Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AWWA Standard
Field Welding of
Steel Water Pipe
.,. STANDARD
American
WaterWorks
Association
S'1nee 1881
CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates
completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI
procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of
publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on ali standards by calling or writing
the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900, or
e-mailing info@ansi.org.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, inclUding photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or
quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.
ii
Committee Personnel
The task group for updating ANSIIAWWA C206 had the following personnel:
The AWWA Standards Committee on Steel Pipe, which reviewed and approved this standard, had
the following personnel at the time of approval:
iii
S.N. Foellmi, Black & Veatch Corporation, Irvine, Calif (AWWA)
M.B. Horsley,* Black & Veatch Corporation, Kansas City, Mo. (AWWA)
J.K. Jeyapalan, Pipeline Consultant, New Milford, Conn. (AWWA)
R.A. Kufaas, Norske Corrosion & Inspection Services Ltd., Surrey, B.C. (AWWA)
].L. Mattson, Corrosion Control Technologies, Sandy, Utah (AWWA)
D.L. McPherson,* MWH Americas Inc., Cleveland, Ohio (AWWA)
W.]. Moncrief,* HDR Engineering Inc., San Diego, Calif. (AWWA)
R. Ortega,* Lockwood Andrews & Newnam, Houston, Texas (AWWA)
E.S. Ralph,t Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
A.E. Romer, AECOM, Newport Beach, Calif (AWWA)
H.R. Stoner, Consultant, North Plainfield, N.]. (AWWA)
c.c. Sundberg, CH2M HILL Inc., Issaquah, Wash. (AWWA)
G.]. Tupac, G.]. Tupac & Associates Inc., Sun City West, Ariz. (AWWA)
WR. Whidden, Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Orlando, Fla. (AWWA)
K.E. Wilson,t Standards Council Liaison, Post Buckley Shuh & Jernigan Inc.,
Tampa, Fla. (AWWA)
Producer Members
User Members
G.A. Andersen, New York City Bureau of Water Supply, Little Neck, N.Y. (AWWA)
].H. Bambei Jr., Denver Water, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
* Alternate
t Liaison, nonvoting
iv
B. Cheng, Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, B.C. (AWWA)
D.W. Coppes, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Southborough, Mass. (NEWWA)
R.Y. Frisz, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. (BUREC)
G. George, Tacoma Water, Water Supply Section, Tacoma, Wash. (AWWA)
T.]. Jordan, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, Calif. (AWWA)
M. McReynolds,* Metropolitan Water District of Southern California,
La Mirada, Calif. (AWWA)
G. Oljaca,* Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, B.C. (AWWA)
G.P. Stine, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif. (AWWA)
N.A. Wigner, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)
].V Young, City of Richmond, Richmond, B.C. (AWWA)
* Alternate
v
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Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this
format may be found in a particular standard.
Foreword 4 Requirements
I Introduction..................................... IX 4.1 Materials........................................... 3
LA Background ix 4.2 General Requirements 4
LB History X 4.3 Joint Types 5
LC Acceptance X 4.4 Qualification of Welding
II Special Issues xi Procedures, Welders, and
III Use of This Standard xi Welding Operators 6
lILA Purchaser Options and 4.5 Welding Electrodes ........................... 7
Alternatives................................ xi 4.6 Welding Procedure Details ................ 7
III.B Modification to Standard................ xii 4.7 Repair of Welds ............................... 10
IV Major Revisions xii
5 Verification
V Comments..................................... xiii
5.1 Inspection ....................................... 10
5.2 Testing ............................................ 11
Standard
5.3 Rejection ......................................... 12
1 General
1.1 Scope 1 6 Delivery
3 Definitions....................................... 2 Figure
1 Look-Box for Vacuum Testing of
Circumferential Weld Seams..... 13
vii
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Foreword
This foreword is for information only and is not a part ofANSI*MWWA C206.
I. Introduction.
LA. Background. The provisions of this standard describe the requirements
for welding steel water pipe joints in water transmission and distribution lines. The
purchaser for each project is responsible for determining if any unusual circumstances
related to the project require additional provisions that are not included in the standard.
The design of field-welded joints is not discussed in this standard. Useful informa-
tion on this subject may be found in AWWA Manual MIl, Steel Pipe-A Guide for
Design and Installation,t and in Useful Information on the Design ofPlate Structures.:j:
After the welded field joint has been completed, if the pipe has been coated or
lined, the joint shall be coated and lined with a coating system compatible with that
on the body of the pipe, in accordance with the requirements for field repairs stated in
the appropriate AWWA coating or lining standard.
