TMT Rebar: A Key Pillar in

Indian Infrastructure

FINAL Report 2020

www.FirstConstructionCouncil.com
1
 TO ENGAGE CALL US TODAY
TO VISIT

Ms. Pratap Padode Ms. Clinton Peter Mr. Tanveer Padode

Founder & Executive Director Executive Assistant Manager Operations
Email: info@FIRSTConstructionCouncil.com Email: Clinton.P@FIRSTConstructionCouncil.com Email: Tanveer.P@FIRSTConstructionCouncil.com
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E-mail: Info@FIRSTConstructionCouncil.com

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CONTENTS
introduction............................................................................................ 3
India’s infrastructure investments since fiscal 2013 (In Trillion).......... 5
Significance of rebars......................................................................... 6
Infrastructure Investment - 2020 to 2025........................................... 6
Evolution of TMT Bars - Grade (FE).................................................... 7
The ideal process flow of making finished steel ................................ 8
The advantages of TMT bars in construction..................................... 8
Understanding the industry structure............................................ 10
BIS 1786 Standard............................................................................ 10
Importance of Manufacturing Process............................................. 10
Prime difference: It’s the process that matters!................................ 12
Process: What’s missing? Rather, what’s present?.......................... 12
Importance of Chemical Properties.................................................. 12
The Composition of Steels from the Titanic, a Lock Gate, and
ASTM A36 Steel................................................................................ 13
Process of blast furnace missing...................................................... 13
Third phase: Use of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)................................ 13
Importance of refining compulsory evils:.......................................... 13
The perspective of induction furnace manufacturers: ..................... 13
Evaluation of TMT............................................................................. 15
The Nigerian story: A series of building collapses ........................... 15
The Titanic story: A misfortune......................................................... 15
Other Ratios: Important for analytical purposes............................... 15
Why clusters emerge?...................................................................... 16
Not much pricing difference............................................................. 16
Following standards – a good practice ............................................ 18
Samples, tests and analysis – focus on quality players................... 19
Now, let’s discuss the test results in detail: ..................................... 19
Test Results....................................................................................... 20

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FCC Research Report

First Edition, 2020

Published by

FIRST Construction Council

A-303, Navbharat Estates, Zakaria Bunder Road, Sewri (West), Mumbai - 400 015.
Tel: 91-22-2419 3000, Fax: 91-22-2417 5734,
Website: FirstConstructionCouncil.com

CONFIDENTIALITY STATEMENT This is the report of FIRST Construction Council, which is confi dential
and has been made available to the individual to whom it is addressed on the understanding that its content and
copyrights will not be misused. Reproduction of any part of this work by any process whatsoever without written
permission of FIRST Construction Council is strictly prohibited.

All the information presented in this report has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. However, FIRST
Construction Council will not accept any responsibility or liability for commercial decisions that are claimed to
have been made based on this report.

2
INTRODUCTION

The FIRST Construction Council (FCC) is an infrastructure think-tank, focused on providing the
latest updates on the construction industry in India, and dedicated to promoting its causes and
needs. FCC provides a platform to promote the adoption of best practices, and be the torchbearer
for all policy initiatives that are needed to enhance the importance and welfare of the construction
industry and the industry’s unified voice.

Vision
To be the comprehensive source for all information needs of the construction companies and
the industry’s stakeholders, the catalyst for adopting best practices, the torchbearer for all policy
initiatives needed to enhance the importance and welfare of the industry and be the industry’s
unified voice.

Mission
To encourage, enhance and empower the construction industry, trade and business in India,
through promotion, advocacy & representation, so that it can scale sustainably amongst the finest
in the world.

What We Do
FCC, through its various resources, is in constant dialogue with state and city governments, and
leaders from the industry in order to identify opportunities to improve its state, as well as provide
opportunities to private players to get involved in the next phase of infrastructure growth in the
country. We have conducted stakeholder meetings with the aim of connecting government officials
with industrialists, who can offer their expertise and investments on projects. Additionally, we
have conducted numerous round-table meetings, with the aim of changing the dynamics of the
construction industry, discussing its requirements and shortcomings, and to formulate solutions for
the future. We have been joined by top architects and builders as well as leaders from the solar,
real estate, equipment, finance, smart city and technology industries in order to create a holistic
environment for creative discussion.

Our Resources
Armed with a team of dedicated researchers, FCC has been able to publish relevant articles in
multiple magazines, and provide newsletters on the latest happenings in the industry. Our vast
database department enables us to provide the most accurate and updated information on the
industry.

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FCC Research Report

Know Your TMT Bars!

The Indian infrastructure story has been told and retold with great vigour.
However, not much is said about the component that provides inherent strength
to infrastructure: TMT bars, a neglected segment where more research and
analysis are required. With lower awareness, unorganised and poor-quality
players enjoy a larger market share. After a detailed analysis, FIRST Construction
Council has listed the ones with the best mettle to help end-users take an
informed decision.

TMT Bars used in Beams, Slabs and Foundations

TMT bars ensures high strength to the structures like high rise buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures and improve their longevity.

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I
nfrastructure is one segment that might have been down many a time but has never been out. Over the years,
the Indian infrastructure story has weathered many economic cycles, going through different peaks and troughs.
Whether it is a boom period for the economy or a lull, infrastructure has always been a major contributor to the
India story.
The reason is simple: infrastructure is important for faster economic growth and alleviation of poverty. Adequate
infrastructure in the form of road and railway transport systems, ports, power and airports and their efficient working
are also necessary for the integration of any economy with other economies of the world. It wouldn’t be wrong to say
that until and unless a nation has robust infrastructure, any other industry will find it difficult to grow and prosper.
Little wonder then, that the Indian Government has been focusing on the infrastructure sector. Higher allocations
in the Union Budget for roads, railways, bridges, ports and airports clearly indicate this. Apart from transport
infrastructure, the focus on realty is visible as well, especially the affordable housing sector. Housing for All by 2022
and interest subvention schemes for affordable housing (benefitting the buyer and developer) are some factors
incentivising growth for realty.
That said, despite every government highlighting its focus on infrastructure, it hasn’t been matched on the
spending front. For the right kind of infrastructure growth, India requires double its current investment. To put things
in perspective, the Economic Survey suggested that India needs to spend 7-8 per cent of its GDP on infrastructure
annually, which translates into an annual infrastructure investment of $ 200 billion currently. However, the country has
only been able to spend about $ 100-110 billion annually on infrastructure, leaving a deficit of around $ 90 billion per
annum. The chart of India’s infrastructure investment since 2013 (in Rs trillion) clearly indicates the same.

India’s infrastructure investments since fiscal 2013 (In Trillion)

10.2 10
9.2
8.5
2.5 2.5
7 2.6
6.3 3
5.3
2.3 3.8 3.7
2
1.5 4.3
3.5
2.7 3
2.4
3.9 3.8
1.6 1.7 2 2.3
1.4
FY13 FY14 FY14 FY14 FY14 FY14 FY14

