REFERENCES

BY

IGBEGIRI GLORIA ADA

AN

ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED TO

DR. N. ANERO

DEPARTMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD AND PRIMARY

EDUCATION STUDIES, IGNATIUS AJURU UNIVERSITY OF
EDUCATION, RUMUOLUMENI, PORT HARCOURT

AUGUST, 2019

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 Referencing

Introduction
Researchers need to place their work within a framework or context that is relevant to the topic
of discussion in order to help show academic understanding and rigor. This context might, for
example, include reference to data or an exact quote, or a summary of what other people have
had to say about the topic. There are many possible resources that one may refer to depending on
one’s area of study (see: http:// www.usq.edu.au/library/help/referencing/apa.htm).
As researchers develop their own ideas and arguments and use others’ work to support or
contrast their views, it is really important that researchers identify clearly which ideas are theirs
and which ideas or work belong to another person or source. They should always acknowledge
any ideas and work that were not originally their own by providing a reference to the source of
that information. Doing so is essential to avoid plagiarism.
The American Psychological Association (APA) style is a widely used author-date system of
referencing or bibliographic citation.

Definition
American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing is a style of referencing commonly
used in the area of Behavioural and Social Sciences. According to American Psychological
Association, (2007) referencing is a method of acknowledging sources of information used in
academic writing, to a prescribed format., referencing is the process of acknowledging the
sources you have used in writing your essay, assignment or piece of work. It allows the reader to
access your source documents as quickly and easily as possible in order to verify, if necessary,
the validity of your arguments and the evidence on which they are based.
In academic work, referencing is the appropriate acknowledgement of ideas and work that
originate from another person. Information that you have included in your work that comes from
some other source (which is not common knowledge or widely accepted) (APA, 2007).
The terms cite and refer (or citation and reference) are often used to mean the same thing since
to cite a piece of work is to provide a reference to its source.
There are two main parts to referencing:
1. The first indicating within your assignment the sources of the information you have used to
write your assignment. This demonstrates support for your ideas, arguments and views.
Sometimes this is referred to as: citing in text, in text citations or text citations

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2. The second part to referencing is the construction of a reference list. The reference list shows
the complete details of everything you cited and appears in an alphabetical list on a separate
page, at the end of your assignment.

Importance of Referencing
 It shows thoroughness and carefulness (or rigorous) in academic work
 Referencing correctly enables the marker or reader of your assignment to locate the
source of the information. They can verify the information or read further on the topic.
 Referencing also allows for you to retrace your steps and locate information you have
used for assignments and discover further views or ideas discussed by the author.
 By referencing clearly and correctly, it demonstrates you have undertaken research on the
assignment topic and located relevant information.
 Indicates what material is the work of another person or is from another source
 Indicates what material is the original work since a citation is provided for work of
another person
 Allows the reader to refer back to any external material stated or discussed
 Provides the reader with an indication of the quality and authority of the material in
reference (e.g., published article in a respected journal, unpublished opinion piece on a
popular online website) Of course the relevance and importance of material is dependent
on the topic
 Allows the reader see if up-to-date work is included, seminal (early and influential) work,
and material central to the research topic

What should be referenced?

1. Always provide reference to all materials:
 Quoted
 Paraphrased
 Summarized
2. Provide reference to any:
 Ideas used in work that originate from someone
 Data or other information that is not common knowledge, is controversial, or is
specialized knowledge (e.g., reference need not be provided to the fact that the kiwi is the

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 national bird of New Zealand, but if it was stated that the kiwi population is declining at a
rate of 4-5% per year, then a reference is required)

Referencing/Citation styles
You identify sources by citing them in the text of your assignment (called citations or in-text
citations) and referencing them at the end of your assignment (called the reference list or end-
text citations).

The difference between reference lists and bibliographies

The reference list only includes the sources cited in your text. It is not the same thing as a
bibliography, which uses the same referencing style, but also includes all material (for example,
background readings) used in the preparation of your work.
There are a great many different styles and one should follow the referencing style required for
the particular assignment or as set out by the lecturer or department, and confirm this for each
assignment. How one format ones reference depends upon the reference or citation style used
e.g. Vancouver (a numbered system), APA (an author-date system), Chicago (a notes-
bibliography system).
In all referencing systems a short reference, called the in-text citation, is appropriately placed
within the body of the text to provide a key to the full bibliographic details that will follow later
in the work in the footnotes, endnotes, reference list or bibliography. (The format and terms used
depend on the citation style.)
The terms reference list and bibliography are sometimes used to mean the same thing, that is, the
complete list of references or bibliographic details for the sources cited. However, bibliography
can be used more broadly to describe a list of relevant, influential, and related sources, which
may also include work that was not directly cited.
Vancouver example (journal article, one author):
In-text citation
McLean states that it is probable that the chicken came before the egg.
References
1. McLean, B. The chicken came before the egg. Journal of Tall Tales 2025:16: 66-68. doi:
00:1122334455
APA example (journal article, one author):