For lap-welded pipe with an inside diameter equal to or exceeding 48 in. (1,200
mm) and where the purchaser deems single welding to be acceptable, inside welding is
recommended. Safety precautions shall be utilized in all pipe sizes, although when pipe
with inside diameters less than 48 in. (1,200 mm) down to 27 in. (675 mm) are welded
from the inside, additional safety precautions shall be observed. Interior welding on pipe
diameters less than 27 in. (675 mm) is not recommended.
Pipe requiring inside welds with limited access should be supplied with 3-in.
(75-mm) diameter weld lead pass holes at approximately 400-ft (122-m) centers to
allow passage of welding leads to the joint location. Shorter distances between pass
holes may be required, depending on actual project co~ditions. Pass holes in the
pipe will permit shorter welding leads and thus avoid erratic voltage drops caused
by excessively long welding leads. The pass hole is fabricated using a weldable-grade,
inside-threaded pipe half coupling welded to a hole cut through the pipe wall. After
using the pass hole, a weldable grade plug shall be threaded into the opening and
seal-welded to secure.
* American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
t Steel Pipe-A Guide for Design and Installation, AWWA Manual MIl, AWWA, Denver, Colo.
(2004).
:j: Useful Information on the Design ofPlate Structures, Steel Plate Engineering Data, Vol. 2, American
Iron and Steel Institute, 1101 17th St. NW, Ste. 1300, Washington, DC 20036.
ix
LB. History. This standard was first approved as tentative by AWWA in January
1946 and by the American Welding Society (AWS) in October 1945. It was advanced
to standard status by AWWA in 1950 and by AWS in 1951. The joint AWWA-AWS
activity continued through revisions in 1957 (AWWA C206-57, AWS D7.0-57) and 1962
(AWWA C206-62, AWS D7.0-62a). The joint committee was dissolved in 1971, and the
standard was assigned to the AWWA Standards Committee on Steel Pipe. Subsequent
editions of the standard were published in 1975, 1982, 1988, 1991, 1997, and 2003. This
edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on Jan. 23,2011.
I.e. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF
International (NSF*) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a
certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members
of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research
Foundation (AwwaRF, now Water Research Foundationt) and the Conference of
State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works
Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators
(ASDWA) joined later.
In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with,
drinking water rests with individual states.:j: Local agencies may choose to impose
requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health
effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local
agencies may use various references, including
1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking
Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990.
2. Specific policies of the state or local agency.
3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF/ANSI 60,
Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals-Health Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking
Water System Components-Health Effects.
4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex,
Water Chemicals Codex,§ and other standards considered appropriate by the state or
local agency.
x
Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor-
dance with NSF/ANSI 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept
or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certi-
fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Annex A, "Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures," to NSF/ANSI 61 does
not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not
regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an
unspecified list of "unregulated contaminants" are based on toxicity testing guide-
lines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of
Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.
ANSIIAWWA C206 does not address additives requirements. Users of this stan-
dard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to
1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards.
2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify products
for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.
3. Determine current information on product certification.
II. Special Issues. This standard has no applicable information for this
section.
III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use
in the particular application being considered.
lILA. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following information should be
provided by the purchaser.
1. Standard used-that is, ANSIIAWWA C206, Field Welding of Steel Water
Pipe, of latest revision.
2. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water Treatment
Chemicals-Health Effects is required.
3. Details of other federal, state or provincial, and local requirements (Sec. 4.1.1).
4. Provisions for alleviation of thermal stresses (Sec. 4.2.6).
5. Type of joint (Sec. 4.3).
6. Lap joint (Sec. 4.3.2).
7. Butt joint (Sec. 4.3.3).
8. Option regarding backing rings (Sec. 4.3.3.1).
9. Seal weld of butt straps to facilitate an air test (Sec. 4.3.4).
10. Notch tough weld criteria, if required, temperature of test, and test values
(Sec. 4.6.10).
11. Weld inspection, if required (Sec. 5.1.3).
xi
12. Testing methods, if required (Sec. 5.2).
13. Nondestructive testing of welded joints if substituted for hydrostatic tests
(Sec. 5.2.2).
14. Affidavit of compliance (Sec. 6.3).
IILB. Modification to Standard. Any modification ofthe provisions, definitions,
or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.
IV: Major Revisions. Major changes made to the standard in this revision
include the following:
1. Information on inside welding of pipe with limited access was added to the
foreword (Sec. LA).
2. Definitions for procedure qualification record (PQR), weld-after-backfill,
welding procedure specification (WPS), and welder qualification record were added
(Section 2).
3. Deleted the permeation section since it is not applicable for welded steel
pipe.