Center State Private Total

Though the investment has increased from governments at the Centre and states, private participation
has remained stagnant; in fact, it has declined. All considered, India must increase its infrastructure spending,
especially with the Government’s goal to achieve a $5 trillion target by 2024. According to estimates, the steel sector
directly contributes 1.4-2 per cent to India’s GDP and its weightage in the official Index of Industrial Production is 7.22
per cent and accounts for 7.53 per cent of the Wholesale Price Index. While the National Infrastructure Pipeline has
been announced, it remains to be seen if investment will flow into projects as envisaged. With a total investment of
Rs 102 trillion capex, Rs 42 trillion worth of projects are in the implementation stage, Rs 19 trillion in the development
stage and Rs 33 trillion at the conceptual stage. Around Rs 8 trillion worth of projects fall under the unclassified
category. While around 22 percent of investment is planned through the private sector, more supply-side reforms are
needed.
If we take a close look at infrastructure participation from 2014 to 2019, the contribution of the Centre was 30
percent, states had a higher contribution at 41 percent and private-sector contribution stood at 29 percent. From
2020 to 2025, central and state contribution would be equal at 39 percent and the remaining 22 percent would be
private participation. In the current scenario where liquidity and finance are scarce for private players, higher public
participation seems a prudent way to carry forward infrastructure projects. With regard to yearly expected spending,
infrastructure spending would be higher in 2020, 2021 and 2022, eventually declining till 2025.
When spending increases on infrastructure, it also means higher demand for allied segments, such as cement, steel
and other building materials. Building materials include a larger product scope like tiles, paint, brick, sand and other
hardware products. While much is being said about building material products visible to the eye, little is being written or

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FCC Research Report
researched about the products that actually provide strength and
durability. While commodities like steel and cement have a larger
organised market, helping the end-user make a better choice of
brands, there are some materials where unorganised players enjoy
a larger market share. These include sand, bricks and, last but not
least, a material that provides inherent strength to the structure: the
Thermo Mechanical Treatment (TMT) rebar.
Everyone might have seen TMT rebars laid in front of
hardware stores, but few take the effort to understand how
important those are for infrastructure development. TMT
rebars still remain neglected commodities on which hardly any
research is carried out by end-users. Just because it is not
visible after construction work is finished, no one really cares
about understanding its qualitative aspects. In fact, a look at the
applications and use of TMT rebarsclearly indicates that they are
required for each and every infrastructure activity:
• Housing
• General purpose concrete reinforcement of structures
• Bridges
• Flyovers
• Dams
• High-rise buildings
• Industrial structures
• Concrete roads
• Underground structures
Significance of rebars
The reasons why TMT rebars are used so extensively in
infrastructure activity are not hard to seek—they are the prime
elements that provide the required shape, strength, ductility and
durability to structures.
Looking at the Rs 1.25 to 1.30 trillion annual market for
rebars, one may not consider them an important element
in infrastructure. Obviously, when the overall infrastructure
investment is estimated at Rs 10-12 trillion on a yearly basis, the
size of market for TMT rebars seems like a fraction.However,
considering the average steel intensity of about 10 percent by
value in an RCC construction in India, the total construction
industry can be valued at 10 times the valuation of the TMT rebar
industry ,which works out to Rs 12.50-13 trillion per annum.
Again, we have to remember that these are current figures when
India is just spending half of what it should on infrastructure. As
Infrastructure Investment - 2020 to 2025
(Estimated In Rs Trillion)
25
20 19.5 19
15 13.8
13.6
12.8
11.1
10
5 the architects and designers to build innovative
0 quality of construction.
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
6
1. LATEST TECHNOLOGY WITH TMT BARS
Compared to the bars of yesteryear, TMT
bars are manufactured using latest Tempcore
technology. This technology makes the TMT bars
super durable.
2. UNIQUE DESIGN
TMT bars have a special WINGRIP rib design that
enhances the quality of the TMT bars.
3. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT TMT BAR
TMT bars are earthquake-resistant. These bars
have higher elongation point and they can
easily elongate without compromising their
actual measurement or quality. Elongation can
be described as a TMT bar’s ability to elongate
or deform before it is damaged. Greater the
elongation, stronger the building! This quality
makes them perfect for being used as a
construction material in earthquake-prone areas.
4. SUPERIOR BENDABILITY
These bars have a great degree of elasticity. The
soft ferrite-pearlite core of the TMT bars gives
them superior bendability. These bars can
be easily bent and moulded into any shape
and used for a wide range of constructional
purposes.
5. RESISTANT TO FATIGUE
TMT bars are highly ductile and have a super
strong surface layer. These properties help TMT
bars withstand fatigue for a longer period.
6. STRONG
TMT bars are available in a number of grades
such as FE 415/500/550/600. These bars are
much stronger than conventional steel bars and
can give up to 20% stronger concrete structure
with the same amount of steel.
7. CORROSION RESISTANCE
TMT bars are resistant to corrosion. During any
construction project, TMT bars are exposed
to water and moisture for a longer period. In
case of conventional steel bars, such exposure
results in rusting. However, in case of TMT
bars, their anti-corrosive properties extend their
lifespan. This feature also ensures the safety of
the structures where TMT bars are used as a
construction material.  In India the loss due to
corrosion is approximately USD 40 billion every
year, which is about 4 percent of the GDP; which
is why construction companies are looking
for better corrosion control measures such as
using TMT bars.
8. WELD-ABILITY
TMT bars have superior weld-ability which helps
and creative structures without affecting the
Simple Manufacturing Process of TMT
Bars
First, carefully selected high quality raw
materials are charged into the furnace and
heated up to 1600*C. The heated steel is
then treated with an inert gas to release any
dissolved gasses present in the metal. The
liquid steel is cast into steel billets which is
apparently the most modern method of casting
steel. These billets are then subjected to
preheating and are re-sized according to the
required diameter. The further manufacturing
process of TMT bars involves 3 distinct steps
which are as follows:
a) Quenching : In this step, the finished
diameter bars are treated to give the
desired properties. The red hot steel
rod is sent to a chamber where water is
continuously sprayed onto the incoming bar.
This results a rapid change in temperature
in the outer layer of the steel rod whereas
the temperature on the inner core remains
the same.
b) Tempering : The temperature of the outer
layer suddenly decreases from 900 degree
C to 280 degree C and the temperature on
the inner core of the bar remains the same.
Therefore the inner layer tempers the outer
layer. The bar now reaches an equalization
temperature of 575 degree C – 625 degree
C depending upon the grade of steel
chosen.
c) Cooling : The bars are then cut according to
the desired length and sent to a cooling bed
to attain the equalization temperature. This
process results in the formation of a hard
outer layer which keep the bar strong and a
soft inner layer to provide ductility to the bar.
EVOLUTION OF TMT BARS - GRADE (FE)
600
500
400
Grdae Fe
300
215 215
200
100
0
1870 1890
Different Grades and Its Usage
Over the years the TMT Bars have also evolved a long way. And the following
chart clearly describes the developments that occurred. It is said that ‘Change is the
only constant in Life’ and it seems to be applicable for TMT bars as well. TMT bars
have changed a lot on technological front as well.
TMT bars have changed the landscape of the construction sector in India, with
their versatility, the ability to mould into shapes such as slabs, beams, columns and
more. Beyond their versatility, TMT bars come in different grades making them apt
from small homes, medium-sized commercial establishments to ports and airports.
These TMT bars do not burn the pockets of end users, or does it compromise on
safety when that is the priority. The different grades provide different characteristics,
Fe 415 is known for its ability to withstand fires and earthquakes, Fe 550 is a popular
choice when it comes building bridges and structures near the sea, as it is known for
being quite rust resistant. Fe 600 is known for its strength making them a popular
choice for building airports and skyscrapers.
Fe 600: Used for the construction of structures requiring industrial grade strength.
Structures such as airports, ports, hospitals and structures where structural integrity
takes precedence.
Fe 550: Used for the construction of structures which are in or near a humid area, a
coastal area and very popular in below the ground structures such as basements.
Fe 500: Used for the construction of skyscrapers, mountain bridges and railways
bridges.
Fe 415: Used for the construction of houses, public halls, schools, hospitals,
conference halls and is known for its ease to work with. It is also perfect for places
with high corrosion and offers good protection against fires and earthquakes as well.
Note: A blog suggests that, Fe 415 and Fe 500 are not direct competitors. One
can have them interchangeable to some extent. They cater to entirely different needs
of prospective homeowners and building needs. While Fe 415 is purpose made for
building homes, Fe 500 is made for building structures unto 1 or 2 floors. Fe 415 or
Fe 500 is not recommended for building underground structures. So, to be clear Fe
415 and Fe 500 are not competition to each other.
500
415 415 41
15
250
215 21
15
1910 193
30 1950 1970 1990 2000 2018
Year
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FCC Research Report

