ZfnXv Vs \mK: ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS sFU‚n-‰n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cn-Nn-¥-\-߃

BcmWv ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-°m¿? Ah-cpsS bYm¿∞ sFU‚n‰n F¥mWv? hwi-l-Xy-bn-te-bv°p

\bn-°pwhn[w a\p-hm-Zn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw AXy¥w cq£-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-ß-ƒ
t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ AXn-s\-Xnsc hnhn[ tImWp-I-fn¬ \S-°p∂
{]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ ^e-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-ØW- s
- a-¶n¬ t- ]mcm-´ß
- ƒ°v Znim-t_m-[hpw t]mcm-fn-Iƒ°v
GI-Xm-`m-hhpw ssIh-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AØ-c-samcp kam-\-a-\-kv°X ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn
C∂v ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°m¿ hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-amWv Zen-X¿ F∂-Xv. AØ-c-samcp
\ma-t[bw `c-Wm-[n-Imcn h¿K-am-IpI F∂ Xß-fpsS Ipeo-\-amb e£y-Øn-se-Øp-hm≥ ]cym-
]-vXamtWm? AXv ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS bYm¿∞ sFU‚n-‰nsb tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂-XmtWm?

ZenXv F∂m¬ Hcp Ah-ÿ am{XamWv

C∂v ]´nIPmXn˛ hn`mK߃ F∂v `cWLS\m]cambn Adnbs∏Sp∂ P\Xbv°v \nch[n
hnfnt∏cpIƒ Ncn{XØnep≠v. A¥yP≥, Ah¿Æ≥, ANyqXv, ]©a¿, Un{]kvUv ¢mkv, lcnP≥
ZenX¿ XpSßn \nch[n t]cpIƒ. Cu t]cpIƒs°√map≈ c≠v {]tXyIXIfnsem∂v Chsb√mw
Cu P\XbpsS ta¬ Btcm Nm¿Øn\¬Inb t]cpIfmWv. c≠masØ {]tXyIX Ahsb√mw
AhcpsS bYm¿∞ kzXzsØb√, adn®v Ahÿsb°pdn°p∂ \maßfmWv. ZenXv AYhm
NnXds∏´h≥ F∂Xv kzXza√, adn®v AhÿbmWv. temIsØ an°hmdpsa√m P\hn`mKßfpw
AhcpsS {]bmW Ncn{XØn¬ ZenXv F∂ NnXds∏´ Ahÿsb A`napJoIcn®hcmWv. PqXcpw
ap…oapIfpaS°w \nch[n kapZmb߃ B L´ØneqsS IS∂pt]mbn´p≠v . X߃
IS∂pt]mIp∂ Ahÿsb XßfpsS kz¥w t]cmbn sX‰n≤cn°p∂ Ahÿbn¬ \n∂pw
]´nIPmXn˛h¿K°m¿°v tamN\w t\tS-≠-Xp-≠v. Ah¿XßfpsS bYm¿∞ kzXzw Xncn-®-dn-tb-
≠Xpw Fßn-s\-bmWv ZenXv Ah-ÿ-bn-tebv°v \n]-Xn-®-sX∂pw BcmWv AXn\v Imc-W-°m-cm-
b-sX∂pw ZenXv Ahÿbn-tebv°v FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv X߃ Bcm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw kwi-
b-te-i-at\y a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ZenXv F∂Xv Hcp Ah-ÿ-bmWv F∂v Xncn-®-dn-™m¬ Cu
Ahÿ am‰p-hm-≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Ah¿°v Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm-\m-hp-Ibpw AXn-eqsS ZenXv Ahÿsb
XcWw sNøphm\pap≈ kn≤n ]´nIPmXn˛ h¿K°m¿°v e`y-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw.

ZenXv F∂ ]Z kzoI-c-W-Øn-eqsS kw`-hn-®-sX-¥mWv?

kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c C¥y-bn¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS kzoI-c-W-tØmsS ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-
Im-i-t∏m-cm-´-߃ ho≠pw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-h¿K-am-IpI F∂ e£y-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp-hm-\p≈ km[yX
ap≥Im-e-ß-sf-°mƒ h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ tImWp-I-fn¬ kmaqly-am-‰-Øn-\m-bp≈
DW¿∆v Db-cp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ lcn-P≥ F∂ hm°n-t\m-Sp≈ Xnc-kv°m-chpw Hcp ]pXnb
hm°n-\m-bp≈ At\z-j-Whpw ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°msc sIm≠p-sN-s∂-Øn-®Xv ZenXv F∂ ]Z-Øn-em-
Wv. cmPy-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap≈ ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°msc Hcp s]mXp\ma-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sm≥ ZenXv F∂ ]Zw
klm-bn-®-t∏mƒØs∂ Xß-sf-t∏mse a\p-hm-Z-Øns‚ Cc-I-fmb BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ, ]nt∂m-°-hn-
`m-K-߃, \yq\-]-£-߃, iq{Z¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cn¬ \n∂pw ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°msc th¿Xn-cn-°p-hm\pw
B ]Z-Øn\p km[n-®p. a\p-hm-Z-Øns‚ Cc-Iƒ Hcp-an-°p-tºm-gmWv Ah¿ `qcn-]-£-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
F∂m¬ ZenXv F∂ ]Zw ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°msc Bthiw sIm≈n-°p-sa-¶nepw ]´n-I-h¿K-°m-tcm-Sp-
t]mepw kam-\-a-\-kv°X krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw AXv hne-°p-Ibpw sNøpsa∂ hkvXp-X
ImWm-Xn-cp-∂p-Iq-Sm. C∂pw ZenXv˛B-Zn-hm-kn-Iƒ, As√-¶n¬ Zen-Xv-˛-_-lp-P-\-߃ F∂mWv a\p-
hm-Z-Øns‚ Cc-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. H∂n-®p-\n∂v Htc i{Xp-hn-s\-Xnsc t]mcm-Sm-
\p≈ Ah-kcw Htc hwi-°m¿°v \ntj[n°phm≥ ZenXv F∂ ]Zw Imc-W-am-bn. B th¿Xn-cnhv
s]mXp-t]m-cm-´-߃°p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ°v aß-te¬∏n-°p-Ibpw AIm-c-W-amb Hc-\yXm t_m[w
krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmPysØ ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-˛-h¿K-˛-]n-t∂m-°-˛-a-X-\yq-\-]-£-߃ cmjv{So-
b-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw AI-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ Ah-ÿsb ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS am{Xw kzXz-ambn
]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ZenXv F∂ ]Zw sNbvX-Xv. kmaq-ly-am-‰-Øn-\m-bp≈ Cc-I-fpsS
tbmPn-®p≈ t]mcm´w F∂ \ne-bn¬ t\m°p-tºmƒ icn°pw Hcp \jvS-°-®-h-S-amWv ]´n-I-Pm-
Xn-°m¿°v ZenXv F∂ te_¬ \¬In-b-Xv. AX-h-cpsS Ah-ÿsb kzXz-ambn ÿnco-I-cn-
°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-°n-sb-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn-bmbn kplr-Øp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw H‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-ap-≠m-
1
bn. Ass\-Iy-Øn-tebv°p \bn-°p∂ AØ-c-samcp th¿Xn-cn-b-en-\mbn a\p-hm-Zn-I-ƒ \S-Ønb
t_m[-]q¿∆amb krjvSn-bmtWm ZenXv F∂Xpw ]cn-tim-[-\m¿l-am-Wv.

