components. Measurements of transmitted power
measurements are very important when energy costs increase
and energy account rationalization in systems with non­
sinusoidal and asymmetric voltages and currents is
recommended by experts [13].
• 1 phase electric power formula
a. Pseudo Power (5)
5 = 7 x I * VA
b. Active Power (P)
P = V x I x Cos <p * W a tt
c. Reactive Power (Q)
Q = V x I x Sin ip * VAR
• 3 phase electric power formula
a. Pseudo Power (S)
S = VTx V x I * VA
b. Active Power (P)
P = V3 x V x I x Cos (p * W a tt
c. Reactive Power ( Q)
Q = VTx V x I x Sin p * VAR
• Electric energy formula
P x t * Wh
C. Three Phase Power Meter
Three Phase Power Meter is an electronic device that is
used as a measurement and reader of electrical quantities
installed on a 3phase electricity network in order to obtain
precise measurement data and facilitate the examination of
existing electrical quantities [14]. In this case, use the ZM194-
D9Y power meter model.
The ZM194-D9Y power meter has sufficient parameters
to measure electrical quantities including measuring current,
voltage, active power, reactive power, power factor,
frequency, active energy. In addition, this device also
supports Modbus RS485 communication.
D. Modbus Serial (RS485) communication
Modbus Serial is a communication protocol used to send /
receive serial information to electronic devices. Modbus
protocol is a serial communication protocol developed since
1970 by Modicon, Inc. for industrial automation with
programmable controllers [15]. For now, the Modbus protocol
is one protocol that is widely used in the electronic industry.
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RS485 is a standard serial transmission. The advantages of
RS485 are that some RS485 devices can be connected to the
same bus. RS485 communication can be used to reach a
maximum line length of up to 4000 feet [16].
E. Arduino Mega 2560
Microcontrollers are used to realize digital control
systems and specifically in so-called embedded devices,
namely microprocessors based on digital electronic
processing systems. They are specifically designed for
certain applications and they are not reprogrammed by users
for other purposes [17].
Arduino Mega is an open source physical computing
platform based on a microcontroller on the IC Atmega 2560.
Arduino can be used to develop standalone interactive objects
or can be connected to software on a computer. Among the
Arduino family, Arduino Mega is under the first preference
for large data handling systems because of its large memory
and many GPIO pins [18].
F. Nodemcu Wi-Fi Module
ESP8266 is a system on the chip (SOC) and a Wi-Fi
network that can carry software applications. It also has a
TCP / IP protocol that allows to access Wi-Fi networks.
ESP8266 is efficient for hosting applications or removing all
Wi-Fi network functions from other application processors
[19]. Flash memory can be started directly from external
movements. The installed cache memory will help improve
system performance and reduce memory requirements.
Another condition is when wireless internet access considers
the task of a Wi-Fi adapter, this module can be integrated into
any microcontroller-based design, and the relationship is not
complicated, only with the SPI / SDIO interface. This module
has excellent processing and storage capabilities. This allows
it to integrate through GPIO port sensors and other special
applications with the lowest development at the beginning
and lowest loading during processing time [20].
G. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT)
Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a
lightweight transport protocol that efficiently uses network
bandwidth with a fixed header of 2 bytes. MQTT works on
TCP and ensures sending messages from node to server.
Being a message-oriented information exchange protocol,
MQTT is perfect for IoT nodes that have limited capabilities
and resources. MQTT was originally developed by IBM in
1999 and has recently been recognized as a standard by the
Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information
Standards (OASIS) [21].
MQTT is a publication / subscription-based protocol.
Each MQTT connection usually involves two types of agents:
MQTT clients and MQTT public brokers or MQTT servers.
Hat data is being transported by MQTT called application
messages. Every device or program that is connected to the
network and exchanges messages through MQTT is referred
to as the MQTT client. The MQTT client can be a publisher
or customer. The publisher issues application messages and
customer requests for application messages. The MQTT
server is a device or program that connects MQTT clients. It
receives and sends application messages among several
connected clients.
358
 IV. SYSTEM DESIGN AND OVERVIEW Microcontroller Sending Data to
3 Nodemcu
2(WIFI) Database
A. Overview O f the System Tiny RTC
4 Real Time Clock Time Information
In designing the kWh meter monitoring system is divided DS1307
into several important parts, namely the electronic device / Communication
system, server and networking parts, then web-based Communication RS-485 Modul to connect
5
applications. This monitoring system will display kWh meter Modbus RTU Module power meter with
microcontroller.
data on the web application display according to the data
obtained from the microcontroller reading on the proposed D. Flowchart Design
kWh meter. To be more clearly seen in Figure 5 Block In this system using 2 pieces the first program scheme on
System Design Diagram. Arduino Mega is used as a data reader from RTC, Power
Meter with RS485 communication and sending data with
serial communication to the node. Then for the second
program flowchart the program on nodemcu where in this
system the data will be received by nodemcu from serial
communication with Arduino mega and directly send the data
to the database server.
1. Flowchart Arduino Mega