4. Added requirement for materials to comply with the Safe Drinking Water
Act and other federal regulations (Sec. 4.1.1).
5. Added a section on double-welded lap joints and single-welded lap joints
with air testing (Sec. 4.3.2.2 and Sec. 4.3.2.3)
6. Added a paragraph on butt joints without a backing ring (Sec. 4.3.3.1)
7. Revisions were made to Sec. 4.3.4, Butt-strap joints.
8. Revisions were made to Sec. 4.4, Qualification of Welding Procedures,
Welders, and Welding Operators, including the addition of qualifications for tack
welders.
9. The clearance between faying surfaces of lap joints was revised (Sec. 4.6.3).
10. A requirement for the fillet weld size was added (Sec. 4.6.3).
11. A new section on weld-after-backfill was added (Sec. 4.6.4).
12. The permissible metal temperature of the pipe wall during welding was low-
ered. (Sec. 4.65)
13. A requirement for repair of arc-strikes was added (Sec. 4.6.8.4).
14. A requirement for Charpy Vnotch specimens was added (Sec. 4.6.10).
15. A section on visual inspection was added (Sec. 5.1.4)
16. The section on Ultrasonic testing without backing rings was deleted (old
Sec. 5.2.2.2) and incorporated into a revised Sec. 5.2.2.1, Testing of field-butt joints
with or without backing rings.
17. The testing section on lap joints was renamed to Testing field fillet weld
joints, and was revised (new Sec. 5.2.2.2).
18. Information on marking of pipe segments was added to Sec. 6.1.
xii
v: Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call AWWA Engineering and Technical Services at 303.794.7711, FAX at
303.795.7603, write to the department at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO
80235-3098, or e-mail at standards@awwa.org.
xiii
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ANSIjAWWA C206-11
(Revision of ANSIjAWWA C206-03)
AWWA Standard
SECTION 1: GENERAL
* American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
t American Welding Society, 550 N.W. Le]uene Road, Miami, FL 33126.
1
2 AWWA C206-11
SECTION 2: REFERENCES
SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS
SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS
Materials shall comply with the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act
and other federal regulations for potable water, wastewater, and reclaimed water
systems as applicable.
* Metric conversions given in this standard are direct conversions of US customary units and are not those specified
in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards.
FIELD WELDING OF STEEL WATER PIPE 5
(particularly when closure joints are made) at a time of day when the temperature
is the lowest, or a combination of these methods.
If specified by the purchaser, sleeve-type couplings may be used in lieu of
welded joints to control thermal stresses, as long as the movement in each joint is
less than 0.375 in. (9.5 mm) or as recommended by the coupling manufacturer.
back welding on the opposite side of the bevel to achieve a CJP butt weld. Back
grinding or gouging ensures complete removal of embedded slag.
4.3.4 Butt-strap joints. Butt straps shall receive complete circumferential
single-welded full fillet welds, either on the inside or outside of the butt strap. If
specified by the purchaser, a double-welded butt strap with full-fillet welds shall
include welding both the inside and outside of the butt strap. Butt straps may be
shop-attached by welding to one pipe end or shipped loose for field attachment
and welding. The butt straps shall have a minimum plate thickness equal to the
thinnest member being joined and shall be fabricated from material of equivalent
minimum physical properties and compatible chemical properties to the thinnest
member being joined. Strap width shall be not less than 4 in. (102 mm) for pipe
less than 36 in. (900 mm) in nominal diameter and 6 in. (152 mm) for pipe 36 in.
(900 mm) nominal diameter and larger. The minimum lap between pipe ends and
the edge of the butt strap shall be 1 in. (25 mm) for pipe less than 36 in. (900 mm)
in nominal diameter and 2 in. (51 mm) for pipe 36 in. (900 mm) nominal diam-
eter and larger. Longitudinal seams of butt straps shall be joined by CJP welded
butt joints. See AWS Dl.1 for various joint details.
For butt-strap joints, the seams of adjacent pipe sections may be in alignment,
provided the butt-strap seams are offset from the pipe seams by at least five times
the thickness of the thinner member involved in the joint. At the option of the
constructor and subject to the purchaser's approval, the butt strap may be welded
from the outside of the pipe, or from inside the pipe ifthe diameter is large enough.