Zen-X¿ As√-¶n¬ ]ns∂ BcmWv ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°m¿?

1956 H
~ IvtSm_¿ 14 \v _m_m-km-tl_v Awt_-Zv°¿ Xs‚ e£-°-W-°n\v A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-samØv
\mKv]q-cn¬ h®v lnµp-aXsØ Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw _p≤-a-XsØ Bt«-jn-°p-I-bp-ap≠m-bn. AXn-\p-
]n-t‰-Zn-hkw 1956 HIvtSm-_¿ 15 \v At±lw {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS Hcp hºn® ktΩ-f-\sØ A`n-kw-
t_m-[\ sNbvXp-sIm≠v hf-sc-b-[nIw Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\hpw AXy¥w kp{]-[m-\-hp-amb Hcp {]`m-
jWw \S-Øn. B {]`m-j-W-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-hm≥ _m_m-km-tl_v ]d-™Xv CXv
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ C∂-esØ aXw-am-‰-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn\p apºv Xs∂ \S-tØ-≠n-bn-cp∂ {]kw-K-am-bn-
cp∂p F∂m-Wv. AXm-bXv Xs‚ P\X _p≤-aXw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv AØc-samcp ]cn-
h¿Ø-\-Øn-\m-[m-c-amb Ncn-{X-]-chpw ZuXy-]-c-hp-amb ktµiw At±-l-Øn\p \¬I-W-am-bn-cp-
∂p. F∂m¬ ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ Xnc-°pIƒ ImcWw ]nt‰-Zn-hkw \¬Inb B {]`m-jWw, a\p-hm-
Z-Øns‚ F√m Cc-Iƒ°pw hninjym ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-߃°v `mhn-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°v Znim-t_m[w
\¬Ip∂ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. B {]`m-j-W-Øn-\p-tijw tIhew 51 Znhkw am{Xta _m_m-km-tl_v
Pohn-®n-cp-∂p≈q F∂ hkvXpX IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Xs‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-b-f-hn¬ t\Snb
Adnhpw ho£-Whpw Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS kv^pSw sNbvXv hcpw Xe-ap-d-bv°mbn ]I¿∂p
\¬Inb Hc-¥y-{]-`m-j-Whpw IqSn-bm-Ip∂p AXv. C¥y-bnse ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-߃ BcmWv F∂
kp{]-[m\ tNmZy-Øns‚ DØ-amWv At±lw B {]`m-j-W-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-®-Xv.

\mw \mK-hw-i-P-cm-Wv.
e£-°-W-°n\p A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-samØv _p≤-a-XØnte-bv°p-am-dnb B ktΩ-f\w \mKv]q-cn-emWv
kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv. B¿.-F-kv.-F-kns‚ apJy Bÿm-\-ambXpsIm-≠mtWm AØ-c-samcp ktΩ-
f-\-Øn\v \mKv]q¿ Xs∂ sXc-s™-Sp-ØXv F∂ tNmZyw _m_m-km-tl-_n-t\mSv ]ecpw D∂bn-
®p. AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn At±lw Cßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. “Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn\v \mKv]q¿ sXc-
s™-Sp-ØXv as‰mcp ImcWw sIm≠m-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ Bsc-¶nepw _p≤-aXw {]N-cn-∏n-®p-s≠-¶n¬
AXv \mK-∑m-cm-Wv F∂v _p≤-aX Ncn{Xw ]Tn-°p∂ B¿°pw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-w. \mK-∑m-cm-
Is´ Bcy-∑m-cpsS \n¿±-b-cmb -i{Xp°fm-bn-cp-∂p. Bcy-∑m¿°pw A\m-cy-∑m¿°pa-an-S-bn¬ tLmc-
hpw c‡-cq-£n-Xhpamb [mcmfw bp≤߃ \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. \mK-∑m¿s°Xnsc Bcy∑m¿ \S-
Ønb AXn{Ia-߃°v \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W-߃ ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬ ImWmw. AØcw B{I-a-W-
ßfn¬ \n∂pw AK-kvXy-ap\n°pt]mepw Htc-sbmcp \mKs\ am{Xta c£-s∏-SpØm≥ Ign-™p≈q.
B \mK-\n¬ \n∂mWv \msa√mw DZbw sNbvX-Xv. ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ \mK-P-\-Xbv°v Xßsf
Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏n°m≥ Hcp alm-]p-cp-j≥ Bh-iyam-bn-cp-∂p. _p≤-\n¬ Ah¿ B alm-]p-cp-
js\ Is≠-Øn. `K-hm≥ _p≤s‚ {]t_m-[-\-ßsf \mK-P-\X C¥y-sb-ºmSpw hym]n-∏n-®p.
AsX. \mw \mK-∑m-cmWv.” Bcy-∑m¿s°-Xnsc AØ-c-samcp Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏p km[y-am-
°nb \mK-∑m¿ Iq´-ambn A[n-h-kn® {]tZ-i-amWv \mKv \Zn-°-c-bnse \mKv]q¿. \q‰m-≠p-
Iƒ°p tijw \mK-P-\X Xß-fpsS D÷z-e-amb ]mc-ºcyw hos≠-Sp-°p∂-Xn\p XpS°w
Ipdn°m≥ \mKv]q¿ Xs∂ _m_m-km-tl_v Awt_-Zv°¿ sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xn\p Imc-W-an-Xm-
Wv.

