On the rise of citizen journalism

Power to The People?

By Melanie Y. Pinlac

MODERN TECHNOLOGY has brought about changes in the landscape of news media. Today, another new journalistic form
is challenging the norms of traditional journalism. This new form—citizen journalism—is challenging the notion that only
trained and professional journalists can come up with reliable news reports.
Advocates of this new form want to escape from the mainstream media’s alleged monopoly over information and to give
this power to inform to ordinary citizens. Advocates say that citizen journalism provides the public a source of news other
than the mainstream media.
In MediaShift, a weblog that tracks the effects of new digital technologies on media, editor Mark Glaser defines citizen
journalists as “people without professional journalism training (using) the tools of modern technology and the global
distribution of the Internet to create, augment, or fact-check media on their own or in collaboration with others.”
Citizen journalism initiators also think they could thrive without the principles that serve as the foundation of traditional news
media. One of these principles, objective reporting, is something citizen journalists could live without, they say.

A break from tradition

In an interview published in Japan Media Review (http://www.japanmediareview.com), Oh Heon-Yo, founder of the South
Korean website OhmyNews, said citizens without journalistic practice (or citizen journalists) should not be expected to write
straight, objective articles.
”We not only break the concept of ‘who reporters are’, but also… the formula of ‘reporters are supposed to be like blah, blah,
blah,’” he said. “Articles, including both facts and opinions, are acceptable when they are good.”
Oh, a former reporter for the alternative magazine Mal, launched the pioneer citizen journalism site in Asia, OhmyNews
(http://www.ohmynews.com/) in 2000. This is in answer to the discontent that citizens feel about conservative news media
and their desire for a space where they could talk about themselves. In his interview with Wired.com, Oh explained, “We
wanted to say goodbye to 20th-century journalism where people only saw things through the eyes of the mainstream,
conservative media.”
The site started with only four reporters. Today, it has 53 staff members and approximately 38,000 citizen reporters. These
citizen reporters are paid according to the ranking of their stories—”basic,” “bonus,” or “special.”
Other than giving ordinary Koreans the chance to be reporters, OhmyNews was said to have opened new ground for political
reform in the country. For example, it helped then candidate Roh Moo-Hyun win in the 2002 presidential elections. According
to reports, OhmyNews allegedly gave Roh the attention conservative press denied him.
Today, other Asians like the Japanese have attempted to build their own citizen journalism-inspired websites.

