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\loch \af0 {\fs18 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 Touseef Ahmad
9365}{\fs18 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \par }}\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar
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\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 Ql. Define presupposition and discuss its types. (25)}{\b1
\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \par }\pard \plain
\qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0
\itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0
\ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0
\itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\highlight16 Ans:}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 When a person thinks and assumes something before expression
or utterance is termed as preposition. In this case the speaker is having
presupposition, though, we can\uc1 \u8217 ?t say the things(sentences), they are
saying, have presupposition. Presupposition exists in the mind of the reader and
are implicit. For instance,}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1
\widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-420
\li420 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin420 \rin0
\tql \tx420 \itap0 \ls1 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f3 l\'00\tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Have you talked to Taimoor?}{\fs24
\par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum
\adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1
\widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Here, the
presupposition is that }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \uc1 \u8220 ?Taimoor\uc1 \u8221 ? }{\fs24 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 exists in real
and we have something to tell him.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0
\sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0
\ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24
\af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Types of Presupposition:}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj
\itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar
\aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Types of presupposition are as
follow,}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 i.\tab }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Existential Presupposition:}{\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 is
when the speaker commits himself to the existence of something. For instance, }
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Ahmad broke his new phone.}{\fs24
\lang1033 \langnp1033 Here, the presupposition is that \uc1 \u8220 ?}{\i1 \fs24
Ahmad\uc1 \u8221 ? }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 exists and also that he had a phone(which is broken
now).}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 ii.\tab }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Factive Presupposition:}{\fs24 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 is that the
presupposition precedes the verbs like \uc1 \u8220 ?hitting\uc1 \u8221 ? , \uc1
\u8220 ?know\uc1 \u8221 ? etc. For example, }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj
\langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-420 \li420 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1
\widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin420 \rin0 \tql \tx420 \itap0 \ls3
\fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard
\plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f3 l\'00\tab
}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 We regret }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 hitting }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 him.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\langnp1033 Here, the presupposition is that we \uc1 \u8220 ?hit\uc1 \u8221 ? him.}
\af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-425 \li425 \ri0
\sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin425 \rin0 \tql \tx425
{\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \af0 \f2 iii.\tab }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Non-Factive Presupposition: }{\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 is a
type of presupposition which is not based on fact or the truth. It is followed by
verb like \uc1 \u8220 ?pretend\uc1 \u8221 ? which roots to the thing not be true.}
{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 I }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 pretended }{\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 to be
a hero.}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Here, the
presupposition is that \uc1 \u8220 ?I am not a hero\uc1 \u8221 ? but just
pretending.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\fi-425 \li425 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright
\lin425 \rin0 \tql \tx425 \itap0 \ls2 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 iv.\tab }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Lexical Presupposition: }
\langnp1033 is when speaker is trying to portray and makes us understand two
meanings in just one word. E.g,}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360
\slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f3 l\'00\tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Touseef stopped dieting.}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Here, \uc1 \u8220 ?stopped\uc1
\u8221 ? is taken as presupposition which states that he stopped going(but he used
to go before).}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard
\plain \qj \fi-425 \li425 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum
\adjustright \lin425 \rin0 \tql \tx425 \itap0 \ls2 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 v.\tab }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Structural
presupposition: }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 in simple can be defined as part of something is assumed to
be true. It is the assumption usually linked with uses of certain words or phrase.