The ideal process flow of making finished steel is illustrated below:

mentioned earlier, while we need to invest $ 200 billion, our actual investment is just $ 110 billion. Looking at the
current macroeconomic scenario, infrastructure spending is bound to increase as the Government strives to meet the
target of a $ 5 trillion economy by 2024. Thus, we at FIRST Construction Council (FCC) believe that considering the
incremental allocation to planned infrastructure projects till 2024 (or even further), the figure is expected to increase in
multiples.
With such a large construction industry being critically dependent on the quality of rebars used, it is therefore
imperative that all efforts are made to produce and promote the usage of good-quality rebars in India. With the
majority of infrastructure work being carried out through public spending, it is very important to understand the
qualitative aspects of the TMT bebar.
Before we get into the details, let’s consider this. While building one’s own house or purchasing an apartment is
everyone’s dream, how many of us actually enquire about the quality of the TMT rebar used in building. If we are that
careless about our own home, how many of us would be interested in knowing what kind of TMT rebar is being used
to build public infrastructure?
In the recent past, we have seen many natural calamities hit India, like floods and earthquakes. Amid such events,
quality gains even more prominence in an era where built infrastructure has to be created in a short span of time,
with the ability to sustain loads much higher than originally intended. In simple terms, the speed of road construction
is important for GDP growth but quality is needed to ensure sustainability in the longer term. And with events like
accidents and breakdown of bridges, buildings and overall infrastructure, which is now subject to a harsher and more
unpredictable environment, qualitative aspects gain even more importance.
The severe earthquake that struck Nepal in 2015 claimed thousands of lives; thousands more were injured. Apart
from this, over 600,000 structures in Kathmandu and nearby towns were damaged or completely destroyed. The
staggering figure of structural damages impels us to believe that it is not the earthquake that kills but the poorly built
structures. Now, let’s understand the advantages of using quality TMT rebars for construction activity.

The advantages of TMT bars in construction

The table below highlights the different advantages of using TMT rebars. They offer excellent weld-ability,
great strength workability, healthier elongation, and ductility. Owing to their amazing flexibility in construction and
renovation, they are suitable for a broad variety of uses. Using TMT bars in construction increases speed and
decreases costs. They are also lightweight compared to other alternatives,making maintenance and transportation
more convenient. TMT rebars depreciate the risk of damage during earthquake, fire and similar natural disasters.
What’s more, the steel of TMT rebar rods can be recycled without any loss of quality. And the steel frames needed
for production can be easily created and compiled in the construction factory itself.
TMT steel bars don’t crack or break even after turning and bending 180°. They offer better elongation and

As illustrated above, finished steel can be produced through 2 possible routes:

1. Blast Furnace route where Pure Iron-ore is used as the raw material. This route is adopted by large producers, as it entails
a large capital expenditure. The quality of steel produced through this route is superior and free of defects. It has high purity
and has uniform chemical composition. The steel is produced in large furnaces followed by another refining process leading
to minimal internal defects and impurities.
2. Induction Furnace route is, where scrap / sponge iron is used as the raw material with no refining facilities. The steel
produced from scrap will be of unknown origin and therefore will have non-uniform composition.

8
 TMT bars can be easily bent and moulded into any shape.
TMT steel bars don’t crack or break even after turning and bending 180°.

Raw Iron Steel Finished

Refining Casting Rolling
Material Making Making Steel

Digital
Continuous
reheating
casting to Uniform
Iron ore, Basic Oxygen furnace,
Blast produce quality ReBars
Blast Furnace Coking coal, Furnace/ Ladle descaling
furnace billets. as per BIS
Route limestone, Electric Arc Refining facility,
and DRI EM Stirrer standard
Pellets, sinter Furnace advanced
used to avoid
rolling
air gaps
technique

Blast
Iron ore/ Continuous Reheating
Furnace /
EAF route of pellets, coal/ Electric Arc Ladle casting to furnace and Finished
Gas-Coal
steelmaking coke/ gas Furnace Refining produce advanced rebars
based DRI /
dolomite billets rolling mill
Scrap

Pusher type Non

Scrap/DRI reheating uniform
Induction
purchased ABSENT furnace, quality. May
Furnace Route Induction Batch/
from Manual or may not
without Ladle Furnace Ingot Casting
primary or no confirm
Refining
producer descaling to BIS
facility standard

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FCC Research Report

flexibility owing to the better ductility of the steel. TMT bars with a higher elongation rate are easy to transport and
more cost-efficient compared to cold twisted deformed bars. They are excellent for resisting fire and implementing
safety. Last, the thermomechanical process used gives the bars anti-corrosive qualities. The water-cooling
procedure for TMT bars resists the formation of coarse carbides in the bars. Thus, using TMT for construction
improves the longevity of the structure.
When considering TMT bars to ensure quality in construction, it is very important to make sure they are bought
from a trustworthy manufacturer. But who is a trustworthy manufacturer?

Understanding the industry structure

With the TMT rebar industry dominated by unorganised local manufacturers, are we really getting quality
products? To find an answer, one needs to understand the industry structure and manufacturing processes
followed.
Earlier,there was a clear-cut bifurcation based on the manufacturing process followed and ‘primary’,
‘secondary’and ‘integrated’ producers based on a government notification dated April 24, 2015.Based on this
categorisation, primary producers held a 45 per cent market share while secondary producers held a 55 per cent
market share.
However, this classification was withdrawn by the Ministry of Steel vide a notification dated May 12, 2016.
It stated that no steel producer would be classified as an integrated, primary or secondary producer.According
to the notification, the process route adopted for ironmaking and steelmaking with or without rolling/finishing
operations as they may be and product mix would be listed with Joint Plant Committee (JPC), Kolkata. However,

BIS 1786 Standard

# Percent, Maximum
Elements
Fe 415/415D Fe 500/500D Fe 550/550D Fe 600
Carbon 0.30/ 0.25 0.30/0.025 0.300/.025 0.3
Sulphur 0.060/0.045 0.055/0.040 0.055/0.040 0.04
Phosphorus 0.060/0.045 0.055 /0.040 0.050/0.040 0.04
Sulphur & Phosphorus 0.110/0.085 0.105 /0.075 0.100/0.075 0.075

Importance of Manufacturing Process

What Induction Furnace
Parameters Relevance What Blast furnace Producers use
Producers use
Quality of finished steel is optimum due to use of pure
Input Raw
iron ore. Use of scrap gives in consistent properties due Iron ore, Coking coal, limestone, Scrap/ DRI purchased from
material for
to unknown chemistry of product or mixing of multiple Pellets, sinter primary producer
iron making
grades
Hot metal produced by Blast Furnace gives the purest
Iron making Blast furnace and DRI Absent
form of Iron for further conversion to steel
Initial refining takes place in EAF itself where elements
Basic Oxygen Furnace/Electric Arc EAF (In few cases) / Mostly
Steel Making like C, Si, Mn are controlled. No such control present in
Furnace Induction furnace
Induction furnace
2 stage refining
Harmful elements like Phosphorous & Sulphur are
Steel Refining 1.Within Electric Arc furnace No refining facility present
controlled which improves the quality of steel
2.Ladle Refining Furnace
Due to continuous casting, homogeneity & segregation is Continuous casting to produce billets.
Casting Ingot Casting
better when compared to Ingot casting EM Stirrer used to avoid air gaps
Uniform cross sectional heating of billet due to digital
Digital reheating furnace, descaling Pusher type reheating furnace,
Rolling micro processor reheating furnace. Chances of Surface
facility, Manual or no descaling facility
defects are minimal due to descaling facility.
Due to controlled cooling the microstructure is uniform
Micro Processor controlled uniform
throughout the finished bar with optimum YS & UTS Uncontrolled / non uniform
Cooling water quenching followed by
values. Due to uncontrolled colling the values of YS & UTS quenching
atmospheric cooling
are non uniform across the product