AK-kvXy-ap-\nbpw c£-s∏´ \mK\pw

]´n-I-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS kzXz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ AXn-{]-[m-\-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-Øn-s\m∏w {][m-
\-ambpw aq∂v ktµ-i-ß-fmWv _m_m-km-tl-_ns‚ Cu {]`mj-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw \ap°v e`n-°p-
∂-Xv. H∂m-a-Xmbn ZenXv Ahÿ adn-I-S-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. c≠v _p≤-s\-t∏mse Hcp AXp-ey-
\mb Kpcphns‚ {]t_m-[-\-߃ ]n¥p-S-cpIbpw hym]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xv ZenXv Ahÿ
adn-I-S-°m≥ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. aq∂v XojvW-amb _p≤n-i-‡nbpw XnI™ Ncn-{X-t_m-
[hpw ZenXv Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂pw tamNn-X-am-Im\p≈ ap∂p-]m-[n-bm-Wv. \mK-∑m¿ Bcy-∑m-cpsS
B{I-a-W-^-e-ambn krjvSn-°-s∏´ ZenXv Ah-ÿbn¬ Gsd-°mew XpS¿∂p-sh-¶nepw Hcp Kpcp-
hns‚ klm-bt- ØmsS Ah-cXv adn-IS- °pIbpw ho≠pw `c-Wm-[n-Imcn h¿K-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp
F∂-XmWv H∂m-asØ ktµ-i-Øns‚ km[q-I-cWw. AXn-\m¬ C∂v \ma-\p-`-hn-°p∂ ZenXv
2
Ah-ÿsb adn-I-S-°phm\pw ho≠pw `c-Wm-[n-Imcn h¿K-am-Ip-hm\pw km[y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ AXn-
\mbn Xßsf hna-eo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw hntam-Nn-∏n-°phm\pw Ign-bp∂ Hcp Kpcphnt\bpw {KŸtØbpw
]n¥p-S-cp-hm\pw hym]n-∏n-°p-hm\pw ZenXv Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Ign-bp-∂-h¿ k∂-≤-am-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn-
\m¬ ZenXv Ahÿ amdp-hm-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂-h¿°v C∂pw _p≤\pw At±-l-Øns‚ {]t_m-[-\-
ßfpw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv F∂-XmWv c≠m-asØ ktµ-i-Øns‚ A¥-cm¿∞w. AK-kvXy-ap\n F∂
{]tbmKw A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv X\-Xmb Adn-hns‚ G‰hpw AXyp-∂-Xm-hÿ F∂-Xm-Wv. hn⁄-\-
Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-X-bmWv AK-kvXy-ap-\n. A{Xbpw {]K¬`\mb Hcp Kpcp hnNm-cn-®n-´p-t]mepw Hcp
\mKs\ am{Xta c£n-°p-hm≥, {]_p-≤-\m-°p-hm≥, hnNn-¥\w sNøp-hm\pw th¿Xn-cn®p a\- n-
em-°p-hm-\p≈ {]m]vXn-bp-≈-h-\m-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p-≈q. AXm-bXv km[m-cW am\-knI \nebpw
km[m-cW Nn¥m-K-Xnbpw ssIsøm-gn™v G‰hpw D∂-X-\mb Kpcp-hn\v hnZy-]-I¿∂p Xcm≥ Ign-
bpw-hn[w Akm-[m-c-W-amb _p≤n-ssh-`-hhpw A\-\y-amb hy‡n-Xz-k-hn-ti-jXbpw B¿÷n-
t°≠Xpw ZenXv Ahÿ adn-I-S-°m≥ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. ZenXv Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Ign-bp∂
_lp`qcn-]£w t]cpw alm-Kp-cp-°-∑msc a\- n-em-°m≥ Ignbp∂ Xc-Øn¬ kz¥w hy‡n-XzsØ
al-Ø-c-am-°p-hm≥ sshap-Jy-ap-≈-h-cm-sW-∂-Xns‚ Be-¶m-cnI {]tbm-K-amWv c£-s∏´, AXm-
bXv c£-s∏-Sm≥ a\-s m-cp-°n-b, Htc-sbmcp \mK≥ F∂-Xv.