Filipino initiatives
In the Philippines, the idea of transforming ordinary Filipinos into citizen journalists is slowly gaining acceptance. Perhaps
because of the low Internet penetration rate and the high web maintenance fee, most citizen journalism sites in the
Philippines are owned by bigger or mainstream media organizations. This is different from other countries where citizen
journalism thrives in stand-alone web sites like OhmyNews.
Some examples are the Sun.Star’s “Citizen Watch” and GMANews.TV’s “YouScoop”.
Sun.Star Network’s “Citizen Watch: The Arroyo Presidency” invites ordinary readers to post analyses and stories on develop-
ments involving President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s admi-nistration. This is apart from their regular Sun.Star website,
where daily news reports are written by the newspaper’s pool of professional reporters. “Citizen Watch” was launched after
the success of the “Arroyo Watch” project in 2005. The “Arroyo Watch” weblog was formed to track the updates regarding
the “Hello, Garci” scandal.
The “YouScoop” of GMANews.TV, on the other hand, tries to involve citizens in online journalism by giving them a free hand
in uploading pictures and videos that they think are newsworthy.
Not just online
Another noticeable feature of Philippine citizen journalism is that it is not limited to the online medium.
Acknowledging the success of online citizen journalism in other Asian countries, big media companies have realized the
potential of citizen-driven news media. Besides fulfilling a social responsibility—that is, empowering the people through news
—they are also able to cover areas where media companies do not have regular reporters.
Today, the Philippine traditional media—print and broadcast—have used citizen journalism in short messaging and
multimedia messaging systems.
In the 2007 elections, ABS-CBN launched a project which was supposedly patterned after the idea of citizen journalism. “Boto
Mo, i-Patrol Mo” gave ordinary voters the power to report unusual and suspicious activities in their neighborhoods through
their mobile phones. ABS-CBN then flashed the reports on air.
In an interview with PJR Reports, Maria Ressa, ABS-CBN’s head of News and Public Affairs, said, “the overarching idea for
this “Boto Mo, i-Patrol Mo” was empowerment using technology and mass media in order to ensure the credibility of the
elections.” She added that through this initiative, voters were also given the capability to hold officials accountable.
Beyond writing letters to the editor and contributing to reader-driven columns, some Philippine dailies want their readers to
venture into citizen journalism.
The Philippine Daily Inquirer, for example, calls on its readers to “share the good news where you are—and the bad.” In its
Metro Citizen’s Call section, the Inquirer features text and photos sent by concerned readers which range from personal
appeals and criticisms about local governance to alleged illegal activities in their neighborhoods.
Redefining journalism
Still, the idea of having a press dominated by those who do not have any idea of journalism is absurd for some journalists.
They believe that citizen journalism should follow the basic principles observed by traditional news media.
According to Vergel Santos, chair of BusinessWorld’s editorial board, the idea that anybody can be a journalist poses a
danger to the profession. He also says such thinking cheapens the profession.
”Journalism calls, not only for the understanding of certain skills, but the acquisition of certain skills at certain levels. So,
being able to build a site and disseminate whatever information you wish to disseminate to audiences does not constitute
journalism,” Santos stressed.
He compares journalism to carpentry. Having the tools for carpentry does not make one a carpenter, unless one has learned
the proper skills needed in the craft, he said.
“I’m not saying that citizens cannot be journalists. If they train, they might be able to do it,” Santos said. “But to be able to
practice journalism without training, I don’t understand how they will do it.”
Danilo Arao, a University of the Philippines journalism professor, says giving readers the chance to have their comments and
stories see print or be uploaded “are good initiatives.” But, he adds, citizens must be given the necessary skills and
knowledge to become journalists.
For example, according to Arao, “Boto Mo, i-Patrol Mo” may have manifested the power of the citizen’s text messages in
helping the network in gathering data but it is not enough to call this citizen journalism.
Arao says what may qualify as citizen journalism in the Philippines is the concept called peryodismong yapak or “barefoot
journalism.” This is where “ordinary citizens are taught how to write stories and produce community papers.”
And some advocates of citizen journalism seem to agree with Santos and Arao.

Back to tradition
Recently, there had been noticeable efforts by citizen journalism sites to enforce rules normally associated with traditional
journalism. Legal as well as ethical problems caused by unverified and inaccurate reports that appeared in their sites could
have caused this change among advocates of citizen journalism.
OhmyNews, for example, has been a victim of hoaxes such as a report on the supposed assassination of Microsoft founder
Bill Gates from a fake CNN site. Now, OhmyNews enforces strict registration rules for citizen journalists and has asked its
reporters to disclose details concerning their bank accounts to the editorial board.
Some websites have also required their contributors to abide by certain ethical rules. Sun.Star’s “Citizen Watch” asks writers
to take into consideration the CyberJournalist.net’s Bloggers’ Code of Ethics, a modified form of the US Society of
Professional Journalists Code of Ethics. One provision states that bloggers, like journalists, should be “honest and fair in
gathering, reporting, and interpreting information.”
Meanwhile, some online citizen journalism sites, especially in the United States, have realized the importance of news values
and other basic journalistic standards. They have already started offering Journalism 101 classes to interested citizen
journalists under their management.
But a single class in journalism cannot provide all the needed skills in becoming a journalist. One must have constant practice
and training.
After all, there is no such thing as an overnight journalist.

Comments are closed.

ACTIVITY:
Answer the following guide questions.
• What is Citizen Journalism? What are the advantages of Citizen Journalism? Cite some examples.
• How does the Internet change the way news is reported? Do media companies limit their stories to their
journalists only? Why/why not?
• What are the issues of Citizen Journalism? What mechanisms do they have to prove the accuracy of their
stories?
• Do you think making ordinary citizens news reporters on TV or online develops more awareness on news
content and mass media literacy?
Synthesize your answers by creating a mind map. The mind map may be drawn and written on cartolina or
Manila paper, or be done through presentation software. Be ready to present the mind map to class.

Tourism in Southern Cebu gets digital boost from Talk ‘N Text, Internet.org
by MyCebu Partners on August 12, 2015
FOUR eco-tourism groups in Aloguinsan, Cebu are now ready to move to the digital space after attending the Panalo
Community Training sponsored by Talk ‘N Text (TNT), the value brand of Smart Communications, Inc. (Smart), and
organized by Grassroots Travel, a local company working with communities to help promote responsible and sustainable
travel.