10
 Steel Making in Progress
In TMT Bars, Process of manufacturing has its own importance

the listing would be purely for statistical purposes and would have no bearing on IS 1786:2008 (Kg/Mtr)
the quality of steel produced. The onus is thus on users to ascertain the quality of
Size Standard Min Max
the steel products to be procured, as per relevant standards. Here, the role of FCC
becomes important as we try to ascertain the quality based on the standards. 8mm 0.395 0.367 0.423
Today, there are two major commercial processes for making steel: basic oxygen 10mm 0.617 0.574 0.66
steelmaking, which has liquid pigiron from the blast furnace and scrap steel as main
feed materials; and electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking, which uses scrap steel or 12mm 0.888 0.844 0.932
direct reduced iron (DRI) as main feed materials. 16mm 1.578 1.499 1.657
Primary steel is acquired from a steelmaking process known as the converter
20mm 2.466 2.392 2.54
process. Here, iron ore is converted into steel. This process uses pig iron from the
blast furnace. Primary steelmaking has two methods: BOF (basic oxygen furnace) 25mm 3.854 3.738 3.94
and the more modern EAF (electric arc furnace) methods. Secondary steel is 28mm 4.835 4.69 4.98
usually made after adding some alloying elements to primary steel. This steel is made
by melting scrap or sponge iron and sometimes a mixture of both using the induction 32mm 6.316 6.127 6.505

Properties Blast Furnace Producer Induction Furnace Producer

Structure Instability
Non Uniform Tensile Strength
Variation in Weight/ Meter
Low Bond Strength
Less Bendability
Less Weldablity
Low Corrosion Resistant
Consistent quality Product Inconsistent quality of product
World best rolling technology with advanced Outdated operational process control & poor quality of
process control & best controlled  of  raw material raw material
Controlled weight/meter through advanced process Drastic variation in weight /meter will result uneven steel
control consumption
High rib area because of TC roll Very low rib area due to outdated technology  & CI rolls
End to end controlled steel making process with Uncontrolled chemistry of steel consisting impurities
advanced rolling  process
End to end controlled steel making process provides Higher CE value  & low control on steel refining process
Pure Steel
Controlled Chemistry of Steel with advanced refining Poor refining process of steel , poor raw material, old
process rolling technology

11
FCC Research Report

route.Later in the article we explainin detail the difference between these two manufacturing processes. Before that,
let’s understand if there are any standards imposed on them. As these are standardised products, that would make
understanding easier for retail customers.
First, let’s look at the simple steps followed for TMT bar manufacturing.

Prime difference: It’s the process that matters!

Till now, we have spoken about grades and the normal manufacturing process. However to differentiate between
a quality TMT rebar and a poor one, one needs to comprehend the basic difference. For that, one has to understand
the detailed process of manufacturing steel—rather, the ideal method to manufacture a finished product.
The above chart appears quite complicated for people without a technical background. And as we are carrying
out this research for the benefit of the masses, we must put it in a very simple manner. The above process flow chart
can be simplified to understand various stages and methods of steelmaking and finished steel.

Process: What’s missing? Rather, what’s present?

As per the simplified version of the process, the first step is to select the right kind (quality) of raw material. If the
base constituent of any manufacturing process is of low grade, the end product is not expected to be any better. So,
the differentiation begins in the first step itself.
Players following the blast furnace method use iron ore, coking coal, limestone, pellets and sinter. But the players
following the induction method use DRI scrap. While scrap is already low grade, DRI is highly susceptible to oxidation
and rusting if left unprotected, and is normally quickly processed further to steel. The bulk iron can also catch fire as
it is pyrophoric. Unlike blast furnace pig iron, which is almost pure metal, DRI contains some siliceous gangue, which
needs to be removed in the steelmaking process.

Importance of Chemical Properties

Element / Stage of Control Relevance of element / Parameter Challenges faced for achieving control
Parameter
Carbon Steel Making While Carbon Increases strength & hardness, it reduces ductility The set up required for reducing carbon in
if in found in excess. (Ductility is required considering the fact steel making has very high CAPEX. Not every
that RCC is brittle and it is TMT that provides ductile tendency steel manufacturer wants to incur such huge
required for safet of structure) costs. (This is not possible for secondary
players who are present in different clusters).
As stated earlier, setting up a Blast Furnace
requires USD 1 Billion A huge Cost for Smaller
players putting up Capacities at USD 1 Million)
Silicon Steel Making Helps in refining of steel and prevent blowholes. (Blowholes are
inner defect making it a low quality steel)
Manganese Steel Making Acts as a purifying agent. Combines with sulphur to decrease
its harmful effects. Small additions of manganese are used to
deoxidize the alloy and enhance its mechanical strength and
castability.
Sulphur Ladle Refining Present in steel as Iron Sulphide which because of its low melting Additional refining facility is required for de
furnace point produces hot shortness, which makes the steel susceptible sulphurization which is of additional cost
to failure at high temperature. (WTC Implosion was one Example) to the manufacturer. (Rather this process
is usually missing in Secondary players as
shown in the process diagram)
Phosphorous Ladle Refining It causes cold-shortness, i.e., high brittleness at normal and Additional refining by oxidation process which
furnace especially at low temperatures. It increase s tensile strength required additional time and set up increases
but also reduces the impact strength and the ductility which the overall steel making cost
increases chances of failure. (Sinking of Titanic was one Example)
Yield strength Rolling It defines the minimum limits of load that can be applied to steel Automated rolling mills with complete quality
without having any deformation and cooling control increases the CAPEX.
UTS/YS Ratio Rolling + cooling It defines the energy absorbed by the steel bar or in layman’s -
term it signifies the time duration that one gets for evacuation
before failure of steel
% Elongation Rolling + Cooling Imparts the bending properties to steel and absorption of energy
released by dissipated load

12
The Composition of Steels from the Titanic, a Lock Gate, and ASTM A36 Steel
C Mn P S Si Cu O N MnS: Ratio
Titanic Hull 0.21 0.47 0.045 0.069 0.017 0.024 0.013 0.0035 6.8:1
Plate
Lock Gate* 0.25 0.52 0.01 0.03 0.02 — 0.018 0.0035 17.3:1
ASTM A36 0.2 0.55 0.012 0.037 0.007 0.01 0.079 0.0032 14.9:1

Process of blast furnace missing

While the basic first step is a problem with manufacturing with the induction process, it is the most important
second step of the blast furnace that is missing from the Induction Furnace manufacturing process. The hot metal
produced by the blast furnace gives the purest form of iron for further conversion to steel. With this stage completely
missing from the secondary players’ process, impurities actually remain in the product. It is these that eventually
affect the quality of the finished product.

Third phase: Use of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)

In the third phase as well, players following the blast furnace route use a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) or EAF
that helps initial refining that takes place in the EAF itself where elements like carbon, silicon and manganese are
controlled. Again, no such control is present in an induction furnace.
Here, there is another viewpoint by a few players that primary players use a blast furnacethat helps initial refining
by reducing impurities like phosphorous. And in the induction route, phosphorous can be controlled by flowing
de-phosphorisation and de-sulphurisationin a ladle-refining furnace (LRF).
Further refining occurs at the primary stage where harmful elements like phosphorous and sulphur are controlled.
While we are calling these harmful elements, they are necessary evils as a certain amount of their presence is
necessary. Please see the table that shows the maximum content of these elements mandated as per BIS 1786.