{Zmhn-Ucpw \mK-∑mcpw H∂p-X-s∂-bmWv

aqI¿, _ln-jvIr-X¿, Un{] vUv ¢m v, A¨S-®-_nƒkv Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ ]Zm-h-en-I-fm¬
At±lw Xs‚ P\-Xsb A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp-tºmƒØs∂ Abn-ØmN-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-
amb hn`m-K-ßfpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb sFU‚n‰n hy‡-am-Im-\p≈ ]T-\-߃ _m_m-km-tl_v
Awt_-Zv°¿ \nc-¥cw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. 1948 ¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® “Akv]r-iy¿: Ah¿ Bcm-bn-
cp∂p?” F∂ Kth-jW {KŸ-Ønepw “hnπ-hhpw {]Xn-hn-π-hhpw {]mNo-\-`m-c-X-Øn¬” F∂
A{]-Im-inX Kth-jW {]_-‘-Ønepw Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Kuc-h-amb ]T-\-߃
ImWmw. \nin-X-amb ]T-\-߃°p-tijw _m_m-km-tl_v Awt_-Zv°¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv C¥y-bpsS
{]mNo\ Ncn{Xw ]Tn-°p∂ GsXm-cmƒ°pw Bcy≥, \mK, Zmk, {ZmhnU \mep P\-hn-`m-K-ßsf
Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. Cu \mep P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpw \mev hyXykvX hwi-ßfmbmWv km[m-cW
]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-I. F∂m¬ Hmtcm∂ns\-°p-dn®pw hni-Z-amb ]T\w \S-Øptºmƒ \n›-b-ambpw
Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv Bcy-∑m¿ F∂Xv Hcp hyXn-cn-‡-amb hwiw Xs∂-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ Zmk-
∑mcpw \mK-∑mcpw hyXy-kvX-amb hwi-ß-fm-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂Xv `oam-_-‘-am-Wv. Zmk-∑mcpw \mK-
∑mcpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Zmk F∂Xv \mK-∑m-cpsS tIhew as‰mcp t]cp-am-{X-am-Ip-∂p. ZmlI
F∂ hm°ns‚ kwkvIr-X-cq-]-amWv Zmk F∂-Xv. \mK-∑m-cpsS cmPm-hmWv Zml-I≥. Bcy-∑m¿
\mK-∑msc Ah-cpsS cmPm-hns‚ t]cn¬ hnfn-®Xv Ime-{I-aØ
- n¬ \mK-∑m-cpsS as‰mcp t]cmbnØocp-
I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
{Zmhn-U-scbpw \mK-∑m-scbpw c≠p-hw-i-ambn ImWp∂ {]h-W-Xbpw sX‰m-sW∂v _m_m-
km-tl_v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. BcmWv {Zmhn-U¿ F∂ kp{]-[m-\-amb tNmZy-Øn\v Htc P\-X-
bpsS c≠p-t]-cp-Iƒ am{X-amWv \mK-∑mcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw F∂ Ak-∂n-Kv≤-amb DØcw At±lw
\¬Ip-∂p. {Zmhn-U¿ F∂Xv \ne-hn¬ Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ am{Xw {]tbm-K-Øn-ep≈ Hcp ]Z-{]-tbm-
K-amsW-¶nepw Hcn-°¬ C¥y-sb-ºmSpw B ]Zw hym]n-®n-cp∂p. tNc, IncmX, Akp-c, cm£k,
]nim-N, \njm-Z, Ime, ssZXy, hm\c XpSßnb P\-k-aq-l-ß-sf√mw \mK-hw-iØns‚ hnhn[
imJ-IsfbmWv tZymXn-∏n-°p∂Xv F∂-Imcyw Hcp Ncn-{X-kXyw am{X-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Hcp-]t£
Zln-°m≥ _p≤n-ap-´p-s≠-¶n¬°qSn {Zmhn-Ucpw \mK-∑mcpw Htc hwi-am-sW∂v _m_m-km-tl_v
ASn-h-c-bn´p ]d-bp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ C¥y-bpsS Xs∂ `mj-bm-bn-cp∂ Xangv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-
emWv \mK-∑msc {Zmhn-U¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv \mK F∂Xv Htc P\-X-bpsS hwio-b-
amb t]cpw {ZmhnU F∂Xv `mjm-]-c-amb t]cpw am{X-am-Wv. CXn-eqsS hy‡-am-Ip-∂Xv Zmkcpw
{Zmhn-Ucpw \mK-∑mcpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Cu kXyw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw At±lw Ak-
∂nKv≤ambn ]d-bp-∂Xv C¥y-bn¬ {][m-\-ambpw c≠p hwi-ßtf D≈q, Bcy hwihpw \mK
hwi-hpw. Cu Is≠-Ø-ens‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Dd-∏n®p ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv C∂sØ ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-
߃ ZenXv Ah-ÿ-bn-eq-sS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ A\m-cy-cmb \mK-∑m-c√msX a‰mcp-a-√.

\mK F∂Xv hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ {]Im-i\w IqSn-bmWv