Fig. 2. Block Diagram All System

B. System Design
The system to be worked on will focus on the construction
of a power meter (kWh meter) integration system. In making
the kWh meter system is divided into several blocks of system
parts, this system is simply divided into 3 parts, namely input,
process, and output. The input from this system is located on
the AC electrical measuring sensor that will be installed on the
RSTN cable using the power meter device and the RTC
module for local time reading. the process is carried out by a
microcontroller, while the output of this system is sending
measurement data and the date and time into the database
server using wireless communication with the Wi-Fi module. Fig. 4. Flowchart Arduino Mega
Power Meter
In Figure 4 illustrates the flow of programs created on
Arduino Mega. Starting with variable initialization, serial
485, serial node, and RTC module. Then activate the Serial
and RTC functions. If Serial 485 communication is available,
the parameter data reading begins. Furthermore, the data read
from Serial 485 is entered into the data variable. After the
data variable is filled in, the data is parsed so that it can be
broken down into separate parameters. Data was successfully
RTC module parsed further into the sending process into the node. The
program will keep repeating until it stops if the system is
Fig. 3. Design Diagram Block Hardware
inactive.
C. Specification Device
2. Flow chart N odem cu
In this research the author uses devices with specifications as
in T able 1.
TABLE I. Table Specification System

No Device Version Function

3 Phase
Measure Energy
1 Intelligent Power ZM194-D9Y
Consume electric
Meter
Arduino
Read Data from
2 Microcontroller 1 Mega 2560
Power Meter
R3

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 A. Real Measurement Accuracy Testing
E rror = ( M u ltim eter Value —
Power M eter Value) x 100% ...(1)

TABLE II. Table Real Measurement Accuracy Testing

AVG AVG
No Param eters M ulti Pow er Error A ccu racy
M eter M eter
1 P h a se
1 2 1 9 .4 2 1 7 .6 0 .8 1 % 9 9 .1 1 %
V o lta g e
2 C u rre n t 1.1 1 .268 3 2 .8 % 6 7 .9 2 %

Fig. 5. Flowchart Nodemcu Current and Voltage Measurement Accuracy

100
E. Implementation Device 90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

■ Current «Voltage

Fig. 7. Real Measurement Accuration Graph

Based on testing data parameters of 1 P voltage and

Fig. 6. L oad circuit schema to Power M eter
The power meter used can divide 3 blocks of electrical
load. The load block installation scheme on the power meter
can be seen in Figure 10 Load Circuit Schema on the Power
Meter. As for communication using pinot A and B on the
power meter connected to the RS485 module. And the power
source itself is connected to pinouts L and N.
F. Expected Output
By completing the construction of an IoT-based kWh
meter system, it is expected to help conventional electricity
users be able to better manage the use of electricity. In
addition, the creation of this tool is able to make a solution to
the problems faced by electricity users who often get large
energy use without control.
current between the multimeter with a reading on the power
meter get an error of 0.81% and 32.80%.
B. Testing Accuracy of Measurement of Measurement Data
Parameters with Readings on Serial Monitor.
E rror =
( Total Serial M onitor Value —
Total Power M eter Value) x 100% .....(2)
Based on testing that has been done by measuring the
output on the power meter and the Arduino program obtained
the smallest error results on the measurement of power factor.
Can see in TABLE 3.
TABLE III. Table Testing Accuracy of Measurement of Measurement Data
with Reading on Serial Monitor

V. Te s t in g M e t h o d e Total Total
No Param eters Pow er Serial Error A ccu racy
There are several testing categories on the system that has
M eter M onito r
been built including testing the reading of measurement
1 C u rre n t 6 8 .8 4 2 6 8 .8 3 2 0 .3 5 % ± 9 9 .6 5 %
parameters on the AC power network, matching the
calculation of the data used for electrical energy consumption 2 Pow er 0 .2 6 6 0 .2 6 6 0 .0 9 % . ± 9 9 .9 1 % .
from the proposed kwh meter and conventional kwh meters, 1 P h ase
testing the sending of data from the controller to the database. 3 6 7 5 1 9 .6 6 7 5 2 0 .8 0 .0 1 % ± 9 9 .9 9 % .
V o lta g e
Accuracy testing is done by taking 100 measuring data in a
3 P h ase
span of 24 hours. 4 2 6 .6 1 5 2 6 .6 0 9 0 .0 2 % ± 9 9 .9 8 % .
V o lta g e
Pow er
5 2 8 7 .8 5 4 2 8 7 .8 5 4 0 .0 0 % ± 100% .
F a cto r

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 D. Testing Read Data in Serial Monitor
RTC OX
Pover M eter RTU
V« 209 .7 8 Vb - 2 0 9 .8 1 Vc - 2 0 9 .8 0
Vab 363.38 Vbc - 3 6 3 .3 9 Vca - 363.36
Za 0 .2 1 7 lb - 0 .1 1 5 Ic - 0 .2 1 9
Pa 0 .0 2 9 Pb • 0 .0 2 3 Pc - 0 .0 2 6 Pt - 0 .0 7 9
PFa 0 .9 8 4 PFb - 0 .9 9 8 PFc - 1 .0 0 0 PFt - 0 .9 9 9
CP 6.00CO - 1.000NCW DATA - 1669
137
k l r l s :7 /2 0 1 9 -0 7 -2 6 /0 8 :3 0 :4 1 /2 0 9 .7 8 /2 0 9 .8 1 /2 0 9 .8 0 /3 6 3 .3 8 /3 6 3 .3 ?

