Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ebooks
iPbvq
†gv. iæevB‡qZ †nv‡mb
mnKvix Aa¨vcK I wefvMxq cÖavb, K¨vgweªqvb K‡jR
weweGm (m¤§vb), GgweG (e¨e¯’vcbv), ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
cÖv³b cÖfvlK, K‡jR Ae †W‡fjc‡g›U Aëvi‡bwUf (†KvWv), XvKv|
cixÿK: gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv †evW©, XvKv, NTRCA mb`cÖvß
m„Rbkxj †UªwbscÖvß (TTC)
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ZvbwRbv nK †gv. mvBdzj AvRg
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, K¨vgweªqvb K‡jR mnKvix Aa¨vcK, K¨vgweªqvb K‡jR
we.Kg (m¤§vb) e¨e¯’vcbv, Gg.Kg, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq we.we.G (Abvm©). Gg.we.G (†gRi gv‡K©wUs)
cÖv³b cÖfvlK, K‡jR Ae †W‡fjc‡g›U Aëvi‡bwUf (†KvWv) cÖv³b cÖfvlK, K‡jR Ae †W‡fjc‡g›U Aëvi‡bwUf (†KvWv)
NTRCA mb`cÖvß
m„Rbkxj †UªwbscÖvß (TTC)
m„Rbkxj †UªwbscÖvß (TTC)
we.Kg (m¤§vb). Gg.Kg (e¨e¯’vcbv), RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq weweG (m¤§vb) , GgweG (gv‡K©wUs), XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
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NTRCA mb`cÖvß
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m„Rbkxj †UªwbscÖvß
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Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR
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Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
†jLK‡`i K_v
mKj cÖksmv gnvb Avjøvn iveŸyj Avjvwg‡bi
cig KiæYvgq AvjøvnÕZvjvi A‡kl K…cvq AvaywbK Z_¨ mg„× m¤ú~Y© bZzb wm‡jev‡mi wfwˇZ
D”Pgva¨wgK ch©v‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv welqwUi cÖ_g cÎ (e¨emvq
cwiwPwZ) eBwU cÖKvk Ki‡Z †c‡i Avgiv Avbw›`Z|
wkÿv RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡Î Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ©| Avi `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj we‡k¦i P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv
K‡i evsjv‡`k‡K Dbœqb I mg„w×i w`‡K wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mywkwÿZ RbMY| Avi GB
mywkwÿZ RbMY M‡o †Zvjvi j‡ÿ¨ RvZxq cvV¨ cy¯KÍ †evW© 2013 mv‡j m¤ú~Y© bZzb wm‡jevm cÖYqb
K‡i‡Q| Avi GB bZzb wm‡jev‡mi wfwˇZ Avgiv eBwU cÖKvk Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ|
GB eBwU cÖKv‡k cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e hv‡`i Aby‡cÖiYv I mn‡hvwMZv †c‡qwQ Zv‡`i cÖwZ K…ZÁ|
we‡kl K‡i Avgv‡`i K¨vgweªqvb K‡j‡Ri m¤§vwbZ †Pqvig¨vb g‡nv`q ïiæ †_‡K Avgv‡`i AbycÖvwYZ
K‡i‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ wefv‡Mi mnKg©xe„›` Zv‡`i AwfÁZv I avibv w`‡q Avgv‡`i‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q| wewfbœ
e¨emvq msMVb I Z_¨ mieivnKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡n mnvqZvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K ab¨ev`
Rvbvw”Q| eBwU iPbvq †`kx-we‡`kx cÖPyi ¯^bvgab¨ †jLK‡`i g~j¨evb eB‡qi mn‡hvwMZv MÖnY Kiv
n‡q‡Q e‡j Zv‡`i wbKU Avgiv wPiFbx|
MÖš’wU iPbvKv‡j AvaywbK evsjv evbvb ixwZ Abymib Kivi h‡_ó †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| eBwU‡Z A‡bK
bZzb Z_¨ ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| c„ôvi msL¨v mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y B”Qv _vKv m‡Ë¡I A‡bK welq
ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
AZ¨šÍ mZK© _vKvi c‡iI wKQz fyjÎæwU †_‡K hvIqv A¯^vfvweK bq| cieZ©x ms¯‹i‡b Zv `~i n‡e
Avkv Kwi| G wel‡q m¤§vwbZ wkÿKgÛjx I wkÿv_©x‡`i civgk© mv`‡i M„nxZ n‡e|
cwi‡k‡l, eBwUi e¨vcK cÖPvi I cÖmv‡i m¤§vwbZ wkÿKgÛjxi I wkÿv_©x‡`i my`„wó Kvgbv KiwQ|
Avjøvn nv‡dR
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2. e¨emvq cwi‡ek 21 − 30
3. GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq 31 − 42
4. Askx`vwi e¨emvq 43 − 62
BIBLIOGRAPHY
gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÛ‡K e¨emvq e‡j| cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ Lv`¨ Drcv`b
Kiv, nuvm-gyiwM cvjb Kiv, mewR Pvl Kiv‡K e¨emvq ejv hvq bv| wKš‘ hLb †Kv‡bv K…lK gybvdvi Avkvq avb
Pvl K‡i ev mewR djvq Zv e¨emvq e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Z‡e gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ mKj A_©‣bwZK
Kg©KvÐ e¨emv e‡j MY¨ n‡e hw` †m¸‡jv †`‡ki AvB‡b •ea I mwVK Dcv‡q cwiPvwjZ nq| gvbyl Zvi Afve
c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b, eÈb, Drcv`b I eȇbi mnvqK Kvh©µ‡g wb‡R‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i
Ges gybvdv AR©b K‡i| G gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ m¤úvw`Z A_©‣bwZK Kvh©µg‡KB e¨emvq e‡j|
Kg©cÎ-1
†Zvgv‡`i evwoi Av‡kcv‡k †hme e¨emvq Pvjy Av‡Q Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki|
• •
• •
• •
• •
• •
e¨emv‡qi •ewkó¨ (Characteristics of Business)
mgvR weÁv‡bi kvLv wn‡m‡e e¨emvq cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b I eÈb Kvh©vewji mv‡_ mswkøó| gybvdv
AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ Giƒc Kvh©vewji KZK¸‡jv ¯^Zš¿ •ewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq| hv wb‡æ
Dc¯’vwcZ n‡jv−
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• e¨emv‡qi cÖ_g I cÖavb •ewkó¨ n‡jv gybvdv AR©b| KviY e¨emv‡qi aib hv-B †nvK bv †Kb,
bo
ce
gvwjKMY gybvdv AR©b‡KB cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i e¨emvq MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡i
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w
w
_v‡Kb|
w
evRviRvZKiY
cÖmvi
Af¨š—ixY •e‡`wkK
cÖmvi
cvBKvwi LyPiv Avg`vwb ißvwb cybtißvwb
QK: e¨emv‡qi AvIZv|
K. cÖv_wgK wkí (Primary Industry)
cÖv_wgK wk‡í †Kv‡bv iƒcMZ cwieZ©b N‡U bv| cÖv_wgK wkí‡K wZbwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
• cÖRbb wkí (Genetic Industry): †h wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨ mvgwMÖ cybtevi m„wó ev Drcv`‡bi
Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K cÖRbb wkí e‡j|
D`vniY ¯^iƒc grm Pvl, bvm©vwi, nuvmgyiwM, djg~j I Mevw` cïi Lvgvi|
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• wb®‥vkb wkí (Extractive Industry): f~-Mf©, b`x, mvMi ev f~wg †_‡K cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú`
ok
bo
AvniY, Dchy³ Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek, DbœZgv‡bi cY¨ I †mev cwi‡ekb BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g Avni‡Yi
ce
.fa
• K…wlR wkí (Agricultural Industry): †h cÖwµqvq K…wlR cY¨ Drcv`b I AvniY Kiv nq
Zv‡K K…wlR wkí e‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc avb I cv‡Ui K_v ejv hvq|
• we‡kølYg~jK wkí (Analytical Industry): G RvZxq wk‡í †Kv‡bv `ªe¨‡K we‡kølY K‡i bvbv iKg
`ªe¨ •Zwi Kiv nq| †hgb-A‡kvwaZ LwbR •Zj †_‡K wW‡Rj, †c‡Uªvj, M¨v‡mvwjb, †K‡ivwmb, LwbR Kqjv
n‡Z †KvK Kqjv,, b¨vc_vwjb, AvjKvZiv BZ¨vw` •Zwi Kivi KvR|
• cÖwµqvwfwËK wkí (Processing Industry): G RvZxq wk‡í wewfbœ cÖwµqv Aej¤^b K‡i cY¨
Drcv`b Kiv nq| A_©vr cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cY¨ Drcv`b Kivi wkíB n‡jv cÖwµqvwfwËK
wkí| †hgb-Zzjv n‡Z e¯¿, AvL n‡Z wPwb BZ¨vw`|
• †h․wMK wkí (Synthetic Industry): G wk‡í GKvwaK †g․wjK `ª‡e¨i mgš^‡q GKwU bZzb
`ªe¨ •Zwi nq| †hgb-mvi wkí GwU K‡qKwU †g․wjK DcKi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q mv‡i cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q| mvevb, wm‡g›U BZ¨vw` †h․wMK wk‡íi D`vniY|
M. ms‡hvRb wkí (Assembling Industry):
G cÖwµqvq GKvwaK hš¿ ev hš¿vsk ms‡hvRb K‡i bZzb cY¨ •Zwi Kiv nq| †hgb-†gvUi wkí, †ij BwÄb|
• mshy³ wkí (Integrated Industry): †h wkí †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi wkí cÖwµqvi GKB mv‡_
mgš^q N‡U Zv‡K mshy³ wkí e‡j| †hgb-†j․n I B¯úvZ wkí|
• wbg©vY wkí (Constructive Industry): †h cÖwµqvq wewfbœ ai‡bi wbg©vY KvR m¤úbœ n‡q
_v‡K Zv‡K wbg©vY wkí e‡j| †hgb-iv¯Ív NvU, `vjvb‡KvVv, euva, †mZz BZ¨vw` wbg©vY|
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• †mev cwi‡ekK wkí (Service Industry): †h wkí RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ n‡q _v‡K
bo
ce
Zv‡K †mev cwi‡ekK wkí e‡j| †hgb-cvwb, we`y¨r, M¨vm, †Uwj‡dvb BZ¨vw` mieivn G wk‡íi
.fa
w
AvIZvfy³|
w
w
wPÎ: cybtißvwb|
w
w
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ii. wegv (Insurance): e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ SzuwK msµvšÍ cÖwZeÜKZv `~ixKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i wegv|
iii. cwienb (Transportation): cwienb cY¨ ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î ¯’vbMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~ixf~Z K‡i
_v‡K| cwienb wZb Dcv‡q n‡q _v‡K-¯’j c‡_, Rj c‡_, wegvb c‡_|
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
iv. ¸`vgRvZKiY (Warehousing): G cÖwµqvq cY¨ wKQz mg‡qi R‡b¨ gRyZ †i‡L mgqMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó
Kiv nq|
v. c¨vwKs (Packing): cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Yi Av‡M c‡Y¨i `vg, ¸Y, ZvwiL BZ¨vw` msewjZ GKwU
AvKl©Yxq †gvo‡K cY¨‡K mvRv‡bv n‡j G‡K c¨vwKs e‡j|
vi. evRviRvZKiY cÖmvi (Promotion): c‡Y¨i mwVK g~j¨vqb nIqvi Rb¨, †h D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨ •Zwi
Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨‡K evRviRvZKiY Kiv nq| evRviRvZKi‡Yi
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wZbwU welq n‡jv-cY¨ M‡elYv, evRvi M‡elYv, weµwqKZv|
cÖZ¨ÿ †mev (Direct Services)
A‡_©vcvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †hme Kvh© mivmwi m¤úvw`Z nq wKsev •`wnK ev gvbwmK kª‡gi wewbgq Kiv
nq Zv‡K cÖZ¨ÿ †mev e‡j| s
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1.03 evsjv‡`‡k e¨emv‡qi AvIZv wnmv‡e wkí, evwYR¨ I cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi mgm¨v I
m¤¢vebv
Problems & Prospects of Industry, Commerce and Direct Services of
Bangladesh
evsjv‡`k wk‡í AbMÖmi GKUv †`k| cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB K…wl LvZ G †`‡k gyL¨ n‡jI eZ©gv‡b
wk‡ívbœq‡bi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| RvZxq m¤ú` I M„nxZ •e‡`wkK F‡Yi eo cwigvY A_© wk‡ívbœq‡bi
¯^v‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q wKš‘ cÖZ¨vwkZ AMÖMwZ bvbvb Kvi‡YB GLbI AwR©Z nqwb|
evsjv‡`‡k wk‡íi mgm¨v (Problems of Industry in Bangladesh):
evsjv‡`‡k wkíLv‡Z `~ej © Zvi wcQ‡b wewfbœ KviY we`¨gvb| wb‡gœ G m¤ú©‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
1| mr I †hvM¨ D‡`¨v³vi Afve: Avgv‡`i †`‡ki mKj ch©v‡qB `ÿ I †hvM¨ D‡`¨v³v ev
msMV‡Ki Afve jÿbxq| A_P D‡`¨v³v n‡jv e¨emv‡qi †bZv| †hvM¨ D‡`¨v³v †kÖYx M‡o bv
DVvi Kvi‡Y G †`‡ki wkí †ÿ‡Î h‡_ó m¤¢vebv _vKv m‡Ë¡I †m m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hv‡”Q
bv|
2| e¨e¯’vcbvi A`ÿZv: wkí wb‡R Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| e¨e¯’vcbvi Dci Zv‡K wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| wkí
myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Gi e¨e¯’vcK‡`i †hiƒc `ÿZv I AwfÁZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb Avgv‡`i
†`‡k Zvi eoB Afve cwijwÿZ nq|
3| g~ja‡bi Afve: wkí †QvU eo †h ai‡biB †nvK bv †Kb Zv‡Z hw` Kvg¨ cwigv‡Yi g~jab ms¯’vb
Kiv bv hvq Z‡e Zv n‡Z Kvw•LZ dj jvf Kiv hvq bv|
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
4| miKvwi myôz bxwZgvjvi Afve: wkí‡K GwM‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii †h myôy bxwZ-cwiKíbv I
Z`byhvqx D‡`¨vM Ges mn‡hvwMZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb ZviI gvivZ¥K Afve G †`‡k jÿYxq|
5| DbœZ cÖhyw³ I KvwiMwi `ÿZvi Afve: Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB
cyivZb hš¿cvwZ I cÖhyw³i e¨envi K‡i| d‡j we‡`wk cÖwZ‡hvMx‡`i b¨vq gvbm¤§Z cY¨
Drcv`b Zv‡`i c‡ÿ m¤¢e nq bv| G Qvov e¨emvq cwiPvjbv I Drcv`‡b †h ai‡bi Kjv‡K․kj
I c×wZ GLv‡b e¨eüZ nq ZvI DbœZ bq| d‡j e¨emvq msMVb¸‡jvi `ÿZvi gvb DbœZ
nIqvi my‡hvM Kg|
evsjv‡`‡k wk‡íi m¤¢vebv (Prospects of Industry in Bangladesh)
†`‡ki µgea©gvb Rbkw³i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Ges `ªæZ A_©‣bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡b wkívq‡bi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|
cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi e¨vcK e¨envi, Af¨šÍixY evRvi, we‡`kx wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i AvMÖn e„w×, DbœZgv‡bi Kqjv Lwbi
mÜvb jvf, ißvwb‡hvM¨ cY¨ Drcv`b e„w×, †emiKvwi D‡`¨vM m¤úªmvib, mykvmb cÖwZôvq ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc, ivR‣bwZK
w¯’wZkxjZv AR©‡bi cÖqvm, wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve BZ¨vw` mewKQzB G‡`‡k wkíLv‡Zi AMÖMwZi Bw½Z †`q|
†`‡ki A_©‣bwZK mg„w× AR©‡b wkíLv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Avek¨KZv I KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mswkøó mKj gn‡ji
BwZevPK `„wófw½ I g‡bvfve hZ `ªæZ m„wó nq ZZB Zv g½jRbK| m‡e©vcwi †`kxq D‡`¨vM I
wewb‡qvM AvKl©‡Yi cvkvcvwk we‡`wk wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i Av¯’v AR©b I cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡j
mKj evav-wecwË `~i K‡i m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hv‡e|
evsjv‡`‡k e¨emv‡qi AvIZv wn‡m‡e evwY‡R¨i mgm¨v
Problems of Commerce in Bangladesh
evsjv‡`‡k Af¨šÍixY I •e‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ wewfbœ mgm¨v we`¨gvb| †h Kvi‡Y h‡_ó m¤¢vebv _vKvi
ciI G‡`‡k evwY‡R¨i Kvw•ÿZ m¤úªmviY m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| wb‡gœ Giæc mgm¨vmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−
K. Af¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨ mgm¨v: (Problems of home trade)
`ÿ D‡`¨v³v I e¨e¯’vc‡Ki Afve
g~ja‡bi mxgve×Zv
cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi mxgve×Zv
ivR‣bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv
miKvwi wewfbœ ms¯’vi mn‡hvwMZvi Afve
ga¨¯’ e¨emvqx‡`i †`․ivZœ¨
cY¨ I †mevi wbgœgvb
L. •e‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ mgm¨v: (Problems of foreign trade )
s
`ÿ ißvwbKvi‡Ki Afve
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mvgvwRK e¨emvq n‡”Q GKwU KviY avweZ (Cause-driven) e¨emvq| mvgvwRK e¨emvq
wewb‡qvMKvix ax‡i ax‡i Zvi wewb‡qvMK…Z g~jab Zz‡j wb‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Gi evB‡i †Kv‡bv jf¨vsk †m
†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri GK ev GKvwaK
mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Kiv; GLv‡b wewb‡qvMKvixi †Kv‡bv e¨w³MZ D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K bv| G e¨emv‡qi
gybvdv e¨envi Kiv nq mvgvwRK e¨emvq m¤úªmviY ev cY¨ Dbœq‡b| G Kvi‡YB wewb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvb
†_‡K †Kv‡bv gybvdv D‡Ëvjb K‡i bv|
c‡Y¨i LiP Zz‡j gybvdv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk G e¨emvq GK ev GKvwaK mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨
†hgb−Mixe‡`i ¯^v¯’¨‡mev, Avevmb e¨e¯’v, Avw_©K †mev cÖ`vb, Acywó‡Z †fvMv wkï‡`i cywói e¨e¯’v
Kiv, wbivc` Lvevi cvwb mieivn, bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvwbi e¨e¯’v BZ¨vw` AR©b Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|
W. gynv¤§` BDb~m mvgvwRK e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wb‡gœv³ •ewk‡ó¨i K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb−
mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| †hgb: ¯^v¯’¨, wkÿv, `wi`ªZv, cwi‡ek, Rjevqy BZ¨vw`|
jf¨vsk wn‡m‡e wewb‡qvMKvix †Kv‡bv gybvdv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
GKwU e¨emvq‡K mvgvwRK e¨emvq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hv‡e hw` GwUi gvwjKvbv `wi`ª
†kªwYi Rb¨ nq Ges GwU mgv‡Ri †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|
mvgvwRK e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Social Business):
mvgvwRK e¨emvq `ycÖKvi| h_v−
1. UvBc-I: mvgvwRK e¨emvq
2. UvBc-II: mvgvwRK e¨emvq|
1. UvBc-I: G ai‡bi mvgvwRK e¨emvq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mvgvwRK, •bwZK A_ev cwi‡ekMZ jÿ¨
AR©‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv cY¨ mieiv‡ni Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| †hgb−MÖvgxY Wv‡bvb
(Grameen Danone), MÖvgxY kw³ (Grameen Sokti)|
2. UvBc-II: G ai‡bi mvgvwRK e¨emvq gybvdvwbf©i e¨emvq †hwUi gvwjK n‡eb Mwie ev mgv‡Ri
wbgœweËiv hviv mivmwi jf¨vsk †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i ev c‡ivÿfv‡e myweav MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
MÖvgxY e¨vsK mvgvwRK e¨emvq Ae¨emvqx cÖwZôvb Ges e¨emvwqK mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ †_‡K wfbœ|
mvgvwRK e¨emv‡qi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Social Business)
W. gynv¤§` BDb~m Ges n¨vbm †iBUR (Hans Reitz), mvgvwRK e¨emv‡qi 7wU bxwZgvjvi K_v
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †m¸‡jv n‡jv−
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†gvoKxKiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| DbœZ I AvKl©bxq c¨v‡KU, †evZj ev wU‡b cY¨ †gvoKxKiY Kiv n‡j
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• gRyZKiY (Storing) Drcvw`Z ev µqK…Z cY¨ weµq n‡Z wKQzUv mgq †bq| †g․mygx `ªe¨
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• cÖwgZKiY I ch©vwqZ KiY (Standardising and grading):
cÖwgZKiY n‡jv †g․wjK gvb wbav©iY Ges ch©vwqZKiY n‡jv D³ cÖwZwôZ gvb Abyhvqx cY¨ `ªe¨ fvM ev
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evRvi msµvšÍ M‡elYv I DrKl© mvab (Market research and development): cY¨
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cª‡qvRbxq KvR| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨emvqx ms¯’v weµ‡qi Rb¨B cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b A_ev µq K‡i
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eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:
1| e¨emv‡qi cÖ_g I Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR Kx ?
K. evRviRvZKiY
L. Drcv`b
M. cÖwgZKiY
N. evRvi M‡elYv
2| †UªW (µq-weµq) †Kvb ai‡bi evav `~i K‡i?
K. ¯^Z¡MZ L. cÖPviMZ
M. A_©MZ N. iƒcMZ
3| evwYR¨ †fv³v‡`i wbKU cY¨ †cu․Qv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K−
i. ¯’vbMZ evav `~i Kivi gva¨‡g
ii. mvgvwRK mnvqZv `v‡bi gva¨‡g
iii. A_©MZ evav `~i Kivi gva¨‡g
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
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wbqwgZ Avq Av‡m GRb¨ GbwRI †_‡K FY wb‡q GKUv gyiMxi Lvgvi K‡i‡Q| `yÕRb Kg©PvixI
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K‡i M‡o I‡V †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek| Kv‡RB DcwiD³ Dcv`vbmg~n AbK~j n‡j e¨emvq
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cwi‡ek| e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i Dci G mvgvwRK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve Amxg| mvgvwRK cwi‡ek
mnR, my›`i I AbyK~j n‡j e¨emvq evwYR¨ Zvi Kvg¨ jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
4| ivR‰bwZK I AvBbMZ Dcv`vb (Political and legal element): GKwU †`‡ki ivR‣bwZK
I AvBbMZ Dcv`vbmg~n e¨emv‡qi Dbœqb I weKv‡k e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki miKvwi
wbqg-Kvbyb, AvBb-k„•Ljv I wbivcËv e¨e¯’v AbyK~j n‡j e¨emvqI `ªæZMwZ‡Z weKwkZ n‡Z
cv‡i| wVK †Zgwb ivR‣bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv, e¨emvq evwY‡R¨i cÖwZ miKv‡ii `„wófw½, evwYR¨
bxwZ, ivR¯^ bxwZ, wewb‡qvM bxwZ BZ¨vw`i AvbyK~j¨ Ges miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv e¨emv‡qi
m¤úªmviY I Dbœq‡b BwZevPK f~wgKv iv‡L|
e¨emvq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~n
m„Rbkxj I D™¢vebg~jK KvR| e¨emvqxi Giƒc D™¢vebx kw³‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨
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cwiw¯’wZ‡Z `xN©‡gqvw` cwiKíbv I wm×všÍ MÖnY I G‡`i ev¯Íevqb evavMÖ¯Í nq| Ab¨w`‡K †`‡k
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eûwbe©vPwb cÖk:œ
1| wg. ingv‡bi Ôingvb K¬_ †÷viÕ bv‡g gqgbwmsn evmv-evwo gv‡K©‡U GKwU Kvc‡oi e¨emvq
i‡q‡Q| Ryb-RyjvB gv‡m niZv‡ji Kvi‡Y weµq Kg nIqvq g~jab AvU‡K †M‡Q| mvg‡bi C`yj
wdZ‡i weMZ mg‡qi ÿwZ cywl‡q †b‡eb e‡j wg. ingvb fve‡Qb|
K. mÂq I wewb‡qvM †Kvb ai‡bi cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb?
L. e¨emv‡qi AvBbMZ cwi‡ek ej‡Z Kx eyS?
M. wg. ingv‡bi e¨emv‡q †Kvb e¨emvq cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Ôe¨emvq cwi‡e‡ki GKwU Dcv`v‡bi AbyK~j cÖfveB wg. ingv‡bi weMZ ÿwZ cywl‡q wb‡Z
mnvqKÕ G e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi gZvgZ e¨³ Ki|
2| bqb K…l‡Ki †Q‡j| cwj we‡a․Z hgybv b`xi cv‡o Zv‡`i evwo| cÖPzi dmj djvq Zv‡`i cwievi
Av‡M ¯^”Qj wQj| wKš‘ b`x fv½‡bi Kvi‡Y weMZ wZb eQ‡i mewKQzB b`xM‡f© wejxb n‡q‡Q| ZvB
bqb e¨emvq Ki‡e fve‡jI cyuwRi ms¯’vb Ki‡Z bv cvivq GLb B‡Ui fvUvq KvR K‡i|
K. cwi‡ek Kx?
L. mvgvwRK cwi‡ek ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. bq‡bi cwievi ¯^”Qj _vKvi wcQ‡b †Kvb ai‡bi cwi‡e‡ki Ae`vb †ewk wQj e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. bqb e¨emvq Ki‡Z bv cvivi wcQ‡b †Kvb cwi‡ek `vq? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Zv we‡kølY Ki|
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Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP BUSINESS
c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg I mnR cÖK …wZi e¨emvq msMVb wn‡m‡e GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq cwiwPZ | GKK
gvwjK Kg cuywR wb‡q †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq ¯^vaxbfv‡e wbR wm×v‡šÍ AvBbvbyM AvbyôvwbKZv QvovB
G ai‡bi msMVb M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z Suyw Ki cwigvYI AZ¨šÍ Kg| ZvB e¨emv msMV‡bi
BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Avgiv †`wL, e¨emvq ïiæi cÖv_wgK ch©vq †_‡KB GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq
hvÎv ïiæ K‡i Avayw bK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK we‡k¦I RbwcÖq Zvi mv‡_ mdjfv‡e wU‡K Av‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Dbœq bkxj †`k¸‡jvi A_©‣bwZK Dbœw Z‡Z GKgvwjKvbv msMVb
e¨vcKfv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡Q|
2. Askx`vwi e¨emvq
3. †Kv¤úvwb msMVb
e¨emvq msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`
4. mgevq mwgwZ
5. ivóªxq e¨emvq
6. e¨emvq †RvU
GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq 33
AvBb Avevi bZzb K‡i cvm nq| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡kI A‡bK eQi hver 1913 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb
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Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mKj †Kv¤úvwb e¨emvq 1994 mv‡ji AvBb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|
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KwZcq e¨w³ †¯^”Qvq gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h․_fv‡e g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i †`‡ki cÖPwjZ †Kv¤úvwb
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AvBb Abyhvqx †Kvb e¨emvq MVb Ki‡j Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwb msMVb e‡j| G e¨emv wbR bvg I mxj‡gvni
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Øviv cwiPvwjZ Ges m`m¨‡`i †_‡K wfbœ Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix n‡q _v‡K|
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GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq 35
• G RvZxq cªwZôvb MVb Kiv LyeB mnR I mij| †h‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ †h‡Kv‡bv mg‡q G cÖKvi Kvievi
MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc Kvievi ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ miKvwi AvBb I wbq‡gi †Kv‡bv eva¨evaKZv
_v‡K bv|
• G RvZxq e¨emv‡qi g~jab gvwjK wb‡RB mieivn K‡i| †m wbR¯^ mÂq n‡Z g~ja‡bi ms¯’vb
Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev cÖ‡qvRb n‡j wb‡Ri `vwq‡Z¡ Ac‡ii wbKU n‡Z FY K‡i g~ja‡bi Afve c~iY
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• e¨emv‡qi mKj SzuwK gvwjK GKvB enb K‡i| gvwjKB e¨emv‡qi cÖK…Z AwaKvix| myZivs Zv‡KB
e¨emv‡qi mg¯Í SzuwK I AwbðqZv enb Ki‡Z nq|
• e¨emvq cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbvi m¤ú~Y© `vwqZ¡ n‡jv gvwj‡Ki| Aek¨ gvwjK ¯^qs e¨e¯’vcbvi
bxwZ I c×wZ wba©viY K‡i A‡bK †ÿ‡Î e¨emv‡qi cÖZ¨ÿ cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ Kg©Pvixi Dci
†Q‡o w`‡Z cv‡i|
• e¨emv‡qi AvqZb ÿz`ª nIqvq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y KvD‡K WvK‡Z nq bv| gvwjK †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z
`ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• wnmve •Zwii †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv euvavaiv wbqg †bB| gvwjK Zvi wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i wnmve msiÿY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î GKZidv `vwLjv c×wZ‡Z wnmve ivLv nq|
• Giƒc e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi GKK KZ©„‡Z¡i AwaKvix nIqvq †h‡Kv‡bv wel‡q †m `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ G ai‡bi e¨emv‡q AwaKZi bgbxqZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
• GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡q gvwjK wb‡RB e¨emvq cwiPvjbv K‡i weavq †µZv, mieivnKvwi, Kg©Pvix
BZ¨vw` c‡ÿi mv‡_ Zvi cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© M‡o D‡V| ZvB cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© †hLv‡b e¨emvwqK ¯^v‡_©
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• Giƒc e¨emv‡qi ¯’vwqZ¡ gvwj‡Ki B”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj| gvwjK B”Qv Ki‡j †h‡Kv‡bv mgq
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e¨emvq ¸wU‡q †dj‡Z cv‡i| Avevi B”Qv Ki‡j hZw`b Lywk ZZw`b ch©šÍ †m Kvievi Pvjy
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GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi •ewk󨸇jv we‡kølY K‡i G e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ wPwýZ Ki|
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3.03 GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi ¸iyZ¡
Importance of Sole Proprietorship Business
eZ©gv‡b MwZkxj we‡k¦i RwUj A_©‣bwZK mgv‡R GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Acwimxg| Av‡Mi w`‡b AvZ¥wbf©ikxj A_©‣bwZK e¨e¯’vq gvbyl hLb ïay cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm
Drcv`b K‡i Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡Zv ZLb GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi ZZUv ¸iæZ¡ wQj bv| wKšÍ
Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li Pvwn`v e„w×, e„n`vqZb Drcv`b,
†hvMv‡hvM I cwienb e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ BZ¨vw` Ki‡Y GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w×
cv‡”Q| wb‡b¥ wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
1| mnR MVb (Easy Formation): GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi MVb cÖYvwj AZ¨šÍ mnR| e„n`vqZb
e¨emv‡qi MVb I cwiPvjbv c×wZ LyeB RwUj Ges AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq| G Kvi‡Y G
ai‡bi e¨emvq cÖwZôvb M‡o Zzj‡Z mevB cQ›` K‡i|
2| Kg SzuwK (Small risk): GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq `vq Amxg n‡jI SzuwKi cwigvY Kg| mZK©Zv I
wbôvi m‡½ KvR Ki‡j SzuwK‡K mvd‡j¨i nvwZqv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq|
3| g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv (Limited capital): evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvKB `wi`ª| Zv‡`i mÂq I
g~ja‡bi cwigvY LyeB Kg| ZvB GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq Zv‡`i cQ‡›`i ZvwjKvq AMÖvwaKvi cvq|
4| mÂq I wewb‡qvM e„w× (Increase of saving and investments): kni I MÖvgM‡Ä
e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx Giƒc e¨emvq M‡o †Zvjvi gvb‡m Zv‡`i ÿz`ª mÂq‡K GKwÎZ K‡i G ai‡bi
e¨emvq MVb K‡i _v‡K| hv †`‡ki Rb¨ g~jab MVb Ges wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b e„wׇZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
5| RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb (Raising standard of living): RvZxq Avq I m¤ú` e„w×i mv‡_
mv‡_ gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cY¨`ªe¨ mieivn K‡i
G e¨emvq gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
6| AbybœZ A_©‣bwZK Ae¯’v (Undeveloped economy): evsjv‡`‡ki Av_© - mvgvwRK Ae¯’v
†gv‡UB DbœZ bq| Af¨šÍi xY I ¯’v bxq Pvwn`v c~ i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ avbZ ÿz` ª ÿz ` ª cÖw Zôv‡bi
gva¨‡g cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv nq| e„n `vqZb Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cyuw R I cÖh yw ³i
NvUwZ _vKvq ÿz `ª vqZ‡bi GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvqB G‡`‡k RbwcÖq |
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq 37
7| e¨vcK †mev cÖ`vb (Rendering of greater service): ¯^í g~jab wb‡q AwZ mn‡R G
e¨emvq kn‡ii †K›`ª¯’j †_‡K ïiy K‡i MÖvg-M‡Äi me©Î M‡o I‡V| ZvB cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ I
†mevmvgMÖx mn‡R †fv³v mvavi‡Yi nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡q G e¨emvq e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx‡K †mev cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8| Kg©ms¯’vb (Employment): GKKfv‡e cÖw ZwU e¨emvq cÖw Zôv‡b Kg msL¨K †jv‡Ki
Kg© ms¯’v b n‡jI mgwóMZfv‡e AwaK msL¨K †jv‡Ki †eKvi mgm¨v `~i xKi‡Y GwU AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c ~Y © f~w gKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
9| m¤ú‡`i mymg eÈb (Proper distribution of wealth): GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq †`‡ki
†h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i e‡j m¤ú‡`i mymg eȇbi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
10| RvZxq Avq I m¤ú` e„w× (Increase of national income and wealth): m¤ú‡`i
mymg eȇbi d‡j e¨w³MZ Avq I m¤ú` e„w×i cvkvcvwk RvZxq Avq I m¤ú` e„w× †c‡q _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡q gvby‡li iywP, cQ›`, B”Qv BZ¨vw`‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq e‡j
e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi cvkvcvwk GwU AvRI wU‡K Av‡Q| ZvB GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
3.04 GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi Dchy³ †ÿÎ
Suitable Areas for Sole Proprietorship Business
GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi Ggb wKQz •ewkó¨ I myweav Av‡Q †h Kvi‡Y G RvZxq e¨emvq mK‡ji wbKU
RbwcÖq| †hme †ÿ‡Î GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq AwaK Dc‡hvMx wb‡gœœ †mB †ÿθ‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
• ¯^í cuywR wewb‡qvM (Investment of small capital):
wKQy wKQy Kvievi Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi MVb I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Lye mvgvb¨ cu yw R n‡jB P‡j|
e
ir.