Importance of refining compulsory evils:

Speaking ofthe three most important stages, the blast furnace and refining process of phosphorous and sulphur
are the most important factors for primary players. We have explained in detail how the presence of these evils
affects products and users. The table clearly summarises that the presence of unnecessary or excess sulphur and
phosphorous can lead to failure of steel. It also clearly indicates the various methods used by a primary manufacturer
of steel and the challenges met to improve and maintain optimum quality of steel. However, to make it even simples,
we will put forth a few live examples to show how a higher quantity of compulsory evils affects the structure.

The perspective of induction furnace manufacturers:

With around 30 percent of steel in India manufactured through the induction furnace route, it is our duty to hear
their perspective as well. They, too, have to adhere to norms under BIS 1786 and if they manage to do so on a
consistent basis, no one can raise doubts on their quality. And if such players produce according to BIS 1786, there
would be no bifurcation such as primary and secondary. Let’s first understand what these manufacturers have to say
about the process followed and meeting standard norms.
The induction furnace is yet another route for steelmaking. It can use 100 percent steel scrap or up to 90 percent
sponge iron as the major raw material. It uses only electricity as an energy source as it operates on the principle
of induced current. Plants using steel scrap as major raw material don’t essentially have to refine the liquid steel
produced in the induction furnace as steel scrap typically has the same composition as long products.
However, if there are impurities, liquid steel produced in an induction furnace should be further refined in an LRF
to acquire the required chemical composition.If one has to use a high percentage of sponge iron as raw material in an
induction furnace, one must use an LRF to reduce phosphorus and sulphur after melting as sponge iron is a source
of phosphorus and/or sulphur that can’t be reduced in an induction furnace. The use of an LRF also ensures the
removal of solid and gaseous inclusions from steel to produce clean steel. This is an improvised route—the integrated
route of induction furnace-LRF using sponge iron as high as 90 percent is becoming increasingly popular in India as it
produces steel as good as that produced through any other route in terms of chemical composition and mechanical
and physical properties for long products.
Ideally, this kind of integrated mini steel plant would also have a small blast furnace to provide hot metal to the
induction furnace. Sponge iron from a sponge iron kiln is then added to this hot metal in the induction furnace. The
hot metal provides the necessary carbon for melting sponge iron. For melting sponge iron in an induction furnace,
it is necessary to maintain the carbon level in the bath. As a general practice of sponge iron melting, high carbon
material is initially melted in the induction furnaceto improve yield and protect the acidic refractory lining of the

13
FCC Research Report

TMT Bars used for Pillars in Building Structure

Cement Concrete carries strong compressive strength but it has no tensile strength. Therefore TMT Bars are used in Cement Con-
crete to increase the tensile strength.

furnace.The high carbon liquid bath may be obtained by melting pig iron or hot metal from a blast furnace. As sponge
iron is added into the bath it starts melting and the iron oxide present in it starts reacting with carbon in the bath.
Resultantly, the bath carbon starts decreasing gradually. By the time the furnace becomes full of liquid metal, the
desired carbon level is achieved. The use of sponge iron and pig iron confirms the source of iron-bearing material as
iron ore. This further avoids the problem of tramp elements as no scrap is used in this route. Even BOF uses 10-15
percent steel scrap but induction furnace steelmaking using sponge iron and hot metal/pig iron confirms no use of
scrap and, hence, assures a good-quality product.
In an induction furnace, no oxygen is blown in the bath directly. Hence, dissolved gases and inclusion levels are
low compared to BOF and EAF. This allows the steelmaker to maintain the chemistry of steel in the induction furnace
itself by adding ferro alloys and cast steel at CCM directly. In general, the practice of IF – CCM is not good for the
cleanliness of steel. The standard IS 1786 mentions grades like Fe 500, 500D, 500S, 550, 550D, 600. If LRF is
coupled with induction furnace melting, the cleanliness of the steel can be improved.
Additionally, modern LRF technologies are available that can reduce the phosphorous and sulphur present in
steel. The use of an LRF allows the induction furnace to produce all the grades mentioned in IS 1786, including Fe
500, 500D and even high-strength and high-ductility grades like Fe550D, 500S and 600 with phosphorous and
sulphur levels as low as 0.025 percent each. Additionally, it enables the steelmaker to produce various other low-
alloy and medium-alloy steel grades for forging applications. LRF widens the spectrum of steelmaking using the
induction furnace route.
Thus, an LRF is a very important tool in a steel melting shop. The installation of a modern LRF helps increase
productivity too. In BOF route, the final refining of steel takes place in an LRF. In the same way, in the EAF route,
final refining takes place in an LRF. Similarly, when an induction furnace is coupled with LRF for final refining, the
route is absolutely capable of producing steel meeting quality standards required for infrastructure and construction
applications. With the effective use of ladle metallurgy, the quality of steel produced is less dependent on the primary
melting furnace.
That said, while it is true that induction furnace technology has evolved and may helpproducers meet BIS1786
norms, our interaction with a few experts indicates that use of the LRF at the later stage is a time-consuming process
and is often unable to reduce the evil contents below the prescribed standard levels. Now, with the Government
categorically mentioning that the onus is to ascertain quality is on the user, it becomes even more imperative to
ensure standards are met—otherwise, the consequences could be disastrous.

14
Evaluation of TMT
Sr. No Steps to Evaluate TMT Bars
1 A rebar should bend smoothly when bending activity is conducted.
2 Transverse ribs or lugs of the bar should be sharp enough to create a strong bond with the cement.
3 Do not use any bar that is made using scrap as it does not guarantee endurance to heavy loads.
4 Before purchasing rebars, one should crosscheck prices. Leading and reputed rebar companies publish their prices in the public domain,
including their websites. Check these before buying a rebar from a primary or secondary producer.
5 The comparable weight of bar per metre should adhere to ISI standards. Cross-check this when you weigh the bar.
6 The bar should be of an ISI or ISO 9001:2008 certified company.
7 Every metre length of the bar should bear the company’s stamp.
8 Every bundle should carry the company’s seal on it.
9 Apart from providing steps for scrutiny, we are also carrying out the most important test, BIS 1786, on TMT samples of difference

The Nigerian story: A series of building collapses

In Nigeria, between 2005 and 2010, around 264 deaths were recorded from about 25 cases of building
collapse. Consequently, an investigation was launched. In an earlier study, reinforcing steel bars from most Nigerian
steel industries were found suitable for construction work owing to their mechanical properties being higher than
prescribed standards. Following the disasters,a new study was undertaken into the suitability of the reinforcing
steel bars taken from three collapsed building sites in Lagos to examine their chemical composition, microstructure
and hardness value. An optical emission spectrometer was used to carry out the chemical analysis, while the
microstructure was examined using optical microscopy.
The study clearly indicated that the carbon phosphorus contents and sulphur impurities in the bars exceeded
mentioned standards. The carbon contents were found to be higher than BS4449 and ASTM706 standards. The
manganese contents were lower, while the sulphur and phosphorus contents were much higher than the BS4449,
ASTM706 and Nst-65-Mn standards. The necessary ductility in the bars was not achieved because of the presence
of these compounds. Thus, the bars significantly contributed to the collapse of the buildings owing to their lack of
ductility and higher brittleness.
Element (%) Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
C 0.339 0.311 0.345
Si 0.231 0.223 0.206
S 0.080 0.086 0.079
P 0.069 0.079 0.068
Mn. 0.983 0.991 0.806
Thirteen Nigerian steel companies were ordered to be shut down in February 2020 as they failed to adhere to the
standards set by the Standards Organisation of Nigeria(SON).