3
BcmWv \mK-∑m¿? k¿∏ambnt´m ]mºmbnt´m am{Xw h¿Æn°pIbpw KcpUs‚ `£Wambpw
JmWvUhZl\ØneqsS \in∏n® CgP¥phmbpw a\phmZ{KŸßƒ h¿Æn°pIbpw sNbvX
Cu hm°v Hcp a\pjyhwiØns‚ t]cmsW∂pw B a\pjyhwiw ]cºcb‰p t]mImØhn[w
C∂pw \ne\n¬°p∂psh∂pw _m_m-km-tl_v Awt_-Zv°¿ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. \mK-∑m-cpsS
H∂m-asØ khn-ti-jX Ah¿ \n›-b-ambpw A\m-cy-∑m-cmWv F∂-Xm-Wv. \mK-∑m-sc-°p-dn®v
EKvthZ-Øn¬ hsc ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp-≈-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ hfsc ]pcmX\ P\XbmsW∂p sXfn-bp-∂p.
hfsc ]cn-jvIr-X-cpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpamb B P\-hn-`m-K-hpambn a‰v cmP-Iob IpSpw-_-߃
hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏-´n-cp-∂Xn\pw \mK-∑m¿ GjybpsS ]e-`m-K-ßfpw `cn-®n-cp-∂-Xn\pw \nc-
h[n sXfn-hp-I-fmWv _m_m-km-tl_v Awt_-Zv°¿ “ Akv]r-iy¿: Ah¿ Bcm-bn-cp∂p?” F∂
Xs‚ {]_-‘-Øn¬ \nc-Øp∂-Xv. cmjv-{So-bm-[n-Imcw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p∂Xn-eqsS ho≠pw `c-Wm-
[n-Imcn h¿K-am-bn- ]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-Sm≥th≠n ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-ßsf k÷-cm-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
_m_m-km-tl_v Awt_-Zv°dpsS PohnX ZuXyw. cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imcw ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp∂
]´n-I-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS ap≥Km-an-I-fmWv \mK-P-\-X. AXn-\m¬ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn h¿K-am-Im≥ ]´n-I-
hn-`m-K-߃ A\p-I-cn-t°≠ amXrI ZenXv Ah-ÿsb ÿnco-I-cn-°-e-√, adn®v \mK-hy-‡n-Xz-
Øn-tebv°v Db-cp-Ib - m-Wv. Zen-X¿°pw lcn-P\
- ß
- ƒ°pw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnIfm-Im≥ Ign-bn√ F∂v
kmtl_v Im≥jndmw kqNn-∏n-®Xv AXp-sIm≠p IqSn-bm-Wv.
\mK-∑m-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ \mep kp{]-[m\ khn-ti-j-X-ƒ _m_m-km-tl_v “ hnπ-
hhpw {]Xn-hn-π-hhpw {]mNo-\-`m-c-X-Øn¬” F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v. H∂m-a-Xmbn
Ah¿ AXn-i-‡-amb hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ DS-a-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. c≠m-a-Xmbn Bcy-∑m¿°v Ah-cn-tebv°v
AXn-{I-an®p Ib-dpI Akm-[y-am-bn-cp-∂p. aq∂m-a-Xmbn kam-[m\ k‘n am{Xw km[y-am-Ip∂
]cm-{I-an-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \mem-a-Xmbn Ghcpw Xpey-cmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°pw-hn[w D∂-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p Ah¿.
]´n-I-hn-`m-K-߃°v ZenXvsFU‚n‰n \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Hcn-°epw B¿÷n-°m≥ km[y-a-
√mØ hy‡nXz khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv \mK- sFU‚n‰n apt∂m´p hbv°p-∂-Xv. ZenXv F∂Xv Xs∂
AXn-i-‡-amb Hcp hy‡n-XzsØb√ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-Xv. adn®v NnX-dn-bXpw XI¿°-
s∏-´X- p-amb Hc-hÿ - bpw AXn-eq-sS-bp≈ `n∂-Xt- bbpw Bi-b°- p-g∏
- t- Ø-bp-am-Wv. ZenXv F∂Xv
sFU‚n‰n-bmbn sX‰n≤cn-®-h¿ Iogm-f≥, Iogm-fØw XpS-ßn-bh \n¿tem`w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂Xv {i≤n-®m¬ CXv a\- n-em-Ipw. kzbw Hcp Iogm-f-\mbn Adn-b-s∏-Sm\pw AXv kΩ-Xn-®p-
sIm-Sp-°m\pw X° Zp¿_-e-amb hy‡n-Xz-amWv ZenXv sFU‚n‰n kw`m-h-\-sN-bvX-Xv. AØcw
Zp¿_-e-amb hy‡nXzw ImcWw Bcy-∑m¿s°-∂√ B¿°pw ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-ß-fn-tebv°v \njv{]-
bmkw AXn-{I-an-®p-I-b-dphm≥ Ign™p. Xmgv∂ Xcw ÿm\-am-\-ß-ƒ, s]m≈-bmb hmKvZm-\-
߃, I]S ap{Zm-hm-Iy-߃, hnc-´-ep-Iƒ, hymP Bflo-b-X, A¬∏w aZyw, Ipd®p cq], _ncn-bm-Wn,
Hcp ankvUv tImƒ XpSßn AXn \n m-c-amb Imcy-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xs∂ -ZenXv hy‡n-XzsØ
Iogvs]-Sp-Øm\pw hcp-Xn-°p-\n¿Øp-hm\pw B¿°pw km[n°pw F∂-Xn\v Zn\w-{]Xn sXfn-hp-Iƒ
e`y-am-Wv. CØcw coXn-I-fn-eqsS ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-߃°v a‰m-tcbpw Xß-fpsS hcp-Xn°v \n¿Øm≥
Ign-bn√ F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-tºm-gmWv AXn-{I-an®p Ib-d¬ Akm-[y-amb \mK-hy-‡nXzw B¿÷n-
t°-≠-Xns‚ {]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I. C∂v ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-߃ aq¿®-bp≈ Hcp P\-
X-b√- . ]cn-°p-]‰ - p-sa∂ `oXn-bn-√msX B¿°pw Ahsc ssIImcyw sNøm-sa∂ Ahÿ krjvSn-
®Xv Ah-cpsS Zfn-X-Xz-am-Wv. AXv hy‡n-]-c-ambn ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS Bfl-hocyw tNm¿Øn-
°-fbpIbpw kaq-l-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ kwL-SnX i‡n-bm¿÷n-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw XS-bp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. X߃ apdn-hp-]-‰msX B¿°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ-hn[w aq¿®-bp≈ Bbp-[-
am-sW∂ \mK-k-hn-ti-jX ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-߃ Xß-fpsS hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬ ]p\x-ÿm-]n-t°-≠Xv
Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bm-Wv. AXp-t]mse {][m-\-s∏-´-XmWv Xßsf Xpey-cmbn ]cn-K-
Wn-°m≥ a‰p-≈-hsc \n¿_-‘n-X-cm°pw hn[w kz¥w hy‡nXzhpw kaq-lnI-hy-‡n-Xzhpw Db¿Øn-
sb-Sp-°pI F∂-Xv. AØ-c-samcp e£yw ZenXv sFU‚n-‰n-bn¬ {]k-‡-a-√, ]t£ AXv \mK-hy-
‡n-Xz-Øns‚ ap∂p-]m-[n-bm-Wv.