During the four-day training, the participants were able to create a demo website for their community groups. They also
learned about travel trends, branding and packaging, blogging, photography, videography, social media marketing and
analytics, online and digital marketing tools, and responsible use of the Internet.

“We are happy to support Aloguinsan people’s organizations (POs) because we see their commitment to promote their town
through eco-tourism. The goal of the Panalo Community trainings is to help them provide better tourism experience by going
digital,” said Smart Public Affairs-VisMin Senior Manager Atty. Maria Jane C. Paredes.

Eco-tourism associations
Aloguinsan Mayor Cynthia Moreno, during the closing remarks, also thanked the communities for taking the lead in
promoting Aloguinsan. “Kamo, ang mga local community dinhi sa Aloguinsan, ang nagdala sa pangalan sa atong lungsod nga
mailhan sa tibuok probinsya sa Sugbo, sa tibuok nasud ug sa kalibutan. Diba, nindot kaayo palandungon? (You (the local
communities) made Aloguinsan known in the province of Cebu, in the country, and in the world. That’s really wonderful.),”
said Mayor Moreno.

The participants of the training are members of four associations managing four different eco-tourism activities in
Aloguinsan: Baetas or Bojo Aloguinsan Ecotourism Association (Bojo River cruise), Kea or Kantabogon Ecotourism
Association (The Hermit’s Cove), Chat or Cultural Heritage for Aloguinsan Tourism (organic farm and culinary), and Arra or
Aloguinsan Reef Rangers Association (snorkeling and dolphin-watching).

Internet.org initiative
The Panalo Community trainings are part of TNT’s campaign to promote Internet.org to empower communities by providing
free access to 30 websites using mobile devices.

A Facebook-led initiative, Internet.org aims to make mobile Internet services available to two-thirds of the world who are not
yet connected. Currently, over 4.5 million Filipinos use Internet.org.

Some of the sites that can be accessed without data charges are Accuweather and Rain Check for weather updates; Ask.com,
Bing Search, WikiHow and Wikipedia for general information; BabyCenter and MAMA for pregnancy and childcare;
Interaksyon.com, Inquirer.net, PhilStar.com, GMA News Online, Rappler and Sun.Star for news updates;

ESPN and Spin.ph for sports updates; PEP.ph for entertainment news; Facts for Life for health and hygiene; iMoney.ph and
Your Money for personal finances, JobStreet.com for job search; Facebook and Messenger; OLX for online shopping;
Sakay.ph for bus and train directions; TESDA for free programs and training; Wattpad for books and stories; and
Dictionary.com.

First of 3 modules
TNT subscribers who are Android users may download the Internet.org app on Google Play Store while non-Android users
can access the site by typing www.internet.org on their mobile browser. For step-by-step instructions, text INTERNET to
9999 or visit talkntext.com.ph/internetorg.

The Panalo Community training in Aloguinsan is the first of three modules designed by TNT and Grassroots Travel to help
POs maximize the use of online and digital technologies in promoting eco-tourism in their town. The other two modules will
cover resilient and sustainable tourism; and effective customer service as well as online mobile payments, respectively.

The same set of trainings will be held in three other towns in Southern Cebu namely Boljoon, Samboan, and Santander.

Answer the following guide questions.

• How did the Internet help in promoting tourism in Aloguinsan, Cebu?
• How did it improve the lives of the local community?
• If you could apply the Aloguinsan digital experience to your community, what local tourist spots, culture, or
practices would you promote? Why?
Synthesize your answers by creating a mind map. The mind map may be drawn and written on cartolina or
Manila paper, or be done through presentation software. Be ready to present the mind map to class.

Inside job? Senior citizen loses P159,000 via unauthorized online transfer
David Dizon, ABS-CBNnews.com
MANILA - A senior citizen lost P159,000 in savings from a local bank via unauthorized online fund transfer despite never using
his account to transfer funds.

In an interview, businessman Carlos D. Malibiran said Akinto Marketing Corporation opened a payroll account in his name at
Union Bank Aurora-Balete Drive branch in July 2013.