Giƒc Kvievi GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ Dchy³ | †hgb: gyw `Lvbv, cvb-wewoi †`vKvb,
nb
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• cwieZ©bkxj Pvwn`vi cY¨`ªe¨ (Goods of flexible demand): †hme c‡Y¨i iæwP I Pvwn`v
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wbqwgZ cwieZ©bkxj †m‡ÿ‡Î †fv³v‡`i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cY¨`ªe¨ †hvMv‡bi Rb¨ GKgvwjKvbv
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• ÿz`vª qZb e¨emvq (Small Scale Business): me ai‡bi ÿz`ªvqZb e¨emvq-evwYR¨ I wkí
cÖwZôvb GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq| †hgb−ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí, LyPiv Kvievi BZ¨vw`|
• cPbkxj cY¨ (Perishable Goods): cPbkxj e¨emvq mvaviYZ GKgvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ
cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi cY¨`ªe¨ `ªæZ evRviRvZKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o| †hgb−gvQ,
gvsm, `ya, djg~j, kvK-mewR, wWg BZ¨vw`|
• †ckv`vwi e¨emvq (Professional businesss):
GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq 39
3| ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Kivi my‡hvM (Opportunity to act independently): gvbyl m„wói †miv
bo
e
Rxe| A‡bK gvbyl Av‡Q hviv A‡b¨i PvKwi Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡i bv| Zviv ¯^í cuywR wb‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e
ir.
nb
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e¨emv Ki‡Z Pvq| Giƒc g‡bvfve GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
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4| Ae¯’vb (Location): e„n`vqZb e¨emvq mvavYZ kn‡ii †K›`ª¯’‡j ¯’vwcZ nq| MÖv‡gi Avbv‡P-
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bo
Kvbv‡P e„n`vqZb e¨emvq cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e bq| G‡ÿ‡Î ÿz`vª qZb GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq cªwZôv
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Kiv evÃbxq|
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5| Av¯’v I wek¦vm (Confidence and trust): G ai‡bi e¨emv‡qi gvwjK GKRb gvÎ e¨w³|
ZvB e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi g‡Zv A‡b¨i Av¯’v I wek¦v‡mi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|
6| ¯^í e¨q (Economy of cost): GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq mvaviYZ gvwjK wb‡R ev cwiev‡ii
†jvKRb wb‡q cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡Kb| d‡j e¨emv‡qi me© ¯Í‡i e¨q ms‡KvPb m¤¢e nq| wKš‘
e„n `vqZb e¨emvq Giƒc e¨q ms‡KvPb m¤¢e bq| d‡j GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq e„n `vqZb
e¨emv‡qi cvkvcvwk mvdj¨RbKfv‡e wU‡K _v‡K|
7| mxwgZ Drcv`b I Pvwn`vm¤úbœ `ª‡e¨i Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx (Suitable for products having
limited production and demand): †hme c‡Y¨i Drcv`b I Pvwn`v mxwgZ Ges ¯’vbxq
MwÛi g‡a¨ mxgve× †mme c‡Y¨i Drcv`b I eȇbi †ÿ‡Î GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq AwaK
Dc‡hvMx|
8| mnR cwiPvjbv (Easy administration): mxwgZ AvqZb I mxwgZ c‡Y¨i e¨emvq nIqvq
GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq cwiPvjbv Kiv mnR nq| †Kbbv e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi g‡Zv cwiPvjbvMZ
AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq bv|
9| ¯^í SzuwK (Limited risk): AZ¨šÍ `ÿZvi mv‡_ G ai‡bi e¨emvq cÖwZôvb cwiPvwjZ nq e‡j
e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi Zyjbvq SuywKI Kg _v‡K|
10| Pvwn`vi bgbxqZv (Flexibility of demand): eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i †µZvi
Pvwn`v I iywP w`b w`b cwieZ©b n‡”Q| Giƒc cwiewZ©Z iywPi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z n‡j
e„n`vqZb e¨emvq A‡cÿv ÿz`vª qZb GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq AwaK Dc‡hvMx|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, e„n`vqZb Drcv`b I eȇbi hy‡MI GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq evwYR¨ Kvh©Ki
fywgKv ivL‡Q| e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡q cÖwZ‡hvMx bv n‡q Zvi mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e GKgvwjKvbv
e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|
Kg©cÎ-2
GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq 41
eûwbe©vPwb cÖk:œ
1| me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Ges mnR I mij cÖK…wZi msMVb †Kv‡bvwU?
K. mgevq msMVb
L. GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq
M. †h․_ g~jabx e¨emvq
N. Askx`vwi e¨emvq
K. i I ii L. i I iii
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m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| ¯^vaxb‡PZv †eKvi hyeK cÖYq 10 nvRvi UvKv avi K‡i †gvU 20 nvRvi UvKvi cY¨ wK‡b gyw`i
†`vKvb mvwR‡q e¨emvq ïiæ K‡ib| ¯^í cyuwRi Kvi‡Y Zvi †`vKv‡b ch©vß cY¨mvgMÖx †bB| d‡j
†m cÖvqB †µZvi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y e¨_© nq| G‡Z †m fxlY wPwšÍZ n‡q c‡o| GgZve¯’vq ¯’vbxq
K‡qKRb †µZvi civg‡k© †m †hme cY¨ w`‡Z cv‡i bv Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv K‡i cieZ©x‡Z Hme
cY¨ †`vKv‡b †Zv‡j| wKQz w`‡bi g‡a¨B Zvi weµq e„w× cvq Ges ax‡i ax‡i †m cÖwZwôZ
e¨emvqx n‡q I‡V|
K. GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq Kx?
L. GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq †Kb GZ RbwcÖq?
M. GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi †Kvb •ewkó¨wU DÏxc‡Ki e¨emvwq‡K cÖwZwôZ e¨emvqx n‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i‡Q−e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq wbe©vPb Kivi wm×v‡šÍi †h․w³KZv e¨vL¨v Ki|
2| Rbve mvjgvb cvuPRb Kg©x wb‡q kvcjv e¯¿vjq bv‡g GKwU Kvc‡oi †`vKvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †gvKv‡ejvq g~jab e„w× Kivi Rb¨ †g․wLK mg‡SvZvi wfwˇZ wZwb Zvi eÜz
Kwjg‡K e¨emv‡qi m`m¨ K‡ib| G‡Z cÖwZôvbwU jvfRbK n‡q D‡V| wKš‘ GKRb †`bv`vi GK
jÿ UvKv †`bv cwi‡kv‡a Mwogwm Ki‡jI wZwb †mB cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ AvBbx e¨e¯’v wb‡Z
cvi‡Qb bv| d‡j cÖwZôvbwU mgm¨vi m¤§ywLb nq|
K. e¨emvq †RvU Kx?
L. †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M e¨emvq¡ ej‡Z Kx eyS?
M. Rbve Kwjg‡K m`m¨ †bqvi c~‡e© DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cÖwZôvbwUi aib wK wQj e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖwZôvbwU fwel¨‡Z Giƒc mgm¨v Gov‡Z KiYxq Kx? hyw³mn †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
PZz_© Aa¨vq
Askx`vwi e¨emvq
PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS
e¨emvq cwiev‡ii wØZxq m`m¨ n‡jv Askx`vwi msMVb| GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡q GKK gvwj‡Ki cuywR I
mvg‡_©i mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y GK ch©v‡q eo ai‡bi msMV‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Abyf~Z nq| djkÖæwZ‡Z
GKvwaK e¨w³i gvwjKvbv I ZË¡veav‡b m„wó nq Askx`vwi msMVb| G e¨emv‡q b~¨bZg 2 Rb Ges
me©vwaK 20 Rb m`m¨ _v‡K| Z‡e e¨vswKs e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î me©vwaK 10 Rb m`m¨ _v‡K| 1932
mv‡ji fviZxq Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx, ÒmKj e¨w³i Øviv ev mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKRb Øviv cwiPvwjZ
e¨emv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eȇbi wbwg‡Ë KwZcq e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨ Pyw³e× m¤úK©B n‡jv
Askx`vwi e¨emvq| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBbwU cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q|
• Askx`vi‡`i aib|
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• Askx`vi‡`i †hvM¨Zv|
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Askx`vwi e¨emvq 45
• •
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• •
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Askx`vwi e¨emvq 47
Askx`vwi e¨emvq ci¯úi Pzw³i wfwˇZ MwVZ nq| Pzw³‡Z Ave× nIqvi cÖv°v‡j Askx`vwi msMVb
MV‡bQy e¨w³MY ¯^ZtcÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q e¨emvq msMVb I cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ hveZxq welqvw` wba©viY K‡i
Ges Zv‡`i me©m¤§wZµ‡g M„nxZ welqvw` wjwLZfv‡e GKwU `wj‡j mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i| D³ `wjj‡KB
Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ e‡j|
evsjv‡`‡k envj 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 5 aviv g‡Z, ÓAskx`vwii m¤úK© Pzw³ n‡Z Rb¥ jvf
K‡i; mvgvwRK gh©v`v e‡j bq|Ó (The relation of partnership arises from contract and
not from status”)
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
Askx`vwi e¨emvq 49
hgybv G›UvicÖvBR
Pzw³cÎ Zvs ......................
1g c¶ 2q c¶
bvg : .............................................................. bvg : .........................................
wVKvbv : ............................................................. wVKvbv : .....................................
Pzw³i kZ©vewj :
1| .......................
2| .......................
3| .......................
mv¶xM‡Yi bvg, wVKvbv I ¯^v¶i: Askx`viM‡Yi bvg I ¯^v¶i:
1| ..................... 1| .........................
2| ..................... 2| .........................
3| .....................
wPÎ: Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Kvievi cwiPvjbvi myweavRbK Ges we‡jvcmvab msµvšÍ kZ©vewj msewjZ
wjwLZ Askx`vwi Pzw³‡K Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ ev `wjj e‡j|
ÒPzw³B Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wfwËÓÑe¨vLv Ki|
Contract is the Essence of Partnership”–Explain.
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~j wfwË n‡jv Pzw³| A_©vr Pzw³i gva¨‡g GKwU Askx`vwi e¨emvq Rb¥jvf K‡i Ges
Pzw³ n‡Z D™¢~Z m¤úK© Øviv Askx`vwi e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ nq| Askx`viM‡Yi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©I wba©vwiZ nq
Pyw³i gva¨‡g|
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 5 avivq ¯úófv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ÒAskx`vwii m¤úK© Pzw³ n‡Z Rb¥ jvf K‡i,
AvZ¥xqZv ev mvgvwRK AwaKvi e‡j bq|Ó (Partnership relation arises from the contract and
not from status.”)
mvaviYfv‡e †Kv‡bv e¨emv‡q GKvwaK m`m¨ Ges gybvdv eȇbi •ewkó¨ _vK‡j Zv‡K Askx`vwi e¨emvq g‡b
Kiv nq| wKš‧ AvBbMZ wePv‡i Askx`vwii Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbY©‡q Pzw³e× m¤úK©B gyL¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ|
D‡jøwLZ msÁv Ges Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z cwijwÿZ nq †h, Askx`vwi m¤cK© m„wó‡Z Pzw³i Avek¨KZv
i‡q‡Q| †hme D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ Askx`vwi Pzw³ m¤cbœ Kiv nq Zvn‡jv−
i. †Kv‡bv wel‡qi fyj eySveywS wbimb;
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Askx`vwi e¨emvq 51
40. Pzw³c‡Îi evB‡i †Kv‡bv wel‡q gZv‣bK¨ †`Lv w`‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡k Zv 1932 mv‡j Askx`vwi
ebo
AvBb Abyhvqx A_ev msL¨vMwiô m`‡m¨i gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ gxgvsmv Kiv nq| Aek¨ Pzw³c‡Îi
ir.
nb
†Kv‡bv aviv ev avivmg~n mKj m`‡m¨i gZvbyhvqx AvB‡bi AvIZvq †_‡K me©`vB cwieZ©b,cwiea©b,
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cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Pzw³ †g․wLK n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j †g․wLK Pzw³i †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ
ce
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Askx`vwi e¨emvq 53
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 69 (1) aviv g‡Z, Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb wbewÜZ bv n‡j, ev wbeÜb ewn‡Z mswkøó
Askx`v‡ii bvg wjwLZ bv _vK‡j †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci Askx`vi ev cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× Pzw³ n‡Z
D™¢~Z AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbeÜb AvBbZ eva¨Zvg~jK bq| Z‡e Askx`viMY fwel¨r
my‡hvM-myweavi R‡b¨ wbeÜb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| KviY msMVb wbeÜb Kiv ev bv Kiv Askx`vi‡`i
BQvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| Z‡e GK_v mZ¨ †h, wbeÜb Kiv n‡j KwZcq AvBbMZ myweav cvIqv hvq|
ZvB Giƒc e¨emvq cÖwZôvb wbeÜb KivB DËg|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb bv Kivi cwiYvg
Consequences of Non-Registration of Partnership Business
1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡b e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nqwb| Z‡e wbewÜZ Askx`vwi dvg©
I Askx`vi‡K †ek wKQy myweav †`qv n‡q‡Q| ZvB AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq I Gi m`m¨MY
wbewÜZ e¨emv‡qi Zzjbvq wKQyUv AmyweavRbK cwiw¯
wZi m¤§yLxb nq|
1| cvIbv Av`v‡qi mgm¨v (Problem in collecting credit): A-wbewÜZ cÖwZôvb 100
UvKvi †ewk cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| [69(4) aviv]
2| Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× gvgjvq mgm¨v (Problem in submit case against third
party): A-wbewÜZ Askx`vwi Kvievi Zvi †Kv‡bv AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡×
gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‧ Z„Zxq cÿ Zvi †Kv‡bv AwaKvi Av`v‡qi j‡ÿ¨ AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi
Kviev‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
3| Pzw³RwbZ AwaKvi Av`v‡qi mgm¨v (Problem in Established right in contract):
AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡b Pzw³RwbZ †Kv‡bv AwaKvi Av`v‡qi j‡ÿ¨ †Kvb Askx`vi Ab¨
†Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| [69(1) aviv]
4| ¯^v_©iÿv (Protect interest) : ¯^v_© Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci †Kv‡bv Askx`vi
e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
5| cvi¯úwiK gvgjv `v‡qi-G mgm¨v (Problem in case file against each other):
AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡bi Askx`viMY ci¯ú‡ii weiæ‡× Pzw³i kZ© †g‡b Pjvi Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z gvgjv
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Z‡e DcwiD³ Amyweav¸‡jv _vKv m‡Ë¡I AwbewÜZ Askx`viM‡Yi wb‡¤œv³ AwaKvi¸‡jv ejer _v‡K−
i. wbR cvIbv ey‡S cvIqvi AwaKvi: we‡jvc mvabK…Z e¨emvq n‡Z Askx`viM‡Yi cvIbv ey‡S
s
ii. we‡jvcmvab I wnmve msµvšÍ AwaKvi: AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi msMV‡bi Askx`iMY e¨emvq
e
ir.
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iv. Pzw³RwbZ AwaKvi: †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Pzw³ f½ Ki‡j Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
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1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abymv‡i wbewÜZ Aswk`vwi e¨emvq †hme my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i Zv
wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−
K. Askx`viMY cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e;
L. AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ GK Askx`vi Ab¨ Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv;
M. Giƒc e¨emv‡q Z…Zxq cÿ‡K Pzw³ cvj‡b eva¨ Kivi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
N. Z…Zxq cÿ `vwe Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv cwiPvjbv Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q;
O. cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î jvf-†jvKmvb wnmv‡ei ci Askx`viM‡Yi wb‡R‡`i
AvqKi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq, d‡j Sv‡gjv †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ cvIqv hvq;
P. cÖwZôvb wbewÜZ n‡j AvBbMZ gh©v`v cvq| d‡j Giƒc e¨emvq cÖwZôvb FY`vbKvix
cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU gh©v`v †c‡q _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Askx`vwi e¨emvq msMVb wbewÜZ nIqv eva¨Zvg~jK bv n‡jI fwel¨‡Z fyj eySveywS
wbim‡bi R‡b¨ Ges Askx`vi‡`i AwaKvi cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ Giƒc e¨emvq msMV‡bi wbeÜb Kiv evÃbxq n‡e|
4.07 Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
Classsification of Partners
e¨emvq †ÿ‡Î Avgiv wewfbœ Askx`vwi e¨emvq msMVb †`wL| †Zgwb Ae¯
v, f~wgKv, KZ©e¨, `vq-
`vwqZ¡, ÿgZv cÖf„wZi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wewfbœ Askx`vi †`wL|
1. mwµq Askx`vi
2. wbw®…q Askx`vi
3. bvggvÎ Askx`vi
4. AvcvZ`„wó‡Z Askx`vi
5. bvevjK Askx`vi
Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
6. AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi
7. Kgx© Askx`vi
8. mxwgZ ev mxgve× Askx`vi
9. cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi
wPÎ : Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
1. mvaviY ev mwµq Askx`vi (Active partner): †h e¨w³ Pzw³i e‡j Askx`vi n‡q cÖwZôvbwU
cwiPvjbvq mwµqfv‡e wbhy³ _v‡K Zv‡K mwµq Askx`vi e‡j| H e¨w³‡K Ab¨vb¨ Askx`viM‡Yi
cÖwZwbwa ejv n‡q _v‡K| Giƒc Askx`v‡ii `vwqZ¡ n‡jv−
K. e¨emv‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab mieivn Kiv;
L. •`bw›`b Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Kiv;
M. e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq m„ó `vq-`vwqZ¡ m¤ú~Y© enb Kiv BZ¨vw`|
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
Askx`vwi e¨emvq 55
2. wbw®Œq ev NygšÍ Askx`vi (Sleeping or Inactive partner): †h e¨w³ cÖwZôvb n‡Z jvf I
ÿwZi Ask MÖnY K‡i, A_P wb‡R e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv, Zv‡K wbw®…q Askx`vi e‡j| wbw®…q
Askx`vi‡K Kvievi n‡Z Aemi MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ weÁwß (Public notice) †`evi †Kv‡bv eva¨eva¨KZv †bB|
weÁwß bv w`‡jI Aemi MÖn‡Yi cieZ©x mg‡q m¤úvw`Z Kv‡h©i Rb¨ †m `vqe× n‡e bv|
Giƒc Askx`v‡ii •ewkó¨ n‡jv−
K. e¨emv‡q g~jab mieivn K‡i;
L. e¨emvq n‡Z gybvdv MÖnY K‡i;
M. †jvKmvb I `vq enb K‡i;
N. e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY †_‡K weiZ _v‡K;
O. Zviv Ab¨ Askx`v‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i;
P. Ab¨ Askx`v‡ii Dci Av¯
v †i‡L e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq wbw¯…qfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i BZ¨vw`|
3. bvggvÎ Askx`vi (Nominal partner): Giƒc Askx`v‡ii Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q †Kv‡bv ¯^v_©
_v‡K bv| †KejgvÎ wb‡Ri mybvg Askx`vi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z †`qv nq| wKš‧ evwn‡ii
cvIbv`viM‡Yi wbKU F‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb `vqx _v‡K| Giv e¨emv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i bv,
cwiPvjbvqI Ask †bq bv, Z‡e Pzw³ Abyhvqx jv‡fi Ask A_ev wbw`©ó †eZb ev A_© †bq|
bvggvÎ Askx`v‡ii •ewkó¨ n‡jv−
K. Giƒc Askx`vi e¨emv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i bv;
L. G Askx`v‡ii mybvg I hk e¨emv‡q e¨eüZ nq;
M. †KD mij wek¦v‡m H Askx`v‡ii Dcw¯
wZi Kvi‡Y e¨emv‡q FY`vb Ki‡j Zvi Rb¨ bvggvÎ
Askx`vi `vqe× nb BZ¨vw`|
4. AvcvZt`„wó‡Z Askx`vi (Quasi-partner): †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Kvievi n‡Z Aemi MÖn‡Yi ci Zuvi
cÖ`Ë g~jab Zz‡j bv wb‡q FY wn‡m‡e e¨emvq †i‡L w`‡j Zuv‡K AvcvZt`„wó‡Z Askx`vi e‡j| g~ja‡bi Dci
wZwb my` †c‡q _v‡Kb| Kvh©Z Giyc e¨w³ e¨emv‡qi cvIbv`vi; Askx`vi bq| Z‡e †Kv‡bv mwµq Askx`viMY
weÁwß bv w`‡q e¨emv‡q †_‡K P‡j †M‡j Zvi Øviv Z„Zxq c‡ÿi m„ó `vq Zv‡KB enb Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. bvevjK Askx`vi (Minor admitted as a partner): AcÖvß eq¯‥ e¨w³ (A_©vr 18 eQ‡ii
wb‡P) Askx`vwi Kviev‡i AskMÖnY Ki‡j Zv‡K bvevjK Askx`vi e‡j| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi
AvB‡bi 30(1) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mKj Askx`viM‡Yi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g †Kv‡bv we`¨gvb
cÖwZôv‡b bvevjK‡K Askx`vwi my‡hvM-myweav¸‡jv †fvM Ki‡Z †`qv nq| wKš‧ †m cÖwZôv‡bi
†Kv‡bv `vq-`vwqZ¡ enb K‡i bv e‡j Askx`viiƒ‡c ¯^xKw…Z cvq bv|
1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 30 aviv Abyhvqx bvevjK †Kvb e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi bv n‡Z
cvi‡jI †m Ab¨vb¨ Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g e¨emv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡I gybvdv †fvM Ki‡Z
s
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cv‡i| wKšÍy †Kvb cÖKv‡iB Zv‡K dv‡g©i `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ `vqx Kiv hv‡e bv| †Kej dv‡g© †`q
ebo
Zvi g~ja‡bi Ask cwigvY `v‡qi Rb¨B Zv‡K `vqx Kiv hvq, AwZwi³ wKQzi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv hvq
ir.
nb
bv| GgbwK Zvi e¨w³MZ m¤úwËI G `vq n‡Z gy³| wKšÍy †m hLb mvevjK n‡e ZLbB †m
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om
dv‡g©I mewKQzi Rb¨ `vqx n‡e| Aek¨ mvevjK nIqvi 6 gv‡mi g‡aB Zv‡K Pzw³c‡Î `¯ÍLZ
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w`‡Z n‡e| GgbwK ZLb bvevjK Ae¯
vq †h w`b n‡Z †m dv‡g©i Askx`viiƒ‡c MY¨ n‡qwQj, †m
bo
mgqKvi `vq Ges Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ Zv‡K `vqx Kiv hv‡e| bvevjK Askx`vi‡K mxgve× Askx`vi
ce
.fa
6. AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi (Partner by holding out): †h e¨w³ cÖK …Z Askx`vi bv n‡qI
Zvi K_vevZ©v, AvPiY Øviv wb‡R‡K e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi e‡j cwiPq †`b Zv‡K AvPi‡Y
Abyw gZ Askx`vi e‡j| hw` †KD G‡Z cÖfvweZ n‡q e¨emvq‡K FY †`q ev Pzw³ K‡i Z‡e
H `vq AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi‡K wb‡Z n‡e |
msÁvi Av‡jv‡K ej‡Z cvwi AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi n‡jv −
K. AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g cwiPq`vbKvwi Askx`vi;
L. G Askx`vi e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv;
M. e¨emv‡q g~jab mieivn K‡i bv;
N. e¨emvq n‡Z gybvdvI MÖnY K‡i bv;
O. wKšÍy AvPiY Øviv cÖfvweZ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi `v‡qi Rb¨ AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi `vqe× nb;
P. Giƒc Askx`v‡ii †fvUvwaKvi _v‡K bv BZ¨vw`|
7. Kgx© Askx`vi (Working partner): †h Askx`vi e¨emv‡q †Kv‡bv g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i
bv ïaygvÎ wbR¯^ kÖg I `ÿZv mwµqfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ iv‡L Zv‡K Kgx© Askx`vi e‡j| Pzw³
Abyhvqx Giv Ab¨vb¨ Askx`v‡ii b¨vq e¨emv‡qi jvf-ÿwZ AskMÖn Y K‡i Ges Amxg `vq
en‡b eva¨ _v‡K| Aek¨ e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ G‡`i‡K wbw`©ó nv‡i †eZb ev jv‡fi
Ask †`qv n‡Z cv‡i|
8. mxwgZ ev mxgve× Askx`vi (Limited partner): Pzw³ Abyhvqx e¨emv‡qi †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii
`vq mxgve× n‡j ev AvBbMZfv‡e mKj Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g †Kv‡bv bvevjK‡K myweav cÖ`v‡bi
D‡Ï‡k¨ Askx`vi wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î Abyiƒc Askx`vi‡K mxwgZ Askx`vi e‡j|
G‡`i `vq mvaviYZ e¨emv‡q wb‡qvwRZ D³ Askx`v‡ii g~jab ch©šÍ mxgve× nq| AvBb Abyhvqx
Giƒc Askx`vi e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kv‡bv mvevjK †hvM¨ e¨w³I Pzw³i
kZ© Abyhvqx Giƒc Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q GK ev GKwaK mxwgZ
Askx`vi _vK‡jI Zv‡K mxgve× Askx`vwi e¨emvq (limited partnership) e‡j|
9. cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi (Patner by estoppel): hw` e¨emv‡qi Askx`viMY †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K
e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi wnmv‡e cwiPq †`q Ges D³ e¨w³ Zv †R‡bI †g․bZv Aej¤^b K‡i Z‡e
Zv‡K cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi e‡j| Giƒc cÖPviYvi d‡j m„ó `v‡qi Rb¨ D³ e¨w³ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi wbKU
`vqe× nq | cÖwZôvb wb‡Ri ¯^v‡_© †Kvb e¨w³ ev Z…Zxqcÿ‡K Gai‡bi cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi wn‡m‡e
cwiPq w`‡q _v‡K| Gai‡bi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖwZôvb cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi‡K gvwmK nv‡i m¤§vbx ev
Ab¨‡Kvb myweav w`‡Z cv‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi n‡Z n‡j †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Aek¨B Pzw³
m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| Aek¨ bvevjK Ab¨ Askx`vi‡`i m¤§wZµ‡g mxwgZ Askx`vi n‡Z
cv‡i| Z‡e cvMj, †`Dwjqv miKvwi Kg©Pvix, we‡`wk ivóª`~Z I we‡`wk kÎæ AvBb Abyhvqx Askx`vi
n‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb ev msN Askx`vi nIqvi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L bv|
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
Askx`vwi e¨emvq 57
Kg©cÎ-2
NygšÍ ev wbw®…q Askx`vi Ges bvggvÎ Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ 3wU cv_©K¨ †ei Ki|
NygšÍ Askx`vi bvggvÎ Askx`vi
• •
• •
• •
4.08 Askx`vi‡`i †hvM¨Zv
Qualification of Partner
†`‡ki cÖvß eq¯‥ †h‡Kv‡bv bvMwiK Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e cvMj, bvevjK,
†`Dwjqv cÖf„wZ e¨w³ Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi Abychy³ weavq Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
Pzw³ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wfwË| Avgv‡`i Pzw³ AvB‡bi 11 aviv Abyymv‡i bvevjK (18 erm‡ii Kg
eq¯‥) Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b Aÿg|
4.09 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab
Dissolution of Partnership Business
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvc mvab ev cwimgvwß ej‡Z mKj Askx`viM‡Yi g‡a¨ Askx`vwi m¤ú‡K©i Aemvb‡K
eySvq Ges Zvi cwiYwZ¯^iƒc e¨emv‡qi we‡jvc N‡U _v‡K| Askx`vwi m¤úK© wejywß n‡jB e¨emvq eÜ n‡q hv‡e
Ggb bvI n‡Z cv‡i| KviY Aci Askx`viMY e¨emvq eRvq †i‡L e¨emvq Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î G‡K
e¨emv‡qi cybtMVb e‡j|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmva‡bi mv‡_ †h welq¸‡jv RwoZ−
K. Askx`vi‡`i Pzw³RwbZ m¤ú‡K©i Aemvb N‡U;
L. cÖwZôv‡bi mKj Kg©Kv‡Ûi wejywß;
M. cÖwZôv‡bi mgy`q m¤ú` I `vq-†`bvi g~j¨vqb Ges mswkøó mKj‡K cwi‡kva Kiv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmva‡b cÖwZôvb I Askx`vwi‡Z¡i- Df‡qiB we‡jvcmvab nq|
wKš‧ Askx`vwii we‡jvc NU‡j e¨emv‡qi cwimgvwß NU‡Z cv‡i|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab c×wZ
Methods of Dissolution of Partnership Business
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvc mvab ej‡Z Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ e¨emv‡qi mKj m¤ú‡K© i m¤ú~Y©
Aemvb‡K eySvq| wb‡P ewY©Z †h‡Kv‡bv c×wZ‡Z Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvc N‡U−
1. mK‡j GKgZ n‡q we‡jvcmvab
s
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bo
2. HwQK we‡jvcmvab
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi
e
ir.
we‡jvcmvab c×wZ
/ta
4. eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab
om
]
5. Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g we‡jvcmvab
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ce
Askx`vwi e¨emvq 59
evsjv‡`k e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ cðvrc` GKwU †`k| eo ai‡bi wkí-KviLvbv, e¨emv-evwYR¨ GLv‡b GLbI
e
ir.
nb
†Zgb M‡o I‡Vwb| eo eo kn‡i ev Zvi Avkcv‡k wKQz eo ai‡bi e¨emvq-†Kv¤úvwb msMVb wn‡m‡e M‡o
/ta
om
DV‡jI MÖvg-M‡Ä, nvU-evRv‡i Ggb wK kn‡ii †K›`ª¯
‡j GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi msL¨vB me©vwaK|
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Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi msL¨v †m wePv‡i †bnv‡qZ bMY¨: hv 5% Gi †ewk bq| A_P Askx`vwi e¨emvq cÖwZôvi
ce
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gva¨‡g G †`‡ki me©ÎB gvSvwi ai‡bi e¨emvq msMVb M‡o †Zvjvi h‡_ó my‡hvM wQj|
w
w
w
evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi e¨emvq e¨vcKZv jvf Ki‡Z bv cvivi wcQ‡b †h mKj KviY we`¨gvb Zv wb‡¤œ
Zz‡j aiv n‡jv−
1. e¨emvwqK Ávb I AwfÁZvi Afve (Lack of business knowledge and
experience): Avgv‡`i †`‡k hviv bZzb e¨emv‡q bv‡g Zviv G m¤ú‡K© Kvh©Z †Zgb †Kv‡bv
Ávb wb‡q Av‡m bv| hviv e¨emv‡q wjß Zv‡`iI AwaKvs‡kiB G wel‡q Ávb I AwfÁZvi h‡_ó
Afve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G ai‡bi e¨w³eM© ÿz`ª GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq MVb K‡i cwiPvjbvq †hfv‡e
¯^vQ›`¨‡eva K‡i Askx`vwi e¨emvq MV‡b Abyiƒc ¯^vQ›`¨‡eva K‡i bv|
2. cvi¯úwiK Av¯’v I wek¦v‡mi Afve (Lack of reciprocal trust and faith): Avgv‡`i
RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Av¯
v I wek¦v‡mi AfveI cÖKU| A_P Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y © Dcv`vb n‡jv Askx`vi‡`i ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK Av¯
v I wek¦vm| Ab¨‡`i Ici
Av¯
v bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB Giƒc e¨emvq cQ›` K‡i bv|
3. mZZvi Afve (Lack of honesty): Avgv‡`i †`‡ki A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ e¨emvwqK †jb‡`‡b
mZZvi gvivZ¥K AfveI jÿYxq| K_vevZ©vq Avgiv hZUv mr Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î ZZUv bq|
A‡bK‡ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv hvq, Askx`vwi e¨emvq †h Pvjvq cieZx© mg‡q e¨emv‡qi mKj m¤úwˇK †m
wb‡Ri fv‡e Ges Ab¨‡`i VKv‡bvi nxb Pµv‡šÍ wjß nq|
4. g~ja‡bi mgm¨v (Problem of capital): Avgv‡`i †`‡k hviv Askx`vi wn‡m‡e Giƒc e¨emv‡q
†hvM`vb K‡i Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB Avw_©K mvg_© AZ¨šÍ mxgve×| d‡j e¨emv‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab
†hvMvo Kiv hvq bv| Askx`vi‡`i bvbvb gZ Ges mr I mvg_©evb wewb‡qvMKvixi Afv‡eI bZzb
Askx`vi MÖnY K‡i g~ja‡bi ms¯
vb KivI A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB m¤¢e bq|
5. AvBbMZ mnvqZvi Afve (Lack of legal assistance): Avgv‡`i †`‡k Askx`vwi e¨emvq
cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AvBbMZ mnvqZv I wbqš¿YI Kvg¨gv‡bi bq| Avgv‡`i †`‡k
AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB †g․wLK Pzw³i gva¨‡g Giƒc e¨emvq MVb Kiv nq| hvi d‡j cieZx© mg‡q
bvbvb mgm¨v †`Lv †`q|
6. cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î wkw_j wbqg-Kvbyb (Loose rules and regulation in case of
private company): Avgv‡`i †`‡k †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡b Gi MVb wKQzUv KovKwo Av‡ivc Kiv
n‡jI Zv GLbI †Zgb h‡_ó bq| †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi gva¨‡g †ÿÎwe‡k‡l myweav jv‡fi my‡hvM
_vKvq A‡b‡KB Askx`vwi e¨emvq Mo‡Z DrmvwnZ nq bv|
DcwiD³ mgm¨vw` QvovI Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †hme mvaviY Amy w eav; †hgb-Askx`vi‡`i
Amxg `vq, ¯^ v axb mËvi Afve, gvwjKvbv n¯Í v šÍ ‡ i Amy w eav, RbAv¯
v i Afve, cwiPvjbvMZ
RwUjZv BZ¨vw` mgm¨vI GLv‡b i‡q‡Q|
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
Askx`vwi e¨emvq 61
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:
1| Askx`vwi msMV‡bi g~j wfwË Kx ?