The Titanic story: A misfortune

Thanks to the blockbuster global film, almost everyone has heard about the Titanic.This large vessel was
supposed to be unsinkable—yet, it broke into two and went under. While the story ended there for movie goers, it
began at the end for scientists! Metal from the Titanic tested for its chemical properties revealed the presence of
higher levels of phosphorous, sulphur and carbon. Chemical and stress tests of metal samples from the hull and
bulkhead established that the steel used to build the ship was inferior compared to modern steel.
According to impact tests, the steel was about 10 times more brittle than modern steel when tested at freezing
temperature—the estimated temperature of the water at the time the Titanic struck an iceberg.

Other Ratios: Important for analytical purposes

There is an important connection between concrete and steel in construction—it is the fusion of both that makes
a perfect combination. While RCC has great compressive power, it has relatively low tensile strength and ductility.
Therefore, when it fuses with TMT steel bars, it gives rise to a highly ductile and tensile solution. Hence, it is important
to comprehend how ductile and tensile combinations are measured and tested.While understanding the chemical
composition,one must also understand three important aspects:yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile stress (UTS)/YS
ratio, and elongation (%).
While the YS defines the minimum limits of load that can be applied to steel without deformation, the UTS/YS

15
FCC Research Report

Easy Storage and Transportation

TMT Bars are lightweight compared to other alternatives, making maintenance and transportation more convenient

ratio defines the energy absorbed by the steel bar. In simple layman’s terms, the UTS/YS ratio signifies the time
duration one gets for evacuation before failure of steel. The YS or yield point of a material is defined in engineering
and material science as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point, the material
will deform elastically and return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is
passed, some traction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible. Then comes UTS, the amount of
tensile (stretching) stress a material can withstand before failing or breaking.
During an earthquake, fire or other calamity, the inherent tensile and ductile strength of quality TMT bars can
provide sufficient time for safe evacuation of people. A high number of casualties can occur when a structure fails
with little to no warning that it is being overloaded; the ability to see components starting to yield can give occupants
a warning to evacuate the structure. Also, when one component of a structure fails, it can transmit shock and impact
loads to other components; if the peak of these loads also exceeds the UTS of those other components, a single
failure can cascade into even greater damage. If the material can yield and deform significantly before failing, it can
absorb that impact energy and prevent it from being transmitted elsewhere.

Why clusters emerge?

Now, coming back to the industry itself, let’s look at the root cause of the emergence of clusters. In the absence
of a blast furnace, there is a huge difference between the capex required for setting up Blast Furnace route plants and
Induction Furnace route plants. To quantify it, while the capex needed for a primary manufacturer is around $ 1 billion,
it is just $ 1 million for a secondary player. As it is not feasible for rebar manufacturers to cater to markets more than
200 km from manufacturing facilities (owing to heavy weight adding to the freight cost), there are clusters created by
Induction Furnace route manufacturers. With lower capex requirement, these players create smaller facilities around raw
material sources and even around the markets they want to cater to. As a result, primary players have fewer plants and
though they produce a quality product, catering to the larger or pan-Indian markets is not feasible.

Not much pricing difference

As explained above, the manufacturing cost for Induction Furnace route players is naturally lower compared to
Blast Furnace route players. With the absence of a blast furnace, the manufacturing cost ratio would be 3:4 in their
favour. Essentially, a Induction Furnace route player can manufacture (obviously lower quality) TMT at just 3/4thof
the cost of a Blast Furnace route player. While such is the cost difference, at times of lower capacity utilisation, it is

16
 EVENTS CALENDAR 2020
InfraConclave 2020
21st May 2020

CONSTRUCTION WORLD
Architect and Builder
Awards August 18th, 2020

Smart Urbanation
August 18th-19th, 2020

India Construction Festival

September/October 2020

construction world
EQUIPMENT INDIA AWARDS India ROADS CONFERENCE
global awards

Cement Expo 10th-11th

december 2020

17
FCC Research Report

the primary player who suffers more as the operating leverage reduces significantly.
Here, as well, there are some opposing views. A few induction process players argue that the price of a
secondary player is directly dependent on raw material price and is never 3/4th of the cost of the primary player.
Rather, primary producers use basic raw materials like ore and coal, which are cheaper than scrap. Secondary
players are only beating price based on their efficiencies. Though we are not countering this perspective, the capex
for installation of a blast furnace is certainly much higher than for an induction one. And this will surely play a role in
deciding the price of the end product.
On the pricing front, while different rates are available in different sectors, there is a clear difference of Rs 6,000-
8,000 per tonne. If primary rebar are available at Rs 48,000 per tonne, secondary ones are available at around Rs
40,000-42,000 per tonne. Calculations show that the cost to construct a 1,000 sq ft house with primary TMT bars
would be higher by just Rs 24,000—we believe that while building your dream house, it is a miniscule amount.

Following standards – a good practice

No one would deny that all good recipes start with quality ingredients. Similarly, the quality of steel used in
construction determines the quality and strength of the structure. As a result, in India, BIS 1786 is compulsory for
steel. Steel of optimum quality can only be manufactured by having complete control over the quality of raw material
as well as the rolling process. In case even one of the parameters, whether the raw material or manufacturing
process, is weak, the quality of finished steel will not be on a par with the standards mentioned in the BIS
Specification (BIS 1786, Amendment 3, 2018).
The Ministry of Steel and the Bureau of Indian Standards have been instrumental in bringing about a change in
terms of quality of steel being produced in the country. The key focus of their endeavours has been the beneficiation
of the consumer. Mandatory BIS certification for all grades and sizes, the Steel Quality Control Order, minimum import
prices, safeguard duties and anti-dumping duties are some of the key steps they have taken to improve quality and

During Construction Bars Exposed to Water and Moisture

During any construction project, TMT bars are exposed to water and moisture for a longer period. TMT bars with their anticorrosive
properties extend lifespan of structure.

18
regulate the supply of spurious material into the country.
Despite these initiatives, we still have a few players that are called secondary in nature. And the market share
of secondary players has been higher than that of primary players. Even more surprising, the advertising spend by
secondary players seems to be higher,if the number of commercials aired on the national television is anything to go
by.
Many factors could prove how products by secondary players could affect a structure in the long run. However,
unlike our previous report, where we had mainly focused on uncovering the gap in quality by non-adherence to BIS
1786 standards by secondary steel producers, this time our endeavour is to guide end-users toward the premium,
quality players in the TMT rebar industry.

Samples, tests and analysis – focus on quality players

While earlier in this feature we have spoken about processes and factors deciding the quality of rebars,ultimately
it is more important to make a practical analysis rather than a theoretical one. Though we had indicated lapses in
quality standards by those who could not pass the standard test results in our earlier study, end-users had a lot of
questions. Most end-users categorically asked for a list of the primary players who uphold quality. There were also
queries with reference to which grade and diameter of TMT to use for different purposes.
To make things simple, we took different diameter samples of similar grade (Fe500 and FE550 in some cases).
Classification was done on diameter basis. In the retail segment, TMT bars of 10, 12, 16 and 20 mm are widely used;
hence, we decided to present strong players amid this range. To be specific, there are four players each with 10 mm
and 12 mm dia; 10 players with 16 mm dia; five players in the 20 mm segment; and around six players with samples
of 25 mm dia. Further, we have four players with 32 mm dia and, last, one major player with 36 mm diameter.
Not all the companies we invited to this test consented and to that extent, the results are not as comprehensive
as we would have liked. But we do believe that most companies will be covered in our subsequent series of tests.We
have further added the other diameter rebars as well as we have an institutional readership and, hence, the analysis
would be done for one and all.