Malibiran, 72, said he worked as a consultant for Akinto, earning P30,000 a month as consultancy fee, which was deposited
regularly to his account.

He said he used the original PIN supplied by the bank to check on his balance online via the Union Bank website but never
made a withdrawal, saying he usually withdrew his money over the counter.

During the second quarter of 2014, the Union Bank website rejected the PIN code that Malibiran used to check on his
account.

Malibiran said he asked his secretary to call the branch manager, identified as Christian Dumlao, who said that the Union
Bank website usually asked for additional information online as an added security measure.

"Ganyan talaga po for your additional protection," he recalled the manager as saying.

Malibiran then continued to use his account for one to two months.

He last made a P20,000 over-the-counter withdrawal from his account at Union Bank on June 5, 2014 and then decided he
wanted to let the money accumulate for a while so that he would have cash before Christmas.

Without his knowledge, the monthly consultancy fees that were being deposited to his account twice a month were being
withdrawn via online fund transfer.

As a result, a total of P159,000 were withdrawn from his account without his knowledge from July to October 2014.

"When I asked my secretary to call the manager about the balance, the manager said: 'Bakit, may ine-expect ba kayo na
papasok na pera?' Sabi niya wala kasi ine-expect namin may P159,000 na diyan. Ang sabi ng manager: 'Hindi ho, mam. 53
pesos na lang," Malibiran said.

A check on his transaction records showed that the online withdrawals were being done every start of the month on July and
August 2014.

The withdrawals then increased in frequency and were being done on the same day that funds were being deposited to the
account.

TRANSACTIONS

JULY 1, 2014 - P39,000 - WITHDRAWAL VIA ONLINE FUND TRANSFER

JULY 14, 2014 - P15,000 - PAYROLL CREDIT
JULY 28, 2014 - P15,000 - PAYROLL CREDIT
AUGUST 1, 2014 - P30,000 - WITHDRAWAL VIA ONLINE FUND TRANSFER
AUGUST 13, 2014 - P15,000 - PAYROLL CREDIT
AUGUST 28, 2014 - P15,000 - PAYROLL CREDIT
AUGUST 28, 2014 - P30,000 - WITHDRAWAL VIA ONLINE FUND TRANSFER
SEPTEMBER 12, 2014 - P15,000 - PAYROLL CREDIT
SEPTEMBER 29, 2014 - P15,000 - PAYROLL CREDIT
SEPTEMBER 29, 2014 - P30,000 - WITHDRAWAL VIA ONLINE FUND TRANSFER
OCTOBER 13, 2014 - P15,000 - PAYROLL CREDIT
OCTOBER 14, 2014 - P15,000 - WITHDRAWAL VIA ONLINE FUND TRANSFER
OCTOBER 28, 2014 - P15,000 - PAYROLL CREDIT
OCTOBER 28, 2014 - P15,000 - WITHDRAWAL VIA ONLINE FUND TRANSFER

"Hindi ito authorized. I have never authorized anybody to withdraw from my account," Malibiran said.

Malibiran's secretary and Akinto's accounts manager also went to the bank to complain but were told that the funds were
transferred to different depositors.

When they asked for the names of these accounts, the manager refused because the bank secrecy law disallows the release
of information about depositors.
The manager also promised to forward the matter to Union Bank's anti-fraud department, which investigated the case.

On November 2014, Malibiran also sent a demand letter through his lawyers, asking for a reimbursement of his missing
funds. A copy of the letter was also sent to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.

PHISHING?

On January 12, 2015, the business manager of Union Bank Aurora-Balete Drive branch sent a letter to Malibiran saying that
his account's credentials were compromised, which allowed the unauthorized fund transfers.

"You have stated that the withdrawals were unauthorized, and it is rather unfortunate that your account's credentials were at
some point compromised and made known to a third party who then used the information to perpetrate the withdrawals,"
the letter read.

"Typically, the information is gathered through a phishing email which pretends to be from a legitimate source and asking to
verify the account holder's personal information for some made-up reasons. They would then direct the client to a
counterfeit website and ask to input account credentials."

Malibiran's personal secretary Pamela Darunday, however, refuted the bank's explanation. She said she only used the Union
Bank's website to check the balance of the account.

She also said they have never received any e-mail from the bank, asking for information on Malibiran or directing them to
click on a link.

"All the withdrawals before July 2014 were done over-the-counter and never online," she said.