K. AvBb L. Pzw³
M. Pzw³cÎ N. wbeÜb
2| Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q GKRb Askx`v‡ii `vq †Kgb ?
K. g~jab ch©šÍ mxgve×
L. cÖwZkÖæwZ g~j¨ ch©šÍ mxgve×
M. e¨emv‡q Zvi cvIbv ch©šÍ mxgve×
N. e¨w³MZ mnvq-m¤ú` ch©šÍ mxgve×
3. weÁwßi gva¨‡g wejywß Kiv hvq †Kvb Askx`vwi e¨emvq ?
K. HwQK Askx`vwi e¨emvq
L. NygšÍ Askx`vwi e¨emvq
M. mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq
N. Kg©x Askx`vwi e¨emvq
4. Askx`vwi e¨emvq GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq n‡Z DËg KviY−
i. AwaK cuywR msMÖn Kiv hvq
ii. mw¤§wjZfv‡e wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hvq
iii. gvwj‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv †ewk _v‡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii
5| wg. ingvb cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZvi wfwˇZ GKwU e¨emvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| e¨emv‡qi g~jab
mieivn Ki‡jI cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Q bv| wZwb Kx ai‡bi Askx`vi ?
K. mxwgZ L. wbw®…q
M. mvaviY N. bvggvÎ
6| Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbewÜZ n‡j myweav cvIqv hvq−
i. ¯^v_© iÿv Kiv hvq
ii. ivR¯^ n‡Z gyw³ cvIqv hvq
s
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K. i I ii L. i I iii
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m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| mvB`, †LvKb I gvgyb mg‡SvZvi wfwˇZ `X’ Builders bv‡g GKwU wbg©v Y cÖwZôvb
MVb Ki‡jv hvi jÿ¨ imyjcyi MÖv‡g GKwU Kvj©fvU wbg©vY Kiv| ciewZ©‡Z g‡nkLvjx‡Z
GKwU N~wY©So AvkÖq‡K›`ª wbg©v‡Yi KvR †cj| GRb¨ Zv‡`i AwaK g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb|
ZvB Zviv mygb‡K GB k‡Z© e¨emvq AšÍfy©³ Ki‡Z Pvq, †m ïay e¨emvq 5,00,000 UvKv
wewb‡qvM Ki‡e wKš‧ cwiPvjbvq AskMÖn Y Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
2| K, L I M GKwU AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| wZb R‡bi g~ja‡bi cwigvY
mgvb Ges gybvdv †fv‡Mi nviI mgvbycvwZK| Z‡e K Zvi g~ja‡bi AwZwi³ `vq enb K‡i
bv| cÖwZôvbwU eZ©gv‡b A‡bK †Póv K‡iI GKRb †`vKvb`v‡ii wbKU n‡Z 10,000 UvKv
Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| Zviv fve‡Q cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Av`vj‡Zi AvkÖq wb‡e|
cÂg Aa¨vq
†hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq
JOINT STOCK BUSINESS
mf¨Zvi µgweeZ©‡bi avivq m~Pbv j‡Mœ e¨emv‡qi cwimi wQj Aí I msKxY©, ZvB Gi mvsMVwbK iƒc
wQj mnR, †QvU| †hgb−GKgvwjKvbv, Askx`vwi| Aóv`k kZvãxi gvSvgvwS n‡Z ïiæ n‡q Ebwesk
kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© Bsj¨v‡Û wkí wecøe msNwUZ n‡j wkí I e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cwieZ©b
mvwaZ nq| c~‡e©Kvi KvwqKkª‡gi ¯’vb `Lj K‡i †bq hš¿cvwZ Ges ïiæ nq e„n`vqZb Drcv`‡bi
cvjv| GgZve¯’vq e¨emvq msMV‡bi cÖv_wgK iƒc Z_v GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq Ges Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi
c‡ÿ G‡`i KwZcq mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y e„n`vqZb cY¨`ªe¨vw`i Drcv`b I eÈb Kvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv
Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| djkÖæwZ‡Z GB cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Zvj wgjv‡Z †h‡q AwaK g~jab, mxgve× `vq,
`ÿ cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbv Ges wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i myweav wb‡q hy‡Mvc‡hvMx e¨emvq msMVb wn‡m‡e
†h․_ g~jabx e¨emv‡qi D™¢e N‡U|
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Common Features of a Company
1. RwUj MVb c×wZ (Complicated formation): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi MVb c×wZ AZ¨šÍ
RwUj| †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î h‡_ó AvBbvbyM AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq|
2. †¯^”Qvg~jK ms¯’v (Voluntary association): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb GKwU †¯^‛QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z
e¨emvq ms¯’v| gybvdvi D‡Ï‡k¨ KwZcq e¨w³i †¯^‛QvK…Z cÖ‡Póvq †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ n‡q _v‡K| †h
†KD B‛Qv Ki‡jB †kqvi µq Kivi gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi †KD B‛Qv
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Ki‡jB †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i mn‡RB e¨emvq n‡Z we`vq wb‡Z cv‡i|
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3. wecyj cuywR (Huge capital): eû msL¨K e¨w³i msMVb weavq †Kv¤úvwb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AwaK g~jab
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msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi wewµ K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi ms¯’vb K‡i _v‡K|
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5. jf¨vsk eÈb (Distribution of dividend): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi AwR©Z gybvdvi GKUv
wbw`©ó Ask jf¨vsk wn‡m‡e †kqvi gvwjK‡`i g‡a¨ †kqv‡ii AvbycvwZK nv‡i ewÈZ n‡q _v‡K|
†Kv¤úvwbi mvaviY mfvi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g cwiPvjKMY GB jf¨vs‡ki cwigvY †NvlYv K‡ib|
6. Kiv‡ivc (Taxation): †Kv¤úvwbi Ici avh© K‡ii nvi mvaviYZ AwaK n‡q _v‡K| Gi
AwR©Z gybvdvi Ici Kiv‡ivc Kiv nq| Avevi †kqvi gvwjK‡`i cÖvß jf¨vs‡ki Dci Ki
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
7. we‡jvcmvab (Dissolution): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi MVb †hgb AvbyôvwbKZvc~Y© †Zgwb Gi
we‡jvcmva‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI AvbyôvwbKZv cvj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx Gi
we‡jvcmvab N‡U| G Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ ev †kqvi‡nvìviMY B‛Qv Ki‡jB Gi we‡jvcmvab
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
8. MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vcbv (Democratic management): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi e¨e¯’vcbv I
cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î mKj ¯Í‡i MYZvwš¿K bxwZgvjv Abym„Z nq| MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqvq †kqvi‡nvìviM‡Yi
†fv‡Ui gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjKMY wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡K Ges Zv‡`i Øviv †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvwjZ nq|
GQvov e¨emv‡qi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎI †kqvi‡nvìviM‡Yi †fv‡Ui djvd‡ji Ici
¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
L. AvBbMZ •ewkó¨mg~n
Legal Features of a Company
1. AvBb-m„ó cÖwZôvb (Law-created concern): †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Øviv G cÖwZôvb m„ó nq|
evsjv‡`‡k †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbmg~n 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I
wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| D³ AvB‡bi 2.1 (N) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Ó†Kv¤úvwb ej‡Z G AvB‡bi
Aax‡b MwVZ Ges wbeÜbK…Z †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb ev †Kv‡bv we`¨gvb †Kv¤úvwb‡K †evSv‡e|Ó
2. m`m¨ msL¨v (Number of members) : †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨
msL¨v wba©vwiZ| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î Gi m`m¨ msL¨v b~¨bZg 2 Ges me©vwaK 50
R‡b mxgve× _v‡K Ges cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ejvq me©wbæ m`m¨ msL¨v 7 Ges m‡e©v‛P
msL¨v †Kv¤úvwbi msN-¯§vi‡K DwjøwLZ †kqvi msL¨v Øviv mxgve× _v‡K|
3. c„_K I K…wÎg e¨w³mËv (Seperate and aritificial entity): †Kv¤úvwb GKwU ¯^Zš¿ K…wÎg
e¨w³ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq| G K…wÎg e¨w³mËv Gi m`m¨‡`i mËv †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| AvBb
Abyhvqx GwU K…wÎg I ¯^Zš¿ e¨w³mËvi gh©v`v †fvM K‡i _v‡K| GB AvBbMZ mËve‡j †Kv¤úvwb
wbR bv‡g A‡b¨i mv‡_ †hgwb †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb †gvKÏgvI `v‡qi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡ (Perpetual succession): AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z †Kv¤úvwb wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix
GK K„wÎg e¨w³| †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ ev †kqvi gvwjK‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Dci G Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbf©i K‡i bv|
†Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv ev m`m¨ c‡`i cwieZ©‡b Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wecbœ nq bv| †Kej †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi
weavb Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmvab Kiv n‡jB Gi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cwimgvwß N‡U _v‡K|
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
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m`m¨ msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i †Kv¤úvwb‡K cÖavbZ `yfv‡M fvM Kiv nq−
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1. cÖvB‡fU wjt †Kv¤úvwb (Private ltd. company): AvaywbK e„n`vqZb e¨emvq RM‡Z ¯^vaxb
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mËv I mxwgZ `vq wewkó †QvU ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb msMVb nj cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb| GwU wbR
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mvaviYZ AvZ¥xq¯^Rb I eÜzevÜe wg‡j mxwgZ `v‡qi wfwˇZ †h †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq
Zv‡K cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
e¯‘Z †h †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v me©wb¤œ `yÕRb Ges m‡e©v‛P cÂvk R‡b mxgve× Ges hvi †kqvi
Aev‡a n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ bq, Zv‡K cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 2(1) (U) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h,ÒcÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UWÓ ej‡Z Ggb
†Kv¤úvwb‡K eySv‡e hv Gi cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Øviv−
K. †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi hw` _v‡K, n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii AwaKv‡i evavwb‡la Av‡ivc K‡i|
L. †Kv¤úvwbi †kqv‡i ev wW‡eÂv‡i (hw` _v‡K) Puv`v `v‡bi wbwgË (Subscription) Rbmvavi‡Yi
cÖwZ Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv wbwl× K‡i|
M. Gi m`m¨ msL¨v †Kv¤úvwbi PvKwi‡Z wbhy³ e¨w³MY e¨ZxZ cÂv‡ki g‡a¨ mxgve× iv‡L|
m`m¨ msL¨v mxwgZ e‡j cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ÿz`ªvqZ‡bi n‡q _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwb AvBb
Abyhvqx GB †Kv¤úvwbi MVb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cwiPvjbvi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i AvBbMZ Sv‡gjv A‡bKUv Kg| AvBb
Abyhvqx GUv ¯^vaxb K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi gh©v`v †fvM K‡i Ges †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`I `vq mxgve× _v‡K|
myZivs, cÖPwjZ †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi Aax‡b wbewÜZ n‡q †h †Kv¤úvwb K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi gh©v`v jvf
Ki‡jI cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Abyhvqx 50 R‡bi AwaK m`m¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Rbmvavi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨
†kqvi weµ‡qi Avnevb Rvbv‡Z cv‡i bv Ges †kqvi gvwjKMY Aev‡a †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii myweav †fvM
K‡i bv Zv‡K cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
2. cvewjK wjt †Kv¤úvwb (Public ltd. company): gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kgc‡ÿ 7 (mvZ)
Rb Ges m‡e©v‛P †h‡Kvb msL¨K (†kqvi msL¨v Øviv mxgve×) m`m¨ †¯^‛Qvq mxwgZ `v‡qi wfwˇZ
†kqvi n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii AwaKvi wb‡q K…wÎg mËvwewkó †h cÖwZôvb MwVZ nq, Zv‡K cvewjK wjwg‡UW
†Kv¤úvwb e‡j| GB msMV‡bi g~jab KZK¸‡jv LÛ LÛ †kqv‡i wef³ Ges †kqvi¸‡jv Aev‡a
n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨| cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv I e¨e¯’vcbv m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| †Kv¤úvwbi wbe©vwPZ
cwiPvjK cl©` Øviv GB †Kv¤úvwbi e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbv Kvh© cwiPvwjZ nq| cvewjK wjwg‡UW
†Kv¤úvwb wbewÜZ nevi ci Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖn K‡i Zvi Kvh©µg myôzfv‡e ïiæ K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi AvBbMZ msÁv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 2(1-T) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ÒcvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb ej‡Z
cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvwb bq Ggb †Kv¤úvwb †evSvq, hv †Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1994 mvj ev †Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1913 ev
1882 A_ev †Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1886 A_ev GZØviv evwZjK…Z Ab¨ †Kvb AvBb Abyhvqx wbewÜZ n‡q‡Q|Ó
cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb me©v‡cÿv †ewk RbwcÖq| gybvdv AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë eû msL¨K e¨w³i µxZ
†kqv‡ii wfwˇZ †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx GB †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
P. gvwjKvbvwfwËK †Kv¤úvwb
Companies on the Basis of Ownership
gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ †Kv¤úvwb `yÕiKg n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb−
1. miKvwi †Kv¤úvwb (Government company): †hme †Kv¤úvwb mvaviYZ miKvwi gvwjKvbvq
MwVZ nq, A_ev †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Kgc‡ÿ 51% †kqv‡ii gvwjKvbv miKv‡ii _v‡K Zv‡K miKvwi
†Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
2. †emiKvwi †Kv¤úvwb (Non-government company): †hme †Kv¤úvwb †emiKvwi
gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ nq †m¸‡jv‡K †emiKvwi †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
O. Ab¨vb¨ †Kv¤úvwb (Other companies): GQvovI wewfbœ ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb e¨emvq RM‡Z
RwoZ i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ †m¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
1. †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb (Holding Company): †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb MVb ev µqm~‡Î Ab¨ †Kv¤úvwb
wbqš¿‡Yi AwaKvsk ÿgZv †c‡j Zv‡K †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb ev wbqš¿YKvix †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| Giƒc
†Kv¤úvwb wbqš¿YK…Z †Kv¤úvwbi 50%-Gi AwaK †kqv‡ii gvwjK Ges AwaKvsk cwiPvjK wb‡qvM I
AcmviY ÿgZv †fvM K‡i|
†nvwìs †Kv¤úvwbi •ewkó¨ n‡jv−
K. †Kvb †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi g~ja‡bi 50% Gi †ewk mieivnKvix;
L. mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwbi AwaKvsk cwiPvjK wb‡qv‡Mi ÿgZv G †Kv¤úvwbi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K;
M. Aaxb¯’ †Kv¤úvwbi e¨e¯’vcbv cwil` wbe©vP‡bi `vwqZ¡I G †Kv¤úvwb †ewkifvMB †fvM K‡i;
N. cwiPvjK‡`i c`Py¨wZ ev Aemi`v‡bi ÿgZvI Gi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K;
O. G †Kv¤úvwbi c~Y© wbqš¿‡Y †_‡K Aaxb¯’ †Kv¤úvwbwU cwiPvwjZ nq; BZ¨vw`|
2. mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb (Subsidiary company): †hme †Kv¤úvwbi 50% -Gi AwaK
†kqv‡ii gvwjK Ab¨ †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡K mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| A‡a©‡Ki †ewk g~jab
mieivnKvix †Kv¤úvwb Giƒc †Kv¤úvwbi cy‡iv wbqš¿‡Yi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡K| wbqwš¿Z †Kv¤úvwb‡K
mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb ejv nq|
3. we‡`wk †Kv¤úvwb (Foreign company): †h †Kv¤úvwb †`‡ki evB‡i MwVZ n‡q, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
†`‡k Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i, Zv‡K we‡`wk †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
4. eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb (Multinational company):
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†h †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv, e¨e¯’vcbv Ges wbqš¿‡Y GKvwaK †`‡ki Awaevmx AšÍf©y³ _v‡K Zv‡K
eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| †hgbÑBDwbwjfvi evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW, †bm‡j evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW BZ¨vw`|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †Kv¤úvwb msMVb wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| e¨env‡ii •ewPΨ, D‡Ï‡k¨i wfbœZv
wKsev mg‡qi wfwˇZ †Kv¤úvwbi wewPÎZv cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q|
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cÖvB‡fU I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi 6wU cv_©K¨ wjL
wbw`©ó AvB‡bi Øviv MwVZ I wbqwš¿Z nq| d‡j Gi we‡kl AvBbMZ mve©Rbxb mËv Av‡Q| hv
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4. MYZvwš¿KZv: GUv AvB‡bi AvIZvq mvwe©K MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z wbqwš¿Z I cwiPvwjZ nq|
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5. Rbmvavi‡Yi Av¯’v: wbw`©ó AvB‡bi Øviv G ms¯’v MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq e‡j GUv
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RbM‡Yi AwaK Av¯’v AR©‡b mÿg nq| d‡j wewb‡qvMKvixMY wbwð‡šÍ G msMV‡b wewb‡qvM K‡i
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Ges K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwb AwaK F‡Yi myweav †fvM K‡i|
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6. AwaK Drcv`b: e„n`vqZ‡bi Kvi‡Y G msMVb e¨vcK Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges RbMY Kgg~‡j¨
cY¨µ‡qi my‡hvM cvq|
7. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM: Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv e¨emv‡qi Zzjbvq e„n`vqZ‡bi †Kv¤úvwb‡Z RbM‡Yi K‡g©i
my‡hvM-myweav †ewk| d‡j RbM‡Yi AwaK Kg©ms¯’vb K‡i †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb †`‡ki †eKviZ¡
`~ixKi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ wbqg-c×wZ †jLv nq| cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡b ewY©Z Zdwmj-1
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G ch©v‡q cÖeZ©KMY †Kv¤úvwb wbe܇Ki Awdm n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq dig msMÖn Kib Ges Zv
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c~iYc~e©K `wjjcÎ mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i wbe܇Ki wbKU Rgv †`b| Aek¨ Rgv`v‡bi mgq g~jab
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cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Dchy³ avivmg~n ewY©Z mKj ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb‡K me©`v AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| Gi
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(GW‡fv‡KU AvZvDi ingvb) (†gv: Kwei †nvmvBb)
evsjv‡`k nvB‡KvU©, XvKv| 131, wWAvBwU G·t †ivW, XvKv|
evm¯’v‡bi wVKvbv evm¯’v‡bi wVKvbv
evqZzj Avgvb 103 / 1-G, DËi gyM`vcvov
81, †jKmvK©vm, KjvevMvb, XvKv| XvKv
wPÎ: msN ¯§vi‡Ki bgybv
wm×v‡šÍi Øviv msN¯§viK cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| A_©vr Giƒc `wjj h_vwbq‡g cwie©Zb Avek¨K|
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4. ÿgZv ewnf©~Z Kv‡Ri `vq (Liability for ultra vires activites): †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjKiv
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Kvh©Kjvc cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ hveZxq welqvw` wjwce× _v‡K| ¯§viKwjwci Aax‡b G `wjj †Kv¤úvwbi
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1. cÖwZôv‡bi bvg: †Kv¤úvwbi bvg Ges bv‡gi †k‡l wjwg‡UW ev mxwgZ ms‡ÿ‡c wjt kãwU emv‡Z n‡e|
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g~jZ Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ cvevi wbwg‡Ë wbe܇bi QvocÎ AR©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cvewjK wjwg‡UW
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D‡`¨v³vMb †Kv¤úvwb wbe܇Ki wbKU n‡Z wbe܇bi cÖ g vb wnmv‡e †h `wjj msMÖ n K‡i
Zv‡KB wbeÜbcÎ e‡j| cÖ v B‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Giƒc `wjj cvIqvi ciB KvR ïiæ
Ki‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î Giƒc `wjj cÖ v wßi ci Aw¯Í ‡ Z¡ i m„ w ó
n‡jI Kvh© v i‡¤¢ i Aby g wZcÎ msMÖ ‡ ni c~ ‡ e© Zviv KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
wb‡gœ †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜbc‡Îi GKwU bgybv †`qv n‡jv−
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...... ’X’ .......... †Kv¤úvwb wj.-†K †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx A`¨ .......................ZvwiL n‡Z
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Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ
1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 103 aviv Abyhvqx ‘Y’ †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ †`qv †Mj|
hv..............ZvwiL n‡Z Kvh©Ki n‡e|
AvaywbK e¨emv‡qi RM‡Z g~jab‡K Rxebxkw³ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_© Qvov †h‡Kv‡bv
e¨emvqB APj †hgb i³ Qvov gvby‡li kixi| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k †hme e¨emvq msMVb Avgiv †`wL
†m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ e¨emv‡qi Dcv`vb me¸‡jv GKmv‡_ bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ me cÖwZôv‡b GKwU g~j
Dcv`vb Aek¨B Av‡Q Avi Zv n‡jv A_©| e¨emv‡qi cÖv_wgK e¨q wbe©vn, Drcv`b Kvh© Ae¨vnZ ivLv,
cY¨ weZiY I kªwg‡Ki cvIbv cwi‡kva cÖf„wZ mKj Kv‡R A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨B e¨emv‡qi
mdjZv A‡bKvs‡kB A_©ms¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| A_© ms¯’vb g~jZ cÖwZôv‡bi A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb
wba©viY, Drm AbymÜvb, e¨envi wbiƒcY, fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ A_© msiÿY, mvgwMÖK A_© msiÿY I mvgwMÖK
A_© e¨e¯’vcbv BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|
†Kv¤úvwb e¨emv‡q A_©ms¯’v‡bi ¯^í‡gqvw` I `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Drm mg~n wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv−
¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Drm
Sources of Short Term Business Finance
A_©evRvi n‡Z wkí Z_v e¨emvq cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni ¯^í‡gqvw` g~jab ev cyuwR msMÖn Kiv nq| mvaviYZ GK eQ‡ii
Rb¨ ¯^í †gqvw` A‡_©i ms¯’vb Kiv nq| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK, †`kxq FY`vZv †Mvôx, e¨e¯’vcbv cÖwZwbwae„›`, wej
evRvi, mgevq e¨vsK, f~wgeÜwK e¨vsK cÖf„wZ wb‡q ¯^í †gqvw` F‡Yi Drm A_©evRvi MwVZ nq|
1. gvwj‡Ki Znwej (Owner’s Fund):
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e¨emv‡q ¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡Î gvwj‡Ki Znwej‡K cÖavb Drm wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv
nq| gvwjK cÖ_ gZ Zvi wb‡Ri mwÂZ A_© e¨emv‡q wewb‡qvM K‡ib| gvwj‡Ki Znwej n‡Z
msM„nxZ A_© w`‡q e¨emv‡qi PjwZ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi †Póv Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î G Drm
n‡Z msM„n xZ A_© Ach©vß n‡j Ab¨vb¨ Drm n‡Z A_©vq‡bi †Póv Kiv nq|
2. e¨emvq FY (Trade Credit): e¨emvq FY Ggb GK ai‡bi FY hv av‡i µq-weµ‡qi d‡j m„wó
nq| G ai‡bi F‡Yi AvIZvq cY¨ mvgMÖxi we‡µZv cY¨ weµ‡qi GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ci †µZvi KvQ
n‡Z g~j¨ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| d‡j †µZvi wbKU GB wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ g~j¨ cwi‡kva bv Kivi myweav
FY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ, hv‡K e¨emvq FY ejv nq| A_©vr, e¨emvq FY Ggb GK ai‡bi FY‡K eySvq hv
GKRb e¨emv‡qi ¯^vfvweK Kg©Kv‡Ði d‡j cY¨ mieivnKvixi KvQ †_‡K †c‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b
Dbœqbkxj e¨emvq RM‡Z Giƒc F‡Yi e¨envi e¨emv‡qi A_©ms¯’vb‡K LyeB mnR K‡i‡Q|
3. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK (Commercial Bank): evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K ¯^í‡gqvw` F‡Yi e¨emvqx
ejv nq| e¨vsK¸‡jvi cÖavb KvR n‡jv wewfbœ e¨emvq-evwYR¨ I wkí KviLvbvq ¯^í †gqvw` FY
†`qv| myZivs †h †Kv‡bv e¨emvqxi A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡jB evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi KvQ n‡Z
¯^í‡gqv‡` A_© msMÖn Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨vsK¸‡jv mnR k‡Z© avi, bM` FY I RgvwZwi³ FY
wn‡m‡e A_© w`‡q _v‡K|
4. AvZ¥xq¯^Rb I eÜz evÜe (Relatives & Friends): cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyy‡liB Ggb wKQy AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb
I eÜz evÜe _v‡K, hviv wewfbœ wec`-Avc` I cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq GwM‡q Av‡m| e¨emvqx‡`i †ÿ‡ÎI
†`Lv hvq, e¨emv‡q A_©vq‡b wbR¯^ Znwej n‡Z msM„nxZ A_© Ach©vß n‡j wbKUZg AvZ¥xq¯^Rb I
eÜzevÜe‡`i kiYvcbœ nq Ges Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K FY wn‡m‡e A_© wb‡q e¨emvq cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|
AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb I eÜz-evÜe‡`i KvQ †_‡K FY MÖn‡Yi BwZevPK w`K n‡‛Q †Kv‡bv ai‡bi RvgvbZ Ges
my` ev gybvdv bv w`‡qB LyeB mnR k‡Z© I mnR cÖwµqvq FY MÖnY Kiv hvq|
5. †`kxq e¨vsKvi (Indigenous Banks): cÖvPxbKvj n‡ZB e¨emv‡qi A_©ms¯’v‡b †`kxq
e¨vsKvi gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| †`kxq e¨vsKvi ej‡Z A_© e¨emv‡q wjß wewfbœ e¨w³ ev
gnvRb †kªYx‡K eySvq| †`kxq e¨vsKvi Pov my‡` wewfbœ e¨emvqx‡K FY cÖ`vb K‡i|
MÖvgv‡j †`kxq e¨vsKvi‡`i Dcw¯’wZ AwaK jÿYxq|
6. e¨e¯’vcbv cÖwZwbwa (Management Agent): e¨e¯’vcbv cÖwZwbwa ej‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev
cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq hviv Pzw³i AvIZvq †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi e¨e¯’vcbvi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|
Giƒc e¨e¯’vcbv cªwZwbwa e¨emv‡qi ¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Ab¨Zg Drm| e¨e¯’vcbv cÖwZwbwa
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b ÿz`ª FY Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡b ¯^í‡gqvw` A‡_©i †hvMvb w`‡‛Q|
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we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK wn‡m‡e MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki RvgvbZwenxb ÿz`ª FY Kg©m~wPI e¨emv‡qi ¯^í‡gqvw`
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13. wej evÆvKiY (Discounting Bills): e¨emvq cÖwZôvb¸‡jv cÖvc¨ wej evÆvKi‡Yi gva¨‡gI
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¯^í‡gqvw` A‡_©i ms¯’vb K‡i _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvc¨ wej †Kv‡bv e¨vsK ev Avw_©K cªwZôv‡b wb‡q
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wM‡q we‡ji wjwLZ g~‡j¨i (Face Value) †P‡q Kg A‡_©i ms¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Riæwi cÖ‡qvR‡b
Giƒc wej evÆvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g ¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’vb Kiv nq|
14. m¤úwË weµq (Sale of Assets): A‡bK mgq e¨emvq wKQy wKQy m¤úwË _v‡K hv e¨emv‡q Kv‡R
jv‡M bv ev AwZwi³ ev AcÖ‡qvRbxq| Giƒc m¤úwË weµq K‡iI e¨emv‡qi ¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi
e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, mKj e¨emvq cÖwZôvbB ¯^í †gqvw` wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©ms¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj|
¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Drm n‡‛Q cÖavbZ Drcv`b mswkøó e¨q| Kgx©‡`i cvwikªwgK Awdm
iÿYv‡eÿY e¨q, cÖf„wZ Lv‡Z e¨q Kiv nq|
e¨emvq A_©ms¯’v‡bi `xN©‡gqvw` Drm (Sources of Long Term Business Finance):
`xN© Kvjxb mg‡qi Rb¨ A_©vr 5 ev 10 eQ‡ii AwaK mg‡qi Rb¨ e¨emv‡q †h A_©ms¯’vb Kiv nq Zv‡K
`xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’vb e‡j| e„n`vqZb e¨emvq cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †h‡Kv‡bv e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖPzi cwigvY g~jab ev Znwe‡ji
cÖ‡qvRb nq| G cÖ‡qvRb `xN©‡gqvw`I nq| DcwiD³ Drm¸‡jvi gva¨‡g e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’vb Kiv hvq|
5.15 †kqvi (Share)
bZzb wKsev cyivZb †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi g~jab msMÖ‡ni cÖavb nvwZqvi n‡jv †kqvi| Bs‡iwR
‘Share’’ k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© ÕAskÕ| †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi †ÿ‡Î †kqviÑGi A_© n‡‛QцKv¤úvwbi
†gvU g~ja‡bi Ask| †Kv¤úvwbi †gvU g~jab‡K †gvU mgcwigvY KZK¸‡jv ÿz`ª ÿz`ª GK‡K wef³
Kiv nq| G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKK‡K GK GKwU †kqvi e‡j| cª‡Z¨KwU †kqv‡ii wbw`©ó AvswKK g~j¨
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(Face value) _v‡K Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwUi g~j¨ mgvb _v‡K| †hgbцKv‡bv ‡Kv¤úvwbi 10 jÿ UvKvi
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g~jab‡K 10,000 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡j GK GKwU fv‡Mi g~j¨ n‡e 100 UvKv| g~ja‡bi G †kqv‡ii
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gvwjK n‡q †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv `vwe Kiv hvq| †Kv¤úvwbi wbe©vP‡b †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi cvIqv hvq|
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e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwb Pjgvb Ae¯’vq Avw_©K msK‡U co‡j †kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g g~jab msMÖ‡ni e¨e¯’v
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myZivs †Kv¤úvwbi mgMÖ g~jab‡K mgcwigvY GK‡K wef³ Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKK‡K †kqvi e‡j|
cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKKB mgvb g~j¨ enb K‡i Ges g~ja‡bi GKwU ÿz`ª Ask wb‡`©k K‡i, hv‡K †kqvi e‡j|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †kqvi n‡‛Q †Kv¤úvwbi †gvU g~ja‡bi Ask| †h e¨w³ †kqvi µq K‡i Zv‡K
†kqvi‡nvìvi e‡j| cÖ‡Z¨KwU †kqvi g~ja‡bi Ask e‡j †mwU µ‡qi Øviv †kqvi‡nvìviMY †Kv¤úvwbi
AvswkK gvwjKvbv jvf K‡i Ges Gi e‡j Zviv †Kv¤úvwbi jf¨vsk cvevi AwaKvi jvf K‡i|
†Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvc mvab NU‡j †kqvi‡nvìviMY †Kv¤úvwbi m¤úwˇZ cÖ`Ë g~ja‡bi AvbycvwZK Ask
†diZ cvevi AwaKvix nq|
†kqv‡ii †kªwYwefvM
Classification of Shares of Company
†kqvi n‡jv †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi †gvU g~ja‡bi ÿy`Z
ª g Ask| †Kv¤úvwb g~jab msMÖn Kivi Rb¨
RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †kqvi wewµ K‡i †`q| †Kv¤úvwb wb‡Ri Ges wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i K_v we‡ePbv
K‡i,wewfbœ cÖKvi †kqvi Bmy¨ K‡i|
wb‡gœ Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †kqv‡ii †kªwYwefvM †`Lv‡bv n‡jv−
†kqvi
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†kqv‡ii gvwjKMY gybvdv n‡Z cÖ_gZ wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk cÖvß n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z mvaviY †kqvi
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gvwjK‡`i g‡a¨ jf¨vsk eȇbi mgq cybivq Zvi Ask cvq Zv‡K AskMÖnbKvix AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi ev
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†kqv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †Zvgvi Kv‡Q †Kvb ai‡bi †kqvi m‡e©vËg g‡b nq Ges
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cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb ¯^xq mxj‡gvnihy³ †h `wj‡ji mvnv‡h¨ GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i cÖwZeQi my`
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cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ‡Z RbM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K FY wn‡m‡e g~jab msMÖn K‡i Zv‡K FYcÎ e‡j|
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FYc‡Î †Kv¤úvwbi bvghy³ mxj‡gvni _v‡K| Gi Dci cÖ‡`q my`, Rvwgb, cwi‡kv‡ai mgq
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cÖf„wZ kZ©vewji D‡jøL _v‡K| †kqv‡ii g‡Zv GiI GKwU Avw¼K g~j¨ _v‡K| D‡jøL¨ †h,
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†Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb FYcÎ wewj K‡i FY msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb FYcÎ wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
FYc‡Îi †kªwYwefvM
Classification of Debenture
FYc·K F‡Yi `wjj ejv nq| †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab MV‡bi Rb¨ G `wjjwU wewfbœfv‡e e¨envi K‡i|
myZivs, FYcÎ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| F‡Yi RvgvbZ, FY cwi‡kv‡ai kZ©, n¯ÍvšÍi I cwieZ©‡bi
my‡hvM, myweav BZ¨vw`i wfwˇZ FYc·K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †Kv¤úvwbi FY `vZviv my‡hvM
Ges Pvwn`v Abyhvqx FY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
FYc·K wb‡æv³ †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq−
FYc‡Îi †kªwYwefvM
FYc‡Îi gvwjKMY B‛Qv Ki‡j Zv‡`i FYc·K †kqv‡i iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi
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†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi KvRKg© ¸wU‡q †bqvi c×wZ‡K †Kv¤úvwbi
we‡jvcmvab e‡j| 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 234(1) avivq †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmva‡bi wZbwU
c×wZ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K. Av`vjZ KZ©„K eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab [234-1(K) aviv ]: †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi‡nvìvi, cvIbv`vi
ev †Kv¤úvwbi wbe܇Ki Av‡e`‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z †h me Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ KZ©„K eva¨Zvg~jK
we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i, †m¸‡jv n‡jv−
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
cÖvq 15 †KvwU gvby‡li †`k nIqvq G‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY evRvi †gvUvgywU eo| Z`ycwi m¯Ív Rbkw³i
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Kvi‡Y G †`‡ki A‡bK eo eo e¨emvq cÖwZôvb M‡o IVv cÖZ¨vwkZ wQj| wKš‘ `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨
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Stock Exchange
÷K G·‡PÄ GKwU †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †kqvi evRvi
m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB Rvb‡Z n‡e †kqvi I evRvi m¤ú‡K©| A_©vr−
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evRvi: evRvi ej‡Z eywS †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ¯’vb ev RvqMv ev GjvKv| wKš‘ A_©bxwZi fvlvq †Kv‡bv
¯’vb‡K evRvi ejv nq bv| evRvi ej‡Z †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cY¨‡K eySvq hvi µq-weµq wb‡q †µZv I
we‡µZvi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv nq Ges `i KlvKwli gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ `v‡g cY¨wU µq-weµq nq
Zv‡K eySvq| †hgb- cv‡Ui evRvi, †kqvi evRvi BZ¨vw`|
†kqvi evRvi: DcwiD³ †kqvi I evRv‡ii msÁvwU we‡kø lY Ki‡j †kqvievRvi m¤ú‡K©
Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ¯’ v‡b †kqvi µq-weµ‡qi Rb¨ †kqvi †µZv-
we‡µZvi g‡a¨ cÖw Z‡hvwMZv ïiæ nq Ges `i KlvKwli gva¨‡g †kqv‡ii `vg wba©vwiZ nq
Zv‡K †kqvi evRvi e‡j|
†kqvi evRvi n‡‛Q Ggb GKwU msMwVZ gva¨wgK evRvi †hLv‡b cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb ¸‡jv
†kqvi, ÷K ev wmwKDwiwU wba©vwiZ wbq‡g µq-weµq Kivi cÖwµqvq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|
ÿz`ª FY
Micro Credit
GKwU †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b `ÿ e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wKš‘ cÖvqB evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ¸‡jv
mgv‡Ri Mwie †kÖYxi gvbyl‡K FY w`‡Z AcviMZv cÖKvk K‡i| Avi GB Mixe †kÖYxi gvbyl‡K FY
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mvavib A‡_© ÿy`ª FY ej‡Z eySvq, wewb‡qv‡Mi D‡Ï‡k¨ mgv‡Ri wb¤œweË I `wi`ª †kÖYxi gvbyl‡K Aí
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gv‡P©›UWvBwRs
Merchandising
hviv Mv‡g©›Um e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ Zv‡`i Kv‡Q gv‡P©›UWvBwRs kãwU AwZ cwiwPZ| gv‡P©›UWvBwRs
kãwU Avm‡Q gv‡P©›UWvBR kã n‡Z| gv‡P©›UWvBR k‡ãi A_© cY¨`ªe¨‡K eySvq †h¸‡jv †Kbv ev †ePv
nq| gv‡P©›UWvBR †mB mKj Kvh©vejxi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ hv cY¨`ªe¨ LyPiv †fv³v‡`i wbKU weµ‡q
Ae`vb iv‡L| gv‡P©›UWvBwRs ej‡Z weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨ `ªe¨ cªvc¨Zv wbwðZ K‡i Ges H cY¨¸‡jv
Ggb fv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i hv †µZv‡`i‡K H cY¨¸‡jv wKb‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡k gv‡P©›UWvBwRs e¨emv‡qi e¨vcK Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b A‡bK wkwÿZ e¨w³
gv‡P©›UWvBwRs‡K †ckv wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
gv‡P©›UWvBwRs Gi f~wgKv−
* wewfbœ Drcv`bKvix BDwbU Gi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i|
* †µZv‡`i‡K bgybv mieivn K‡i|
* †µZv‡`i wbKU n‡Z Aby‡gv`b †bq|
* †dweª· µq K‡i|
* Avw_©K Z`šÍ m¤úv`b K‡i|
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eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:
1| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi me©wbgœ m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb ?