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In-text citation option 1.
A recent study by McLean (2025) discussed the issue of which came first, the chicken or the egg.
In-text citation option 2.
A recent study discussed the issue of which came first, the chicken or the egg (McLean, 2025).
References
McLean, B. (2025). The chicken came before the egg. Journal of Tall Tales, 16(4), 66-68. doi:
00:1122334455
Chicago example (journal article, one author):
In-text citation
McLean states that it is probable that the chicken came before the egg.1
Footnotes
1 McLean, B. “The chicken came before the egg.” Journal of Tall Tales 16, no. 4 (2025): 66.
Bibliography
McLean, B. “The chicken came before the egg.” Journal of Tall Tales 16, no. 4 (2025): 66-68.
doi: 00:1122334455

Referencing successfully
To reference successfully, it is essential that, as a matter of course, you systematically note down
full details of author, date, title and publication details of any material you use at the time you
use it. For web pages, e-journals and ebooks, write down the url address and the date that you
accessed the source. Besides being good academic practice, this ensures that you do not have the
problem of trying to find sources you may have used weeks or months previously.

Benefits of accurate referencing

By referring to the works of established authorities and experts in your subject area, you can add
weight to your comments and arguments. This helps to demonstrate that you have read widely,
and considered and analyzed the writings of others. Remember, good referencing can help you
attain a better grade or mark (often between five and ten percent of the total). Most importantly,
good referencing is essential to avoid any possible accusation of plagiarism.
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is a term that describes the unacknowledged use of someone's work. This includes
material or ideas from any (published or unpublished) sources, whether print, web-based (even if

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freely available) or audiovisual. Using the words or ideas of others without referencing your
source would be construed as plagiarism and is a very serious academic offence. At the end of
the day, it is regarded as stealing intellectual property.

The following are considered forms of plagiarism:

 Passing off as your own a piece of work that is partly or wholly the work of another
student
 Citing and referencing sources that you have not used

 Quoting, summarizing or paraphrasing material in your assignment without citing the

original source

 'Recycling' a piece of your own work that you have previously submitted for another
module or course (i.e. self-plagiarism).

How to avoid plagiarism

In many cases, students who find themselves accused of plagiarizing often have done so
unintentionally. Poor organization and time management, as well as a failure to understand good
academic practice, are often to blame. You might therefore find it helpful to note the following
points:
 Manage your time and plan your work – ensure that you have enough time to prepare,
read and write
 When paraphrasing an author's text, ensure that you use your own words and a sentence
structure sufficiently different from the original text

 In your notes, highlight in colour/bold any direct quotations you want to use in your
assignment - this will help to ensure you use quotation marks with an appropriate
reference when you are writing up your work

 Allow enough time to check your final draft for possible referencing errors or omissions:
for example, check that all your in-text citations have a corresponding entry in your
reference list, and vice versa

 Save all your notes, files, printouts and so on until you receive your final mark or grade.

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Referencing is composed of two parts; in-text referencing and the reference list placed at the end
of the assignment. This allows the reader to follow the brief citation in-text to the full set of
details in the reference list. Any citation given in-text must be included in the reference list, and
vice-versa. The only variation to this is for personal communications, such as conversations,
lectures or email. These are non-print and are cited in the body of the text only.
In-text Referencing
Where information from another source has been used in the assignment, it is supported with the
author’s surname, year of publication and page number if using a direct quotation.
• quotations of less than 40 words are set out within the body of the text, enclosed with
double quotation marks “ ”.
• quotations of more than 40 words should be set out in a block, commenced on a new line
and indented 5 spaces from the left hand margin. Quotation marks are not used.
• page numbers are not included when you summarize or paraphrase someone’s work.

Reference List
The reference list at the end of the work contains the author’s surname and initials, title and
publication details. These include the edition, place and date of publication. For electronic
resources, this can include website addresses, and the date the material was retrieved.
The reference list must be set out:
• in alphabetical order using the surname of the author
• if there is no author, use the title of the material
• italics are to be used for book and journal titles, websites, and also the volume number of
journals. The issue number is not written in italics.
• lines following the first line of entry must be indented 5 spaces.

