2

325
Frec Electron Theory and Band Theory of Solids

10.4.2 BLOCH THEOREM

it is necessary to
In order to understand the difference between the conductors and insulators,
of ion core in
incorporate the variation of potential inside the crystal due to the presence positive
inside a metallic crystal
the free electron model. It appears more realistic to assume the potential
at the positive ion sites and
to be periodic with periodicity of the lattice. The potential is minimum
maximum between the two ions For an electron moving in a one dimensional periodic potential
written
Vx), the corresponding one dimensional Schrodinger equation can be
as

d E-VA)]v=0 (1)

lattice constant
V(x) may be defined by means of the as,
a
where the periodic potential
V (t) = V (x +a) 2)
there is an important theorem
With reference to solution of the Schrödinger equation,
the solutions of Schrödinger
known as Bloch theorem TheBloch theorem states hat
dimensional periodic potential V (x) are the plane
equation for an electron moving in a one the
waves modulated by the function ue (t)
which has the same periodicity as the lattice. In
theorem.
theory of differential equations it is known as Floguet's
shown that the one dimensional solution of
Employing the periodic potential, Bloch has
the Schrodinger equation takes the form

v(x)=exp(ikx)u, (x) (3)

In three dimensional it is given by
(4)
vr=exp(ikr)u, (P)
Bloch functions in one and three dimensions
The equations (3) and (4) are known as
the periodic function u (x)
They represent the free electron wave modulated by
respectively.
with periodicity of lattice in one and three
and u () where u (x) and u (r) are periodic
the one dimensional case and suppose w
dimensions respectively.Therefore considering only
have N number ofatoms in a linear chain
of atoms of length L then, we can write
5)
,(r)=,(*+Na)
From equations (3) and (5) we can write
Im
v.(r+Na)=u,(r+Nolesp[ik(x + No)]
nd (6
fa =exp(ik Na),(r)exp(ikx)=V, («) exp(ik Na)
 Th KuOng Peuney Model
Thus moclel llustualis ke hehavueun teetrdu
This
u pvioelie peteulial. TE aums h a t
tha
ter m The
ef serotie Aquare prtebiale .

pttioCueulz an infuk mow

wetegulan prleuliol uells paraliol bb
bavuersoudltb 6ewtk paee peuiocleol a,
hra th pivolueuly r Ah lattree
Eaeh uel epmuenl t e a m appomalow
Tha nmotel
to the peinlia uocluerol hy
Am

n e G o s Kueh as
O r a , The petintiul
nugy As eualReo

R b <a20, it s
L
Thus medel lus tralis many umfponlanl
uantum hehaubw f ellalueu
eeluoes f the
n peluoolie lattice The uwaueJuniliers
atouahsl wuR Thu moolel e n e lalulatee

byReluing ehneclivgeu wau gngor two

Th Soh esuatieg fon Two esusus

 &
dx

-bLak0-)
d2

twhyy i ttu
Hene
Hee i sLaemed that l e
olctno malliw tia V. Hgaun let
mE m CVo-E)

luukne anol B Obuttam

Thus dyL +*Y)

2

dn
2
- (2a
d
Reuue tr u e Bloek fumlieru tuui as
Koue
PCa)=ekz u

NgD, do ( k
U) ike
d

ody kz cfog ihe +

da

he
ik do,(n) ik

dy ike duo
dxa
cdxa d
t 2ik dul
tkl)
u
drz dn d
 uht lakus egn in ) anda, we
aik du ( )u, =o DKALa-(5)
d
-h<Ao {6)
Au ik
dra d
the
the votu uz() u
uh U,x) vupsresu UkCz
Ka/) up. ehe Valu )
iniiu vel (oaz<a) omol
ttu auliupol eb<io)
he t o r
Tha rutien r thu i s ef

omd

d
dx
ubritulig hee values

+aikme )e
me
2ikm + («-K)=O
m+
-2ikt-4k_4tkk)
Peluum)
-
me-kic

- i k + i i -i(-K)
- i k - i a - i(k+k)
ma
m
The evwnal Aetulieu
Centan
ma
= =Ae"+ 8 e
-i(a+K)x
,a) = Al-k)
 imlody o e
mRikm-( pk) = o

m
Aik t/-Hk h(

, -ik)x

D ae
Cousomts .
C
&D
aue thlaune by
The Valus ef A,B, c

veeuoltiois .

ppeyug bvnodasey
( .ore
TaRrtutiens
t l e quelieug

, c e ) A E E R ) x

Be OLr<a-(

amd da(x) = c -CBrik)x

+De
The bEmolenyy 0onollioru

4,ta uatb
 4)e

au
d
dao
du duz
dr Jn-a dr

These Condtgue haue

APPtyu19 , ue

AB C+D

( x - K A - i (Ktk)B -(p-ik) c- (pri)D

A Cd-k)a 8 l + K )
-(p-i)6
a
(p+ikD
Ce +De -
i-ka -(kth)(«+K)a eA-i)%
=
(B-i) c
(PrK)b
brit)De (
ckelulieu
3) avl a
The cut. O,ant
l y af fthe teocffeetn
h e oletuminonnt
Me
AB, CD Vanus. Then hy Retuinj
haut -the Relutieu eh the om
clelin minont, we

m h p b n da t Cosk3b cos a = esk(a1)

Tlus eGNAs uuy Ceuuplicalid &ut a

penney
Kimplilisaliou is peble knony
moluul h a t u h e n V tnds to tttnily
k e edut V, b vumaink
6pprvathus e u o )
Callecd olella Jenelei
n t e lueh hunttie
 lanoes,
mder there c i u o m s

n hpb b
as - 6->
CoA b > /
Re that (heencs

(P B6-dinAa Cos xa
= Coska

mE
mVo-E)

(Ve2F)
2
(as Vo >>E)
mYo
B
= Co Ska
oSAa
mxa +
mvo Bb

mVo ab aa CoS A =Cos ka

n
h e r r P= mV, ab
m,ab

Rim da +CoS a Coska

da
Eiauons d te aua

enist.

V bawnier ueglu p e l e l ue barier

b arier
peltulul
fthe
peuw
o l t r u n

f CosAo
4ouw the gyph het
a P
is),
teeu th
m uukue tha sliel Lne
allcwedl eesgy peos
 Rimn a
+Col na
a

+1

weplE
Tha enugy speenum elelrons
alouud euwngy badstparalit
mbn o
yorkioblem banes
bamo
Th wioltt alloun nay
wcmraLes Culk Änencatmg Values a

3Thu F v mgh menns , allemngies

Vy
ovna

allowed