With the purchaser's approval, either the inside or the outside weld may be a seal
weld to facilitate an air test as described in Sec. 5.2.2.2, if the other weld provides
sufficient strength to carry all loads anticipated at the joint.
will provide the operating ranges (voltage, amperage, travel speed, etc.) allowed
during the actual welding operations. Certain joint-welding procedures, as out-
lined in AWS Dl.1, Prequalification of Welding Procedure Specifications, are
prequalified and are exempt from tests. Other procedures shall be qualified in
accordance with AWS Dl.l.*
4.4.3 Welder, welding-operator, and tack welder qualification. Welders and
welding operators shall be qualified by tests as prescribed in AWS Dl.LI·The WQR
document provides certification that the welder, welding operator, or tack welder is
qualified to perform welding under this standard. The welder and welding-operator
qualification will remain in effect indefinitely unless (1) the welder is not engaged in
a given process ofwelding for which the welder or welding operator is qualified for a
period exceeding six months or unless (2) there is some specific reason to question a
welder's or welding operator's ability.
A tack welder who passes the tests as prescribed in AWS Dl.1 shall be con-
sidered eligible to perform tack welding indefinitely in the positions and with the
process for which the tack welder is qualified unless there is some specific reason to
question the tack welder's ability.
4.4.3.1 Records. Records of the test results shall be kept by the construc-
tor and shall be available to the purchaser.
* AWS 01.1, Table 4.7, refers to qualification of welding procedures with a base metal included in group I and
group II of Table 3.1 in AWS 01.1. For the purposes of AWWA C206, group I and group II materials shall
include pipe produced to ASTM A135, grades A and B.
tAWS 01.1, Sec. 3.3, 4.7.3, and 5.2, state that the base metal used in the qualification test shall comply with
Table 3.1 of the procedure described in AWS 0.1.1.
8 AWWA C206-11
condensation, snow, or ice, or during periods of high wind, unless the work is
properly protected. Regardless of the ambient conditions, the metal temperature in
the pipe wall shall not be less than 32°F (O°C) at any point within 3 in. (76 mm)
of the point of welding or four times the pipe wall thickness, whichever is greater.
4.6.6 Preheating. Preheating of the joints to be welded shall be performed
in accordance with AWS D1.1, Prequalified Minimum Preheat and Interpass Tem-
perature. When preheating is required, it shall extend ahead of the point of weld-
ing a minimum distance of four times the plate thickness, but not less than 3 in.
(76 mm), on each side of the seam. Proper preheat temperature shall be determined
periodically during welding by checking the material at a point at least four times
the plate thickness, but not less than 3 in. (76 mm), on either side of the seam.
4.6.7 Tack welding. Small erection tack welds used in the assembly of joints
need not be removed provided (1) they are sound and their size does not exceed the
subsequently applied root pass; (2) they do not interfere with welding procedures
required for closure joints to control thermal stresses (Sec. 4.2.6); (3) they do not
prevent the proper distribution of the annular space to control the distance between
faying surfaces in lap joints (Sec. 4.6.3); (4) the electrodes used in making the tack
welds shall be the same as used in the final welds; and (5) welding is performed in
strict accordance with the qualification procedures stated in Sec. 4.4.
4.6.8 Weld appearance and weld contour. The welds shall be applied using
continuous stringer beads, or a weave pattern meeting AWS D1.1, Visual Inspec-
tion Acceptance Criteria for Statically Loaded Nontubular Connections. Each
bead shall be cleaned and descaled before the succeeding bead is applied. Welded
joints shall not be covered or coated until after welding is completed and the weld
accepted.
4.6.8.1 Surface pass. The surface pass on welds shall be central to the
seam, and all surface passes shall be smooth and free from depression. The final
weld surface shall be free from weld slag and porosity.
4.6.8.2 Undercutting, overlapping, and finished fillet weld. Undercut-
ting of the base metal in pipe and adjoining the weld, which exceeds AWS Dl.l
requirements, is a defect and shall be repaired. Burning back the inside or outside
corner during application of a fillet weld shall be permitted if the edge can be
clearly defined. The finished fillet weld shall be free of grooves, deep valleys, or
ridges and shall contain no abrupt changes in the section at the toe.
4.6.8.3 Lap- or fillet-weld legs and faces. Lap or fillet welds shall have
legs of equal size, except when specified otherwise. The faces of fillet welds may be
flat to slightly convex.
10 AWWA C206-11
4.6.8.4 Cracks, Pinholes, Porosity, and Arc Strikes. Cracks in welds and
base metal, incomplete fusion, lack of complete joint penetration (including fillet
welds that do not penetrate past the point of intersection of the members being
joined), and weld overlap are unacceptable. Pinholes and porosity are unacceptable
and shall be repaired according to Sec. 4.7. Arc strikes outside the weld bound-
ary are unacceptable and shall be ground flush with the. base metal and shall be
repaired according to Sec. 4.7 if additional weld metal is required.