K. 2 Rb L. 7 Rb
M. 10 Rb N. 20 Rb
2| wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †kqvi m‡e©vËg?
K. cÖeZ©K‡`i †kqvi L. AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi
M. mvaviY †kqvi N. mÂqx AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
wiqv Km‡gwUKm wj. GKwU mvevb Drcv`bKvix cÖw Zôvb| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZôvbwUi Avw_©K Ae¯’v
fv‡jv bq, wKš‘ 20% evRvi †kqvi Zv‡`i `L‡j Av‡Q| GgZve¯’vq †Kqv Km‡gwUKm wj wg‡UW
cÖwZôv‡bi 55% †kqvi wK‡b †bq|
3| †kqvi wewµ n‡q hvIqvi ci wiqv Km‡gwUKm †Kvb ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb‡Z cwiYZ n‡e?
K. †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb
L. mvewmwWqvix †Kv¤úvwb
M. we‡kl †Kv¤úvwb
N. Amxg `vqe× †Kv¤úvwb
4| †Kqv Km‡gwUKm wjwg‡UW-Gi †kqvi µq Kivi wcQ‡b cÖavb KviY wK wQj?
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L. †Kv¤úvwbi wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. ivbv ‘XYZ’ †Kv¤úvwbi †h †kqvi wK‡bwQ‡jb Zv †Kvb ai‡bi †kqvi? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ‘XYZ’ †Kv¤úvwb AwaKZi g~jab msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi †kqvi Bmy¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i?
Gi †h․w³KZv we‡kølY Ki|
2| mvwnb 50 Rb mggbv †jvK wb‡q 2011 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m GKwU e¨emvq cÖwZôvb h_vwbq‡g
wbeÜb K‡ib| AvB‡bi eva¨evaKZv _vKvq Zviv h_vh_ KZ©„cÿ †_‡K KvR ïiæ Kivi
AbygwZI MÖnY K‡i| wKšÍy 2012 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi g‡a¨ Zviv e¨emvwqK KvR Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb|
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
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mwgwZ n‡jv KwZcq e¨w³i GKwU †¯^”Qvg~jK msMVb| Gai‡bi msMV‡b m`m¨iv wb‡R‡`i ¯^v_© iÿvi
D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwÎZ n‡q _v‡K| GwU Ggb GK ai‡bi e¨emvq msMVb hv gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ m„wó bv
n‡q m`m¨‡`i cvi¯úwiK Kj¨vYv‡_© m„wó nq| mgevq mwgwZ MV‡bi gva¨‡g mgv‡R cuywRcwZ‡`i
†kvlY n‡Z A‡cÿvK…Z `~e©j †kªwYi gvbyl‡`i Kj¨vY mvab Kiv nq|
• `wi`ª I ga¨weË †kªwYi KwZcq †jvK †¯^”Qvq wgwjZ n‡q †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ Giƒc
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• ïaygvÎ †¯^”QvK…Zfv‡e KwZcq e¨w³ mgev‡qi Av`‡k© DØy× n‡q Gai‡bi cÖwZôvb MVb K‡i,
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mgevq †kvlK †kªwYi nvZ †_‡K †kvwlZ‡`i AvZ¥iÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
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• mgevq mwgwZi cÖwZwU †kqv‡ii g~j¨ 10 UvKv ev Z`ya© g~‡j¨i n‡Z cv‡i|
• e¨emv‡qi †Kv‡bv we‡kl As‡k A_©vr Drcv`b, eÈb BZ¨vw`‡Z RwoZ n‡q mw¤§wjZfv‡e Kvh© cwiPvjbvi
gva¨‡g m`m¨‡`i Avw_©K Kj¨vY mvabB Giƒc cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨| gybvdv AR©b Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ bq|
• mgevq AvBbvbymv‡i mgevq mwgwZ Aek¨B wbewÜZ n‡Z nq|
• mgev‡qi AwR©Z gybvdvi meUzKz m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ eÈb nq bv| eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e Gi b~¨bZg 15%
msiwÿZ Znwe‡j Ges 5% mgevq Dbœqb Znwe‡j Pvu`v wn‡m‡e msiÿY K‡i evwK Ask mvaviY
mfvi wm×všÍµ‡g †kqvi MÖnxZv‡`i g‡a¨ eÈb Kiv nq| [34 (1) aviv]
• evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ 2001 mv‡ji mgevq mwgwZ AvB‡bi 8(1K) aviv †gvZv‡eK cÖv_wgK mgevq
mwgwZ MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ 20 Rb e¨w³ m`m¨ Ges †K›`ªxq I RvZxq mwgwZi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ
10 wU mgevq mwgwZ m`m¨ _vK‡Z nq| m`m¨ msL¨vi m‡ev©”P mxgv AvB‡b ejv nqwb |
• mgevq mwgwZ AvBb-m„ó GKwU cÖwZôvb| Gi c„_K AvBbMZ mËv I cwiwPwZ Av‡Q| GwU wbR bv‡g
cwiPvwjZ|
• mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨‡`i wbKU †_‡K gvwmK m‡qi gva¨‡g A_ev m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ †kqvi weµq
K‡i mgev‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab msMÖn Kiv nq|
• mgevq mwgwZ‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨‡`i `vq Zvi µqK…Z †kqvi g~j¨ Øviv mxgve× _v‡K|
• 2001 m‡bi mgevq AvB‡bi 15(2K) aviv Abyhvqx GKRb m`m¨ mwgwZi †gvU g~ja‡bi
GK-cÂgvs‡ki (1/5) †ewk †kqvi µq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kbbv †ewk †kqvi µq Ki‡j
AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii †Póv Ki‡e|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, mgevq mwgwZ AvB‡bi Aaxb MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ, c„_K mËv I mxwgZ `vq wewkó
GKwU †¯^”Qv cÖ‡Yvw`Z e¨emvq msMVb| Gi m`m¨iv MYZvwš¿K ixwZ-bxwZ Abymi‡Y cwiPvwjZ nq hvi
g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv Gi m`m¨‡`i Avw_©K Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv|
6.03 mgevq mwgwZi bxwZgvjv/Av`k©mg~n
Principles of Co-operative Society
bxwZgvjv kãwUi Bs‡iwR kã n‡jv Principles G‡K guidence for action ejv hvq| mgevq msMVbI
wKQy bxwZ ev Av`k© †g‡b P‡j| GKwU wfbœagx© e¨emvq msMVb wn‡m‡e mgevq msMVb mgv‡Ri ga¨ I wbæweË,
m¤úbœ gvby‡li bvbvb mxgve×Zv wb‡q cvi¯úvwiK A_©‣bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| †hme
Av`k© ev bxwZgvjv †g‡b mgevq mwgwZ cwiPvwjZ nq †m¸‡jv wb‡æ ewY©Z n‡jv−
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
1| GKZv (Unity): GKZvB ej| mgv‡Ri `wi`ª e¨w³ GKZve× n‡j abxi †kvlY I wbh©vZ‡bi
weiæ‡× Abvqv‡m `uvov‡Z cv‡i| GKZvB g~jZ mgev‡qi mvd‡j¨i g~j ¯Í¤¢|
2| mZZv (Honesty): mgevq mwgwZ‡Z mZZv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwZôv‡b mZZv weivRgvb n‡j
m`m¨‡`i g‡b AvZ¥wek¦vm e„w× cvq| A_©vr e¨emvwqK mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z n‡j mZZv GKvšÍ
Acwinvh©|
3| †¯^”QvK…Z wgjb (Voluntary Association): mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ me©vwaK e¨w³
¯^vaxbZv †`qv nq| †Kv‡bv cÖKvi ûgwK ev cÖ‡ivPbv Qvov Zviv mgev‡qi gva¨‡g †¯^”Qvq wgwjZ
n‡Z cv‡i|
4| mn‡hvwMZv (Co-operation): mn‡hvwMZv mgev‡qi GKwU Ab¨Zg bxwZ| cvi¯úwiK Kj¨v‡Yi
j‡ÿ¨ mgev‡qi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ Ô`‡k wg‡j Kwi KvRÕ A_ev ÔmK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv, cÖ‡Z¨‡K
Avgiv c‡ii Z‡iÕ Giƒc g‡bvfve _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv GKgvÎ mn‡hvwMZvB mvdj¨ jv‡fi
Ab¨Zg PvweKvwV|
5| MYZš¿ (Democracy): mgevq mwgwZ‡Z me©`vB MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ Abym„Z nq| G mwgwZi
ÔcwiPvjK KwgwUÕ m`m¨‡`i cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ nq| wm×všÍI †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g M„nxZ
nq| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ ¯^vaxbfv‡e Zv‡`i gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6| mg‡SvZv (Understanding): mgev‡qi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ mg‡SvZv Acwinvh©| KviY
Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve Qvov mgevq mwgwZ wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cvi¯úwiK
mg‡SvZv|
7| mvg¨ (Equality): mgevq mwgwZ mv‡g¨i Av`‡k© AbycÖvwYZ| Gi m`m¨iv mvgvwRK,
A_©‣bwZK ev cvwievwiKfv‡e hvB †nvK bv †Kb mgev‡qi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e Zviv mevB mgvb
mvgvwRK gh©v`vi AwaKvix| wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Gai‡bi mvg¨ cÖw Zôv Kiv bv †M‡j mgevq
mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
8| †mev (Service): mgev‡qi g~jK_v n‡jv ÔmK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv, cÖ‡Z¨‡K Avgiv c‡ii
Z‡iÕ| G‡K Ac‡ii mn‡hvwMZvi wfwˇZ G e¨emvq cÖwZwôZ nq| ZvB ejv hvq, cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki g‡a¨
GKwU mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve _vKv Avek¨K|
9| •bKU¨ (Proximity): mgevq mggbv e¨w³e‡M©i msMVb| ZvB Gi cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î •bK‡U¨i welqwU
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| m`m¨iv mggbv bv n‡j cÖwZôvb Pvjv‡Z wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î evavMÖ¯Í n‡Z nq|
10| mg-†fvUvwaKvi (Equal right of votes): mg-†fvUvwaKvi mgevq mwgwZi Ab¨Zg
g~jbxwZ| cÖwZôv‡b †h hZ wewb‡qvM KiæK bv †Kb mevi †fvUvwaKvi mgvb| G†ÿ‡Î mK‡j GKwU
K‡i †fvU cÖ`vb K‡i Kvh©Kix KwgwU wbe©vPb K‡i _v‡Kb|
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11| wbi‡cÿZv (Secularism): mgev‡qi †ÿ‡Î ag© I ivR‣bwZK gZv`‡k©i wbi‡cÿZv eRvq
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AbymiY Kiv DwPZ| Gi AwaKvskB G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î Gi me¸‡jv mgvbfv‡e
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AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| †h mgevq D³ Av`k©mg~n hZ †ewk AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡i ev¯Í‡e Zvi c‡ÿB ZZ
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D‡`¨v³viv B”Qv Ki‡j Gai‡bi Dcwewa cÖ¯‘Z bv K‡iI mgevq wefvM n‡Z Qvcv‡bv Dcwewa
msMÖn K‡i D³ Dcwewa †gvZv‡eK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| G ch©v‡q cÖ ¯ÍvweZ mwgwZi Rb¨
mxj‡gvni cÖ ¯ÍyZ Kiv nq|
2. wbeÜb ch©vq (Stage of Registration): G ch©v‡q mgevq mwgwZ wbe܇bi D‡`¨vM †bqv nq|
†h GjvKvq mwgwZ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z B”QyK †m GjvKvq miKvi wbhy³ mgevq mwgwZ wbe܇Ki Awdm
n‡Z wbeÜb dig msMÖn Kiv nq| wbeÜb dig h_vh_fv‡e c~iY K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjjcÎvw` I
wd mn wbe܇Ki wbKU Rgv †`qv nq|
Av‡e`b di‡gi mv‡_ wb‡gœv³ `wjjcÎ Rgv w`‡Z nq−
K. mwgwZi m`m¨‡`i ¯^vÿihy³ bvg I wVKvbv| G‡ÿ‡Î b~¨bZg 20 (wek) Rb cÖvß eq¯‥
m`‡m¨i bvg I ZvwiLmn ¯^vÿi _vK‡Z nq|
L. D‡`¨v³v‡`i ¯^vÿimn DcwewaÑ2 Kwc
M. mwgwZi wmj‡gvn‡ii bgybvÑ1 wU
N. Av‡e`b digwU AvBbm¤§Zfv‡e c~iY Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G‡Z DwjøwLZ Z_¨mg~n mwVK-Gg‡g©
†m‡µUvwi I D‡`¨v³v‡`i †NvlYvcÎ 1 Kwc|
D‡jøw LZ KvMRcÎ I wba©vwiZ wd cvIqvi ci wbeÜK KvMRcθ‡jv hvPvB-evQvB K‡ib Ges G
wel‡q mš‘ó n‡j Av‡e`bcÎ cÖvwßi 60 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Zv gÄyi K‡i wbeÜb cÎ Bmy¨ K‡ib| 60
w`‡bi g‡a¨ wbeÜbcÎ Bmy¨ bv Ki‡j Ges Av‡e`b cÎ M„nxZ n‡j wbeÜK wbeÜb mb` wn‡m‡e
wbeÜbcÎ Bmy¨ K‡ib| G ch©v‡q wbeÜK mwgwZi Dcwewai 3 Kwci cÖ‡Z¨K c„ôvq ¯^v ÿi I
mxjhy³ K‡i 1 Kwc wbeÜb Awd‡m msiÿ‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ iv‡Lb Ges 2 Kwc D‡`¨v³v‡`i †diZ
†`b| D‡jøL¨, Av‡e`bcÎ cÖvwßi ci wbeÜK hw` †`‡Lb †Kv‡bv Z_¨ ev KvMRc‡Îi NvUwZ
i‡q‡Q Z‡e †m¸‡jv AbwaK 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ †P‡q ev Z`šÍ K‡i wbe܇bi Dchy³ Zv †`Lv nq|
Gfv‡eB mwgwZi wbeÜb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K|
3. Kvh©vi¤¢ ch©vq (Stage of Commencement): wbe܇bi gva¨‡g mgevq mwgwZ AvBbvbyM
cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nq Ges mwgwZi bvg I mxj‡gvni e¨envi K‡i D‡`¨v³vMY I KwgwU mwgwZi
¯^vfvweK KvRKg© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gici mwgwZi Kg©Kv‡Ð Avi †Kv‡bv evav _v‡K bv|
cwi‡k‡l ej‡Z cvwi †h, mgevq msMVb mywba©vwiZ mgev‡qi MV‡bi wbqg †g‡b MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|
GKwU wbewÜZ e¨emvq msMVb wn‡m‡e mgevq msMVb‡K Aek¨B Gme wbqg-bxwZ †g‡b Pj‡Z nq|
6.05 mgevq mwgwZi cÖKvi‡f`
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mgv‡Ri ¯^í Avq wewkó mvaviY Rb‡Mvôxi A_©‣bwZK Kj¨vY agx© †h․_ cÖ‡Póvi msMVb n‡”Q mgevq
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msMVb| wewfbœ †ckvRxex gvbyl Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb †gUvevi j‡ÿ¨ bvbvag©x mgevq msMVb M‡o Zzj‡Z
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wb‡gœ GKwU wPÎmn wewfbœ cÖK vi mgevq msMV‡bi eY©bv †`qv n‡jv−
K. m`m¨‡`i Pvwn`v Abymv‡i
According to the Demand of Members
1. Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZ (Producers co-operative society)
ÿz`ª ÿz`ª wk‡íi gvwjK I Drcv`KMY e„n`vqZb wkí¸‡jvi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨
Zv‡`i ¯^í A_©‡K GKwÎZ K‡i †h mgevq MVb K‡i Zv‡K
Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZ e‡j| †Kv‡bv GjvKvq KwZcq kªwgK
GK‡Î wg‡j †Kv‡bv Drcv`b ïiæ Ki‡j ev KwZcq e¨w³
mgev‡qi wfwˇZ †Kv‡bviƒc Drcv`b Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ n‡j
Zv Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡e| ZuvwZ‡`i
mgevq, `y» Drcv`K mgevq, K…lK mgevq, †R‡j mgevq
BZ¨vw` G RvZxq mgevq mwgwZi D`vniY|
2. †fv³v mgevq mwgwZ
Consumers Co-operative Society
hLb †Kv‡bv we‡kl c‡Y¨i ev KwZcq c‡Y¨i †fv³vMY ga¨¯’e¨emvqxi gybvdvi wkKvi bv n‡q
b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ wRwbm wKb‡Z Pvb ZLb Zv‡`i Pvwn`v c~i‡Y †h mgevq cÖwZôvb MVb Kiv nq Zv‡K
†fv³v mgevq mwgwZ e‡j| G mgevq mwgwZ Drcv`bKvix, Avg`vwbKviK ev cvBKv‡ii wbKU
†_‡K cvBKvwi g~‡j¨ cY¨mvgMÖx Lwi` K‡i †mme cY¨ m`m¨e„›` I Ab¨v‡b¨i wbKU b¨vh¨g~‡j¨
wewµi e¨e¯’v K‡i _v‡K| †fv³v mgevq mwgwZ‡K eÈbKvix mgevq mwgwZ bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv
nq| wkí cÖwZôv‡bi kªwgK‡`i D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZôv‡bi †M‡U, eo cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix‡`i D‡`¨v‡M
cÖwZôv‡b, eo nvDwRs Kg‡cø‡·i †M‡U Gi gvwjK‡`i D‡`¨v‡M Gai‡bi mgevq mwgwZ M‡o
†Zvjv n‡Z cv‡i|
mgevq mwgwZ
mwgwZ wewfbœ cÖKvi e¨emvwqK Kv‡R wjß nq ZLb Zv‡K eûgyLx mwgwZ e‡j| Giƒc mgevq mwgwZ
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1. cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ (Primary co-operative society): cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ n‡”Q
†m ai‡bi mgevq msMVb hv me©w bæ ¯Íi ev cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q MwVZ nq| mgevq ej‡Z g~ jZ G
¯Í‡ii mgevq‡KB eySv‡bv nq| MÖvgxY mgevq mwgwZmg~n Gi D`vniY|
2. †K›`ªxq mgevq mwgwZ (Central co-operative society): b~¨bZg 10wU cÖv_wgK mgevq
mwgwZi mw¤§wjZ iƒc n‡”Q †K›`ªxq mgevq mwgwZ| MÖvgxY K…lK mgevq mwgwZmg~n wg‡j BDwbqb
ev _vbv ch©v‡q mwgwZ¸‡jv GKwÎZ n‡q G RvZxq mwgwZ MwVZ nq| GwU mgev‡qi wØZxq ¯Íi| G
mwgwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³ m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
3. wgkª mgevq mwgwZ (Mixed co-operative society): GwU mgev‡qi Z…Zxq ¯Íi| e¨w³
m`‡m¨i cvkvcvwk cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jv Gi m`m¨ n‡q _v‡K| wefvMxq (ev cÖ‡`k) ch©v‡q
mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jv GKwÎZ n‡q G ai‡Yi mgevq mwgwZ MVb K‡i| G mgevq mwgwZi Rb¨
b~¨bZg 20 Rb m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ 12wU cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨ _vK‡Z nq|
4. RvZxq mgevq mwgwZ (National co-opeative society): GwU m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡ii (PZy_© ¯Íi)
mgevq msMVb| RvZxq ch©v‡q †h mwgwZ MVb Kiv nq Zv‡KB RvZxq mgevq mwgwZ e‡j| 10wU
†K›`ªxq mgevq mwgwZ wg‡j RvZxq mgevq mwgwZ MwVZ nq|
N. `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i
According to the Liabilities
1. Amxg-`vq mgevq mwgwZ (Unlimited co-operative society): Amxg `vq mgevq mwgwZ
n‡”Q †m ai‡bi mgevq msMVb †hLv‡b m`m¨‡`i `vq Zv‡`i µqK…Z †kqvi Øviv ev Ab¨ Dcv‡q
mxgve× _v‡K bv| mwgwZi †`bvi Rb¨ G RvZxq mwgwZi m`m¨iv GKKfv‡e Ges †h․_fv‡e `vqx
_v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k G ai‡bi mwgwZi cÖPjb †`Lv hvq bv|
2. mmxg `vq mgevq mwgwZ (Limited Co-operative society): mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨‡`i
`vq hLb Zv‡`i µqK…Z †kqv‡ii AvswkK g~j¨ Øviv mxgve× _v‡K ZLb mmxg-`vq mgevq mwgwZ
e‡j| m`m¨‡`i mxwgZ `vq‡K eySvevi Rb¨ Giƒc mwgwZi bv‡gi †k‡l Õwjwg‡UWÕ ev ‘Ltd’ kã
†hvM Kiv nq| †`‡ki AwaKvsk mgevqB G †kªwYfy³|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi g‡a¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi mgevq
mwgwZ KvR Ki‡Q, ¯^í mg‡qi gvby‡li fwel¨r Dbœqb I wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Z AviI bZzb bZzb
mgevq mwgwZ M‡o DV‡e GK_v wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq|
wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mgevq mwgwZi Ae`vb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−
1. A_©‣bwZK myweav (Economic Advantages): mgevq msMVb g~jZ m`m¨‡`i A_©‣bwZK
Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b bvbvfv‡e KvR K‡i| †hgb- K…lK ev Kg Av‡qi m`m¨‡`i Avw_©K myweav cÖ`vb,
cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ ev wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯^í my‡` mnR k‡Z© FY mnvqZv `vb
cÖf„wZ| d‡j mwgwZi m`m¨iv gnvR‡bi †`․ivZ¥¨ n‡Z wb‡R‡`i iÿv Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
2. mvgvwRK myweav (Social Advantages): mgevq MV‡bi gva¨‡g ewÂZ RbMY Avw_©K myweavi
cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK myweav †fvM K‡i _v‡K| mvgvwRK myweavi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv,
MYZ‡š¿i PP©v, A_©‣bwZK kw³i we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi d‡j m`m¨‡`i gh©v`v e„w× cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
3. RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb (Improving Standard of Living): mgevq mwgwZ mgv‡Ri wbgœœweË
I weËnxb‡`i msMVb| mwgwZ‡Z †hvM`v‡bi gva¨‡g m`m¨‡`i Avq e„w×, b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ cY¨ cÖvwß, FY
mnvqZv cÖvwß Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM, mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w× cvq, hv Zv‡`i RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœq‡b cÖZ¨ÿ
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
4. Kg e¨e¯’vcbv e¨q (Low Management Cost): m`m¨‡`i †¯^”Qvg~jK mn‡hvwMZv I
AskMÖn‡Yi d‡j e¨e¯’vcbv LiP eûjvs‡k n«vm cvq| e¨e¯’vcbvq AskMÖnYKvix‡`i †Kv‡bv
cÖKvi †eZbÑfvZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq bv| Zviv mwgwZ cwiPvjbvq Lye AvMÖ‡ni mv‡_B webv
cvwikªwg‡K KvR K‡i|
5. e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi myweav (Advantage of Large-scale Business): m`m¨ msL¨v †ewk
nIqvq mgevq mwgwZ AwaK mÂq msMÖn I cuywR MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| hv w`‡q e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi
wewfbœ myweav †hgb- e„n`vqZb µq, Drcv`b I wecYb myweav cvIqv hvq| G‡Z mwgwZi Avq
e„w× cvq|
6. †mevi D‡Ïk¨ (Service Motive): Giƒc msMVb g~jZ m`m¨‡`i †mev cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨B m„wó
nq, gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ bq| m`m¨‡`i‡K wewfbœfv‡e Avw_©K mnvqZv I b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ cY¨ ev
†mev cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM †`qv nq| mwgwZi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve KvR
K‡i|
7. K‡ii Ae¨vnwZ (Tax Relief): mgevq mwgwZ MV‡b DrmvwnZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Giƒc msMV‡bi
Av‡qi Ici Ki avh© Kiv nq bv| d‡j m`m¨‡`i AwaK Avw_©K Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
8. miKvwi mnvqZv (Government Help): †`‡ki Av_©ÑmvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b mgevq
msMVb¸‡jv BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Avi G f~wgKv‡K Av‡iv †ewk DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨
miKv‡ii cÿ †_‡K mgevqx‡`i ev mwgwZ‡K Avw_©K I Abvw_©K wewfbœ myweav cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
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9. g‡bvej Dbœqb (Moral Development): mgevq mwgwZ KwZcq Av`‡k©i Ici wfwË K‡i
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AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv, mÂq msMÖn cÖf„wZ| Gme Av`k© Abykxj‡bi d‡j m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv
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cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, DcwiD³ myweavi Kvi‡Y mgevq msMVb mvaviYZ wewfbœ †ckvi gvby‡li Kv‡Q
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AZ¨šÍ Drmvne¨ÄK I AvKl©Yxq msMVb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K| †gvUK_v, e¨w³K, mvgvwRK I
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mgevq mwgwZi MVb cÖYvjx Av‡jvPbv K‡i mgevq mwgwZi gva¨‡g e¨emvq Kivi c×wZ wPwýZ Ki
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6.07 evW©
BARD
mgevq mwgwZi Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k cjøx Dbœqb †evW© (evW©) Gi Ae`vb:
æBangladesh Academy for Rural Development” ev BARD cjøx Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb| 1959 mv‡j Kzwgjøvi †KvUevwo‡Z cÖL¨vZ mgvRKg©x Aa¨ÿ AvLZvi nvwg` Lvb G cÖwZôvb
¯’vcb K‡ib|
G GKv‡Wwgi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q cjøx Z_v MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi Dbœqb| G D‡Ï‡k¨ GKv‡Wwgi M„nxZ
c`‡ÿc I Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cjøx Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i cÖwkÿY, M‡elYv I
cixÿvg~jK cÖKí cwiPvjbv, cjøx Dbœq‡bi Dci †mwgbvi, Av‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`| cÖwkÿ‡Yi myweav‡_©
GLv‡b cÖwkÿY cÖv_©x‡`i AvevwmK e¨e¯’v, cÖwkÿY †K›`ª, IqvK©kc, K¨vw›Ub cÖf…wZ me©vwaK my‡hvM-
myweav i‡q‡Q| evW©-Gi G eûg~Lx Ae`vb I Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ G‡K Kzwgjøv g‡Wj bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv
nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ MÖvgxY A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b Gi my`~icÖmvix Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|
6.08 evsjv‡`‡k mgevq weKv‡k mgm¨v
Poblems of Co-operative Development in Bangladesh
Z…Zxq we‡k¦i GKwU `wi`ª †`k wn‡m‡eB evsjv‡`k mevi Kv‡Q cwiwPZ| G‡`‡k wbæweË m¤úbœ gvby‡li
msL¨v †ewk| G‡`i fv‡M¨vbœq‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl K‡i ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡k mgevq Av‡›`vjb MwZ
†c‡q‡Q, wKšÍy Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î G Av‡›`vjb mdjZvi gyL †`Lv hvqbv|
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ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î G‡`‡k mgevq Av‡›`vj‡b †h mgm¨v jÿbxq Zv wb‡gœ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv−
1. mwVK cwiKíbvi Afve (Lack of proper planning): evsjv‡`‡k mgevq mwgwZi Dbœq‡b
†Kv‡bv myôy cwiKíbv †bB| d‡j G‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ nq ¯^í‡gqvw` Ges weKvk nq evavcÖvß|
2. cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afve (Lack of training): mgev‡qi wbe©vnxM‡Yi †Kv‡bviƒc cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi
my‡hvM †bB e‡j Zviv A‡bK mgq fyj c‡_ cwiPvwjZ nq|
3. AvgjvZvwš¿K g‡bvfve (Bureaucratic attitude): G‡`‡k †KD †Kv‡bv ØvwqZ¡ I ÿgZv
†c‡jB wb‡R‡K GKRb AmvaviY e¨w³ fve‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| Avi mgevq mwgwZ cwiPvjbvi R‡b¨
wbhy³ e¨w³ivI AvgjvZwš¿K g‡bvfve aviY Kivq Zviv m`m¨‡`i †mevi e`‡j A‡bK mgq
Amyweav m„wó K‡ib| d‡j mgevq mwgwZ †f‡½ hvq|
4. ¯^Rb-cÖxwZ (Nepotism): mwgwZi cwiPvjK‡`i ¯^Rb-cªxwZ evsjv‡`‡ki mgevq¸‡jvi weKv‡ki
c‡_ AšÍivq| we‡kl K‡i FY`vb mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jvi FY`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î G mgm¨v †`Lv †`q †ewk|
5. wkÿvi Afve (Lack of education): evsjv‡`‡k AwkwÿZ Rb‡Mvôxi msL¨vB AwaK| G
wecyj Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ wkÿv m‡PZbZv bv _vKvq Zviv mgevq cÖwZôvi ¸iæZ¡ Abyave‡b e¨_©
n‡q‡Q| G‡Z mgevq cÖwZôv I weKvk evavMÖ¯Í n‡Z eva¨|
6. Amg cªwZ‡hvwMZv (Un-equal competition): ÿz`vª qZb cÖK…wZi msMVb nIqvq mwgwZ‡K
ga¨g I e„n`vqZb msMV‡bi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKv KóKi n‡q c‡o|
7. mZZv I wbôvi Afve (Lack of honesty and sincerity): mgev‡qi g‡Zv †h․_ cÖ‡Póvi