Now, let’s discuss the test results in detail:

• In the 8 mm category we only have Gallantt and it adheres to the BIS 1786 standards.
• In the 10 mm category, Gallantt, Electrotherm ET, ARS Steel, Rashmi Metalliks and Electrosteel Steel feature on
our list. All of them have managed to keep the necessary evil components below the required standard levels
and all score similar points on the TS/YS ratio. In YS, while all of them better the minimum requirement, Rashmi
Metalliks scores the highest.
• In the 12 mm list, we have Tata Tiscon, Gallantt, ARS Steel & SRBM Srijan. Again, all have managed to keep the
chemical components under check; on YS, ARS Steel scores well.
• In the 16 mm category, we have the highest number of players. And almost all the ten players stand equal on the
majority of parameters. We have leading players with a pan-India presence, such as Electrotherm, Prime Gold
JVC, Shyam Steel and Jindal Panther. Apart from these, even the other players in the category enjoy a good
market share. There is some minor difference in the TS/YS ratio of these players but they all qualify to meet the
prescribed standards.
• In the 20 mm category, there are five major players: Gallantt, Electrotherm, Prime Gold JVC, SRBM Srijan and
Jaideep Ispat. Again, there is hardly any variance in the chemical test components. Even on the YS, TS/YS ratio
and elongation, everyone scores on a par with each other.
• In the 25 mm category, another widely used segment, eight players have featured. While Jaideep Ispat &
Alloys has a marginal variance of phosphorous content and the sulphur + phosphorous content, it is still under
permissible limits. On all other important parameters, it scores equal to the peer group.
• In the 32 mm segment, six players like Gallantt, Tata Tiscon, Kamachi Industries, Rashmi Metalliks, Shyam Steel
and Electrotherm feature.
• In the last category of 36 mm (which seems to be a niche category), Electrotherm is the only player analysed and
it clears the test on all parameters.
While we have created a list of different diameter categories and various players to help end-users, it is always
important to take expert advice. Engineers and architects have the final say on which grade or diameter of TMT bar
to use as they have a better understanding about the primary and secondary needs of the end-user. Also, they factor
in local geographical considerations, such as earthquake belts, humidity (responsible for rust and corrosion), soil
rigidity and more.
For our part, we would like to conclude by saying that as TMT bars provide inherent strength to all structures,it
is vital for end-users to be aware of their physical and chemical properties. Rather than focusing on short-term
benefits arising from the pricing mismatch of primary and secondary players, one must focus on the longevity of the
structure. Quality will assure longevity; thus, ensure that you buy your TMT bars from a trustworthy manufacturer.

19
FCC Research Report

Chemical Test
Carbon Sulphur Phosporous (0.055) (S+P) TS/ YS Ratio
Dia
Sr. No Company Name Brand Name
(MM)
Observa- Require- Observa- Require- Observa- Require- Observa- Require-
Observation Requirement
tion ment tion ment tion ment tion ment

Electrotherm ET >= 1.10 (Not Less

1 ET TMT 500D 10 0.2 0.25 0.017 0.04 0.026 0.04 0.043 0.075 1.17 (647)
(FE500D) Than 565)
>= 1.10 (Not Less
2 Electrotherm ET (500D) ET TMT 500D 16 0.18 0.25 0.033 0.04 0.022 0.04 0.055 0.075 1.15 (685)
Than 565)
>= 1.10 (Not Less
3 Electrotherm ET (500D) ET TMT 500D 20 0.2 0.25 0.02 0.04 0.021 0.04 0.041 0.075 1.17 (673)
Than 565)
>= 1.10 (Not Less
4 Electrotherm ET (500D) ET TMT 500D 25 0.2 0.25 0.014 0.04 0.018 0.04 0.032 0.075 1.21 (651)
Than 565)
>= 1.10 (Not Less
5 Electrotherm ET (500D) ET TMT 500D 32 0.2 0.25 0.012 0.04 0.025 0.04 0.037 0.075 1.25 (674)
Than 565)
>= 1.10 (Not Less
6 Electrotherm ET (500D) ET TMT 500D 36 0.2 0.25 0.015 0.04 0.025 0.04 0.04 0.075 1.19 (706)
Than 565)
>= 1.08 (Not Less
7 ARS Steel (FE550D) ARS STEEL 10 0.16 0.25 0.026 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.056 0.075 1.13 (675)
Than 600)
>= 1.08 (Not Less
8 ARS Steel (FE550D) ARS STEEL 12 0.14 0.25 0.025 0.04 0.031 0.04 0.056 0.075 1.11 (707)
Than 600)
>= 1.08 (Not Less
9 ARS Steel (FE550D) ARS STEEL 16 0.17 0.25 0.028 0.04 0.032 0.04 0.06 0.075 1.14 (657)
Than 600)
Rashmi Metalliks >= 1.10 (Not Less
10 RASHMI 10 0.18 0.25 0.021 0.04 0.025 0.04 0.046 0.075 1.11 (714)
(500D) Than 565)
Rashmi Metalliks >= 1.10 (Not Less
11 RASHMI 25 0.2 0.25 0.025 0.04 0.025 0.04 0.05 0.075 1.21 (678)
(500D) Than 565)
Rashmi Metalliks >= 1.10 (Not Less
12 RASHMI 32 0.17 0.25 0.021 0.04 0.022 0.04 0.043 0.075 1.23 (620)
(500D) Than 565)
>= 1.08 (Not Less
13 Prime Gold JVC (550D) PRIMEGOLD 16 0.18 0.25 0.024 0.04 0.024 0.04 0.048 0.075 1.14 (717)
Than 600)
>= 1.08 (Not Less
14 Prime Gold JVC (550D) PRIMEGOLD 20 0.18 0.25 0.032 0.04 0.015 0.04 0.047 0.075 1.17 (677)
Than 600)
>= 1.10 (Not Less
16 Shyam Steel (FE500D) Shyam 500D 16 0.18 0.25 0.016 0.04 0.029 0.04 0.045 0.075 1.16 (689)
Than 565)
>= 1.10 (Not Less
17 Shyam Steel (FE500D) Shyam 500D 32 0.2 0.25 0.018 0.04 0.035 0.04 0.053 0.075 1.22 (698)
Than 565)
>=1.08 (Not Less
18 SRMB Srijan (FE500) SRMB 12 0.18 0.3 0.016 0.055 0.019 0.055 0.035 0.105 1.14 (692)
Than 545)
>=1.08 (Not Less
19 SRMB Srijan (FE500) SRMB 16 0.2 0.25 0.031 0.04 0.022 0.04 0.053 0.075 1.18 (653)
Than 545)
>=1.08 (Not Less
20 SRMB Srijan (FE500) SRMB 20 0.18 0.3 0.017 0.055 0.019 0.055 0.036 0.105 1.18 (659)
Than 545)
Jaideep Ispat & Alloys >= 1.10 (Not Less
21 MOIRA SARIYA 16 0.2 0.25 0.025 0.04 0.033 0.04 0.058 0.075 1.21 (671)
(FE500D) Than 565)
Jaideep Ispat & Alloys >= 1.10 (Not Less
22 MOIRA SARIYA 20 0.19 0.25 0.03 0.04 0.038 0.04 0.068 0.075 1.19 (638)
(FE500D) Than 565)
Jaideep Ispat & Alloys >= 1.10 (Not Less
23 MOIRA SARIYA 25 0.21 0.25 0.037 0.04 0.043 0.04 0.08 0.075 1.22 (650)
(FE500D) Than 565)
JSPL Jindal Panther JINDAL >=1.08 (Not Less
24 16 0.21 0.25 0.017 0.04 0.017 0.04 0.034 0.075 1.19 (710)
(550D) PANTHER Than 600)
Electrosteel Steel >=1.08 (Not Less
25 V-XEGA 10 0.2 0.25 0.018 0.04 0.022 0.04 0.04 0.075 1.12 (694)
(FE550D) Than 600)
Electrosteel Steel >=1.08 (Not Less
26 V-XEGA 16 0.2 0.25 0.024 0.04 0.032 0.04 0.056 0.075 1.14 (731)
(FE550D) Than 600)
Electrosteel Steel >=1.08 (Not Less
27 V-XEGA 25 0.22 0.25 0.019 0.04 0.025 0.04 0.044 0.075 1.20 (712)
(FE550D) Than 600)
Kamachi Industries >= 1.10 (Not Less
30 KAMACHI TMX 32 0.19 0.25 0.027 0.04 0.039 0.04 0.066 0.075 1.18 (714)
(FE500D) Than 565)
>= 1.06 (Not Less
31 Super Shakti (FE550D) SUPER SHAKTI 16 0.16 0.25 0.026 0.04 0.044 0.04 0.07 0.075 1.13 (700)
Than 585)
GALLANTT >=1.10 (Not Less
32 Gallantt (FE500D) 8 0.11 0.25 0.033 0.04 0.033 0.04 0.066 0.075 1.11 (745)
TMX Than 565)
GALLANTT >=1.10 (Not Less
33 Gallantt (FE500D) 10 0.12 0.25 0.037 0.04 0.029 0.04 0.066 0.075 1.12 (671)
TMX Than 565)
GALLANTT >=1.10 (Not Less
34 Gallantt (FE500D) 12 0.14 0.25 0.034 0.04 0.031 0.04 0.065 0.075 1.12 (762 )
TMX Than 565)
GALLANTT >=1.10 (Not Less
35 Gallantt (FE500D) 16 0.15 0.25 0.033 0.04 0.031 0.04 0.064 0.075 1.14 (663)
TMX Than 565)
GALLANTT >=1.10 (Not Less
36 Gallantt (FE500D) 20 0.18 0.25 0.029 0.04 0.039 0.04 0.068 0.075 1.13 (652)
TMX Than 565)
GALLANTT >=1.10 (Not Less
37 Gallantt (FE500D) 25 0.12 0.25 0.033 0.04 0.033 0.04 0.066 0.075 1.15 (666)
TMX Than 565)
GALLANTT >=1.10 (Not Less
38 Gallantt (FE500D) 32 0.14 0.25 0.037 0.04 0.031 0.04 0.068 0.075 1.20 (655)
TMX Than 565)
>=1.08 (Not Less
39 Tata Tiscon (FE550D) TATA TISCON 12 0.2 0.25 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.075 1.13 (728)
Than 600)
>=1.08 (Not Less
40 Tata Tiscon (FE550D) TATA TISCON 25 0.19 0.25 0.012 0.04 0.018 0.04 0.03 0.075 1.18 (690)
Than 600)
>=1.08 (Not Less
41 Tata Tiscon (FE550D) TATA TISCON 32 0.19 0.25 0.019 0.04 0.023 0.04 0.042 0.075 1.19 (710)
Than 600)