4.6.9 Matching butt joints. Butt joints shall be accurately aligned and
retained in position during the welding operation so that, in the finished joint, the
abutting pipe sections shall not be misaligned by more than 20 percent of the pipe
wall thickness or a maximum of l/S in. (3.2 mm), whichever is less.
4.6.10 Notch tough welds. When required for the pipe material and requested
by the purchaser, welding procedures shall be qualified to provide notch tough welds.
Filler material shall meet the same toughness requirements as the base metal or as
required by the purchaser's documents. If not otherwise specified, the minimum
average value of absorbed energy shall be 20 ft-Ib (33.9 N-m) at 32°F (-O°C) or the
lowest anticipated service temperature, whichever is lower. Charpy V-notch (CVN)
transverse specimens shall be prepared in accordance with the requirements ofASTM
A370 and AWS Dl.l Section 4, Part D, Requirements for CVN Testing.
SECTION 5: VERIFICATION
5.1.2 Facilities. The constructor shall provide the purchaser with rea-
sonable facilities and space for inspection, testing, and obtaining the information
required to determine the character of materials used, the progress and conditions
of the work, and the results obtained.
5.1.3 Weld inspection. When requested by the purchaser, a full-time
welding inspector shall be present whenever there is welding to be performed. The
welding inspector shall have prior pipe-welding inspection experience and shall
be a CWI in accordance with the provisions of AWS QC1 or otherwise meet the
qualification requirements stated in AWS D1.1.
5.1.4 Visual Inspection. Field welds shall be visually inspected by an indi-
vidual who by training, experience, or both, in metals fabrication, inspection, and
testing, is competent to perform the visual inspection. Any of the weld defects
identified by visual inspection shall be cause for rejection, and the deficient weld
shall be repaired or replaced. The acceptance criteria for field welds shall meet the
requirements of AWS Dl.1, Visual Inspection Acceptance Criteria for Statically
Loaded Nontubular Connections, except as modified in Sec. 4.6.8.4.
Magnetic particle testing is not required for a seal weld used to facilitate air-tested
joints, unless the seal weld is a structural element of the joint.
Double-welded lap joints can also be tested by shop drilling and tapping a
1/4-in. (6.4-mm) national pipe thread hole into the spigot or bell end of the pipe.
Apply 40 psi (276 kPa) of air, or other satisfactory gas, into the annular space
between the two fillet welds and maintain for a period of 5 min.
If the pressure remains at 40 psi (276 kPa), the test is complete. If the test
pressure drops below 40 psi (276 kPa), maintain the pressure at 40 psi (276 kPa)
from an external source and paint the welds with a soap solution. Mark any leaks
indicated by the escaping gas bubbles and repair leak indications per Sec. 4.7. Close
the threaded openings with pipe plugs or by welding.
NOTE: Radiographic and ultrasonic testing of lap joints shall not be utilized
because of the difficulty inherent in interpreting the results.
5.2.2.3 Vacuum box test. Both butt-joint welds and fillet welds may be
tested using a vacuum box. In this test, the weld is painted with a soap solution, a
clear plastic box with a foam perimeter is placed over the test section, and a vacuum
is induced in the box (see Figure 1). Mark any leaks indicated by the escaping gas
bubbles and repair according to Sec. 4.7.1. This test method may require additional
hold-back for coatings and linings to allow a proper seal.
NOTE: The vacuum box should be constructed of a sealed clear plastic cover
with an open bottom. The open bottom is sealed against the pipe surface by a
closed-cell foam rubber gasket. Vacuum gauges, valves, and vacuum pump or air
ejector are attached. The gauge should register a partial vacuum of at least 10 in.
(250 mm) of mercury when testing the weld seam.
SECTION 6: DELIVERY
Acrylic Cover
Section
Vacuum 2-WayValve
Gauge
Air Ejector
Butt-Welded
Circumferential
Joint Hose
'-- . . .-_---1-"" to Compressor
Plan
on each joint shall reference these serial numbers or other identification numbers
to document these tasks.
6.1.1 Exterior. The serial number or other identification mark shall be
painted in a conspicuous location on the exterior of each section of pipe, fitting, or
pipe special.
6.1.2 Interior. When joints require interior field welds, the serial number
or other identification mark shall be transferred to the finished interior of each sec-
tion of pipe, fitting, or pipe special. The requirement to transfer serial numbers or
other identification marks to the interior shall be at the purchaser's option.
MIX
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FSCO C014725
AWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and
supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in
the world. AWWA advances public health, safety, and welfare by uniting the efforts of the full spectrum
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