mdjZv A‡bKUvB mZZv I wbôvi Dci wbf©ikxj| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AwaKvsk e¨w³¯^v_© PwiZv_©
Ki‡Z wM‡q G `y‡UviB wemR©b w`‡Z e‡m‡Q| d‡j mgevq mwgwZi D‡Ïk¨I AvR e¨_©Zvq
ch©ewmZ n‡”Q|
8. g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv (Defeciency of Capital): mgevq `wi`ª‡`i msMVb| Zv‡`i cÖ`Ë ¯^í
cwigvY Puv`v mwgwZi Rb¨ ch©vß I cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab m„wó K‡i bv|
9. miKv‡ii mn‡hvwMZv (Co-operation of govt): mgev‡qi gva¨‡g Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi
Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e| wKšÍy ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv miKv‡ii cÖZ¨ÿ mn‡hvwMZv G‡ÿ‡Î Kg|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡k mgevq mwgwZ‡K GwM‡q †bqvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡jI DcwiD³ mgm¨vi
Kvi‡Y Zv h‡_ó AMÖMwZ jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| ZvB Gme mgm¨v `~i Kivi Rb¨ mswkøó meviB
gnvbyfeZvi g‡bvfve wb‡q GwM‡q Avmv cÖ‡qvRb|
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evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª¨, AbMÖmiZv I Afve-AbUb †_‡K wbgœweËm¤úbœ e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx‡K D×vi K‡i
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Dbœq‡bi bZzb c_ †`Lv‡Z n‡j mgevq Av‡›`vjb †h ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i Zv ejvi A‡cÿv
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iv‡L bv| G j‡ÿ¨ A‡bK c~e© n‡ZB G‡`‡k mgevq Av‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡jI wKQy mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y Zv
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evsjv‡`‡k mgevq weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v¸‡jv we‡kølYc~e©K Gi mgvav‡bi Dcvq wPwýZ Ki|
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GK‡Î wb‡q e‡ov evRv‡i weµq K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ mgevq Kg©KZ©v civgk© w`‡jb, Zviv XvKvq
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wb‡Riv GKUv †`vKvb Ly‡j †mLv‡b meRx weµq Ki‡Z cv‡i| GK mg‡q Zviv ZvB Ki‡jv|
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N. XvKvq meRxi †`vKvb †Lvjvq mgevqx‡`i Avq evo‡e-Gi e³‡e¨i h_v_©Zv we‡kølY Ki|
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ivóª ev miKv‡ii gvwjKvbvax‡b MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ e¨emvq‡K ivóªxq e¨emvq e‡j| ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M ev
miKvwi cÖ‡Póvq bZzb e¨emvq cÖwZôvb MwVZ n‡q _v‡K| Avevi, Dcw¯’Z †Kv‡bv †emiKvwi e¨emvq
cÖwZôvb‡K ivóªvqË ev RvZxqKiY K‡i iv‡óªi wbqš¿‡Y Avbv nq| mvaviYZ †`‡ki wkívqb,
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó, m¤ú`mg~‡ni mylg eÈb cÖf…wZi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges KZK¸‡jv RbKj¨vYg~jK
†ÿ‡Î ivóªxq e¨emvq ¯’vcb Kiv nq| ZvQvov, †`kiÿv I wbivcËvi Rb¨ A¯¿cvwZi wbg©vY wk‡íi Ici
c~Y© wbqš¿Y ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvi Giƒc †ÿ‡Î ivóªxq e¨emvq MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
7.02 ivóªxq e¨emv‡qi •ewkó¨
Features Of State Enterpirse
†h e¨emvq cÖwZôvbmg~n iv‡óªi gvwjKvbvq _v‡K Ges †`‡ki miKv‡ii Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq †m
e¨emvq cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K ivóªxq e¨emvq e‡j| ivóªxq e¨emv‡qi gvwjKvbv _v‡K iv‡óªi nv‡Z| †mB
wn‡m‡e mvaviY e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb e¨emv‡qi †P‡q G ai‡bi msMV‡bi wKQz evowZ •ewkó¨ _v‡K|
wb‡gœ †m¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv−
• MVb cÖYvjx (Mode of fromation): ivóªxq e¨emvq g~jZ miKvwi wbqg-Kvbyb cvjb K‡i
miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ nq| ivóªcwZi we‡kl Av‡`‡k ev †`‡ki AvBbmfvi we‡kl AvBbe‡j
A_ev †emiKvwi e¨emvq RvZxqKiY Kivi gva¨‡g ivóªxq e¨emvq msMwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
• gvwjKvbv (Ownership): ivóªxq e¨emv‡qi gvwjK n‡jv miKvi ev RbMY| Gi mKj m¤ú`
iv‡óªi Ges Gi Kg©Pvixiv cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e iv‡óªi Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| Aek¨ Giƒc
e¨emvq miKvwi I †emiKvwi †h․_ gvwjKvbvq cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i|
• g~jab (Capital): miKvi Giƒc e¨emv‡qi gvwjK nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡KB Gi cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi
ms¯’vb Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ miKvi wbR¯^ †KvlvMvi †_‡K A_ev cÖ‡qvR‡b †`wk-we‡`wk wewfbœ Drm †_‡K
FY msMÖn K‡i Gi g~jab msMÖn K‡i|
• D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives): ivóªxq msMV‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b bq| ZviciI wewfbœ
Kvh©K jv‡ci gva¨‡g G e¨emvq gybvdv AR©b K‡i _v‡K| G gybvdv miKvwi †KvlvMv‡i Rgv
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• AvBbMZ gh©v`v (Legal status): ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb e¨emvq K…wÎg I ¯^Zš¿ mËvi AwaKvix|
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we‡kl AvBb Øviv MwVZ e‡j Gi GKwU c„_K AvBbMZ gh©v`v i‡q‡Q|
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• RbKj¨vb mvab (Public Welfare): gybvdv e„w× †Kv‡bv ivóªxq e¨emv‡qi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ bq|
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Rb‡mev I RbKj¨vYB Gi g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨| we‡kl we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji Rb¨ ivóªxq e¨emvq MwVZ nq
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• ¯^vqËkvmb (Autonomy): ivóªxq e¨emvq msMVb K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix| d‡j G e¨emvq
wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix| we‡kl AvBb ev Aa¨v‡`k e‡j ivóªxq e¨emv‡qi Aemvb NUv‡bv hvq|
• MY-•KwdqZ (Public accountability): G e¨emv‡qi mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ RvZxq msm‡`
miKvi‡K Revew`wnZv Ki‡Z nq|
Kg©cÎ-1
aviYv I •ewkó¨ we‡kølY K‡i evsjv‡`‡k G e¨emv‡qi †h․w³KZv wPwýZ Ki|
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7.03 ivóªxq e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨
Objectives of State Enterprise
mgvRZvwš¿ K A_© e¨e¯’ v q ivóª x q Kviev‡ii cÖ P jb †ewk| abZvwš¿ K A_© e¨e¯’ v q ivóª x q
e¨emvq cÖ v q †ÿ‡ÎB e¨_© nq| ivóª x q e¨emvq D‡Ïk¨MZ w`K †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ e¨emv‡qi †P‡q
wfbœ | Ab¨vb¨ cÖ w Zôv‡bi g‡Zv ivóª x q e¨emv‡qi cÖ a vb D‡Ïk¨ gy b vdv AR© b bq| we‡kl wKQz
D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Í e vq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ G e¨emvq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|
• RbKj¨vY (Public Welfare): RbKj¨vY‡K cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e `uvo Kwi‡q ivóªxq
e¨emvq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| e¨emvwqK Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g gybvdv AwR©Z n‡jI †m gybvdv
Avevi RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡YB LiP Kiv nq|
• wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv iÿv (Maintenance of Secrecy & Security): we‡kl wKQz
Lv‡Zi †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv LyeB Riæwi| †hgb-cÖwZiÿv LvZ, †bvU Bmy¨ BZ¨vw`| Avi
wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv iÿvi wbwi‡L H ai‡bi LvZ¸‡jv miKvwi gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ nq|
• GK‡PwUqv e¨emvq †iva (Prevention of monopoly business): GK‡PwUqv e¨emvq
cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g e¨w³ gvwjKMY hv‡Z mgv‡R Aïf cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z bv cv‡ib ev
†¯^”QvPvix nIqvi my‡hvM bv cvb Zv †iv‡ai D‡Ï‡k¨I A‡bK mgq e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb
cÖwZôv‡bi cvkvcvwk ivóªxq e¨emvq M‡o †Zvjv nq|
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• `ªæZ wkívqb (Rapid industrialisation): `ªæZ wkívq‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM, cyuwR I SzuwK
MÖn‡Yi gvbwmKZv D‡`¨v³v‡`i gv‡S _vK‡Z nq| A_P Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni e¨emvqx‡`i
gv‡S Gi Afve _vKvq wkívqb e¨vnZ nq| ZvB miKvi mivmwi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i †`‡k `ªæZ
wkívq‡bi Rb¨ Giƒc e¨emvq cÖwZôv K‡i|
• Avg`vwb I ißvwb wbqš¿Y (Control of import and export): †`‡ki Avg`vwb I
ißvwbi Dci Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y eRvq ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨I wKQz wKQz evwYwR¨K miKvwi gvwjKvbvq MVb
I cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| Avgv‡`i †`‡k wU.wm.we. Giƒc cÖwZôv‡bi GKwU D`vniY|
• RvZxq Avq e„w× (Increasing national income): miKvwi gvwjKvbvq wkí-evwYR¨
cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡j cyuwRMZ myweavi Kvi‡Y Gi `ªæZ Dbœqb N‡U| Z`ycwi Giƒc cÖwZôv‡bi Ki
ev ivR¯^ duvwK †`qvi cÖeYZv bv _vKvq mn‡RB RvZxq Avq e„w× cvq|
• fvix I †g․wjK wkí cÖwZôv (Establishing basic and heavy industries ): g~jab
ms¯’v‡bi mxgve×Zv, AwaK SuywK Ges g~jab cÖZ¨veZ©‡b ev gybvdv cÖvw߇Z wej‡¤^i Kvi‡Y
e¨w³gvwjKMY AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB †g․wjK I fvix wk‡í wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z Pvb bv| A_P wk‡íi
eywbqv` m„wói j‡ÿ¨ Giƒc Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM GKvšÍ Acwinvh©| ZvB Gai‡bi wkí cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨I
ivóªxq e¨emvq MVb Kiv nq|
• ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †flR I ÿwZKviK cY¨ wbqš¿Y (Control of essential drug, herbal and
harmful products): ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †flR I ÿwZKviK c‡Y¨i Drcv`b I e›Ub †emiKvwi
Lv‡Z Ac©Y Ki‡j Zvi Ace¨env‡ii m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| †hgb-Rxeb iÿvKvix Ilya, Avwdg,
g` BZ¨vw`| ZvB hv‡Z Gme c‡Y¨i Ab¨vq Drcv`b I eÈb n‡Z bv cv‡i Z¾b¨ ivóªxq
gvwjKvbvq Giƒc c‡Y¨i e¨emvq Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, ivóªxqKiYK…Z A_ev ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ †h mKj wkí ev evwYwR¨K
cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjKvbv, cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e miKvwi AvIZvax‡b _v‡K Zv‡K
ivóªxq e¨emvq e‡j| gybvdv AR©b G e¨emv‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ bq; g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv RbKj¨vY|
7.04 ivóªxq e¨emv‡qi myweav
Advantages of State Enterprise
ivóªxq e¨emvq g~jZ miKvwi wbqg-Kvbyb cvjb K‡i miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ nq ivóªcwZi we‡kl
Av‡`‡k ev †`‡ki AvBbmfvi we‡kl AvBbe‡j A_ev †emiKvwi e¨emvq RvZxqKiY Kivi
gva¨‡g ivóªxq e¨emvq msMwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
wb‡gœ G e¨emv‡qi myweav Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
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†K›`ªxf~Z nIqvi cÖeYZv eÜ K‡i Ges RbM‡Yi fv‡M¨bœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ m¤ú‡`i mylg eÈb wbwðZ
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2. RbKj¨vY mvab (Public welfare): Giƒc e¨emvq RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨B g~jZ MwVZ I
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cwiPvwjZ nq| RbKj¨vYgyLx wewfbœ LvZ; †hgb-Iqvmv, †ijI‡q, WvK I Zvi BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv
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cwieZ©b N‡U| G Qvov miKvi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_I Gi bxwZ‡Z A‡bK cwieZ© b nq| Avi
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cÖwZwôZ nq weavq msm‡` Gi Kvh©µg wb‡q †LvjvLywj Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| G Qvov gš¿Yvj‡qi
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Aaxb miKvwi wefvMxq msMV‡bi KvR wb‡qI mivmwi Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM _v‡K| d‡j e¨emvq
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1998 mv‡j GKwU Aa¨v‡`‡ki gva¨‡g GwU‡K cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡Z iƒcvšÍ i Kiv
nq| MÖ v nK‡`i AviI Dbœ Z †mev cÖ ` vb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ 2004 mv‡j Ò†UwjUKÓ bv‡gi Avjv`v
GKwU †Kv¤úvwb †Lv‡j †hwU eZ© g v‡b †gvevBj †mev cÖ ` vb Ki‡Q| †UwjUK n‡”Q †`‡ki
GKgvÎ cvewjK †gvevBj Acv‡iUi| 2012 mv‡j †UwjUK 3G cÖ h y w ³ hy ³ K‡i †gvevBj
†ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cwieZ© b mvab K‡i| G cÖ h y w ³i Kj¨v‡Y eZ© g v‡b †gvevBj MÖ v nKiv K_v ejvi
mv‡_ mv‡_ hvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Q Zvi QweI †`L‡Z cvi‡Q| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ †Uwjwfkb
P¨v‡b‡ji Aby ô vbI †`L‡Z cv‡”Q| Av‡iv bZz b bZz b cÖ h y w ³ hy ³ Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k Zvi I
†Uwj‡dvb †evW© cÖ w ZwbqZ KvR Ki‡Q|
evsjv‡`k moK cwienb ms¯’v (BRTC):
evsjv‡`k moK cwienb ms¯’v (weAviwUwm) GKwU ivóªvqË cwienb ms¯’v| GwU 1961 mv‡ji 4 †deªæqvwi
1961 mv‡ji 7bs miKvwi Aa¨v‡`k Gi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ nq| 1971 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZvi ci GwU eZ©gvb bvg
avib K‡i|
weAviwUwm †hvMv‡hvM gš¿bvj‡qi GKwU Avav ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb| GwUi MfwY© sewWi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q †hvMv‡hvM gš¿x, †hvMv‡hvM mwPe, cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPvjK Ges Ab¨vb¨ Awdmvi hv‡`i Øviv miKvi
KZ…©K GKRb †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
weAviwUwm hvÎx‡mev Ges cY¨ cwienb †mev `y‡UvB cÖ`vb K‡i| weAviwUwm wZbwU AvšÍR©vwZK evmiæU
i‡q‡Q; G¸‡jv n‡”Q XvKv-KjKvZv, XvKv-AvMiZjv I XvKv-wkwj¸wo| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ GwU PUªMÖvg,
e¸ov, Kzwgjøv, cvebv, iscyi, ewikvj, wm‡jU, XvKv evm wW‡cv †_‡K AvšÍt‡Rjv evm †mev w`‡q _v‡K|
eZ©gv‡b XvKvi hvbhU wbim‡b weAviwUwm ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| cÖwZwbqZ weAviwUwmi en‡i
bZyb bZzb evm †hvM n‡”Q| Rvbyqvwi 2012 mvj ch©šÍ weAviwUwmi †gvU ev‡mi msL¨v wQj 1116wU|
cieZ©x‡Z 2012 mv‡j Av‡iv wKQy †`vZvjv evm Avg`vwb Kiv nq| weAviwUwmi me‡P‡q AvaywbK
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ZvQvov wewfbœ `~‡h©v‡Mi mgq Îvb cwien‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 171 wU UªvK weAviwUwm
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evm I UªvK †mev QvovI weAviwUwm PvjK‡`i‡K cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡i _v‡K| GwUi cÖavb PvjK
cÖwkÿY †K›`ª Aew¯’Z MvwRcy‡ii Rq‡`ecyi| GQvovI XvKv, PUªMÖvg, e¸ov, Lyjbv, wSbvB`v‡nI
cÖwkÿY †K›`ª Ges mvwf©wms †m›Uvi i‡q‡Q| weAviwUwmi cÖavb IqvK©kc XvKvi †ZRMuvI G Aew¯’Z|
evsjv‡`k wPwb I Lv`¨ wkí ms¯’v
Bangladesh Sugar and food Industry Corporation
evsjv‡`k wPwb I Lv`¨ wkí ms¯’v (BSFIC) GKK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z nq c‡njv RyjvB
1976 mv‡j| GwU 1972 mv‡ji 26 gvP© ivóªcwZi Aa¨v‡`k 1972 Gi 26 bs AW©v‡ii wfwˇZ
`ywU cÖwZôvb h_v evsjv‡`k wPwbKj wgj K‡c©v‡ikb (BSMC) Ges evsjv‡`k Lv`¨ Ges mnvqK
wkí K‡c©v‡ikb (BFAIC) GwKf~Z n‡q cÖwZwôZ nq| evsjv‡`k wPwb I Lv`¨ wkí ms¯’v Lv`¨
gš¿bvj‡qi GKwU cÖwZôvb| GwUi mvaviY cÖkvmwbK Kvh©vewj Ò†evW© Ae wW‡i±imÓ Gi gva¨‡g
cwiPvwjZ nq| Ò†evW© Ae wW‡i±imÓ G _v‡K GKRb †Pqvig¨vb Ges 5 Rb cwiPvjK hvi g‡a¨
_v‡K GKRb A_©vqb, GKRb wecYb, GKRb Drcv`b I cÖ‡K․kjx, GKRb cwiKíbv I Dbœqb
Ges GKRb AvL Dbœqb I M‡elYv|
jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ (Goal & Objective)
• wewfbœ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g DbœZgv‡bi wPwb Drcv`b Kiv|
• wPwbKj¸‡jvi mÿgZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wPwbi Drcv`b e„w× K‡i •e‡`wkK g~`vª iÿv Kiv|
• `ÿ wecY‡bi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq evRv‡i wPwbi `vg w¯’wZkxj ivLv|
• wPwb‡Z AvZ¥-wbf©ikxjZv AR©b Kivi j‡ÿ¨ eZ©gvb wPwbKj¸‡jvi Drcv`b e„w× Kiv Ges bZzb
wPwbKj ¯’vcb Kiv|
evsjv‡`k wPwb I wkí ms¯’vi Aax‡b wPwbKj ¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
µwgK cÖwZôv‡bi bvg Ae¯’vb
1 cÂMo wPwbKj wj. cÂMo
2 †LZveMÄ wPwbKj wj. †LZveMÄ, w`bvRcyi
3 VvKziMuv wPwbKj wj. VvKziMuv
4 k¨vgcyi wPwbKj wj. k¨vgcyi, iscyi
5 RqcyinvU wPwbKj wj. RqcyinvU
6 bv‡Uvi wPwbKj wj. bv‡Uvi
7 DËie½ wPwbKj wj. †Mvcvjcyi, bv‡Uvi
8 ivRkvnx wPwbKj wj. ivRkvnx
9 Kzwóqv wPwbKj wj. Kzwóqv
10 †gveviKMÄ wPwbKj wj. wSbvB`n
11 †Kiæ GÛ †Kv¤úvwb wj. `k©bv, PzqvWv½v
12 dwi`cyi wPwbKj wj. gayLvwj, dwi`cyi
13 cvebv wPwbKj wj. cvebv
14 wSj-evsjv wPwbKj wj. †`IqvbMÄ, Rvgvjcyi
15 iscyi wPwbKj wj. gwngvMÄ, MvBevÜv
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Iqvmv
Wasa-Water and Swearage Authority
Kivi e¨e¯’v K‡i _v‡K| Gme Kv‡Ri Rb¨ XvKvq Gi †K›`ªxq `ßi cÖwZwôZ n‡jI K·evRvi,
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Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ch©Ub ¯úU¸‡jv n‡jv K·evRvi, KzqvKvUv, my›`ieb, Rvdjs, ivOvgvwU,
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evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b wZb ai‡bi †ijc_ Pvjy Av‡Q| c_¸‡jv n‡”Q-wgUvi‡MR †ijc_, eªW‡MR †ijc_
I Wz‡qj‡MR †ijc_| hgybv b`xi c~e©vs‡k wgUvi‡MR I Wz‡qj‡MR Ges cwðgvs‡k eªW‡MR †ijc_
Pvjy Av‡Q| hgybv †mZz Pvjyi c~‡e© †ijc‡_i •`N©¨ wQj 2768 wK.wg.| eZ©gv‡b †ijc‡_i •`N©¨ 2855
wK.wg. Ges cÖvq 34,168 Rb Kg©iZ Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 660 wK.wg. eªW‡MR (†ewkifvM cwðgvÂj),
1830 wK.wg. wgUvi‡MR (†ewkifvM †K›`ªxq Ges c~ev©Â‡j Aew¯’Z) Ges 365 wK.wg. Wz‡qj †MR|
1998 mv‡j hgybv †mZz Pvjy nIqvi ci c~‡e© wew”Qbœ c~e©-cwðg A‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nq|
DbœZ †mev cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ †ijc_‡K `ywU A‡j fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q-c~e©vÂj Ges cwðg AÂj|
`ywU A‡j `yRb e¨e¯’vcK _v‡Kb whwb gnvcwiPvj‡Ki wbKU `vqe× _v‡Kb| cÖ‡Z¨K A‡j `y wU
IqvK©mc Av‡Q; GKwU cvnvoZjx Ges Ab¨wU •mq`cy‡i Aew¯’Z| †ijI‡qi wbR¯^ cÖwkÿ‡YiI
e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q wewfbœ †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨
mvUj †Uªb †mev †_‡K ïiæ K‡i hvÎx †mev Ges cY¨ cwien‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i _v‡K| GZ †mev
cÖ`vb Kivi c‡iI †ij GL‡bv jvfRbK cÖwZôv‡b iƒcvšÍi n‡Z cv‡i bvB| GL‡bv miKvi‡K G
Lv‡Z fZ©~Kx w`‡Z nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki †ijc_ eûwea mgm¨vq RR©wiZ| evsjv‡`k
†ijI‡qi cÖavb mgm¨v¸‡jv n‡jv; µzwUc~Y© e¨e¯’vcbv, µzwUc~Y© ms‡KZ c×wZ, BwÄb I ewMi
AcÖZyjZv, BwÄb WªvBfvi msKU, IqvMb ¯^íZv, `yN©Ubv, †ijI‡q w¯øcvi, †ijI‡q cv_‡ii
Ach©vßZv, `yb©xwZ BZ¨vw`|
Z‡e Avkvi K_v eZ©gv‡b miKvi G Lv‡Z we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| wKQz wKQz †ijc_ †h¸‡jv eÜ
wQj Zv ms¯‥v‡ii e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q| bZzb jvBb ¯’vc‡bi c`‡ÿc wb‡q‡Q| m¤úªwZ fviZ †_‡K bZzb
†KvP Avg`vwb K‡i‡Q Ges RvBKvi mv‡_ †g‡Uªv †i‡ji Pzw³ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv m¤úvw`Z n‡j evsjv‡`k
†ijI‡q Zvi mgm¨v A‡bKvs‡k mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
n‡q bZz b e¨emvq cÖ w Zôvb MVb I G‡Z cÖ ‡ qvRbxq msL¨K †jvK wb‡qvM K‡i AwaK
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duvwK †`qvi cÖeYZvq †fv‡M| hv ivóªxq e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î N‡U bv| GQvov G e¨emvq fvimvg¨nxb
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• †`‡ki wkí-evwY‡R¨i Dci miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y _vKv DwPZ| †`‡ki Avg`vwb-ißvwbi
DciI miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y _vKv Avek¨K| ivóªxqfv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨vsK, exgv BZ¨vw`
cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i miKvi †`‡ki A_© e¨e¯’v wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• ivóªxq e¨emvq e„n`vqZb cÖK…wZ‡Z M‡o DVvq Ges Avi Avw_©K mvg_©¨ fv‡jv _vKvq G‡ÿ‡Î
M‡elYv I Dbœq‡bi my‡hvM †ewk _v‡K| DbœZ cÖhyw³i e¨envi K‡i G e¨emvq mn‡RB Dbœqb
wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• Giƒc e¨emvq RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨B g~jZ MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| RbKj¨vYgyLx wewfbœ LvZ;
†hgb-Iqvmv, †ijI‡q, WvK I Zvi BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv wewfbœ cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Avgv‡`i †`‡k
G e¨emvq RbM‡Yi A‡kl DcKvi mvab K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dc‡iv³ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k ivóªxq gvwjKvbvq G e¨emvq
cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi h_v_Zv i‡q‡Q|
mgvRZvwš¿K A_© e¨e¯’vq ivóªxq Kviev‡ii cÖPjb †ewk| abZvwš¿K A_© e¨e¯’vq ivóªxq e¨emvq cÖvq
†ÿ‡ÎB e¨_© nq| Zvi c‡iI ivóªxq e¨emvq †`‡ki wkívqb I A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb, Kg©ms¯’vb
,m¤ú`mg~‡ni mبenvi I mylg e›U‡bi †ÿ‡Î Awcwimxg Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| ivóªxq e¨emvq wb‡¤œv³fv‡e
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|
Abyhvqx g~jab wewb‡qvM †emiKvwi cÿ enb K‡i Ges †mev mieiv‡ni e¨q m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK miKvi
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cÖ`vb K‡i g~jab fZ©~Kx wnmv‡e| Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î miKvi gybvdv RvZxq fZ©yKx cÖ`vb K‡i mvnvh¨ K‡i
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_v‡K| gybvdv RvZxq fZ©yKx ej‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó mgq Ki myweav cÖ`vb Kiv nq| miKvi 2021 mv‡ji
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G jÿ AR©‡bi Rb¨ miKvi kw³ Drcv`b, R¡vjvwb, e›`i, †hvMv‡hvM, Lvevi cvwb, eR© e¨e¯’vcbv,
wkÿv I ¯^v¯’¨ †ÿ‡Î wewb‡qvMKvix LyuR‡Q| KviY G cÖKí¸‡jv AZ¨waK e¨qeûj| G¸‡jv miKv‡ii
GKvi c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| ZvB miKvwi-†emiKvwiwfwËK (PPP) e¨emvq cÖ‡qvRb|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:
1| RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwôZ e¨emvq msMV‡bi bvg Kx?
K. †Kv¤úvwb L. mgevq mwgwZ
M. ivóªxq e¨emvq N. †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M e¨emvq
2| ivóªxq e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g †kÖwY •elg¨ `yixf~Z n‡Z cv‡i−
i. m¤ú‡`i mylg e›Ub K‡i
ii. A‡ji mylg Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g
iii. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i,ii I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q `xN©w`b a‡i †jvKmvb w`‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| G K_v ïbvi ci Rxe‡bi g‡b cÖkœ
Rv‡M †jvKmvb n‡j G e¨emvq cwiPvjbv Kivi `iKvi Kx? G e¨cv‡i †m Zvi eo fvB‡K cÖkœ Ki‡j
†m e‡j G e¨emvq †jvKmvb Ki‡jI mvaviY RbM‡Yi A‡bK Kj¨vY K‡i|
3| evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q †Kvb ai‡bi msMVb?
K. GKgvwjKvbv L. ivóªxq
M. Askx`vwi N. †h․_ g~jabx
4| †jvKmvb n‡jI G e¨emvq RbKj¨vY K‡i−
i. m¤ú‡`i mylg e›Ub K‡i
ii. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i
iii. RbM‡Yi Ki e„w× K‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
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m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| kvnvbv ev‡m K‡i DËiv †_‡K gwZwSj hv‡”Q| nVvr K‡i †m jÿ¨ Kij ev‡mi g‡a¨ †jLv
ÒGwU Avcbvi m¤ú`, ZvB GwU iÿYv‡eÿ‡bi `vwqZ¡I AvcbviÓ| kvnvbv AevK n‡q
fve‡Z jvM‡jv GwU µ‡qi Rb¨ †Zv †m †Kv‡bv UvKv †`qwb, Zvn‡j GwU Zvi m¤ú` n‡jv
wKfv‡e? Avi GwUi iÿYv‡eÿbI †m wKfv‡e Ki‡e?