]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS A\m-cy-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
1911 se s]mXp sk≥k-kn-emWv Abn-Ø-Pm-Xn-°m-cmb P\-ß-sf th¿Xn-cn-®dnbepw Ah-cpsS
P\-kw-Jy IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ BZy ]cn-{ia߃ \S-∂-Xv. t\ctØ lnµp F∂p≈ Hscm‰
te_-en-\-I-ØmWv Chsc IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv, F∂m¬ lnµp-°ƒ°mbn {_n´o-jp-Im-c-\p-h-Zn-
4
°p∂ bmsXmcp B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw Db¿∂ PmXn lnµp-°ƒ Ch¿°p \¬Ip-I-bp-an-√. PmXn-ln-µp-
°-fpsS t\´-߃°mbn am{Xw Abn-Ø-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS P\-kwJy {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-Xnsc
bp≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-߃ Db¿∂-t∏m-gmWv Chsc lnµp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw th¿Xn-cn®p Is≠-Øm-\p≈
]cn-{i-a-߃ sk≥kkv IΩo-j-W¿ Bcw-`n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ Chsc th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ th≠n-bp≈
klm-bk - l
- I
- c
- W
- ß
- ƒ PmXn-ln-µp-°f
- psS `mK-Øp-\n∂pw e`n-°m-ØX - n-\m¬ A∂sØ sk≥kkv
IΩo-j-W¿ hni-Z-amb ]T-\-߃°p-tijw Abn-Ø-Pm-Xn-°m-sc∂p ap{Z-Ip-Ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ P\-
Xsb Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bp≈ ]Øp am\ZWvU߃ cq]o-I-cn-®p. Ah-bn-se-√mtam GsX-¶n-eptam
am\-Z-WvU-߃ ]men-°p∂ PmXnP\-hn-`m-K-ß-sf- tN¿ØmWv Hcp {]tXyI ]´nI Xøm-dm-°n-b-
Xv. B ]´n-I-bmWv Gsd-°psd henb am‰ßfn√msX 1935 se Kh¨sa‚ v H^v C¥y BIvSpw
XpS¿∂v C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\bpw AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. B ]´n-I-bv°-I-Øp≈ PmXn-bn-epƒs∏´ P\-hn-`m-
K-ß-sf-bmWv C∂v ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°m-sc∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ahsc ]´n-I-bv°p-≈n¬s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn
1911 se sk≥kkv IΩo-j-W¿ Xocp-am-\n® am\-Z-WvU-߃ Ch-bmWv. 1. {_m“-W-cpsS ta[m-hn-
XzsØ \ntj[n°p-∂-h¿, 2. {_m“-W-cn¬ \nt∂m a‰v AwKo-IrX lnµp-Kp-cp-°-∑m-cn¬ \nt∂m
a{¥-߃ kzoI-cn-°m-Ø-h¿, 3. thZ-ß-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsb \ntj-[n-°p-∂-h¿, 4. lnµp-ssZ-h-
ßsf Bcm-[n-°m-Ø-h¿, 5. \√ {_m“-W-cpsS tkh\w e`n-°m-Ø-h¿, 6. {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-Xtc
C√m-Ø-h¿, 7. km[m-cW lnµp-t£-{X-߃°-I-tØbv°v {]th-i\w C√m-Ø-h¿, 8. aen-\o-I-c-W-
Øn\v Imc-W-am-hp-∂-h¿, 9. acn-®-hsc Ipgn-®n-Sp-∂-h¿, 10. Imf-bn-d®n Xn∂p-∂-hcpw ]ip-hn-t\mSv
A\m-Z-chp ImWn-°p-∂-hcpw. ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°msc Is≠-Øm≥ kzoI-cn® Cu am\-Z-WvU-߃
]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ \mK-P\-X-bpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bmb khn-ti-j-hy-‡n-Xzhpw A\m-cy-]m-c-º-
cyhpw hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. Cu \mK-]m-c-º-cyhpw A\m-cy-Xzhpw ]´n-I-Pm-
Xn-°m-cn¬ ]p\¿P-\n-°p-∂Xp XS-bp-hm≥ th≠n-°qSnbmWv tIhew 25 h¿jw Ign-™-t∏mƒ
1936 \hw-_¿ 12 \v lnµpt£{X-߃ Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-Ø-sX∂pw Iq´n-hm-bn-°ptºmƒ a\-
 nem°m≥ Ign-bpw.