20
 Physical Test Other Tests
Yield Stress Elongation (%) Bend Test Rebend Test Mass per Meter Run (Kg) Mean Ribs Area Transverse Ribs
Require-
Observa- Require- Observa- Require- Require- Require- Observa- Observa- Observa- Require-
Observation Observation Requirement ment
tion ment (Min) tion ment ment ment tion tion tion ment
(Minimum)
Not Less Than
555.8 500 24.5 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.596 2.53 1.2 2.53 0.4
0.568
Not Less Than
598.2 500 22.8 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.538 3.87 2.4 3.87 0.8
1.485
Not Less Than
573.8 500 21 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 2.449 3.75 3.4 3.75 1.13
2.371
Not Less Than
539.7 500 20.6 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 3.9 7.63 4.25 7.63 1.42
3.696
Not Less Than
540.7 500 20.1 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 6.244 10.68 5.44 10.68 1.81
6.058
Not Less Than
594 500 19 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 7.885 8.36 6.12 8.36 2.04
7.670
Not Less Than
597 550 22.4 14.5 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.6 1.59 1.2 1.59 0.4
0.568
Not Less Than
635.6 550 16.9 14.5 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.859 2.6 1.8 2.6 0.6
0.835
Not Less Than
578.4 550 22.8 14.5 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.522 3.78 2.4 3.78 0.8
1.485
Not Less Than
641.8 500 26.5 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.596 1.44 1.2 1.44 0.4
0.568
Not Less Than
558.2 500 22.4 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 3.824 5.19 4.25 5.19 1.42
3.696
Not Less Than
503.9 500 22.4 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 6.369 6.86 5.44 6.86 1.81
6.058
Not Less Than
630 550 22.8 14.5 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.545 2.55 2.4 2.55 0.8
1.485
Not Less Than
580.7 550 22 14.5 Satisfactory Satisfactory 2.463 4.9 3.4 4.9 1.13
2.371
Not Less Than
596.4 500 22.2 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.622 3.05 2.4 3.05 0.8
1.485
Not Less Than
572.9 500 21.3 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 6.309 7.46 5.44 7.46 1.81
6.058
Not Less Than
609.2 500 22 12 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.858 1.91 1.8 1.91 0.6
0.835
Not Less Than
553.3 500 20 12 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.554 2.55 2.4 2.55 0.8
1.485
Not Less Than
560.3 500 23 12 Satisfactory Satisfactory 2.451 3.44 3.4 3.44 1.13
2.371
Not Less Than
552.9 500 22.5 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.581 2.66 2.4 2.66 0.8
1.485
Not Less Than
534.8 500 24 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 2.456 3.63 3.4 3.63 1.13
2.371
Not Less Than
534.2 500 21.3 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 3.951 4.46 4.25 4.46 1.42
3.696
Not Less Than
597.1 550 20 14.5 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.564 2.88 2.4 2.88 0.8
1.485
Not Less Than
618.6 550 22.4 14.5 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.598 1.62 1.2 1.62 0.4
0.568
Not Less Than
639.3 550 18.8 14.5 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.566 3.09 2.4 3.09 0.8
1.485
Not Less Than
595.6 550 20 14.5 Satisfactory Satisfactory 3.869 5.14 4.25 5.14 1.42
3.696
Not Less Than
605.3 500 18.8 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 6.287 6.87 5.44 6.87 1.81
6.058
Not Less Than
621.4 550 21.5 10 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.547 3.14 2.4 3.14 0.8
1.485
Not Less Than
673.2 500 23.1 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.375 1.15 0.96 1.15 0.32
0.363
Not Less Than
600.6 500 22.4 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.583 1.89 1.2 1.89 0.4
0.568
Not Less Than
681 500 18.6 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.851 2.19 1.8 2.19 0.6
0.835
Not Less Than
583.7 500 20.3 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.55 2.95 2.4 2.95 0.8
1.485
Not Less Than
576.3 500 20 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 2.465 4.14 3.4 4.14 1.13
2.371
Not Less Than
582.2 500 20.3 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 3.72 5.27 4.25 5.27 1.42
3.696
Not Less Than
543.9 500 18.6 16 Satisfactory Satisfactory 6.352 5.93 5.44 5.93 1.81
6.058
Not Less Than
646.7 550 23.3 14.5 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.887 2.27 1.8 2.27 0.6
0.835
Not Less Than
586.6 550 23.2 14.5 Satisfactory Satisfactory 3.823 5.27 4.25 5.27 1.42
3.696
Not Less Than
599.2 550 19.9 14.5 Satisfactory Satisfactory 6.384 6.06 5.44 6.06 1.81
6.058

21
 First Construction Council
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Sewri (West), Mumbai - 400 015.Tel: 022 - 2419 3000. Fax: 022 - 2417 5734.
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