K. evsjv‡`k ch©Ub K‡c©v‡ikb KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?
L. miKvwi †emiKvwi Askx`vixZ¡ wfwËK e¨emvq ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ evmwU †Kvb ai‡bi e¨emvq msMV‡bi AšÍf©y³? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÒGwU Avcbvi m¤ú` GwU iÿYv‡eÿ‡bi `vwqZ¡I AvcbviÓ−evm KZ…©c‡ÿi G Dw³i mv‡_
Zywg Kx GKgZ? K_vwUi Zvrch© we‡kølY Ki|
2| e¨emvq-evwYR¨ mvaviYfv‡e miKvwi I †emiKvwi gvwjKvbvi wbqš¿bvax‡b cwiPvwjZ n‡q
_v‡K| wKšÍy RbM‡Yi Kj¨vYmvab I ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ KwZcq †ÿ‡Î †`‡ki miKvi‡K
e¨emvqx Kvh©Kjv‡c RwoZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| Gme e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k
moK cwienb ms¯’v, evsjv‡`k Zvi I †Uwj‡dvb †evW©, evsjv‡`k ch©Ub K‡cv©‡ikb, evsjv‡`k
†ijI‡q BZ¨vw`| GQvovI †`‡ki Dbœqb I AMÖMwZi j‡ÿ wKQz wKQz e¨emvq i‡q‡Q hv miKvix
Ges †emiKvix gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|
e¨emvwqK cÖ‡qvR‡b iwPZ AvBb‡KB GK K_vq e¨emvq AvBb e‡j| e¨emvq nj cY¨ Drcv`bI e›Ub
mswkøó Kvh©vewji mgwó| cY¨ Drcv`b Ges Drcvw`Z cY¨ I †mev mvgMÖx cÖK…Z †fvMKvixi wbKU †c․uQv‡bv
ch©šÍ bvbvwea cÖZ¨ÿ I mn‡hvMx Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| eZ©gvb RwUj e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i
RM‡Z G mKj Kvh©vewji mwVK cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ mywbw`ó AvBb AZ¨vek¨K| ZvB AvB‡bi †h
Ask Giƒc cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ M„nxZ nq Zv‡K e¨emvwqK AvBb bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
cÖhyw³MZ mgm¨v mgvavb K‡i| †c‡U›U †K ejv nq eyw×e„wËK m¤úwË (Intelectual Property)|
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evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b we`¨gvb †c‡U›U AvBb n‡jv 1911 mv‡ji †c‡U›U G¨vÛ wWRvBb G¨v± (P & A)
Ges †c‡U›U G¨vÛ wWRvBb iæjm| GKwU D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ †c‡U›U G wb‡gœv³ •ewk󨸇jv _vKv DwPr|
i. D™¢veb Aek¨B Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ n‡Z n‡e|
ii. D™¢ve‡bi aib Aek¨B Awfbe ev Ac~e© wew`Z n‡Z n‡e|
iii. GwU Aek¨B D™¢veb †K․kjZvi dj n‡Z n‡e|
iv. GwUi Aek¨B Dc‡hvwMZv (Utility) _vK‡Z n‡e|
v. GwU AvBb ev •bwZKZvwe‡ivax n‡e bv|
P&A KZ…©K †c‡U›U ïaygvÎ evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvifz³ GjvKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki
eZ©gvb †c‡U›U, TRIPS c×wZ Pzw³i mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© bq|
†UªWgvK© AvBb (Trademark Law):
†UªWgvK© n‡”Q `„wó‡MvPi cÖZxK †hwU †Kvb c‡Y¨i Mv‡q jvMv‡bv _v‡K; hvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv c‡Y¨i DrcwË
m¤ú‡K© Ab¨‡`i Rvbv‡bv ev cÖwZ‡hvMx‡`i cY¨ ev †mev‡K Avjv`v Kiv| mvavibZ †Kvb kã,
mvRm¾vi bKkv ev †j‡ej †UªWgvK© Gi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb wbw`©ó
†UªWgvK© e¨envi Ki‡j ïaygvÎ wZwbB H †UªWgvK© e¨envi Kivi AwaKvi jvf K‡ib|
evsjv‡`‡k 2009 mv‡ji †UªWgvK© AvBb cÖPwjZ| G AvB‡bi 2(23) avivq wPý (Mark) ej‡Z †evSvq
†Kvb mvRmv¾vi bKkv, eªvÛ, †j‡ewjs, wUwKU, bvg, ¯^vÿi, kã, eY©, msL¨v ev G‡`i mgwš^Z iƒc|
GB AvB‡bi 2(8) avivq †UªWgvK©‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q:
K. †Kvb e¨enviKvixi ev †Kvb wP‡ýi gvwj‡Ki AwaKvi wPwýZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h †iwRw÷ªK…Z
e¨emvwqK wPý ev †Kvb cÖZxK c‡Y¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
L. †Kvb †mevi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ cÖZxK †hwUi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv e¨enviKvix ev gvwj‡Ki AwaKvi
wPwýZ Kiv|
AvaywbK †UªWgv‡K©i 4wU KvR| h_v−
1. GwU cY¨ Ges Gi DrcwË wPwýZ K‡i| A_©vr GUv Øviv mn‡RB Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|
2. GwU ¸Y AcwieZ©bxq-Gi wbðqZv †`q|
3. GwU c‡Y¨i weÁvcb †`q|
4. GwU c‡Y¨i fveg~wZ© Zy‡j a‡i|
DËg †UªWgv‡K©i •ewkó¨
1. hw` cÖZxKwU †Kvb kã nq Zvn‡j GwU Aek¨B mn‡R D”PviY‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|
2. GwU Aek¨B mn‡R evbvb Kiv hvq A_ev cov hvq|
3. GwU eY©bvg~jK n‡e bv eis ¸‡Yi cÖ¯vÍ ebv _vK‡e|
4. GwU mswÿß n‡e|
5. GwU mn‡R `„wó‡MvPi n‡e|
6. GwU †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi mKj cÖ‡qvRbxqZv c~iY K‡i|
7. †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi †h cÖZxK¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv e¨envi bv Kiv|
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e¨envi Ki‡Q|
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• hw` †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb Zvi †UªWgvK©, Ò†UªWgvK© AvBbÓ Abyhvqx †iwR‡÷ªkb K‡i Zvn‡j Ab¨ †Kvb
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†Kv¤úvwb GUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avi †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb MÖnY Ki‡j Zvi weiæ‡× AvBbMZ
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• †UªWgvK© †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi myweav A‡bK G‡Z c‡Y¨i gv‡K©U f¨vjy A‡bK †e‡o hvq|
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†c‡U›U †iwR‡÷ªkb c×wZ: hw` †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb †c‡U›U †iwR‡÷ªkb Ki‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Zv‡K wb‡gœv³
c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq|
1. Av‡e`b (Application): †c‡U›U Gi Rb¨ †Kvb e¨w³ GKK fv‡e ev Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i mv‡_
†h․_fv‡e Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Av‡e`bwU Aek¨B wba©vwiZ d‡g© •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wba©vwiZ
wbqgKvbyb †g‡b †c‡U›U Awd‡m Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ Aek¨B Av‡e`bKvixi GKwU
†NvlYvcÎ _vK‡Z n‡e †h wZwb wb‡RB D³ welqe¯‘ D™¢vebKvix| Avi hw` †h․_ Av‡e`bKvix nq
Zvn‡j Av‡e`bKvixi g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ GKRb‡K †NvlYv Ki‡Z n‡e D™¢ve‡bi `vex mZ¨|
2. welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© cy•Lvbycy•L eY©bv/mywbw`©ó KiY (Full Description): D™¢vebxq e¯‘ m¤ú‡K©
cy•Lvbycy•L eY©bv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges D™¢ve‡bi aib Ges GwU wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡e Zv wbiæcb Ki‡Z
n‡e| mywbw`©ó KiY Avi¤¢ n‡e wk‡ivbv‡gi (Title) Gi gva¨‡g Avi mywbw`©ó KiY †kl n‡e
Avwe®‥v‡ii `vex m¤ú‡K© mZ¨ NUbv, gZvgZ wel‡q wee„wZi gva¨‡g bKkv ev A¼b, Av‡e`b M„nxZ
nIqvi Av‡M †h‡Kvb mgq Rgv †`Iqv hvh Z‡e Uªvwms †ccvi wcÖ›U Kivi c~‡e©B A¼b
(Drawing) wU Rgv †`Iqv fvj|
3. Kb‡fbk‡b we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vex (Consider in Convention): evsjv‡`k c¨vwim
Kb‡fbkb (The paris convention for the protection of industrial property of march
20, 1883) Gi GKwU m`m¨ †`k| †Kvb welq †c‡U›U †c‡Z we‡ewPZ n‡Z n‡j m`m¨ †`‡ki
g‡a¨ cÖ_‡g whwb Av‡e`b K‡i‡Qb Zvi Av‡e`‡bi GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Zv Av‡e`b Ki‡Z n‡e|
PCT Av‡e`bKvixi KvQ †_‡K we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vex Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vexi
†ÿ‡Î Aek¨B Av‡e`bKvix‡K we‡`kx †c‡U›U Gi mvwU©dvBW Kwc Aek¨B Rgv w`‡Z n‡e hvi
wfwˇZ wZwb we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vex †ck Ki‡eb|
4. Av‡e`‡bi Rb¨ cª‡qvRbxq DcKiY (Filing Requirement): †c‡U›U Gi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Kivi
mgq wb‡gœv³ DcKiY¸‡jv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e:
K. D™¢vebKvixi bvg (Av‡e`bKvix)
L. Av‡e`bKvixi wVKvbv I RvZxqZv
M. mywbw`©ó Ki‡Yi `yB Kwc Ges Uªvwms †ccv‡ii Dci WªBs (Av‡jvK wP‡Î) GK Kwc|
N. GmvBb‡g›U Gi 1 Kwc AvBbMZ `wjj (hw` _v‡K)
O. cvIqvi Ae GUwb© (dig-31)
P. we‡`kx †c‡U›U Gi mZ¨vwqZ Kwc (we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vexi †ÿ‡Î)
5. Av‡e`b MÖn‡Yi weÁvcb cÖ`vb (Advertisement on Acceptane of application):
hLb †Kvb Av‡e`b MÖnb Kiv nq ZLb wbqš¿Kvix‡K Aek¨B Av‡e`bKvix‡K †bvwUk cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
nq Ges RbM‡bi AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ WªBsmn weÁvcb w`‡Z nq|
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hw` †Kvb c‡ÿi †c‡U›U m¤ú‡K© †Kvb AvcwË _v‡K Zvn‡j Av‡e`b MÖn ‡bi weÁvcb
†`Iqvi Pvi gv‡mi g‡a¨ c¨v‡U›U Awd‡m †bvwUk w`‡Z n‡e| we‡ivaxZv Kivi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖgvb Aek¨B Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. †c‡U›U Gi ¯^ËvwaKvi cÖvwß (Getting Patent certificate): hw` †Kvb AvcwË bv Av‡m
Zvn‡j †c‡U›U KZ…©cÿ wmjmn wbeÜb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Gi Uvg©wU Gi ZvwiL n‡Z 16 eQi _v‡K
Ges c‡bi eQi ch©šÍ 4 eQi AšÍi AšÍi bevqb Ki‡Z nq|
8.05 KwcivBU Kx? KwcivBU AvB‡bi avibv
What is Copyright? Concept of Copyright Law
Bs‡iRx Copy Right kãwUi A_© †Kvb GKwU we‡kl avibvi cÖKvk ev Z_¨ e¨env‡ii
wbqš¿YKvix we‡kl wKQz AwaKv‡ii mgwó| GwU AvB‡bi avibv| mvavibZ †Kvb †`‡ki miKvi
GB avibvi ev¯Íevqb K‡i| KwcivBU ej‡Z †Kvb Kv‡Ri g~j m„wóKZ©vi †mB KvRwUi Dci
GKK, Abb¨ AwaKvi‡K †evSv‡bv nq| KwcivBU mvavibZ GKwU mxwgZ †gqv‡`i Rb¨ Kvh©Ki
nq| H †gqv‡`i ci KvRwU cvewjK †Wv‡gB‡bi AšÍM©Z n‡q hvq|
m„wókxj gvbyl `y ai‡bi m¤ú` wb‡q Rxebhvcb K‡i; cÖ_ gZ e¯‘MZ m¤ú`, RvqMv-Rwg, Mvwo-
evwo, UvKv-cqmv, e¨emvq-evwYR¨, wkí-KviLvbv BZ¨vw` I bvbv iKg cÖvZ¨wnK e¨envh© `ªe¨vw`
Ges wØZxqZ KwcivBU ev Intellectual Property Gi AvIZvq Av‡Q mvwnZ¨Kg©, bvU¨Kg©,
wkíKg©, d‡UvMÖvd, fv®‥h©K g©, m¤úªPvi Kg© BZ¨vw`|
gvby‡li e¯‘MZ m¤ú` gvwjK e¨wZZ Ab¨ †KD cÖK…Z gvwj‡Ki AbygwZ ev g~j¨ cwi‡kva Qvov †fvM ev
e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Copy Right kãwU we‡kølY Ki‡j A_© `vovq Copy Kivi AwaKvi| A_©vr
mKj ai‡bi m„wókxj Kg©B, K‡g©i kÖóv ev iPwqZvi AbygwZ Qvov Kwc Kiv, Abyev` Kiv, Dc‡hvMx
Kiv, iƒcvšÍi Kiv ev Awf‡hvRb Kiv Zv evwYwR¨K ev e¨w³MZ †h ch©v‡qB †nvK bv †Kb, Zv KwcivBU
avibv, AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb, AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³, †`kxq AvBb, •bwZKZv I BwZevPK‡ev‡ai Pig cwicš’x|
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b KwcivBU AvBb 2000 cÖPwjZ|
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†Kvb K‡g©i cÖ‡YZv, cÖKvkK ev KwcivB‡Ui ¯^Z ¡vwaKvix ev Dnv‡Z ¯^v_© Av‡Q Ggb e¨w³
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KwcivB‡Ui †iwRóv‡i Kg©w Ui weeiY AšÍf©~³ Kievi Rb¨ †iwRóv‡ii wbKU wba©vwiZ d‡g© Ges
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KwcivBU wbe܇bi Rb¨ cÖwZwU Av‡e`b dg© wZb cÖ‡¯’ Rgv w`‡Z n‡e Ges wbeÜb eB‡Z AšÍf©~³
KwcivBU weeiY cwieZ©‡bi welq wbe܇bi cÖwZwU Av‡e`b dg© wZb cÖ‡¯’ Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| GKwU
wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri wbe܇bi Rb¨ GKwU dg© c~iY K‡i Zvi mv‡_ D³ Kv‡Ri weeiwYmn wbw`©ó wd Rgv
w`‡Z n‡e| wbeÜb wewai AvIZvq Av‡e`bKvix‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b Zvi Kv‡Ri KwcivBU ¯^‡Z¡i mv‡_
¯^v_©mswkøó wbeÜb Awd‡mi mKj e¨w³i wbKU Av‡e`bc‡Îi Kwc †cÖiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
wbeÜb Awd‡mi †iwRóªvi mvavibZ Av‡e`b cÖvwßi 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri weeiYmg~n wbeÜb eB‡q
AšÍf©~³ K‡ib| Z‡e wbeÜb AvB‡bi Dc-wewa (4) Gi Aaxb wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ ‡iwRóªvi hw` H
wbe܇bi wel‡q †Kvb AvcwË cvb, A_ev hw` Av‡e`‡b ewY©Z weei‡Yi mZ¨Zv m¤ú‡K© mš‘ó n‡Z bv
cv‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb ïay Dchy³ weeiYmg~n wbeÜb eB‡Z AšÍf©~³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Avevi wbeÜb
AvB‡bi aviv 58 Abyhvqx, †iwR÷ªvi wbR D‡`¨v‡M A_ev ¯^v_©mswkøó †Kvb e¨w³i Av‡e`‡bi
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z, wbeÜb ewn‡Z ms‡kvab ev cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges ms‡kvwaZ ev cwieZ©xZ Ask
mswkøó mKj‡K AewnZ Ki‡eb|
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †h †Kvb e¨w³ wbw`©ó wd cÖ`vb K‡i †iwRóªvi Awdm n‡Z †iwRóªv‡ii Aby‡gv`‡bi
gva¨‡g wbeÜb eB‡Z iwÿZ weeiYvw`i m~wPmg~n ev Askwe‡k‡li Kwc msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, hw` Bnv Av`vj‡Zi mš‘wóg‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, aviv 82 Gi Dc-aviv (1) G ewY©Z
j•NbwU e¨emvwqK Kvh©µ‡gi avivq gybvdvi D‡Ï‡k¨ msNwUZ nq bvB, †mB †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ Qq gv‡mi
Kg †gqv‡`i Kviv`Ð Ges 1 jÿ UvKvi Kg cwigvY Rwigvbvi `Ð Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Av‡iv kZ© _v‡K †h, GB avivi D‡Ïk¨ c~iYK‡í GB AvBb cÖewZ©Z nIqvi c~‡e© cÖ`Ë †Kvb kvw¯Í‡K
Avg‡j †bqv n‡e bv|
(aviv 84) Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi jw•NZ Kwc cÖKvk, e¨envi, BZ¨vw`i Aciva:
hw` †Kvb e¨w³−
K. †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi jw•NZ Kwc Abywjwc K‡i ‡h †Kvb gva¨‡g cÖKvk, weµq ev GKvwaK
Kwc weZiY K‡ib, Zvn‡j wZwb Ab~a© Pvi ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b Qq gvm †gqv‡`i Kviv`‡Ð Ges Ab~a©
Pvi jÿ UvKv wKš‘ Ab~¨b GK jÿ UvKvi A_©`‡Ð `ÐYxq n‡eb;
L. Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb jw•NZ Kwc e¨envi K‡ib, Zvnv nB‡j wZwb Ab~aÿ© wZb ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b Qq
gvm †gqv‡`i Kviv`‡Ð A_ev Ab~aÿ© Ab~aÿ© wZb jÿ UvKv wKš‘ Ab~¨b GK jÿ UvKvi A_© `‡Ð
`wÐZ n‡eb:
Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, hw` Av`vj‡Zi mš‘wóg‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq ‡h, Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgwU e¨emvwqK ev
ewYwR¨K Kvh©µ‡gi avivq gybvdv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ jw•NZ nq bvB, Zvnv n‡j Ab~¨b wZb gvm †gqv‡`i
Kviv`‡Ð Ges Ab~¨b cuwPk nvRvi UvKvi A_©`Ð Av‡ivc Kiv hv‡e|
(aviv 85) AwaKvi j•NbKvix Abywjwc •Zwi Kievi D‡Ï‡k¨ †cøU `L‡j ivLv:
†Kvb e¨w³, whwb B”QvK…Zfv‡e KwcivBU we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q Ggb †Kvb K‡g©i AwaKvi j•NbKvix Abywjwc •Zwi
Kievi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb †cøU •Zwi K‡ib ev `L‡j iv‡Lb, ev KwcivB‡Ui gvwj‡Ki m¤§wZ e¨wZ‡i‡K
B”QvK…Zfv‡e Ges Zvnvi e¨w³MZ jv‡fi Rb¨ Hiƒc †Kvb K‡g©i Rbmvavi‡Yi m¤úv`‡bi KviY NUvb,
Zvn‡j wZwb Ab~a© `yB erm‡ii Kviv`Ð ev AbyaŸ© cÂvk nvRvi UvKv A_©`‡Ð ev Dfq `‡Ð `Ðbxq n‡eb|
8.08 wegvi aviYv
Concept of Insurance
gvbyl m„wói †miv Rxe Avevi giYkxj| ZvB gvby‡li Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU ci‡Z ci‡Z i‡q‡Q AwbðqZvi
nvZQvwb| gvby‡li mf¨Zvi weKvk cÖRb¥ †_‡K
cÖR‡b¥ avivevwnKfv‡e cÖevwnZ nq| ZvB †m c„w_ex
‡_‡K P‡j †M‡jI Zvi Kg© Avi Ae`vb †kªôZ¡
eRvq iv‡L fwel¨‡Zi c„w_exi Kv‡Q| GRb¨ †m
Zvi c„w_ex‡K evm‡hvM¨ Kivi †Póv Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|
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k~Y¨Zv‡K c~i‡Y wKQy e¨emvwqK cÖwZôvb hviv wegv cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ, Zviv KvR K‡i _v‡K wegv
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Pzw³i gva¨‡g m¤úK© •Zix K‡i| wegvKvix I wegvMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ Rxeb I m¤ú‡`i SzuwK Gov‡bvi Rb¨
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wbw`©ó cÖwZ`v‡bi wecix‡Z †h Pzw³MZ m¤úK© •Zix nq Zv‡K wegv Pzw³ e‡j|
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GK mgq mgy‡`ª PjvPjKvix bvweKiv G welq wb‡qB fve‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj| `yN©Ubv, So, R‡jv”Q¡vm ev
Ab¨‡Kvbfv‡e gvbyl AvnZ ev wbnZ n‡j ev m¤ú` webó n‡j Zvi ÿwZ c~i‡Yi †K․kj wn‡m‡eB wegvi
Avwef©ve| MÖvnK‡`i Pvwn`v I welqe¯Íy wewfbœZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi wegvi cÖPjb †`Lv hvq|
†hgb: Rxebwegv, †b․-wegv, AwMœ wegv, `yN©Ubv wegv, km¨wegv, ißvwbwegv BZ¨vw`| Gfv‡e wegv e¨w³
ev cÖwZôv‡bi m¤¢ve¨ mvwe©K AwaK ÿwZi SzuwK n‡Z gyw³ †`q|
wegv e¨e¯’vi Avw` BwZnvm Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi gZ Lye ¯^”Q bq| wegv e¨e¯’vi G‡Kev‡i †Mvovi BwZnvm
†_‡K Rvbv hvq me©cÖ_g †b․-wegv †_‡K wegvi cÖPjb ïiæ| cieZ©x‡Z AwMœwegv I Rxebwegvi cÖPjb
nq| Avevi cÖvPxbKv‡j f~-ga¨mvMixq A‡j we‡kl K‡i BZvwj‡K †K›`ª K‡i PZz`©k kZvãx‡Z
BD‡iv‡c e¨emvq evwY‡R¨i D™¢e nq Ges G‡K wN‡iB wegv e¨e¯’vi †Mvov cËb nq e‡j A‡b‡Ki
aviYv| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K wewea wegvi Kvh©Kg cwijwÿZ nq|
wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i Ges ÿwZc~iY bvI cvIqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i,ZvB ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ wek¦vm
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6. cÖwZ¯’vcb (Subrogation): wegv †Kv¤úvwb †Kvb WyešÍ Rvnv‡Ri m¤ú~Y© ÿwZc~iY cÖ`vb Ki‡j,
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H WyešÍ Rvnv‡Ri gvwjK wegv †Kv¤úvwb n‡e| wegvMÖnxZv Avi gvwjK _vK‡e bv| GUv gvwjKvbvi
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cÖwZ¯’vcb ev ¯’jvwfwl³KiY|
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7. g‡bvbqb (Nomination): Rxeb wegvq wegvK…Z e¨w³i AeZ©gv‡b †K wegv `vwe ev ¯^Z¡ MÖnY
Ki‡e, Zv Pzw³i mgq wVK Ki‡Z nq| wegvK…‡Zi AeZ©gv‡b myweav cÖvc‡Ki bvg AšÍf©y³ Kiv‡K
g‡bvbqb ejv nq| g‡bvbxZ e¨w³B wegvMÖwnZvi AeZ©gv‡b `vwe MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8. AwaKvi Ac©Y (Assignment): wegv Pzw³‡Z wegvMÖwnZv wegvc‡Îi ¯^Z¡ ev gvwjKvbv †h KvD‡K
n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Rxeb wegv I †b․-wegvq G KvRwU mnR n‡jI AwMœwegv I `yN©Ubv wegvi
†ÿ‡Î wegvKvixi AbygwZ ev c~e© kZ© Qvov AwaKvi Ac©Y Kiv hvq bv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, wegv Pzw³‡Z e¨³ ev Ae¨³ Dcv`vb ev kZ©¸‡jv G‡K mvaviY Pzw³ n‡Z c„_K mËv
w`‡q‡Q| Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Acwinvh©Zv Ggbfv‡e cÖgvwYZ †h, †Kv‡bvwUB ev` w`‡q wegv Pzw³ m¤úbœ nq bv|
Avq e„wׇZI f~wgKv iv‡L| Avgv‡`i ißvwbK…Z cY¨ †cÖi‡Y Zv †`kxq exgv †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv‡Z
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exgv Kiv nq| hvi LiP we‡`wk Avg`vwbKviK cÖ`vb K‡i| hv cY¨g~‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡q A`„k¨
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Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, exgv e¨emvq evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡ZB ïay bq e¨w³ I mvgvwRK
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wegv n‡”Q GKwU Pzw³| GB Pzw³ wegvKvix I wegvMÖwnZvi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z nq| wegv Pyw³ KZ¸‡jv
avivevwnK c`‡ÿ‡ci gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq| wb‡gœœ c`‡ÿc mg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. cÖv_wgK AvbyôvwbKZv (Primary formalities): wegvKvix cÖwZôvb wegv Pzw³ Kievi Rb¨
RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q bvbvfv‡e cÖPvi K‡ib| cÖPvi Pvjvevi Ab¨Zg Dcvq nj wegv cÖwZwbwa RbM‡Yi
N‡i N‡i wM‡q wegvi mydj eY©bv K‡i| Gi d‡j AvMÖnvwš^Z e¨w³eM© wegv Lyjevi Rb¨ m‡Pó nb|
2. cª¯Íve cÖ`vb (Making proposal): †h e¨w³ wegvcÎ Ki‡Z B”QyK Ggb e¨w³‡K me©cÖ_g
†Kv¤úvwbi Awdm n‡Z A_ev †Kvb wegv cÖwZwbwai KvQ †_‡K webv g~‡j¨ cÖ¯Ívebv cÎ (Proposal
form) msMÖn Ki‡Z ev wb‡Z nq| msM„nxZ digwU c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g wegv Awd‡m Rgv w`‡jB cÖ¯Íve
`vb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq|
3. cÖ¯vÍ ebv cÎ we‡ePbv (Consideration of Proposal): c~iY Kiv cÖ¯Ívebv cÎ wegv Awd‡m
Rgv †`Iqvi ci wegvKvix D³ cÖ¯Ívebv c‡Î wegv MÖnxZv KZ…©K †`q DËimg~n h_vh_ I wbf©~j wKbv Zv
cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i †`‡Lb| G welq¸‡jv wegvc‡Îi cÖv_wgK g~j¨ I †gqv‡`i mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`Lv nq|
Gi ci cÖ¯vÍ ewU †Kgb ai‡bi SzuwKc~Y© Zv wbY©q Kiv nq| hw` cÖ`Ë Z_¨vw` h_v_© I mZ¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ
nq Z‡eB wegvKvix SzuwK MÖnY Ki‡Z m¤§Z nq Ges cieZ©x c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i|
4. wegv cÖwZwbwa‡`i wi‡cvU© msMÖn (Collection of reports from insurance agent):
wegv cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g hw` wegvcÎ mieivn Kiv nq †m †ÿ‡Î wegv cÖwZwbwai cªwZ‡e`b †ck
Ki‡Z nq|
5. cÖ¯Íve wbe©vPb (Selection of proposal): cÖ¯vÍ eKvixi Av‡e`bcÎ, Ab¨vb¨ wi‡cvU©mg~n Ges
cÖ‡qvRbxq I msMÖn‡hvM¨ mKj KvMRcÎ wegv Awd‡m G‡m †cu․Q‡j Zv cÖwZôv‡bi we‡klÁMY
cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i cÖ¯vÍ e wbe©vPb K‡ib |
6. cÖ¯Íve MÖnY (Accceptance of proposal): cÖ¯vÍ e wbe©vP‡bi ci cÖ¯Íve MÖnY Kivi wm×všÍ
†bqv nq Ges cÖ¯Íve MÖnY Z_v ¯^xK…wZcÎ w`‡q Rvwb‡q †`qv nq|
7. wegvcÎ cÖ`vb (Issuance of insurance policy): me wKQz wVKVvK _vK‡j wegvKvix
wegvMÖnxZvi `vwe cwi‡kva K‡i †`q| DcwiD³ c`‡ÿc mg~n Rxeb wegv Pzw³ m¤úv`b cÖwµqv
avivevwnKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z nq| Pzw³ m¤úv`b cÖwµqvi ¯^v_©KZv wegvKvix I wegv MÖwnZv mZZvi
Dci wbf©i K‡i|
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wek¦ cwi‡e‡ki `ªæZ AebwZ n‡”Q, evsjv‡`‡k MZ K‡qK `k‡K G AebwZ n‡q‡Q AviI `ªæZ| evsjv‡`‡k
1995 mv‡j e¨emvq cwi‡ek AvBb cvm n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Rbwe‡ùviY, ebv‡ji Aeÿq I NvUwZ Ges wkí I
cwienb wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vi Afv‡ei `iæY †`‡ki e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek GK RwUj Ae¯’vi w`‡K †cu․Qv‡Z hv‡”Q|
ZvQvov 1997 mv‡ji cwi‡ek I eb msiÿY AvBb Abyhvqx nvmcvZvj wkÿv cÖwZôvb Ges miKvi wba©vwiZ
wKQz cÖwZôvb †_‡K 100 wgUvi ch©šÍ bxie GjvKv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ| Gme RvqMvq †gvUi Mvwoi nY© evRv‡bv ev
gvBwKs Kiv m¤ú~Y© wbwl×| Giæc RvqMvq Mvwoi nY© ev jvDW w¯úKv‡ii gva¨‡g kã `~lYKvixi K‡Vvi
kvw¯Íi weavb _vKv `iKvi| KviLvbv ev wkí ms¯’v KZ©„K ewR©Z kã Drcv`bKvix hš¿cvwZ A‡cÿv DbœZ
cÖhyw³ m¤úbœ Ges Kg kã Drcv`bKvix hš¿cvwZ w`‡q kã wbqš¿b Kiv hvq| Gme hš¿cvwZ‡K kã Acwievnx
e¯¿ w`‡q †X‡K kã `~lY Kgv‡bv hvq|
ZvQvov miKvi †`‡ki cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yj j‡ÿ¨, cwi‡ek msiÿY †kÖwY wej 2002 Ges cwi‡ek
Av`vjZ (ms‡Kvjb) wej 2002 bv‡g `ywU AvBb cvm K‡i‡Q|
Avgv‡`i cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Ab¨Zg m¤¢vi n‡jv evqy| †mB evqy AvR `~w lZ n‡”Q wek¦Ry‡o| evqy
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cywo‡q Kve©b -WvB A·vBW evZv‡m Qwo‡q †`Iqv †K¬v‡ivd¬z ‡ivwg‡_b, bvBUªvm A·vBW, Av‡jvK
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wewfbœ A·vBW evZv‡mi Rjxq ev‡®úi m‡½ wg‡k •Zwi K‡i mvjdvi Ges bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi A¤ø| GB A¤ø
c‡i wb‡P †b‡g G‡m cvwb I gvwUi m‡½ wg‡k hvq| GiB bvg ÔGwmW †iBbÕ A¤ø el©Y|
evqy `~l‡Yi Dr‡mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q B‡Ui fvUv, mvi Kvi Lvbv, wPwb, KvMR, cvU I e¯¿ KviLvbv, myZvKj,
Pvgov wkí, †cvkvK wkí, we¯‥zU •Zwii KviLvbv, ivmvqwbK Jla •Zwi wkí, wm‡g›U Drcv`b, wMÖj I
`iRv-Rvbvjv, ivmvqwbK Jla •Zwi wkí, wm‡g›U Drcv`b, IqvK© kc BZ¨vw`| Drm †_‡K cÖ Pzi
cwigv‡Y †avqv, ev®ú, M¨vm I aywjKYv BZ¨vw` evZv‡m wg‡k †auvqv m„wó K‡i| d‡j cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq|
evqy `~l‡bi d‡j k¦vmKô, nvcvwb, `xN©¯’vqx dzmdzm K¨vÝvi GRvZxq `yl‡Yi dj|
eZ©gv‡b wkí I †c․i eR©¨ b`x I Rjvkq‡K `ywlZ K‡i‡Q| cwi‡ek Awa`ßi D‡jøL K‡i‡Q †h
PÆMÖv‡g wUGmwc mvi KviLvbv †_‡K mvjwdDwiK I dmdwiK GwmW Ges P›`ª‡Nvbvi KY©dzwj KvM‡Ri
wgj, wm‡jU KvMR wgj, `k©bvi †Kiy A¨vÛ †Kv¤úvwb, Lyjbvi wkcBqvW©I gvQ cÖwµqvKiY KviLvbv,
XvKvi Awjw¤úK I Kv‡`wiqv †U·UvBj wgjm jÿ jÿ †Mjb Zij eR©¨ cvk¦eZx© b`x I Rjvk‡q
wb‡ÿc K‡i cvwb `~lY NUv‡”Q| b`xi Zx‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q mg„× Rbc` kni cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q AvaywbK
PUKj, KvcoKj, wPwbKj, KvM‡Ri Kj, †flR †Zj BZ¨vw`| GB me KjKviLvbvi AveR©bv
cÖwZwbqZ cvwb `ywlZ Ki‡Q|
`ªæZ wkívqb wewfbœ †`‡ki cvwb mieiv‡ni Ges AveR©bv wb‡ÿ‡ci mgm¨v‡K µgk RwUj K‡i
Zzj‡Q| Dbœqbkxj I DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z †`Lv w`‡”Q M„nKv‡h© e¨eüZ †bvsiv cvwb‡K †kvab K‡i cybivq
Zv e¨envi †hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv| wKš‘ cÖwikÖyZKiY e¨e¯’vq mvgvb¨ Zg ÎæwU _vK‡j G
†_‡K jÿ jÿ gvby‡li g‡a¨ ¸iæZi iK‡gi msµgY NU‡Z cv‡i|
8.13 AvBGmI
ISO
AvBGmI (ISO) Gi c~Y© A_© n‡”Q International Organization for Standardization
(AvšÍR©vwZK gvb Dbœqb ms¯’v)| GwU
we‡k¦i gvb Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
GwU GKwU ¯^vaxb, †emiKvix cÖwZôvb
†hwU cÖvq 162 †`‡ki RvZxq gvb Dbœqb
KwgwU (National Standard
bodies) Øviv MwVZ| GwU 1947
mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m cÖwZwôZ nq|
GwUi m`i `ßi †R‡bfv, myBRvij¨v‡Û
Aew¯’Z| eZ©gv‡b GB cÖwZôv‡bi m`m¨ 162wU †`k Ges cÖvq 3368 KvwiMix †evW© (Technical
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e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©`ÿZv e„w× K‡i| ISO Gi Kvi‡Y we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k c‡Y¨i ¸Yv¸b m¤ú‡K©
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wbwðZ nq, hvi Kvi‡b AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨i †h evav Av‡Q Zv `~i nq| ISO me©‡ÿ‡ÎB AvšÍR©vwZK
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gvb eRvq ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| Lv`¨ wbivcËv †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi, K…wl †_‡K ¯^v¯’¨‡mev ISO
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ZvQvov A`¨ewa G cÖwZôvbwU †`wkq Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i gvb wbqš¿Y I cixÿvKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKvI †i‡L P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k GwUB GKgvÎ gvb wbaviYx cÖwZôvb| GB cÖwZôvb †`‡k Drcvw`Z
†h †Kv‡bv cY¨, c×wZ ev †mevi gvb wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| 1989 mv‡j Special Regulatory
Order Gi AvIZvq miKvwi Aby‡gv`‡bi ci †Kv‡bv c‡Y¨i Rb¨ BSTI Gi Aby‡gv`b I c‡Y¨
BSTI mxj cÖ`vb‡K eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq|
wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î RvZxq gvb wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î we.Gm.wU.AvB G ch©šÍ 6wU wWwfkbvj KvDwÝj MVb
K‡i‡Q| G ¸‡jv n‡jv−
1. K…wl I Lv`¨;
2. †KwgK¨vjm
3. B‡jKUªwb·
4. cvU I e¯¿
5. wewìs I wewìs miÄvgvw`
Dc‡iv³ 6wU wWwfkb Avevi 70wU †mKkbvj KwgwU MVb K‡i wZb gvm ci ci ev cÖ‡qvRb n‡j cÖwZ
gv‡m mfv K‡i Ges wewfbœ gvb •Zwi K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDkb Gi D‡Ïk¨
Objectives of Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution
evsjv‡`‡k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDU Gi D‡Ïk¨mg~n wb‡¤œ †`Iqv nj−
1. cY¨-`ªe¨ I cÖwµqvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ wba©vwiZ gvb •Zwi Kiv|
2. RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q G mKj gv‡bi e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv|
3. wkí I evwY‡R¨ cÖwgZKiY I gvb wbqš¿‡Yi DbœwZ mvab Kiv|
4. c‡Y¨i gvb Dbœq‡b Drcv`K I e¨enviKvix‡`i cÖ‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv|
5. cY¨-`ªe¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Y cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbwPý (Brand) wbe܇bi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
2. c‡Y¨i •`N©¨, IRb, cwigvY BZ¨vw` wel‡qi gvb wVK Kiv Ges miKv‡ii Kv‡Q G wel‡q
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4. cY¨, cb¨ Drcv`b cÖwµqv Ges Kvh©µg cwi`k©b, cixÿY BZ¨vw` e¨e¯’vKiY|
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5. ¯’vbxq †fv³v, Avg`vwbKviK ev ißvwbKviK‡`i Rb¨ cY¨, KuvPvgvj Ges †mevi gvb m¤ú‡K©
mb`cÎ cÖ`vb|
6. KuvPvgvj, cY¨, Kvh©vewji gvb Ges Kvh©cÖwµqvi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Drcv`K I †fv³v‡`i g‡a¨
m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb NUv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Kiv, hv‡Z Drcv`‡bi cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi AcPq n«vm cvq|
7. evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvW© †¯úwmwd‡KkÝ (Bangladesh Standard Specifications) KZ…©K
wba©vwiZ cY¨ ev Kvh©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© wba©vwiZ cš’vmg~‡ni ev¯Íevqb Ges cÖPvi|
8. evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Ab¨‡Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb KZ…©K wba©vwiZ ev AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v KZ…©K wba©viZ
cY¨ gvb cixÿvKiY, MÖnY Ges cwiwPwZKiY|
9. G‡`kxq c‡Y¨i gvb wb‡`©k K‡i Ggb c‡Y¨i Dci gvb wPý (Standard Mark) cÖ`vb| G
gvb wPý Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Certification Mark
wnmv‡e cwiwPZ|
10. c~‡e© cÖ`Ë gvb wPý bevqb, mvgwqK evwZj ev ¯’vqxfv‡e evwZjKiY|
11. BSTI KZ…©K cÖ`Ë gvb wPý m¤^wjZ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi ¯’vb cwi`k©b, bgybv msMÖn, cixÿY Ges
cÖ‡qvR‡b AvBbMZ e¨e¯’v MÖnY|
12. BSTI Gi D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© KvR K‡i Ggb †Kv‡bv e¨w³, cÖwZôvb,ms¯’v, ev
AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvb‡K mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:
1| KviLvbv AvBb KZ mv‡ji?