Bcy-≥ Vs \mK
hnπhhpw {]Xnhnπhhpw F∂ t]cn¬ Ggp ]pkv X Ißfp≈ Hcp {KŸcN\m ]≤Xn
_m_mkmtl_v Awt_ZvI¿ Bhnjv°cn°pIbp≠mbn. \n¿`mKyhim¬ B ]≤Xn AXpt]mse
]q¿Ønbm°m≥ At±lØn\p Ign™n√. AXn¬ H∂masØ ]pkv X Iambn hn`mh\
sNbvXncp∂Xv, “hwiobkwL´\Øns‚ Imew” F∂ ]pkvXIambncp∂p, B ]pkvXIØnse
c≠ma[ymbncp∂p “Bcy∑mcpw \mK∑mcpw XΩnep≈ kwL¿jw”. C¥ym-N-cn-{X-sa-∂Xv {_m“-
Wn-khpw _p≤n-khpw XΩn-ep≈ amc-I-amb kwL¿j-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-a√ F∂
At±-l-Øns‚ Is≠-ج C∂v ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-ß-f-\p-`-hn-°p∂ ASn-®-a¿Ø-ens‚ Imc-Whpw ]cn-
lm-c-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°p≈ {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-hpam-Wv. {_m“-Wn-k-Øns‚
h‡m-°-fmb Bcy-∑mcpw _p≤n-k-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fmb \mK-∑mcpw XΩn¬ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-ap-ºp-
Xs∂ XpS-ßnb kwL¿j-Øns‚ ka-Im-enI kw`-h-߃ am{X-amWv C∂v lnµp-°ƒ ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-
°m¿°p-ta¬ \S-Øp∂ AXn-{I-a-߃. Bcy-∑m-cp-am-bp≈ kwL¿j-Øn¬ kºq¿Æ-ambpw Iog-
S-ßp-Ibpw Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]£-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNbvX- \mK∑m-cmWv C∂sØ iq{Z¿. Bcy-∑m-
cp-ambn ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-\m-hmsX Ah-cp-ambn k‘n-sNbvXv Ah-cp-ambn kl-I-cn®p {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂ \mK∑m-cmWv C∂sØ H.-_n.-kn-Iƒ. Bcy-∑m-cp-am-bp≈ t\cn-´p≈ G‰p-ap-´-en¬ \n∂pw
Hgn-hm-Im≥ a‰p-a-X-߃ kzoI-cn-®- \mK∑m-cmWv C∂sØ aX-\yq-\-]-£-߃. Bcy∑m-cp-am-
bp≈ t]mcm-´-Øn¬ \n∂pw c£-{]m-]n-°m\pw X\Xv kwkv°mcw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw A{]m-]y-
amb taJ-e-I-fn¬ A[n-hmkapd-∏n-®- \mK∑m-cmWv C∂sØ BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ. Bcy-∑m-cp-am-
bp≈ kwL-´-\-Øn¬ XI-cp-Ibpw hnL-Sn-X-cm-hp-Ibpw A\m-Y-cm-hp-Ibpw sNbvX- \mK∑m-
cmWv C∂sØ \mtSmSn h¿K-߃. Bcy-∑m-cp-am-bp≈ t]mcm-´-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]n∑m-dmsX Bhpw-
hn[w C∂pw t\cn-´p≈ t]mcm-´-߃ XpS-cp-∂- \mK∑m-cmWv C∂sØ ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°m¿.
C¥y-bnse A\m-cy-sc√mw \mK-∑m-cm-Wv. Bcy-∑m-cp-am-bp≈ Xß-fpsS hnt[-bXzØns‚
ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ Db¿Ø- s ∏- S p- I bpw FXn¿∏ns‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ Xmgv Ø - s ∏- S p- I bpw
sNbvXXneqsS krjvSn-°-s∏´ kmaq-ly-\n-e-bmWv Ah¿ C∂v \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. -B kmaq-ly-L-
S-\sb XI¿sØ-dn™v Xß-fpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿°p-ta¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-°-s∏´ Cu t]mcm´w hnP-b-I-c-
ambn ]cy-h-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°m¿ ZenXv Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-h-t∂ aXn-
5
bm-Iq.