For instance, }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f3 l\'00\tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 When did he travel to
Islamabad? (he travelled)}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright
\lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1033 Here, the information presented is necessarily true than just
presupposition of one asking the desired question.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-425 \li425 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1
\plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 vi.\tab }
\langnp1033 Counter-factual Presupposition: }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 is when the assumption is not
only false, but is also in contrast to the truth, or opposes an actual fact.}
{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \par }\pard
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f3 l\'00\tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 If I was you, I would
be in Miami.}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 Here, we can clearly see that \uc1 \u8220 ?I am not
him\uc1 \u8221 ? and It\uc1 \u8217 ?s untrue.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 Q2. Highlight the ways in which syntactic semantics can be
studied and discuss them. (30) }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360
\slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \highlight16 Ans:}
\langnp1033 The term semantics refers to the meaning of the words used in a
certain structure. In a language the Grammatical(syntactically valid) does not
always means that the sentence will be semantically valid. For instance, Elephants
flew around the houses. Here the sentence is grammatically all correct but lacks
the sense of meaning.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Now, syntactic semantics means the
understanding of certain sentences that are based on the meaning of those words
inside of it. Sometimes we get bamboozled by understanding a meaning of one word by
judging the other words around it because it carries more than one meaning. For
instance, }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\loch \af0 \f3 l\'00\tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 I dropped a chip on the pool.}{\fs24 \kerning2
\langnp1033 Here, chip conveys two meaning either a computer chip or a potato
edible chip. Now, in the above sentence we can get the clear meaning of chip by
looking at the word pool. Which is potato chip because nobody would want to carry a
computer chip to the pool. This sentence right here is correct both syntactically
and semantically. Understanding a certain sentence with both of these point of
views means syntactic semantic.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1
\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
Ways of studying syntactic semantics:}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 It
can be studied by the following methods,}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \line }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\fi425 \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \tql \tx425 \itap0 \ls8 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 i.\tab }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Ambiguity}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 : is usually a statement or a
sentence that could have more than one possible meaning and interpretations. It is
solely based on the listeners or readers that what the true interpretation can be.
For instance,}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 He killed the man with the
stick.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Here we can get, two meanings out of it. 1)
that he killed the man with an actual stick. 2) that he killed the man that was
holding a stick. The sentence is correct grammatically but the semantics of the
sentence were ambiguous. By knowing this way(ambiguity) we can better differentiate
and interpret appropriate meaning.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2
\plain \qj \fi425 \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 ii.\tab }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Contradiction:}
\langnp1033 can be defined as, Two sentences, one of which is apparently false,
because of the actual sense of the words in the particular sentence. For instance,}
\langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li425 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin425 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 The cat has green eyes : The cat is swift.}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Here,
The swiftness of a cat has nothing to do with the color of the cat\uc1 \u8217 ?s
eyes. By Mastering this we can omit errors from our writing and can understand both
views(I-e semantics and syntactic).}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 iii.\tab }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Entailment: }
\langnp1033 Entailment refers to the relation of application between two sentences
or propositions. In this way, one of the truth of one sentence is implied to the
other because of the word used in a certain manner.}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2
\lin425 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-425 \li425 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1
\plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 a)\tab }
\langnp1033 Everyone ate the food in the wedding.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-
425 \li425 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 b)\tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 No one starved in the wedding
hall.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Here,
}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 A}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 entails }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 B. }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 When A is true B will always be
true, too. B contains more information of the message that }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 A }{\fs24
contained.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi425
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 iv.\tab }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Semantic Anomaly: }{\fs24 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Refers to
irregularity. It is used in linguistics to deviate from the normal semantic rules
of existing laws. It is something irregular and contradictory. Also referred to
as \uc1 \u8220 ?MEANINGLESSNESS\uc1 \u8221 ?.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li425
\ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin425 \rin0 \itap0
\par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-420 \li420 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin420 \rin0 \tql \tx420 \itap0 \ls11 \fs21 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f3 l\'00\tab }{\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 The
tree danced.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Now here, The
structure is correct grammatically but lacks the sense of meaning and is unusual
and irregular. }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 v.\tab }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Presupposition: }
\langnp1033 When a person thinks and assumes something before expression or
utterance is termed as preposition. Presupposition exists in the mind of the reader
and are implicit. For instance,}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-420 \li420 \ri0 \sl360
\slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin420 \rin0 \tql \tx420 \itap0
\ls1 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext
\pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f3
l\'00\tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 Have you talked to Taimoor?}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\lang1033 \langnp1033 Here, the presupposition is that }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \uc1 \u8220 ?