K. 1925 L. 1932
M. 1961 N. 1965
2. †c‡U›U ej‡Z wb‡¤œi †KvbwU‡K †evSvq?
K. we‡kl AwaKv‡ii mgwó‡K L. mvRm¾vi bKkv‡K
M. †gavmËv‡K N. SuywK I AwbðqZv wbimbK‡í
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
Z †Kv¤úvwb GKwU cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb| Zv‡`i Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i gvb AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…wZ
†c‡Z Pvq| G Rb¨ Zviv AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi mb` †bqvi †Póv Pvjv‡”Q|
hviv c‡Y¨i gvb I †mev m¤ú‡K© mb` cÖ`vb K‡i|
3| DÏxc‡K AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z ej‡Z †Kvb cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. ISO L. BSTI
M. BIMSTEC N. ASEAN
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m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| Aveyj Lv‡qi GKRb M‡elK| wZwb M‡elYv K‡i †m․ikw³ PvwjZ we`y¨r mieivn hš¿ Avwe®‥vi
K‡ib Ges Zv evRviRvZ K‡ib| Zvi GB hš¿wU ¯’vbxq MÖvnK‡`i Kv‡Q e¨vcK cwiwPwZ jvf
K‡i| wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨B Ab¨ GKwU cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb Zvi G hš¿ bKj K‡i evRviRvZ Kiv
ïiæ K‡i| wKš‘ wZwb H †Kv¤úvwbi weiæ‡× gvgjv K‡iI AvBbMZ †Kvb e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cv‡ibwb|
K. wegv Kx?
L. ISO m¤ú‡K© aviYv `vI?
M. Aveyj Lv‡q‡ii we`y¨r mieivn hš¿wU †Kvb ai‡bi m¤ú‡`i AšÍf©~³? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Aveyj Lv‡qi †Kvb AvBwb mnvqZv bv cvIqvi KviY we‡kølY Ki|
2| cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ e¨vcK ggZ¡‡eva †_‡K wg. AvRv` Ô÷vi Mv‡g©›UmÕ-Gi GKRb Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e
cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ AwMœwegv Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡Z Pvb| wegv †Kv¤úvbx Zvi cÖ¯ÍvewU cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i|
Ae‡k‡l Zvi Aby‡iv‡a Mv‡g©›Um gvwjK 1 †KvwU UvKvi AwMwœegv K‡ib| AwMœKv‡Û 20 jÿ
UvKvi gvjvgvj ÿwZM¯Í nq| D³ UvKv ÿwZc~i‡Yi ci ÿwZM¯Í gvjvgvj weµq K‡i 50 nvRvi
UvKv cvIqv hvq Ges D³ UvKvi gvwjKvbv wb‡q Dfq c‡ÿi g‡a¨ we‡iva †`Lv †`q|
Ki|
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†Kb Zvi MVb, cwiPvjbv I Dbœqb †Kv‡bv GKK e¨w³i c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wewfbœ e¨w³ ev
cÖwZôv‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ mn‡hvwMZv| Avevi GmKj mvnvh¨ n‡Z cv‡i-Avw_©K, gvbwmK, cÖ‡K․kjMZ,
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wk‡ív‡`¨vM mnvqZv
K. DÏxcbvg~jK mnvqZv
Stimulation assistance
DÏxcbvg~jK mnvqZv ej‡Z GKRb m¤¢vebvgq wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K wkí ¯’vc‡b Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMv‡Z mÿg
Ggb ai‡bi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv I Kg© ZrciZv‡K eySvq|
1. gvby‡li gv‡S D‡`¨v³vm~jf ¯ú„nv m„wói j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wk‡ív‡`¨vMg~jK wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii
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2. wk‡ív‡`¨vMg~jK ev wewb‡qvM my‡hvM-myweavi cwiKwíZ cÖPviYv|
3. weÁvbm¤§Z Dcv‡q m¤¢vebvgq D‡`¨v³v mbv³KiY|
4. bZzb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡`i‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡Yv`bvg~jK cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb|
5. cY¨ wbe©vPb Ges cÖKí cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYq‡b D‡`¨v³v‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨ I w`K-wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb|
6. KvwiMwi I A_©‣bwZK Z_¨ Ges cY¨ weµqRwbZ Kvh©vewj †_‡K cÖvß gybvdvi cwigvY Rvbv‡bvi
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Supporting assistance
†h mKj mvnvh¨-mnvqZv m¤¢vebvgq wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡`i‡K wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb Ges cwiPvjbvq mÿg
K‡i †Zv‡j Zv‡`i‡KB mvgwMÖKfv‡e mg_©bg~jK mnvqZv e‡j|
†ÿÎ we‡k‡l G ms¯’ v evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~ ‡ ni mv‡_ †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M cÖ ‡ qvRbxq F‡Yi e¨e¯’ v
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†`‡ki PviwU ivóªvqË evwYwR¨K e¨vsK (†mvbvjx, RbZv, AMÖYx I iƒcvjx e¨vsK) Ges evsjv‡`k K…wl
e¨vsK mviv †`‡k weivRgvb Zv‡`i kvLv¸‡jvi gva¨‡g wkí I e¨emvq D‡`¨v³v‡`i Avw_©K †mev cÖ`vb
K‡i Avm‡Q| we‡kl K‡i wbweo kÖgNb I Kg©ms¯’vbg~Lx A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b GKgvwjKvbv, Askx`vwi,
cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Ges cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi †mev cÖ`vb K‡i Avm‡Q|
e¨emvq ev cÖK‡íi aib Abyhvqx FYmxgv me©wbgœ 50 nvRvi †_‡K m‡e©v”P 10 †KvwU UvKv| F‡Yi
†gqv` e¨emvq ev cÖK‡íi Dci wbf©i K‡i wba©vwiZ nq| Z‡e PjwZ g~ja‡bi †ÿ‡Î 1 ermi Ges
†gqvw` F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î 3−7 eQi ch©šÍ we‡ewPZ nq|
G mKj †ÿ‡Î FY cÖvwßi †hvM¨Zv wbgœiƒc:
GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb
SME Foundation
ÿz`ª I gvSvix wkí weKv‡k Ges gvb Dbœq‡b GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| ÿz`ª Ges gvSvix wkí D‡`¨v³v Ges we‡kl K‡i bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i Rb¨ GwU mswkøó wel‡q
wewfbœ cÖwkÿYg~jK Kg©myPx Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K| †`‡ki ÿz`ª Ges gvSvix wkí hv‡Z †`‡ki `vwi`ªZv
wbim‡b Ges A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b eo Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i, †mRb¨ GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb cÖ‡qvRbxq
c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb GKwU ¯^vaxb Ges AjvfRbK cÖwZôvb| GwU evwYR¨ gš¿bvjq †_‡K †iwR‡÷ªkb
cvq 12 b‡f¤^i 2006 mv‡j Ges 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx R‡q›U ÷K †Kv¤úvwb †_‡K
†iwR‡÷ªkb cvq| Avi GwU AvbyôvwbK fv‡e hvÎv ïiæ K‡i 2007 mv‡ji 30 †g|
evsjv‡`‡ki ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí Dbœq‡b GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| wb‡gœ
GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZvmg~n ms‡ÿ‡c D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−
evsjv‡`k miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ GmGgB cwjwm‡K ev¯Íevqb Kiv;
GmGgB dvD‡Ûk‡bi mnR cwjwm¸‡jv MÖ n Y Ki‡Z miKv‡ii wefbœ gš¿ Y vjq Ges
G‡Rw݇K Aby ‡ iva Kiv;
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bZzb GmGgB e¨emvqx‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Ges MvBW jvBb cÖ`vb Kiv;
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wewfbœ miKvwi I †emiKvix Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g GmGgB e¨emvqx‡`i wewfbœ †gqv`x F‡Yi
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ÔMÖvgxY e¨vsKÕ MÖvgxY fywgnxb I `y t¯’ Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ Avw_©K FY`vbKvix GKwU we‡klvwqZ
Avw_©K cÖwZôvb| G e¨vsK †Kv‡bviƒc RvgvbZ QvovB FY cÖ`vb K‡i| G e¨wZµgag©x e¨vs‡Ki
cÖwZôvZv n‡jb kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi®‥vi weRqx W. gynv¤§` BDbym| MÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g
wZwb ïaygvÎ wb‡RB GB cyi®‥vi cvbwb Zuvi cÖwZwôZ GB e¨vsKwUI GKB m¤§v‡b f~wlZ n‡q‡Q
Ges †mB mv‡_ e‡q G‡b‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ weij m¤§vb| kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej weRqx MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki
hvÎv ïiæ 1976 mv‡j PUªMÖvg †Rjvi †Rveiv MÖv‡g ÔMÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖKíÕ wn‡m‡e| †Rveiv cÖK‡íi
mvd‡j¨i Kvi‡Y 1979 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m Uv½vBj †Rjv‡Z G cÖKí ewa©Z Kiv nq| 1983
mv‡ji 2 A‡±vei miKvi MÖvgxY e¨vsK Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi K‡i G cÖKí‡K ÔMÖvgxY e¨vsKÕ bv‡g GKwU
¯^Zš¿ e¨vsK wn‡m‡e iƒc`vb K‡i| eZ©gv‡b GwU GKwU ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ we‡kl A_©jwMœKvix cÖwZôvvb
wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Q| G e¨vs‡Ki gvwjKvbv 93 kZvsk f~wgnxb‡`i nv‡Z, Aewkó 7 kZvs‡ki
gvwjK cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e evsjv‡`k miKvi|
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2007 mv‡ji 31 gvP© Zvwi‡L MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki Aby‡gvw`Z g~ja‡bi cwigvY wQj 50 †KvwU UvKv Ges
cwi‡kvwaZ g~ja‡bi cwigvY wQj 31.8 †KvwU UvKv|
MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbv msµvšÍ bxwZ wba©viY K‡i _v‡K 13 m`m¨wewkó cwiPvjKgÛjx|
cwiPvjKgÛjxi mfvcwZ, e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK I 2 Rb m`m¨ miKvi KZ…©K wbhy³ nb| Aewkó 9 Rb
m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb f~wgnxb †kqvi gvwjKMY KZ…©K| 2007 mv‡ji 31 gvP© Zvwi‡L XvKv, PUªMÖvg,
Uv½vBj, iscyi, cUzqvLvjx, e¸ov, wm‡jU, iRkvnx, w`bvRcyi, dwi`cyi, Kzwgjøv, gqgbwmsn, bvivqYMÄ,
Lyjbv, †bvqvLvjx †gvU 15wU †Rvb-G MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki †gvU 2400wU kvLv Awdm wQj| 2006 mv‡ji
wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ 74,462wU MÖv‡g G e¨vsK Zv‡`i Kvh©µg m¤úªmvwiZ K‡i‡Q|
MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vewj:
MÖvgxY e¨vsK mvaviYZ wb‡gœœv³ Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K−
1. weËnxb I `yt¯’ bvix I cyiæl‡`i msMwVZ K‡i MÖæc-dv‡Ûi gva¨‡g mÂq m„wó Kiv|
2. G e¨vsK `yt¯’ I `wi`ª bvix I cyiæl‡`i g‡a¨ webv Rvgvb‡Z FY`vb K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e G
F‡Yi 80% gwnjv‡`i g‡a¨ ewÈZ nq|
3. Avw_©K cÖwZôvb wnmv‡e G e¨vs‡Ki KvR n‡jv FY Av`vq Kiv|
G e¨vsK m`m¨‡`i M„n wbg©vY, grm Pvl, nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi •Zwi, KzwUi wkí cÖf…wZ cÖKí •Zwi‡Z
mvnvh¨ I A_©vqb K‡i|
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Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee
eª¨vK me©e„nr †emiKvwi mvnvh¨ ms¯’v| ¯^vaxbZvi ci 1972 mv‡j ÎvY I cybe©vm‡bi Kvh©µg nv‡Z
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wb‡gœ †`‡ki wkí I evwY‡R¨i mvgwMÖ K Dbœ q b Ges m¤úª m vi‡Y ewYK mfvi
¸iæZ¡ / cÖ ‡ qvRYxqZv/ f~ w gKv cÖ ` Ë nB‡jv−
1. wkíbxwZ I evwYR¨bxwZ cÖYq‡b mnvqZv;
2. e¨emvq cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb;
3. Kvievwi msev`, Z_¨ I civgk© `vb;
4. MVbg~jK e¨emvq cÖwZ‡hvwMZv I mn‡hvwMZvi D‡b¥l;
5. cY¨ I †mevi gv‡bvbœqb;
6. gvbe m¤ú‡`i Dbœqb;
7. we‡iva wb®úwË;
8. cÖfe‡jL Bmy¨;
9. evRvi m¤úªmviY;
10. e¨emvq Z_¨ m¤úwK©Z cwÎKv I mvgwqKx cÖKvk|
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BGMEA-Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †`‡k •Zwi †cvlvK cÖ¯‘Z I ißvwb K‡i †`‡k •e‡`wkK gy`ªvi
µgea©gvb Avq I cÖe„w× AR©‡bi Rb¨ Gi m`m¨‡`i‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv I w`K-wb‡`k©bv
cÖ`vb| G j‡ÿ¨ wewRGgBG •Zwi †cvlvK cÖ¯‘ZKviK, ißvwbKviK I Avg`vwbKviK‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU
Nwbô I cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK e¨emvq cwi‡ek m„wói cÖqvm Pvwj‡q Avm‡Q Ges miKvwi wewfbœ
bxwZgvjvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©fv‡e •Zwi †cvlvK cÖ¯‘ZKviK I ißvwiKviK‡`i‡K `ÿZvi mv‡_ †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q
Avm‡Q| wb‡gœ wewRGgBG KZ…©K m¤úvw`Z wewfbœ Kvh©vejxi mswÿß eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv−
1. we‡`kx †µZv, e¨emvq msN Ges ewYK mfvmg~‡ni mv‡_ wewfbœ Pzw³ m¤úv`b I Dbœqb|
2. AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i †cvlv‡Ki evwYR¨ Ges evwYR¨ †gjvmg~n Z`viwK Kiv| hy³ivóª Ges
BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ mshy³ Ab-jvBb WvUv †mvm© †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Kw¤úDUvi
†bUIqvK© wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨vewj wewfbœ c‡ÿi gv‡S weZiY Kiv|
3. •Zwi †cvlvK cÖ¯‘ZKvix, •Zwi †cvlvK Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wewfbœ wkí Ges •Zwi †cvlvK
ißvwb‡Z wb‡qvwRZ wewfbœ wkí, †Kv¤úvbx Ges dvg©mg~‡ni AvšÍtmn‡hvwMZv‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|
4. Mv‡g©›Um wk‡íi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wewfbœ e¨w³ Ges Ab¨vb¨ mswkøó cÿmg~‡ni gv‡S mvabZv I
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kxl©¯’vbxq e¨emvq mnvqK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ißvwb Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ fv‡e mnvqK n‡q _v‡K| wb‡gœ ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡ivi ¸iæZ¡ ev f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
AcmviY, AvšÍt‡`kxq evwY‡R¨i †ÿ‡Î we`¨gvb wewawb‡la Ges m‡e©vcwi ïé †iqv‡Zi gva¨‡g evwYR¨
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wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ evwYR¨ e„w×, m¤úªmviY Ges GZ` j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ †`‡k we`¨gvb AvšÍ: †`kxq evwYR¨
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mvcUvi D‡Ïk¨
Objectives of SAPTA
mvcUv Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨vewj wbgœiƒc−
1. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ AvšÍt †`kxq evwYR¨ ïé nvi n«vm K‡i ev †ÿÎ we‡k‡l AcmviY K‡i
GZ` A‡j GKwU gy³ evwYR¨ GjvKv (Free Trade Area) ¯’vcb Kiv| Gj‡ÿ¨ 1997 mv‡ji
†g gv‡m gvjØx‡ci ivRavbx gv‡j‡Z AbywôZ mv‡K©i beg m‡¤§j‡b mvK©f~³ †`kmg~n 2001
mv‡ji g‡a¨ G A‡j Aeva I gy³ evwYR¨ GjvKv cÖwZôvi wel‡q HK¨g‡Z †c․Qvq|
2. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ AvšÍt†`kxq evwY‡R¨i m¤úªmviY I m¤úv`‡b †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mvnvh¨
mn‡hvwMZv e„w× Kiv|
3. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡n we`¨gvb e¨vcK evwYwR¨K •elg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póv †Rvi`vi Kiv|
4. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni gv‡S cY¨ PjvP‡j mKj cÖKvi wewa wb‡la AcmviY K‡i AMÖvwaKv‡ii
wfwˇZ GK †`‡ki cY¨ Ab¨ †`‡k AbycÖ‡e‡ki e¨e¯’v †Rvi`vi Kiv|
Avwmqvb
ASEAN
AvÂwjK, ivR‣bwZK I A_©‣bwZK wewfbœ wel‡q cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I Aeva evwYR¨ e¨e¯’v M‡o
†Zvjvi j‡ÿ¨ 1967 mv‡ji 8B AvMó `wÿY c~e© Gwkqvi
K‡qKwU †`‡ki mw¤§wjZ cÖqv‡m `wÿY-c~e© Gkxq ivóªmg~‡ni
ms¯’v ms‡ÿ‡c Avwmqvb (Association of South East
Asian Nations /ASEAN) MwVZ nq| cÖwZôvKv‡j `wÿY
c~e© Gwkqvi cuvPwU ivóª h_v, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, gvj‡qwkqv,
wdwjcvBb, wm½vcyi Ges _vBj¨v‡Ûi ivR‣bwZK ev ciivóª
gš¿xMY _vBj¨v‡Ûi ivRavbx e¨vsK‡K AbywôZ GK •eV‡K
Avwmqvb MV‡bi †NvlYvcÎ ¯^vÿi K‡ib| GwU e¨vsKK †NvlYv
bv‡g cwiwPZ| cieZ©x‡Z e¨vsKK †NvlYvi wfwˇZ 1976
mv‡ji 24 †deªæqvwi‡Z Avwmqvb MVb msµvšÍ P~ovšÍ `wjj •Zwi K‡i cuvPwU †`‡ki ivóª cÖavbMY
B‡›`v‡bwkqvi evwj‡Z D³ `wj‡j ¯^vÿi K‡ib| Gici 1984 mv‡j lô m`m¨ wn‡m‡e eªæbvB, 1995
mv‡j mßg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wf‡qZbvg, 1997 mv‡j Aóg I beg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wgqvbgvi I jvIm Ges
AwZ m¤úªwZ `kg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e K‡¤^vwWqv G‡Z †hvM`vb K‡i| eZ©gv‡b Gi m`m¨ msL¨v `k|
mvsMVwbK iƒc:
Avwmqvb Gi cÖavb Kvh©¨vjq B‡›`v‡bwkqvq Aew¯’Z| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ iv‡óª Gi GKwU K‡i kvLv
Kvh¨©vjq i‡q‡Q| Avwmqv‡bi bxwZ wba©viY I Gi Kvh©µg ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ mswkøó ¯^vMwZK †`‡ki
ciivóªgš¿x Ges Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨ iv‡óªi ¯^vMwZK †`‡k wb‡qvwRZ ivóª`~ZM‡Yi mgš^‡q GKwU ÷vwÛs
KwgwU i‡q‡Q| GQvovI we‡klÁ Kg©KZ©v‡`i mgš^‡q wewfbœ KwgwU wewfbœ wel‡q KvR K‡i| we‡kl
cÖ‡qvR‡b m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni ivóª cÖavb‡`i AskMÖn‡Y kxl© •eVKI n‡q _v‡K|
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Avwmqv‡bi D‡Ïk¨:
`wÿY c~e© Gwkqvi †`kmg~‡ni A_©‣bwZK, ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK †ÿ‡Îi weKvk I
Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv e„w×i Rb¨B g~jZ Avwmqvb MVb Kiv nq| wb‡¤œ Gi cÖavb
D‡Ïk¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
1. m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni ivR‣bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv AR©b, A_©‣bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b, mvgvwRK AMªMwZ I
mvs¯‥…wZK weKvk mvab Kiv|
2. m`m¨f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ RvwZms‡Ni mb` Abyhvqx AvÂwjK kvwšÍ I w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivLv|
3. wkÿv, cÖwkÿY Ges M‡elYvg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv e„w× K‡i|
4. m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evwYR¨ e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni mgš^‡q Aeva evwYR¨ GjvKv ¯’vcb|
Gj‡ÿ¨ 1993 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix gv‡m Avwmqvbf~³ †`kmg~n ASEAN Free Trade Area
(AFTA) MVb K‡i‡Q|
5. ¯’vbxq D‡`¨v³v‡`i DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges cÖZ¨ÿ •e‡`wkK wewb‡qvM AvK…ó Kivi j‡ÿ¨ RvZxq
A_©‣bwZK e¨e¯’vq miKvix n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci gvÎv n«vm Kivi wel‡q m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡n HK¨gZ ¯’vcb|
6. c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ kw³kvjx evwYR¨ ms¯’v; †hgb- EU, NAFTA BZ¨vw`i cÖe„w×i wel‡q
iÿYvZ¥K g‡bvfve †cvlY Kiv|
†`‡ki ivóª cÖavbM‡Yi GK m‡¤§j‡b GATT Gi AvbyôvwbK Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| cÖwZôvKv‡j Gi m`m¨
e
ir.
nb
M¨vU Pzw³i Ab¨Zg cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj wek¦ evwYR¨ e¨e¯’vq mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g wek¦ evwY‡R¨
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MwZkxjZv wdwi‡q Avbv, we‡k¦ gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ‡K MwZkxj K‡i †Zvjv Ges AbybœZ I Dbœqkxj
bo
ce
1944 mv‡j †eªUb DW&m Kbdv‡i‡Ý wek¦ e¨vsK Ges AvBGgGd-Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ ms¯’v
(AvBwUI) MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z wek¦ e¨vsK Ges AvBGgGd cÖwZôv jvf Ki‡jI gvwK©b
Ks‡MÖ‡mi Aby‡gv`b bv cvIqvi Kvi‡Y AvBwUI MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb| AvBwUI ev¯ÍevwqZ bv
nIqvq AvBwUI Gi cwie‡Z© 1947 mv‡j †R‡bfvq we‡k¦i 23wU †`‡ki AskMÖn‡Y AbywôZ mfvq GATT
Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq| 1947 mv‡j †R‡bfvq AbywôZ •eVKwUB wQj GATT Gi cÖ_g mfv ev •eVK|
GATT Gi mfv ev •eVK‡K Round wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| 1947 mv‡ji †R‡bfv Round †_‡K
G ch©šÍ GATT Gi AvU Round •eVK AbywôZ nq Ges m`m¨ msL¨v 23 †_‡K 132 G DbœxZ nq|
1986 mv‡ji 20 †m‡Þ¤^i †_‡K Di渇q‡Z ïiæ nq GATT-Gi me‡P‡q `xN© I AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
ivDÛ| 74wU †`‡ki evwYR¨ gš¿xiv G ivD‡Û Ask †bb| K‡qK eQi Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi ci 1994 mv‡ji
15 GwcÖj gi‡°vi ivRavbx ivev‡Z 128wU †`‡ki M¨vU Pzw³‡K Aby‡gv`‡bi gva¨‡g †kl nq Di渇q
ivDÛ| GPzw³i DËimyix wn‡m‡e 1995 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq World Trade Organisation (WTO) ev
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v Ges H eQ‡ii 1 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K WTO Zvi Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi D‡Ïk¨vewj
Objectives of WTO
GATT-Gi b¨vq wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wewfbœ †`‡k ewntevwY‡R¨i †ÿ‡Î Av‡ivwcZ
RwUj wewa-wb‡la AcmviY c~e©K wek¦e¨vwc myôz, mvejxj I evav-weNœnxb Aeva I gy³ evwY‡R¨i
m¤úªmviY I Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv| g~jZ wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v cÖwZôvi ci GATT-Gi D‡Ïk¨vewj
AR©‡bi `vwqZ¡ WTO-Gi DciB Ac©Y Kiv nq|
wb‡gœœ WTO Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D‡Ïk¨vewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
1. `ÿ I Zzjbvg~jK e¨q myweavq cY¨ Drcv`b‡K wek¦e¨vcx DrmvwnZ Kivi ¯^v‡_© wek¦e¨vwc Aeva I
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evwYwR¨K cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv|
2. wek¦e¨vcx Aeva I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evwYwR¨K cwi‡ek m„wói j‡ÿ¨ AvšÍR©vwZK Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g wewfbœ †`‡k we`¨gvb U¨vwid, †KvUv I Ab¨vb¨ wewa wb‡la Acmvi‡Y Kvh©Ki e¨e¯’v †bqvi
civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv|
3. RvZxqZv wbwe©‡k‡l †h †Kvb †`k‡K AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i cÖ‡ek I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq AskMÖn‡Y
mnvqZv Kiv|
4. wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z •e‡`wkK evwY‡R¨i †ÿ‡Î A‣elg¨g~jK bxwZgvjv cÖeZ©‡b Kvh©Ki
f~wgKv ivLv| G j‡ÿ¨ Most fovoured Nation (MFN) bxwZi Abymi‡Y m`m¨ ivóªmg~n‡K
DrmvwnZ Kiv| MFN bxwZi g~j K_v n‡jv †Kvb we‡kl †`k hw` Zv‡`i †`‡k cY¨ ißvbx‡Z
Ab¨ †Kvb †`k‡K †Kvb AMÖvwaKvig~jK myweav cÖ`vb K‡i, Z‡e Zv mKj †`k‡KB †fvM Kivi
myweav cÖ`vb Kiv|
5. wek¦ e¨vcx Zzjbvg~jK e¨q myweavi wfwˇZ cY¨ Drcv`b c~e©K Zv Aev‡a weµq K‡i wek¦e¨vwc
gvbyl‡K Zzjbvg~jK ¯^í g~‡j¨ cY¨ mvgMÖx e¨env‡ii my‡hvM w`‡q gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb
NUv‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|
6. wek¦ e¨vcx DbœZ, AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj wewfbœ †`‡k cY¨ Drcv`b e„wׇZ mnvqZv I Kvh©Ki e¨e¯’v MªnY
Kiv|
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BD‡ivwcq BDwbqb
European Union
BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jvi A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ GwU MwVZ nq| GwU we‡k¦i
me‡P‡q eo A_©‣bwZK †RvU| Gi cÖavb
D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cvi¯úwiK ¯^v‡_© ïé nvi
n«v‡mi gva¨‡g c‡Y¨i evRvi cÖwZôv| GwU
1993 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤^i cÖwZwôZ nq| Gi
eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v 27 Ges Zzi¯‥
G‡mvwm‡qU m`m¨ †`k| Gi m`i `ßi
†ejwRqv‡gi eªv‡mjm G Aew¯’Z| hw`I
GwU 1993 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq wKš‘ GwUi
MV‡bi BwZnvm A‡bK cy‡iv‡bv| 1957
mv‡ji 25 gvP© BD‡iv‡ci 6wU †`k-d«vÝ,
†ejwRqvg, jy‡·gevM©, †b`vij¨vÛ, cwðg Rvg©vwb I BUvwji g‡a¨ †iv‡g GK Pyw ³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq| Pzw³
Abyhvqx 1 RvbyqvwiÕ 58, BBwm AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z weª‡Ub, †WbgvK©, Avqvij¨vÛ, †¯úb,
cZ©yMvj G ms¯’vq †hvM †`q| 1 b‡f¤^i 1993 mv‡j BBD bvgKiY Kiv nq| 1992 mv‡j GwU GKK
BD‡ivcxqvb evRvi cÖwZôvi jÿ¨ AR©b K‡i Ges 1999 mv‡j m`m¨f~³ †`kmg~‡n GKK gy`vª
ÒBD‡ivÓ Pvjyi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
BBD-Gi A½msMVb
A Eight Associate Organization of EU
1. BD‡ivcxq cvj© v ‡g›U: m`i `ßi ÷ª v mevM© (d« v Ý)| m`m¨ eZ© g v‡b 76, wjmeb Pz w ³
Kvh© K i n‡j m`m¨ n‡e 751|
2. KvDwÝj Ae BD‡ivc: cÖw ZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨| m`m¨ †`‡ki ciivóª g š¿x iv Gi
cÖw ZwbwaZ¡ K‡i|
3. BD‡ivcxq Kwgkb: cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨|
4. `¨v †KvU© Ae Rvw÷m Ae `¨v BD‡ivcxqvb KwgDwbwU : cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨|
s
ok
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5. BD‡ivcxqvb Bb‡f÷‡g›U e¨vsK: cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨| GwU Kgb gv‡K©U MVb, wkí
e
ir.
nb
msK‡U mvnvh¨ `vb Ges AbybœZ A‡ji Dbœq‡b fvimvg¨ iÿv K‡i _v‡K|
/ta
om
wegm‡UK
BIMSTEC
wegm‡UK (BIMSTEC) GKwU A_©‣bwZK msMVb| hvi c~Y© bvg Bay of Bengal Initiative for
Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Co-operation| GwU 1997 mv‡ji 6B Ryb cÖwZôv
jvf K‡i| ïiæ‡Z evsjv‡`k, fviZ, kÖxjsKv I
_vBj¨vÛ wb‡q MVb Kiv nq evsjv‡`k-BwÛqv,
kÖxjsKv-_vBj¨vÛ B‡Kv‡bvwgK †Kv-Acv‡ikb
(BISTEC)| 1997 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i wgqvbgvi
‡hvM`vb Ki‡j ÒM” hy³ n‡q BIMSTEC
bvgKiY Kiv nq| 2003 mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K †bcvj
I fyUvb wegm‡U‡K †hvM`vb Ki‡j Gi mgm¨ msL¨v
†e‡o `uvovq 7| 2004 mv‡ji kxl© m‡¤§j‡b Gi bvg
cwieZ©b Kiv nq| wegm‡U‡Ki D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv m`m¨
†`k¸‡jvi A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kiv| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k, BwÛqv, _vBj¨vÛ, wgqvbgvi,
kÖxjsKv, †bcvj I fzUvb GB 7wU †`k BIMSTEC Gi m`m¨| Gi A¯’vqx Kvh©¨vjq _vBj¨v‡Ûi
e¨vsK‡K| Gi ¯’vqx m`i `ßi ¯’vwcZ n‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKvq|
eûwbev©Pwb cÖkœ:
1| wk‡ív‡`¨vM GKwU Kx ai‡bi cÖwµqv ?