Akinto's accounting manager Roderick Ramos also told ABS-CBN News that they removed 41 payroll accounts from Union
Bank Aurora-Balete Drive branch after discovering the theft. The payroll accounts are now with a different bank, he said.

Malibiran said he is disappointed that Union Bank cannot protect their depositors even while promoting their online banking
system.

"They should have safety nets and explain it to their depositors. In all previous online inquiries, they were okay. Tapos nung
bandang huli, ayaw nang tanggapin. Website nila yun," he said.

He said he is also surprised that the funds were being withdrawn on the same day that the money was credited to his
account.

"The bank knows to whom the money went and yet they have not exerted any effort to inquire to that depositor 'bakit ka
nagkaroon ng ganito? Saan ba nanggaling yan? Malabnaw ang safety net. Dapat extra effort from the bank despite the
secrecy. Pakiramdam ko inside job from the bank."

He also said he plans to make an appeal to the Bangko Sentral to make a ruling on the matter in the interest of depositors.

OTHER BANK DEPOSITORS LOSE MONEY

Malibiran's case of missing money is not the first to be reported.

A TV Patrol report earlier described the case of Union Bank depositor Marlene Atienza who also lost P115,000 from her
account a day after she checked her balance.

Atienza said the funds were also transferred to another account via online bank transfer.

"Nagulat ako P400 na lang laman ng account," she said. "Pinakita ko sa branch manager at agad naman na-trace nila."

Another depositor, Bernadeth Ong, lost P20,000 from her account, which was withdrawn from Ortigas. Ong, however, lives
in Davao City and has never been to Ortigas.

"Ang sabi nila baka na-skimming," she said.

Frane Ong, Union Bank depositor from Cagayan de Oro, said he also lost P90,000 from his account right after checking his
balance on the Union Bank website.

"Nagtaka ako, akala ko nung una error lang. Baka sa system. Lumampas 150 days wala pa ring nangyayari," he said.
ABS-CBN News also learned about one bank depositor whose account showed funds being deposited and withdrawn on the
same day, without his knowledge.

Union Bank Executive Vice President Genaro Lapez earlier said Union Bank, just like other banks, has issued and continues to
issue advisories to the public, warning them against these scams.

"These can be seen in our website, in our posters, in our ATMs and in various media in order to promote awareness to our
clients," he said in a statement.

However, he also pointed out that in cases of phishing "where the client unknowingly volunteers his/her personal information
to scammers, the bank does not reimburse the cash lost by the client."

BSP Assistant Governor Johnny Noe Ravalo said depositors who are victimized by phishing scams should file a complaint
with the Bangko Sentral so that the BSP can act on the matter.

He said the BSP is also looking into how banks protect their clients against all kinds of fraud.

"We can go to banks and rate them from 1 to 4. 3 and 4 will be passing. 1 and 2 means the bank has big problems," he said.

Answer the following guide questions

• How can you tell if someone is phishing on your account?
• How did Mr. Malibiran lose his money in the bank? Narrate the incident.
• Do you think online banking is still safe? How can you avoid becoming a victim of phishing?

Synthesize your answers by creating a mind map. The mind map may be drawn and written on cartolina or
Manila paper, or be done through presentation software. Be ready to present the mind map to class.
Human trafficking in Asia going online
3 May 2014
Authors: Alistair D. B. Cook and Caitríona H. Heinl, RSIS

Human traffickers have an increasing number of targets online in Southeast Asia. The ASEAN region has a growing
population of over 600 million — and internet users have doubled. Technology-facilitated trafficking is more diffuse and
adaptive than initially thought, but online tools can also be creatively employed to counter cross-border trafficking.

The explosion in mobile phone usage in the region facilitates real-time communication and coordination by traffickers to
recruit, harbour, transport, and provide higher numbers of victims for commercial sexual activity or forced labour.

This in turn broadens their horizon and increases their reach. The sharp incline in mobile broadband subscribers is also driving
the explosion in global connectivity according to the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Levels of
cybercrime are increasing as individual and organised criminal groups exploit new opportunities without the need for
complex skills. For instance, online social media allows for new ways to facilitate people trafficking, distribution of child abuse
material, and new avenues for recruiting victims.