Taimoor\uc1 \u8221 ? }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 exists in real and we have something to tell him.}
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 By,
learning and having commands on all this methods one can achieve better
understanding of the both the point of views(I-e Semantics and syntactic) termed as
SYNTACTIC SEMANTICS.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 Q3. Write a detail note on how
meanings are derived. (25) }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \par
}\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum
\adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1033 \highlight16 Ans:}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Meanings, are the major unit of a language,
where it follows a huge amount of living factors to itself. Meaning accept the
activity of different understandings. Meaning are the essence to life, to
fulfillment and to hopelessness, of reverence and hatred. It is meaning that drives
our life. meaning includes the heart and brain some part of a language. Without
meaning, the language is unfilled, senseless and non-directional. }{\fs24 \kerning2
\lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 A language contains different words in it. The
limit of these words is to offer names to different living and non-living squares
of life, which is insinuated as 'meaning'. A word contains centrality in it. The
relationship of the word to the credited meaning has no relationship with each
other. Earth is known as a Earth, not because of any fundamental or other
affiliation, anyway in a self-assured sense. People used different words as
completions desk work for their correspondence, a part of those accomplished the
solid state of word, though some were either acquired or gotten. Meanings contains
a scope of purposes. A relatively few of them are: meanings layout up the lives of
people. It gives them musings and associations among different things. Meanings are
the fundamental instruments, used for imparting sentiments. It is meanings that
makes people's lives significant. It expect the activity of a ladder in all pieces
of life. Meaning gives us data. They are a mean of a sound continuance. How
meanings are inferred Dialects are not fundamental enough to contain comparable
words and meaning all through. Its meanings happens as expected, considering
different factors like geographic zone, social and social parts and various others.
Here, in the going with part, are a segment of the explanations behind centrality
conclusion word by word..}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 Q4. Differentiate between gradable
and converse antonyms with examples. (20) }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \highlight16
Ans(a):}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 Gradable antonyms: }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 Gradable antonyms are ordinarily
matches of adjective words that can be qualified by adverbs. E.g Very, extremely
etc.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \par }\pard
{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 So for instance, we
can say the weather was hot or the weather was cold. In any case, as hot and cold
are gradable antonyms, we can likewise qualify how hot or cold the weather was:}
{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \par }\pard
{\cs15 \i1 \fs22 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \cf8
The }{\cs15 \i1 \fs22 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf8 weather}{\cs15 \i1 \fs22 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af5
\hich \af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \cf8 w}{\cs15 \i1 \fs22 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf8 as}{\cs15 \i1 \fs22
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \cf8 \uc1 \u160 ?}
{\cs15 \i1 \fs22 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \cf8 \ul1
surprisingly }{\cs15 \i1 \fs22 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5
\chcbpat17 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf8 \ul1 hot}{\cs15 \i1 \fs22 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \cf8 .}{\cs15 \i1 \fs22 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \cf8 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0
\fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\cs15 \i1 \fs22
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf8
The weather was very hot.}{\cs15 \i1 \fs22 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af5 \hich \af5
\loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf8 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0
\fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\cs15 \i1 \fs22
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf8
The weather was extremely cold.}{\cs15 \i1 \fs22 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af5 \hich
\af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf8 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0
\ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0
\itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\cs15 \i1
\fs22 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \cf8 The weather was undeniably cold.}{\cs15 \i1 \fs22 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \chcbpat17 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf8
\loch \af0 {\cs15 \i1 \fs22 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af5 \hich \af5 \loch \f5
\chcbpat17 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf8 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-420 \li420 \ri0
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 In Gradable, there are levels of the certain word
more like degrees, e.g, very hot very cold etc.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Gradable is an adjective that
further defines noun.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-420 \li420 \ri0 \sl360
\slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin420 \rin0 \tql \tx420 \itap0
\ls1 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext
\pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f3
l\'00\tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 The level of meanings are different in gradable antonyms.}{\fs24
\par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-420 \li420 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin420 \rin0 \tql \tx420 \itap0 \ls1 \fs21 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f3 l\'00\tab }{\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 The
meaning of the antonyms does not change
over time.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1
Ans(b): Converse Antonyms:}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Converse antonyms are
pairs of contrary or opposite words where one can't exist without the other}{\b1
. }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 They derive their meaning from the other opposite word. Such as, borrow
and lend.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-420 \li420 \ri0 \sl360 \slmult1
\plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f3 l\'00\tab
}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 These usually have several meanings.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 It can be some sort of a
meeting point in two things.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 There is no levels or degrees.}{\fs24 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }}

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\deflang1033 \deflangfe1033 {\fonttbl {\f0 \froman \fcharset0 \fprq2 {\*\panose

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