Va • 209 .9 3 Vb - 2 0 9 .9 6 Vc - 2 0 9 .9 5
Vab - 363.64 Vbc - 3 6 3.65 Vca - 363 .6 2
Za - 0 .2 1 8 Zb - 0 .1 1 5 Zc - 0 .2 1 6
Pa - 0 .0 2 8 Pb - 0 .0 2 3 Pc - 0 .0 2 6 Pt - 0 .0 7 9
PFa - 0 .9 8 5 PFb - 0 .9 9 8 PFc - 1 .0 0 0 PFt - 0 .9 9 7
Fig. 8. Testing Accuracy o f M easurem ent o f M easurem ent Data CP • 6.00CQ - 1. OOONCVi DATA - 2670
137
with R eading on Serial M onitor Graph
k lrla : 7 /2 0 1 9 - 0 7 - 2 6 /0 8 :3 0 :4 2 /2 0 9 .9 3 /2 0 9 .9 6 /2 0 9 .9 5 /3 6 3 .6 4 /3 6 3 .6 5
Fig. 10 Reading Data to Serial Monitor
C. Data Acceptance Testing to Server
TABLE IV. Data Acceptence Tesing to Server From the experiments conducted data obtained from the
power meter successfully displayed on the Arduino IDE
D uration
D elivery Data Data serial monitor. New data is updated every 1 second.
No of Th ro u gh pu t
process Sent Receive
Te stin g E. Data Received in Database
15 15
1 60 46 7 6 .6 6 % After the data has been successfully sent by nodemcu,
seconds m in u te s
then the data will then be entered into the database server.
1 15
2 15 12 80% the results of the data that was successfully sent and
m in u te s m in u te s
received by the database can be seen in the Figure 11.
3 15
3 5 3 60%
m in u te s m in u te s tra n sa k y n x b X biok X
5 15 CJ U ft SB, ^ Um« to 1000 rows >6 q. œ a
4 3 3 100% f ï Zj +

m in u te s m in u te s RcuAGrid IQ ^ F«c*Ro*n Q U pon Q Wr«eC«4t C octtrt \G

0 biok waktu va ia Pt Pfa cp crcatod.at
1 7 2019-07-26 02:42:58 226 86 0.198 0.067 0 948 6 2019-07-2602:4308
2 7 2019-07-26 02:43:58 226.73 0.187 0 066 0.953 6 2019-07-26 02:44.08
3 7 2019-07-26 02 44:58 226 34 0.169 0.07 0963 6 2019-07-26 02:45.08
4 7 2019-07-26 02:47:58 225.03 1.677 0.417 1 6 2019-07-26 02:48.08
5 7 2019-07-26 02:48:58 227.3 0.194 0.066 0949 6 2019 07-26 02:49.09
6 7 2019-07-26 02:49:58 227.6 0.162 0.072 0.95 6 2019-07-2602:50.09
7 7 2019-07-26 02:50:58 226 42 0.167 0065 0959 6 2019-07-2602:5109
8 7 2019-07-26 02:52:58 226 38 0.167 0.066 0.951 6 2019-07-26 02:53:10
9 7 2019-07-26 0253:58 227.29 0.193 0.071 0.951 6 201907-26 02:54.09
10 7 2019-07-26 02 54:59 226.79 0.201 0069 0954 6 2019-07-2602:55:10
11 7 2019-07-26 0256:00 226 18 0.16 0.07 095 6 201907-2602:56:10
12 7 2019-07-26 0257.00 226.3 0.16 0.066 0.951 6 2019-07-2602:57:10

Fig. 11. Data R eceived In Database

VI. CONCLUSION
Fig. 9. Throughput Graph The conclusion of the final assignment is to build a
power meter integration system with internet networks.
In TABEL IV, Many data that were successfully sent
Implementing a power meter system was successfully
into the database with 4 types of testing models obtained
carried out by obtaining measurement data for the use of
the greatest value of throughput is 100% during the 4th test
electrical energy from a building until it successfully sent
with a delivery time span every 5 minutes.
measurement data to the database server. Based on the
testing that has been done, it is obtained that the accuracy
of the voltage measurement using a multimeter and the
measurement on the power meter is 99.19% and the
measurement results of the current with the Amperes pliers
are 67.92%.

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