Although ASEAN signed the Declaration Against Trafficking in Persons, Particularly Women and Children, no significant
progress on implementing the Declaration has been made. In particular, this is because East Asian countries are a major
source for long-distance, transregional trafficking. In the most recent UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, East
Asia and the Pacific account for nearly 40 per cent of detected child victims. Also, victims from this region are the most
geographically dispersed — found in more than 60 countries.

Trafficking networks seek children for illegal adoption, commercial sexual exploitation, drug trafficking and child labour.
Children under 18 using social media platforms often fall victim to traffickers. In the first instance, a young person might
receive a friend notification from an unknown person but still accept the request. They increase exchanges, agree to meet
and after continued social media interaction they meet again. The child subsequently gets trafficked and this is how an
estimated one quarter of children reported missing in Indonesia are thought to have met their captors on social media
platforms like Facebook.

In February 2014, Chinese authorities rescued 382 babies and arrested more than 1000 people suspected of buying and selling
young children online. This followed a six-month operation in which authorities were made aware of a website promoting
private adoptions. Law enforcement authorities subsequently uncovered an online black market that connected buyers and
sellers over four websites, online forums and some 30 groups on a popular Chinese messaging platform.

Law enforcement is increasingly improving and developing methods such as victim-identification databases and data
mining/analytics to improve forensic processes. However, governments in the ASEAN region need a multi-pronged strategy
that focuses on prosecutions, raises awareness, and involves the private sector. Singapore developed the National Plan of
Action for 2012–15 which identifies a ‘4P’ strategy of prevention, prosecution, protection and partnership.

Along with the exponential increase in people accessing the internet throughout Asia, digital activism will develop and grow.
There have been several advances in anti-human trafficking responses, such as the US government’s pro-active policy of
combatting human trafficking and corporate social responsibility schemes. While most innovation in this field emanates from
the United States and Europe, many realise the need to adapt these technological advances to the needs of people in Asia.

The Virtual Global Taskforce brings law enforcement agencies, NGOs and industry partners together to protect children from
online child abuse. In 2012 Operation Endeavour — an Australian, UK, US and Filipino law enforcement effort through the
Virtual Global Taskforce — used online tools such as data mapping to identify areas in the Philippines where child abuse
material was transmitted. Operation Endeavour led to 29 international arrests, 11 of which were in the Philippines —
dismantling an organised crime group that had coordinated the live streaming of on-demand child sexual abuse.

In October 2013, the Taken Campaign launched the first anti-trafficking mobile phone application to mark Anti-Slavery Day
in London. In 2013, an anti-trafficking mobile phone application was developed by RedLight Traffic in the US. Along with the
Polaris Project (a US-based NGO), the app provides users with potential trafficking indicators and red flags to identify victims,
a 20-minute training exercise to recognise trafficking, an anonymous way to report suspected cases to local authorities, and a
sharing tool to establish a local community network against human trafficking.

Also, the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), UNODC and UNESCO joined forces in March 2014 to promote a global
campaign, ‘Your Actions Count — Be a Responsible Traveller’. The campaign was launched with private sector support from
Marriott International and Sabre Holdings who will promote it to customers through their websites (Travelocity and
lastminute.com), online booking tools, their TripCase mobile app and GetThere booking tool.

These types of multi-stakeholder initiatives are sustainable and raise awareness — so are particularly significant for the Asia-
Pacific which is regarded as a source and destination area for trafficked persons.
Several multi-stakeholder approaches in the US and Europe are using ICT to tackle human trafficking through the use of
online petitions, data mapping and awareness-raising activities. It is difficult for law enforcement authorities and
governments to tackle this threat alone. Therefore, meaningful collaboration between a range of stakeholders and public-
private cooperation are essential to fight trafficking, and counter criminals’ increasing use of ICT in Southeast Asia.

Answer the following guide questions.

• Was there progress in the fight to stop human trafficking after ASEAN signed the Declaration Against
Trafficking in Persons, Particularly Women and Children?
• What is the percentage of child victims of human trafficking in the ASEAN Region?
• How does the Internet contribute to the increased number of human trafficking cases? Do you think that the
Internet can be used as a tool to victimize people? Explain your answer.
• Suggest at least 3 ways to help stop human trafficking.

Synthesize your answers by creating a mind map. The mind map may be drawn and written on cartolina or
Manila paper, or be done through presentation software. Be ready to present the mind map to class.