K. GKv_©K L. mvgwqK
M. avivevwnK N. AavivevwnK
2| GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb †Kgb cÖwZôvb ?
K. ¯^vaxb I AjvfRbK L. ¯^vaxb I jvfRbK
M. ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ I AjvfRbK N. ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ I jvfRbK
3| †h j‡ÿ¨ mvcUv Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq, Zv n‡jv−
i. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ïé AcmviY
ii. AvšÍt‡`kxq evwY‡R¨i †ÿ‡Î wewawb‡la `~ixKiY
iii. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K ‣elg¨ `~ixKiY
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
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N. hy³iv‡óªi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kn‡i evwYR¨ †K›`ª ¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î gvmy` mv‡ne miKvix †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi
om
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D‡`¨vM ej‡Z bZzb wKQz ïiæ Kiv‡K eySvq| bZzb wKQz ïiæ‡Z SzuwK †hgwb †ewk _v‡K †Zgwb G‡ÿ‡Î
mKj ai‡bi cÖvwßi m¤¢vebvI _v‡K AZ¨waK| AwaK cÖvwßi cÖZ¨vkv cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB gvbyl‡K bZzb
bZzb D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Y †cÖiYv RywM‡q‡Q| ÿz`ª GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi cÖPj‡bi ci †_‡K AvR‡Ki w`‡b
e„n`vqZb I wek¦we¯Í…Z e¨emv‡qi DrcwËi wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q gvby‡li nvRv‡iv cÖqvm-cÖ‡Póv I D‡`¨v‡Mi
`xN© weeZ©‡bi BwZnvm|
evsjv fvlvq D‡`¨vM ej‡Z †Kvb KvR ïiæ Kiv, Kv‡Ri Av‡qvRb Kiv, bZzb fvebv Kv‡R iæcvq‡bi e¨e¯’v
om
.c
Kiv BZ¨vw`‡K eySvq| Bs‡iwR `Entrepreneurship’ kãwU divmx Entrepreneur’ kãwUi evsjv
ok
bo
ce
cÖwZkã n‡jv D‡`¨v³v ev wk‡ív‡`¨v³v whwb ev huviv wkí ev e¨emvq MVb cwiPvjbvq `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Avi
.fa
w
4. SzuwK MÖnY (Risk taking): †h †Kvb bZzb D‡`¨v‡MB A‡bK †ewk SzuwK _v‡K| D‡`¨v³vMY‡KB
G SzuwK wb‡Z nq| cÖK‡íi mdjZv I wedjZv `vqI Zvi Dci e‡Z©| cÖwZôvb‡K jvfRbK
Ae¯’vq wb‡q hvIqvi c~e© ch©šÍ cÖwZ c‡` c‡` bvbvb SzuwK D‡`¨v³v‡`i‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq| ZvB
mKj Ae¯’vq wbtm‡¼v‡P SzuwK MÖnY D‡`¨v³v‡`i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR|
5. A_©ms¯’vb (Financing): †h †Kvb bZzb e¨emvq D‡`¨v‡M cyuw R ms¯’v‡bi welqwU LyeB
¸iæZ¡c~Y ©| D‡`¨v³vMY mvg_©¨gvwdK wbR¯^ Znwej †_‡K A_© ms¯’vb K‡ib,
wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i‡K DrmvwnZ K‡ib| wbR¯^ e¨w³MZ B‡gR‡K Kvh©Z eÜK †i‡L wewfbœ
A_© jwMœKvix cÖw Zôvb †_‡K FY †bb| msM„n xZ A‡_©i iÿYv‡eÿY, wewb‡qvM, cwiPvjbvmn
wewfbœ KvR wZwbB m¤úv`b K‡ib|
6. Kgx©ms¯’vb (Staffing): bZzb D‡`¨vM‡K mdj Ki‡Z n‡j Drmvnx, †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ,
m¤¢vebvgqKgx© wb‡qvM`vb Acwinvh©| e¨w³MZ cQ‡›`i E‡aŸ© D‡V cÖvwZôvwbK ¯^v‡_©
h‡_vchy³ Drm †Z‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Rbej D‡`¨v³v‡`i‡KB msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b
GKUz Av‡M †jvK wb‡qvM w`‡q Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖw kÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’vc~e©K Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †_‡K
†hvM¨Kgx© msMÖn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
7. cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbv (Directing and manageing): D‡`¨v³vi ¸iæZ¡c~Y © KvR n‡jv
wPšÍv I D‡`¨v‡Mi mydj ev¯Íevq‡b cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbvq †bZ…Z¡ `vb Kiv| G
Rb¨ cwiKíbv cÖYqb, DcKiYvw` msMÖnKiY, wb‡`©kbv, ZË¡veavb, mgš^q , wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw`
Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| ZvB ejv nq †h, GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v wb:m‡›`‡n DËg
cwiPvjK, e¨e¯’vcK I †bZv|
8. evRviRvZKiY (Marketing): Drcvw`Z ev msM„nxZ cb¨ hv‡Z GKRb †µZv mš‘wó
mn‡hv‡M cY¨ ev †mev msMÖ n Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wbwðZ KivB D‡`¨v³vi evRviRvZKiYg~jK
KvR| Pvwn`v gvwdK cY¨ Drcv`b, e›Ub cÖY vjx wba©viY, g~j¨ wba©viY, †mev myw eav
wbwðZKiY BZ¨vw` Gi AšÍfz©³ |
9. †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© iÿv (Maintaining communication and relation): wewfbœ
c‡ÿi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© iÿv KivI D‡`¨v³vi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| GKUv
bZzb D‡`¨vM GwM‡q †bqvi †ÿ‡Î Ggwb‡ZB bvbvb mgm¨v _v‡K| ZvB Zv KvwU‡q GwM‡q
hvIqvi Rb¨ bvbvb c‡ÿi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© iÿv Ki‡Z nq, hv Ab¨‡`i wbKU
s
D‡`¨v³v Zvi bZzb e¨emvq D‡`¨vM Kvh©Z ïb¨ †_‡K ïiæ K‡ib| GRb¨ cy‡iv D‡`¨vM‡K A‡bK
om
mgq KZK¸‡jv ch©v‡q fvM Kiv nq| ZvB D‡`¨v³vM‡Yi KvR n‡jv GKwU ch©v‡qi mdj
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cwimgvwßi mv‡_ mv‡_ bZzb ch©vq ev¯Íevq‡b D‡`¨vMx nIqv| G‡Z mK‡ji ¯^ZtùzZ© mn‡hvwMZv
ce
.fa
Kg©cÎ-1
wb‡¤œi †KvbwU D‡`¨v‡Mi •ewkó¨ Ges †KvbwU D‡`¨v‡Mi KvR wPwýZKi|
1. mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Zxeª AvKv•Lv
2. Aa¨vemvq
3. D‡`¨vM MÖnY
4. D`¨g
5. djvdj cixÿv I g~j¨vqY
6. mgqvbyewZ©Zv
7. m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB
8. bZzb cY¨ D™¢veb
• SzuwK MÖn‡Yi gvbwmKZv (Risk taking mentality) GKRb D‡`¨v³vi SzuwK MÖn‡Yi gvbwmKZv
GKwU eo ¸Y| PvKwiRxwe I MZvbyMwZK e¨emvqx‡`i mvaviYZ G ai‡bi gvbwmKZv _v‡K bv|
GKRb D‡`¨v³v Zvi mgq, kÖg I cyuwR‡K mgwš^Z K‡i Ges wewfbœ `v‡qi †evSv gv_vq wb‡q
D‡`¨vM‡K GwM‡q †bb|
• mvnm I eyw×gËv (Bravity and intallectual): SzuwKc~Y©, Abygvb wbf©i I A‡Pbv c‡_ Kvh©Z
Rxeb‡K evwR †i‡L GKRb D‡`¨v³v Zvi D‡`¨vM wPšÍv‡K ev¯Íevqb K‡ib| G Rb¨ GKRb
D‡`¨v³v‡K h‡_ó mvnmx n‡Z nq| Zvi G mvnm Aek¨B eyw×gËv Øviv mylgvgwÛZ n‡q _v‡K|
• wkÿv I AwfÁZv (Education and experience) : eZ©gvb RwUj e¨emvq RM‡Z †h †Kvb
e¨emvq D‡`¨vM‡K mdj Ki‡Z n‡j wewfbœ c‡ÿi ¯^Z:ù~Z© ¯^xK„wZ I mg_©b Acwinvh©| Avi
G‡ÿ‡Î D‡`¨v³vi wkÿv I AwfÁZv Ab¨Zg ¸Y wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| mwVK c~e©vbygvb, Kvh©Ki
†hvMv‡hvM, h_vh_ Kvh©e¨e¯’v MÖnY BZ¨vw`i mewKQzB GLb D‡`¨v³vi e¨w³MZ wkÿv I AwfÁZvi
Dci wbf©ikxj|
• †ckvMZ I cÖhyw³MZ Ávb (Knowledge about profession and technology):
e¨emvq D‡`¨v‡M mdjZv AR©‡b D‡`¨v³vi †ckv`vwi g‡bvfve Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †ckvMZ I
cÖhyw³MZ Ávb _vKv Acwinvh©| †KD hw` †U·UvBj wkí Mo‡Z Pvq Z‡e Giæc wkí mswkøó
cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb Zvi _vKv `iKvi, hv Zv‡K mwVK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|
• wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mvg_¨© (Ability to take decision): h_vmg‡q h_vh_ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mvg_©¨
GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³vi eo ¸Y| †Kvb D‡`¨vM MÖnY †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ev¯Íevq‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡q
nvRv‡iv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| m¤¢ve¨ mgm¨v, my‡hvM-myweav BZ¨vw`i h_vh_ g~j¨vqb
K‡iB G mKj wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wej¤^ ev `ye©jZv cy‡iv D‡`¨vM‡KB
ÿwZMÖ¯Í Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• bgbxqZv (Flexibility): bgbxqZv ej‡Z cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ m½wZ weavb K‡i Pjvi
mvg_©¨‡K eySvq| GKRb D‡`¨v³vi wb:m‡›`‡n Giæc ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K| Abygvb wbf©i ARvbv
D‡`¨v‡M bvbvb cÖwZK~jZv †`Lv †`qv LyeB ¯^vfvweK| ZvB c~e© wm×všÍ Abyhvqx me©Î Pjv m¤¢e nq
bv| bgbxqZv ¸Y G‡ÿ‡Î D‡`¨v³v‡K ev¯Íe Kg©cš’v MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|
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1| e¨emvq D‡`¨vM Gi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Kx?
K. Business Entrepreneurship L. Business Entrepreneur
M. Business Enterpreneur N. Business Enterpreneurship
2| wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨emvq D‡`¨v³vi •ewkó¨ bq?
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Bbdi‡gkb Bb‡Ubwmf cY¨ e‡j| Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷‡gi mn‡hvwMZvi Z‡_¨i cÖK…wZi Ici wfwË K‡i
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c‡Y¨i wecbb (Marketing of Products): Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ïay gvÎ DbœZ cY¨ •Zwi
Ki‡ZB mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K bv; c‡Y¨i wecb‡b I mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
e¨emvq-my‡hvM kbv³ Kiv I Kv‡R jvMv‡bv (Identify business opportunities and apply
it): c„w_ex e`‡j hv‡”Q| †mB mv‡_ e`‡j hv‡”Q gvby‡li iæwP, Pvwn`v Ges RxeYavib cÖYvjx| d‡j
e¨emv‡qi †ÿÎ I aiY cv‡ë hv‡”Q| GB Ae¯’vq Z_¨ e¨e¯’v evRvi Z‡_¨i mgš^q K‡i Gi mvnv‡h¨
e¨emv‡qi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi KZ `ªæZ Ges Kx Kx welq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e, Z_¨
e¨e¯’v Zv mn‡R wbY©q Ki‡Z †`q|
MÖvnK a‡i ivLv I cÖwZ‡hvMx‡K `~‡i ivLv (Keep the customers and avoid
competitors): e¨emvq-cÖwZôvb Ges MÖvnK cÖ‡Z¨KB cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g jvfevb
n‡Z cv‡i| e¨emvq-cÖwZôvb MÖvnK‡`i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx my‡hvM myweav evov‡bvi gva¨‡g MÖvnK‡`i a‡i
ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖwZ‡hvMx cÖwZôvb‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨ e¨e¯’vi mnvqZvq MÖvnK‡`i Ges
cÖwZ‡hvMx cÖwZôv‡bi ch©vß Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g `ªæZ mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡q MÖvnK a‡i ivLv hvq|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi eZ©gvb hy‡M wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡j Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i
Dci Aek¨B ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|
†gvevBj e¨vswKs (Mobile Banking): 1997 mv‡j wdbj¨v‡Ûi †gwiUv e¨vsK me©cÖ_g †gvevBj
e¨vswKs Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i| e¨vswKs Kg©cwiPvjbvq e¨eüZ †gvevBj †dvb ev Ab¨vb¨ †gvevBj
wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g †h †mev †`Iqv nq †mwU †gvevBj e¨vswKs bv‡g cwiwPZ| 31†k gvP©, 2012 Zvwi‡L
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µg evsjv‡`‡k ïiæ nq| †emiKvix Lv‡Zi WvP-evsjv e¨vsK
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K‡i| evsjv‡`k e¨vsK c~Y©v½ †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ 18 wU evwYwR¨K e¨vsK‡K Aby‡gv`b
w`‡q‡Q|
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B-weR‡bm (E-Business)
B-weR‡bm Gi c~Y© A_© n‡jv B‡j±ªwbK weR‡bm A_ev B›Uvi‡bU weR‡bm| e¨emv‡qi mKj Kvh©µg‡K
mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ hLb Z_¨ Ges †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (IT)
e¨envi Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K B-weR‡bm e‡j| B-weR‡bm
ej‡Z eySvq Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© e¨envi K‡i wkí,
evwYR¨ I cY¨ wewbg‡qi Kvh©vw` m¤úv`b Kiv| B-weR‡bm
†Kv¤úvwbi Af¨šÍixb Ges ewnt¯’ Z‡_¨i mv‡_ m¤úK©
¯’vcb K‡i wewfbœ mieivnKvix Ges Askx`vi‡`i mv‡_
KvR K‡i Ges †µZv I ‡fv³v‡`i Pvwn`v I cÖZ¨vkv c~iY
K‡i _v‡K| B-weR‡bm, B-Kgvm© †_‡K Avjv`v| B-
weR‡bm memgq †mBme Kvh©vejxi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc
K‡i †h¸‡jv B‡j±ªwbK mÿgZvi gva¨‡g msMwVZ nq| Avi B-Kgvm© n‡jv B-weR‡bm Gi GKwU
Dc‡mU (Sub set) ev Ask| B-weR‡bm m¤ú~Y© †fjy †PBb (Value Chain) Gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|
cwi‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, Kw¤úDUvi ev B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i hLb Drcv`b, e›Ub ev Drcv`b e›Ub
mnvqK hveZxq Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K B-weR‡bm ev B‡jKUªwbK weR‡bm ejv nq|
B-gv‡K©wUs (E-Marketing)
B-gv‡K©wUs Gi c~Y© iƒc n‡jv B‡j±ªwbK gv‡K©wUs| B-gv‡K©wUs A‡bK mgq B›Uvi‡bU gv‡K©wUs ev AbjvBb
gv‡K©wUs Gi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|
mvaviY A‡_© B-gv‡K©wUs ej‡Z gv‡K©wUs G bxwZgvjv
Ges Kjv‡KŠkj B‡j±ªwbK gva¨g ev B›Uvi‡bU Gi
gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvM Kiv‡K eySvq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, B-
gv‡K©wUs ej‡Z †evSvq B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i †Kvb
eªv‡Ûi evRviRvZKiY| GUvi g‡a¨ mivmwi
evRviRvZKiY ev c‡ivÿ evRviRvZKiY DfqB i‡q‡Q
Ges GLv‡b e¨emvq Ges †µZv‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b
e¨vcK nv‡i cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv nq|
B-gv‡K©wUs Gi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv wb‡gœv³ •ewk󨸇jv †`L‡Z cvB:
i. B-gv‡K©wUs n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi c×wZi gva¨‡g B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨
†hvMv‡hvM
ii. Gi gva¨‡g we‡µZv mn‡R †µZv‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i
iii. Gi gva¨‡g †µZv‡`i mv‡_ `xN©‡gqvw` m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv hvq
iv. gv‡K©wUs Gi bxwZgvjv Ges Kjv‡KŠkj B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, B-gv‡K©wUs ej‡Z H mKj Kvhv©ejx‡K †evSvq †h¸‡jv m¤úv`b Kiv nq World
Wide Web (Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe) Gi gva¨‡g hvi jÿ¨ n‡”Q bZzb e¨emvq‡K AvKl©Y Kiv, eZ©gvb
e¨emvq‡K a‡i ivLv Ges GwUi eªv‡Ûi cwiwPwZ e„w× Kiv|
Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
Kg©cÎ-1
B-weR‡bm I B-gv‡K©wUs Gi aviYv †_‡K G‡`i g‡a¨ 3wU cv_©K¨ Lyu‡R †ei Ki|
B-weR‡bm B-gv‡K©wUs
• •
• •
• •
B-wi‡UBwjs (E-Retailing)
B-wi‡UBwjs Gi c~Y© A_© n‡jv B‡j±ªwbK wi‡UBwjs (Electronic Retailing)| B-wi‡UBwjs n‡jv weR‡bm
Uz KbRygvi ev e¨emvq †_‡K †fv³v (B2C) ‡jb‡`‡bi cÖwZkã|
mvaviYfv‡e LyPiv cY¨ `ªe¨ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wewµ Kiv‡K B-
wi‡UBwjs e‡j|
e¨vcK A‡_© B-wi‡UBwjs n‡jv we‡µZv KZ…©K mivmwi B›Uvi‡bU ev
I‡qe eªvDRv‡ii gva¨‡g †fv³v‡`i Kv‡Q cY¨ `ªe¨ wewµ Kiv|
†KD †KD Bnv‡K B-mc, B-‡÷vi, B›Uvi‡bU mc, AbjvBb †÷vi,
I‡qe †÷vi BZ¨vw` bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i| c„w_exi weL¨vZ `yBwU B-
wi‡UBwjs n‡jv AvgvRb WU Kg (Amazon.com) Ges B-‡e
(e-Bay)| evsjv‡`‡ki weµq WU Kg (bikroy.com) GKwU B-
wi‡UBwjs Gi D`vniY|
cwi‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, hLb †Kvb cÖwZôvb mivmwi cY¨ `ªe¨ †`vKv‡b bv mvwR‡q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui
gva¨‡g wewfbœ K¨vUvj‡M cY¨ mvwR‡q iv‡L Ges †µZviv mivmwi †`vKv‡b bv G‡m AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g
cY¨ `ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLb Zv‡K e‡j B-wi‡UBwjs|
AbjvBb e¨emvq (Online Business)
wecYb cY¨ I cwi‡mev B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g †h e¨emvq Kiv nq Zv‡K
AbjvBb e¨emvq e‡j| AbjvBb e¨emv‡q GKwU
cÖwZôvb Zvi mKj cY¨-`ªe¨ m¤ú‡K© hveZxq mKj
wKQz AbjvBb K¨vUvj‡M w`‡q iv‡L| †h †KD H
K¨vUvjM ‡`L‡Z cv‡i I cY¨ cQ›` K‡i AbjvB‡bB
c‡Y¨i digv‡qk cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB digv‡q‡ki
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m¤ú‡K© AvK…ó nq Ges cY¨ µ‡qi cÖwZ AvMÖnx nq| Z‡e AbjvBb e¨emv‡q wek¦vm Ges mZZv LyeB
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evsjv‡`‡k wK¬qvwis RM‡Z Av‡jvob m„wóKvix GKwU bvg evsjv‡`k A‡Uv‡g‡UW wK¬qvwis nvDR
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* bM` UvKv D‡Ëvjb QvovI e¨v‡jÝ AbymÜvb I wgwb e¨vsK †÷U‡g›U †c‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
* Bs-e¨vswKs Gi mvnv‡h¨ eZ©gv‡b mn‡RB BDwUwjwU wej cwi‡kva Kiv hvq| Gi Rb¨ Avi N›Uvi
ci N›Uv jvB‡b `uvwo‡q _vK‡Z nq bv|
* GKUv GKK I‡qe mvBU Gi gva¨‡g e¨vs‡Ki hveZxq Kvh©vewj I myweav m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|
* †µwWU Kv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ we‡k¦i †h‡Kvb †`k †_‡K cb¨ †Kbv hvq| Gi Rb¨ Avi †ccvi †bvU enb Ki‡Z
nq bv|
* †WweU Kv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ †`‡ki †h †Kvb kvLv †_‡K UvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv hv‡e|
Kg©cÎ-2
GwUGg KvW© e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y mbvZb c×wZ A‡cÿv †h myweav¸‡jv cvIqv hvq Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv
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eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:
1| me©cÖ_g †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µg ïiæ nq KZ mv‡j?
K. 1932 L. 1934
M. 1994 N. 1997
2| B-Kgvm© ej‡Z wb‡gœi †KvbwU‡K eySvq?
K. B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q cY¨ I †mev mvgMÖx µq-weµq
L. e¨emv‡qi mKj Kvh©µ‡g mnvqZv Kiv
M. B›Uvi‡bU gva¨g cÖ‡qvM Kiv
N. e¨vswKs Kg© cwiPvjbv Kiv
wg. †iRv Ggb GKwU e¨vs‡K wnmve Ly‡j‡Qb †hLv‡b DbœZZi cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i AwZ`ªæZ, wbf©~j
Ges e¨vcK †mev cÖ`vb K‡i| GQvovI e¨vsK Zv‡K wewfbœ AvaywbK †mev myweavI Advi Ki‡Q|
K. B-e¨vswKs
L. wgkÖ e¨vswKs
M. †PBb e¨vswKs
N. MÖæc e¨vswKs
4| e¨vsK wg. †iRv‡K †h mKj AvayywbK myweav Advi Ki‡Q Zv n‡Z cv‡i−
i. †WweU KvW©
ii. †µwWU KvW©
iii. jKvi fvov
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| Rvwid XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi n‡j _v‡K| Zvi evev †MvcvjMÄ m`‡i WvP-evsjv e¨vsK †_‡K
†Q‡ji Rb¨ UvKv cvVvb| DbœZ cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g cuvP wgwbU ciB Rvwid XvKvi WvP-evsjv e¨vsK,
avbgwÛ kvLv †_‡K UvKv DVvq| e¨vsKwU eZ©gv‡b AviI AvaywbK cÖhyw³ †mev †hgb−UvKv Rgv
I D‡Ëvjb, cY¨ I †mev µ‡qi g~j¨ cwi‡kva, wewfbœ ai‡bi wej cwi‡kva, †eZb-fvZv BZ¨vw`
my‡hvM-myweavi †ÿ‡Î GK avc GwM‡q Av‡Q|
K. B-wi‡UBwjs Kx?
L. B-weR‡bm ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. †Kvb ai‡bi e¨vswKs e¨ve¯’vi myev‡` Rvwid `ªæZ UvKv DVv‡Z †c‡i‡Q−e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. WvP-evsjv e¨vs‡Ki AviI AvaywbK cÖhyw³ ej‡Z Kx ai‡bi cÖhyw³i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?
DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki|
2| iv‡mj I gvmy` `yB eÜz| iv‡mj PvKyix K‡i Ges gvmy` e¨emv K‡i| iv‡mj •`bw›`b cÖ‡qvR‡b
wewfbœ mg‡q Zvi wnmve †_‡K ATM ey_ GK ai‡bi Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g A_© D‡Ëvjb K‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K gvmy` Zvi e¨vs‡K wnmve bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I we‡kl Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g A_© D‡Ëvjb I
†KbvKvUv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z wbw`©ó mg‡q my`mn A_© †diZ w`‡Z nq|
K. B-Kgvm© Kx?
L. †gvevBj e¨vswKs ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. iv‡mj †h Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g A_© D‡Ëvjb K‡i Zv‡K Kx e‡j? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. gvmy‡`i e¨eüZ KvW©wU Kx bv‡g cwiwPZ? GB ai‡bi KvW© e¨env‡ii †hŠw³KZv we‡kølY Ki|
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e¨emv‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b ZeyI e¨emvq cÖwZôvb‡K •bwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi
welqwU †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| e¨emvq m¤úª`v‡qi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e e¨emvq D‡`¨v³v‡K g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZv
m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK `„wófw½ cvjb Ki‡Z nq|
e¨emvq RM‡Z †hme g~j¨‡eva me©Rb ¯^xK…wZ jvf Ki‡Q Zv wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−
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1. m‡e©v”P †fv³v mš‘wó wbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡gB gybvdvi m‡e©v”PKiY m¤¢e| ZvB MÖvnK mšÍywó
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2. cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Rbkw³i Kvh© mšÍywói Dci cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ wbf©ikxj| ZvB Zv‡`i mš‘wó
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3. mswkøó mK‡ji mv‡_ DËg †hvMv‡hvM I fv‡jv m¤úK© e¨emvwqK Dbœq‡bi PvweKvwV| ZvB m¤úK©
m„wó, m¤úK© iÿv Ges wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM e¨emvwqK mg„w× AR©‡bi nvwZqvi|
4. MÖvnK‡`i mv‡_ cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© ¯’vcb ev mivmwi Av‡e`b m„wói gva¨‡gB evRv‡i Ae¯’v mymsnZ Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
5. mgvR m¤ú‡K© D`vmxb †_‡K e¨emvq‡K GwM‡q †bqv m¤¢e bq| ZvB h_vm¤¢e mvgvwRK
`vwqZ¡cvj‡b m‡Pó nIqv `iKvi|
6. mybvg e¨emv‡qi eo m¤ú`| hv mZZv, AvšÍwiKZv, †hvM¨Zv I cvi¯úwiK kª×v‡ev‡ai gva¨‡g
M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e|
12.3 e¨emvq •bwZKZv ev e¨emvqx wkóvPvi
Business Ethics
†hme mvgvwRK wKsev AvBbMZ ixwZ-bxwZ AbymiY K‡i e¨emvqx‡K Zvi e¨emvq Kh©µg cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z nq, Zv‡K e¨emvq •bwZKZv ejv hvq| •bwZKZv gvbyl‡K mr I mwVK Kv‡Ri c_ cÖ`k©b K‡i,
gvby‡li g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡‡eva RvMÖZ K‡i|
Encyclopedia America -†Z ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò •bwZKZv n‡”Q `k©‡bi Ggb GKwU kvLv, hvi gva¨‡g
gvbyl †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó Kvh©µg ev AvPvi-AvPiY m¤ú‡K© mwVK
g~j¨vqb I wm×všÍ Mªn‡Y m‡Pó nq|Ó
e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î †h •bwZKZv ev wkóvPvi mKj mgv‡RB ¯^xK…wZ
jvf K‡i‡Q Zv wb‡gœ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
• mKj †ÿ‡Î mZZv eRvq ivLv I wbf©iZvi ¸Y AR©b
Kiv|
• †Kv‡bv ai‡bi cÖZviYv, kVZv I †avKvevwRi AvkÖq MÖnY
bv Kiv|
• evRv‡i K…wÎg msKU m„wó K‡i cY¨g~j¨ e„w× bv Kiv|
• miKvwi wbqg-ixwZ †g‡b Pjv|
• cwi‡ek iÿvq mva¨ g‡Zv f~wgKv ivLv|
• ÿwZKi I †eAvBwb cY¨ Drcv`b ev weµq bv Kiv|
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evsjvwjsK Gi M„nxZ c`‡ÿc−
evsjv‡`‡ki †gvevBj †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
evsjvwjsK G †ÿ‡Î Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ `„p cÖwZÁ| GRb¨ Zviv wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK
Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| evsjvwjs‡Ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ c`‡ÿc¸‡jv n‡jv:
K·evRvi mx weP cwi®‥vi cÖKí Ges AvšÍRv© wZK mg~`ªK~j cwi®‥vi w`em cvjb: 2005 mvj
†_‡K evsjvwjsK we‡k¦i `xN©Zg mg~`ª •mKZ K·evRv‡ii cwi®‥vi-cwi”QbœZvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY
K‡i‡Q| GRb¨ eQ‡i 263 w`b 26 Rb gwnjv Kg©x 2 wmd‡U wZb wK.wg `xN© mg~`ª •mKZwU
cwi®‥vi K‡i _v‡K| GQvov Av‡iv 7Rb cyiæl Kg©x i‡q‡Q hviv fvix AveR©bv Acmvi‡b
wb‡qvwRZ hv mg~`ª Zxi‡K `~lY †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Q| GQvovI evsjvwjsK AvšÍR©vwZK mg~`ª Zxi
cwi”Qbœ w`em cvjb K‡i †hLv‡b 500 ZiæY-ZiæYx †¯^”Qv kÖ‡gi gva¨‡g cwi®‥vi-cwi”QbœZvi
KvR K‡i _v‡K|
GwZg‡`i K¤^j cÖ`vb: 2009 mvj †_‡K evsjvwjsK GwZg‡`i K¤^j cÖ`v‡bi Kvh©µg nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q|
GB j‡ÿ MZeQi (2012) mv‡j Zviv 101 wU GwZgLvbvq cÖvq 5000 Rb GwZg‡K webvg~‡j¨ K¤^j
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e¨e¯’vKiY, cvwb eÈb AÂj ¯’vcb, webvg~‡j¨ †dvb K‡ji e¨e¯’vKiY, webvg~‡j¨ †gvevBj
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`wi`ª wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K ICT ‡mev cÖ`vb: mgvR †_‡K wbiÿiZv `~ixKiY Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K
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j¨v‡e evsjvwjsK j¨vcUc, B›Uvi‡bU g‡Wg Ges gvwëwgwWqv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e MÖvgxY‡dv‡bi c`‡ÿc
MÖvgxY‡dvb mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e †h c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY K‡i‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K wZbwU cÖavb fv‡M
fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:
1. ¯^v¯’¨ 2. wkÿv 3. cwi‡ek|
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`wi`ª gv I wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖvq 1.7 wgwjqb cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|
cÖvq 28,700 Rb e¨w³‡K webvg~‡j¨ Pÿz‡mev cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q hvi g‡a¨ cÖvq 3,458 Rb AÜ
e¨w³‡K `„wókw³ wdwi‡q †`qvi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q|
wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK Bmy¨ †hgb GBWm& wel‡q RbMY‡K m‡PZb Kivi Rb¨ m‡PZbZvg~jK
Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K|
MÖvgxY‡dvb cÖvq 4,00,000Rb †gvevBj Acv‡iUi‡K A_©‣bwZK ¯^vaxbZv G‡b w`‡q‡Q|
MÖvgxY‡dvb cÖvq 500 KwgDwbwU Z_¨‡K›`ª ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q
GwmW AvµvšÍ‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’vKiY
`wi`ª †gavex Qv·`i e„wË cÖ`vb
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cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©v‡Mi mgq Riæix Îv‡bi e¨e¯’vKib BZ¨vw`|
WvP-evsjv e¨vs‡Ki mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e M„wnZ c`‡ÿc
†`‡ki mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b WvP-evsjv e¨vs‡Ki M„nxZ c`‡ÿc‡K mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi cw_K…r ejv nq|
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12.12 Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y †h mKj ivmvqwbK e¨envi nq †m¸‡jvi ÿwZKi w`K mbv³KiY
The Bad Effects of Different Chemical Pestisides Which is Used in Preserving Food
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The Caution and Duties of using Chemical in Producing and Preserving Food
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