\mK-hy-‡n-Xz-hpw 22 {]Xn⁄Ifpw
\mK Hcp kwkv°m-c-am-Wv. C¥y C∂m¿÷n® F√m ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-tSbpw ASn-Ød \mK kwkv°m-
c-am-bn-cp-∂p. \mK-kw-kv°mcw hy‡n-Xz-Øn-tebv°v ]I¿Ø-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ]´n-Ih - n-`m-K߃ kºq¿Æ-
amb Hcp ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-tI≠-Xp≠v. B am‰w hy‡n-bnepw IpSpw-_-Ønepw kaq-l-
Ønepw {]Xn-^-en-°-Ww. AXn-\mbn ASn-ÿm\ Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-fn¬ am‰w hcp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Hcp
hy‡n-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ Zen-Xv Ahÿ \¶q-c-an-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv {]iv\-ß-fn-em-Wv. Hcp Zen-X\v F¥nepw
{]iv\-߃ am{Xta ImWm≥ Ign-bq. F∂m¬ \mK-hy-‡nXzw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv ]cn-lm-c-Øns‚
`mK-Øm-Wv. Hcp IpSpw-_s - a∂ \ne-bn¬ Zen-XvA
- h
- ÿ
- - apt∂m-´p-hb
- v°p-∂Xv C√m-bvab - psS kwkv°m-
c-am-Wv. F∂m¬ \mK-Ip-Spw_w A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv `c-Wm-[n-Imcn h¿K-Øns‚ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-
j-X-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw. Z-enXvkaqlw F√m-bn-t∏mgpw -dnbm-IvSohv Bbn-cn-°pw. {]Xn-tj-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-
°pw. ZenXv kaqlw F¥p-Nn-¥n-°Ww F∂ AP≠ a‰p-≈-h-cm-bn-cn°pw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. F∂m¬
\mK-P-\X t{]m˛BIvSohv Bbn-cn-°pw. Xs‚ kaq-l-Øns‚ Db¿®-bv°p-th≠ AP-≠-Iƒ kzbw
cq]-I¬∏\ sNbvXp \S-∏n-em-°p∂ \n¿Ωm-Wm-fl-I-X-bmWv \mK-P-\-X-bpsS {]tXy-I-X. AØ-c-
samcp D∂-X-amb \ne-hm-c-Øn-te-bv°p-b-cp-hm-≥ A\m-cysc hninjym ]´n-I-hn`m-K-ßsf k∂-≤-
cm-°p-hm-\mWv _m_m-km-tl_v Awt_-Zv°¿ 22 {]Xn-⁄-Iƒ \mK-hw-i-P¿°v \n¿_-‘-am-°n-b-
Xv. \mK-P-\-X-bpsS hy‡n-]-chpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw aX-]chpamb F√m-X-e-߃°pw
F√m-Øcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw am¿K-\n¿t±iw \¬Ip∂ B {]Xn-⁄-Iƒ F¥p-sN-øWw F∂p-
am-{X-a-√, F¥p-sN-bvXp-IqSm F∂pw ap∂-dn-bn∏p \¬Ip-∂p.
PmXn-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s\-Xnsc hwi-kn-≤m¥w
1923 ¬ kh¿°¿ lnµpXz F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]pkvXIw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXns‚ XpS-
°-Øn¬ BcmWv lnµp F∂-Xns‚ \n¿h-N\w \¬In-b-Xn-\p-tijw sXm´-SpØ hcn EKvthZ-
Ønse Hcp {]m¿∞-\-bm-Wv. “ A√tbm ssZh-ta, D{K-amb Ai-\n-]mXw Npg-‰n-sb-dn-bp-I, Rß-
fpsS i{Xp-°-sf-˛-Zm-k-∑m-sc-˛-\-in-∏n-°p-hm≥” Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p h¿j-߃°p apºsØ thZ-ß-
fnse {]m¿∞-\ 1920 Ifn¬ Fßs\ {]k-‡-am-Ip-∂p-sh∂pw F¥p-sIm≠v {]k-‡-am-Ip-∂p-
sh∂pw kh¿°¿°-dn-bm-hp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ a\- n-em°n F∂-XmWv _m_m-km-tl-_ns‚
al-Xzw. {_m“-W¿ ln‰ve-sd-t∏mse Xß-fpsS Bcy-hw-i-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂-h-
cm-Wv. Xß-fpsS hwi-ip≤n \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-bn-cp∂p kXnbpw ssii-h-hn-hm-lhpw t]mepw {_m“-
W¿ A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fpsS `mK-am-°n-b-Xv. Xß-fpsS hwio-b-Xsb kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ kmaq-ly-hy-h-
ÿ-bm-bn-´mWv PmXn-kn-≤m-¥ß - sf Ah¿ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-®X
- v. `c-Wk
- w-hn-[m\w P\m-[n-]X
- y-Øn-tebv°p
\oßp∂ ]pXp-bp-K-Øn¬ B¿°p-th-≠n-bmWv \n¬t°-≠-sX∂pw B¿s°-Xn-sc-bmWv \n¬t°-
≠-sX∂pw Xs‚ P\-߃°v kh¿°¿ ]tcm-£-ambn \¬Inb ap∂-dn-bn∏v _m_m-km-tl_v
Is≠-Øp-Ibpw Zmk-∑m-sc-∂m¬ \mK-∑m-cm-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw XpS¿∂v Bcy-hw-i-kn-≤m-¥-
Øn-s\-Xnsc \mK-hw-i-kn-≤m¥w apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. lnµp sFU‚n-‰n-bn¬ {_m“-
W¿°v Hfn-®n-cn-°m-\m-hp-∂-Xp-t]mse \mK-sF-U‚n-‰n-bn¬ Hcn-°-ep-a-h¿°v Hfn-®n-cn-°m-\m-
hn√ F∂ bm-Ym¿∞yw _m_m-km-tl_v ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂p. AXn-\m¬ PmXn F∂ Bi-b-
Øn\p ]Icw hwiw F∂ Bi-bhpw lnµp F∂-Xn\p ]Icw Bcy F∂ ]Zhpw ZenXv F∂-
Xn\p ]Icw \mK F∂ ]Z-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v kwkm-cn-°m≥ ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-߃ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ
Ah¿°v Xß-fpsS t]mcm-´-߃°v Znim-t_m[w \¬Im≥ Ign-bpw. Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ
ZenXv F∂ ]Zw Dt]-£n-t°-≠Xv Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Bh-iyw-Iq-Sn-bm-Ip-∂p. AXv apt∂m-´p≈
i‡-amb as‰mcp Nph-Sp-h-bv∏m-Wv.
\mK-tZ-in-b-X-bpsS {]mtbm-Kn-I-h¬°-cWw
C¥y-bpƒs∏-Sp∂ hnim-e-amb \mK-a-WvU-e-am-bn-cp∂p Hcn-°¬ Gjy. \mKkwkv°m-c-Øns‚
Ah-in-jvS-߃ Ah-ti-jn-°mØ Hcn-Shpw C¥y-bn-en-√. \mK¿tIm-hn¬, \mKm-em‚ v, Icp-\m-K-∏-
≈n, \mK-ºSw XpSßn hnhn[ ÿe-\m-a-ß-fmbpw BNm-c-ß-fmbpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fmbbpw t]cp-
I-fmbpw Ah \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. \mK-kw-kv°mcw ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p∂-Xn-eqsS ZenXv Ah-ÿsb
XcWw sNøp-hm\p≈ Kuc-h-X-c-amb ]cn-{i-a-߃ C∂v kPo-h-am-Wv. cmjv{So-b-Øn\pw aX-Øn\pw
6
PmXn-˛D
- ]
- P- mXn Nn¥-Iƒ°p-aX
- o-Xa
- mbn C¥y-bnse A\m-cy-P\
- X kz¥w c-‡t- Øbpw hwi-tØbpw
Xncn-®-dn™v H∂m-Ip∂ Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wn-Xv. C¥y-bnse iq{Z\pw ]nt∂m-°-hn-`m-K-ßfpw aX-\yq-
\-]-£-ßfpw ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-˛-h¿K-°mcpw Htc hwi-]m-c-ºcyw hln-°p-∂-h-cm-sW∂ Xncn-®-dnhv ZenXv
F∂ H‰-s∏-S-en¬ \n∂pw \mK F∂ hnim-eX-bn-tebv°v \bn-°m≥ k-lm-b-I-c-am-Ipw. ]pXn-
sbmcp temI-Øn-tebv°v P\-Xsb \bn-°p∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw ]e-tIm-Wp-I-fn¬ \n∂mbn DZbw
sNøp-Ib - m-Wv. Hcn-°¬ Gjy-sb-ºmSpw `cn-®n-cp∂ AtX Ah-ÿb - n-tebv°v apt∂dp-hm≥ cmPysØ
]´n-I-hn-`m-K-߃ Xß-fpsS D÷z-e-amb \mKhwi-]m-c-ºcyw Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. PmXo-b-X-bn¬
\n∂pw ]pd-Øp-I-S-°p-hm\pw ]pXnb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sm\pw ZenXv Ah-ÿsb adn-I-S-°p-hm\pw
AXv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ka-Xz-temI krjvSn-°mbn Bcy-∑m-¿s°Xnsc-bp≈ t]mcm´w A\-h-cXw
XpS-cp∂ Hcp P\-X-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb _m[y-Xbpw IqSn-bm-WXv.

A\n¬\m-K≥ 9447269504