CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction
Electrical installations are important to use electrical equipments in safety
situations for various places. Electrical installers must obey the electrical standards or
codes of the country for planning and designing of the projects. According to the UK
Electrical Industry British Standards (BS) and American National Standard (ANS),
UK and American make the prescriptions on the basis of machines, apparatus and
materials, and the installations should be designed, manufactured and tested so that
efficiency and function safety are ensured. There are many electrical standards to
install safely and efficiently for various types of places, the commercial and industrial
buildings such as home, offices and hospitals. There are several agencies and
organizations that develop requirements for healthcare electrical distribution designs
and installations. Electrical standards of healthcare facilities are defined by NFPA
(National Fire Protection Agency) as “Buildings or portions of buildings in which
medical, dental, psychiatric, nursing, obstetrical, or surgical care are provided”. These
requirements are typically much more stringent than the commercial or industrial
facilities. Some of the specific NFPA standards that affect healthcare facility design
and implementation are NFPA 70-2014-National Electrical Code, NFPA 99-2015-
Healthcare Facilities, NFPA 101-2015-Life Safety Code, NFPA 110-2016-Standard
for Emergency and Standby Power Systems, NFPA 111-2016-Standard on Stored
Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems.
Before the electrical engineer performs the work on site, the essential case
which needs to install the electrical equipments fittingly, correctly and efficiently is
the drafting of electrical drawings. Among the electrical drawings, the single line
drawings are the life-blood of electrical field. To draft the appropriate electrical
drawings, electrical engineers must meet with the clients and engineers who perform
their respective works on the site for making correct decisions and plans such as
coordinations and revisions. After this process, making schedules for electrical works
leads to perform the plans of day by day consecutively and successfully on site. Until
the site finishes, electrical engineer should keep the drawings of site with the files for
the maintenances. This way will give the accomplishments on site for electrical
engineers. After the above cases, the wiring systems, the wiring methods, the choice
of wiring, the lighting systems, the methods of lighting calculation, illuminations and
illuminances are also important for the interior and exterior lighting for the respective
places or buildings such as public places, two-storey or three-storey buildings,
healthcare centres and hospitals. Some forms of electrical system used in the hospital
are presented in this thesis.
Before the utilitarian inventions of electrical systems, there was a problem for
reducing the waste of time and the exertions of human beings. Before the first
invention of electromagnetic generator in 1831 by British Scientist, Michael Faraday,
there was no AC and DC power supplies. Because American inventor and
businessman, Thomas Edison, established the first investor-owned electric utility in
1882 based its infrastructure on DC power and American entrepreneur and engineer,
George Westinghouse, introduced a rival AC based on the power distribution network
in 1886 respectively. Nowadays, there are many sources of power supply as the
electricians invented. For instance, one of their creation which combines with Auto
Transfer Switch and Standby Power Supply (Generator) is valuable for the
uninterrupted power supply in the hospital. Due to the critical nature of the care being
provided at healthcare facilities and their increasing dependence on electrical
equipment for preservation of life, they have special requirements for the design of
their electrical distribution systems. In 1986, according to Congress passed the
Emergency Treatment and Labor Act (EMLATA), there must have the emergency
rooms for the emergency patients in the hospitals. So, the power supply must provide
24/7/365 for the emergency rooms such as the emergency department (ED), also
known as the accident and emergency department (A&E), the emergency room (ER),
the emergency ward (EW) or the casualty department. In the last century, the
electricians exerted for the uninterrupted power supply by using the change over
switch which connects EPC and the generator power supply with manually change.
This process cannot reduce the exertion of human beings and waste of time for
emergency situations. This process should not be used in the country which cannot
support electrical power supply in 24 hours, especially in Myanmar. Nowadays, the
combination of generator and ATS for safety works, reducing human beings’ exertion
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and waste of time will be the solution of this situation. The uninterrupted power
supply will get again with the specific time intervals such as 5 seconds and 10
seconds by setting timer. This thesis shows electrical installation and the ways to get
the uninterrupted power supply safely in the hospital.

1.2. Aims and Objectives

The aim of this thesis is to design the electrical system for the whole hospital.
The objectives of this thesis are:
 To understand the electrical lighting, wiring and installation system
 To design and calculate the lighting system of the hospital
 To study the various electrical equipments used in the hospital
 To supply uninterrupted power for the emergency rooms of the
hospital
 To install ATS and generator safely and efficiently for standby power
 To choose the correct size of ATS and generator for saving costs and
safety
 To consider the electrical load estimation of the hospital
 To determine the energy efficiency of lighting with respect to the
illuminance available to the assigned areas
 To calculate energy consumption
 To study the earthing and lightning protection system of the hospital
for protecting the electrical shock

1.3. Scope of Thesis

This thesis is the design of electrical system for the (three-storey building)
hospital. In this thesis, the background theories of lighting, electrical wiring system
and safety systems of high-rise buildings are mainly discussed. The consideration of
lighting system, load calculation of exhaust fans and power sockets are calculated.
The design of electrical installation system and choosing of wire sizes are expressed.
And then, the load demand for the room is also calculated. The risk management is
calculated for the installation of lightning protection. The combination of ATS and
generator leads to supply the uninterrupted power supply. The control programme for
the connecting EPC supply and the standby power supply is shown. The choosing
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ways for the correct size of ATS and generator which need the essential power of the
building are expressed. The techniques for solving the problems are also mentioned in
this thesis.

1.4. Outlines of Thesis

There are six chapters in this thesis. In chapter one, the introduction to the
electrical installation system is described. In chapter two, the theories of wiring and
the illumination systems are mentioned. In chapter three, the lighting system is
expressed. In chapter four, the electrical design calculation for three-storey building is
explained. In chapter five, the results of electrical system calculation for three-storey
building are described. In the last chapter, the discussions and conclusion of the thesis
are presented.