Author
• Use the surname of the author, followed by the initials.
• Websites may have a sponsor, or be attributed to an organisation, which is then used as the
author. e.g. Martini, F.
Diabetes Australia

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Date
• Books: use the copyright date of the work.
• Journals: use the publication dates found on the item.
• WWW sites: use the copyright or update information.
• When a work is not dated it is noted as n.d. (no date).
• Retrieval dates must also be used for websites. This is the date the website was viewed
online.
e.g. Retrieved Month Day, Year.
Retrieved July 22, 2010.

Titles
• The first letter of the first word of the title is given in capitals, as is the first letter of a word
following a colon (the subtitle).
• The first letter of each word of a journal title is written in capitals, not the title of the article
within the journal.
• Proper names are written with a capital.
e.g. Diseases: A nursing approach to excellent care.
Australian Nurses Journal

Publisher’s location
• When providing place of publication use the city or town as given on the item.
e.g. London
Melbourne
Publishers
• Give the name of the publisher as briefly as possible. Omit the words Publishers, Co. or
Inc., as long as the name is understandable.
• If the author of the work is also the publisher, then write the word Author in the place for
the publisher’s name.

Electronic resources
• Provide the Digital Object Identifier (doi) where possible for online journal articles.
• The doi must be given in full.
• Where the doi is not given use the name of the online database.

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 e.g. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00525.x
CINAHL with Full Text

Abbreviations
chapter chap. edition ed. Editor (Editors) Ed. (Eds.)
no date n.d. second edition 2nd ed. revised edition Rev. ed.
page (pages) p. (pp.) paragraph para. Volume Vol.

Citation Software
If you are going to write reports and assignments that will require a number of references then it
can be a good idea to use citation software to help you manage those references. There are a
number of different citation programs; some are free and others cost money to use.
 There are a variety of reference management software tools available. Use the University
of Otago Library’s Managing references guide to find out which will suit you best
http://otago.libguides.com/managingreferences
 EndNote is a widely used program and is supported by the Library and ITS. It is available
for Mac and Windows platforms. EndNote is available free to all students via the Student
desktop www.otago.ac.nz/studentdesktop. It is also possible to purchase Endnote for your
own computer through ITS for a small fee (see: http://www.otago.ac.nzits/services/
software/index.html). ITS training run courses using EndNote (see: http://www .otago.
ac.nz/its/services/training/otago030141.html).
 Zotero is free to use (https://www.zotero.org
 Mendeley is free to use (https://www.mendeley.com)
 If you are using LaTex for your documents then you will have BibTex as your citation
management software. You may find http://www.bibsonomy.org/ useful for recording
and sharing references
Phrasing
 There are several ways to phrase in-text citations and place the author’s surname within a
sentence.
 START: Smyth (2010, p. 187) argued that “18-25 year old males...”

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  MIDDLE: In a recent survey (Jones, 2009), the pedagogic benefits of interactive
whiteboards were analyzed.
 END: Apple is a globally recognized brand name, whose products are regarded as the
best on the market
Page Numbering
For in-text citations you may either use p. or a colon to indicate the page number. It is important
that you are consistent and therefore do not use these two conventions interchangeably.

Making Changes to Quotations

If you leave out a word or words from a quote, indicate this by using three dots ...
Example: “E-learning ... has the potential to revolutionise accessibility” (McKervey, 2010, p.6)
Use square brackets to put your own words into a quotation
Example: “impacted this sphere [political] of constitutional reform”
Secondary References
This is where you cite a source quoted by another source. You must use the names of both
authors and the phrase 'cited in'.
Example:
A study by Holbrook (2006, cited in McNelly, 2008, p. 17)
Reference List
In the Harvard referencing system, the in-text citations link to your reference list .
A reference list contains all the sources that have been cited in the text of your work.
Example In-text citation: Neville (2009) however offers a contrary view ... Reference list:
Neville, C. (2009) The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism, Maidenhead:
Open Universities Press
Formatting
There are specific rules for formatting references, which vary according to the type of source.
Author(s)
Put the surname first, followed by the initial(s).e.g. Frazer, P. Include all authors. e.g. McQuade,
A., Moran, P. and Crawford, T. Sometimes the author may be an organisation. e.g. Nursing and
Midwifery Council If the publication is compiled by an editor or editors, use the abbreviation
(ed.) or (eds.) e.g. Hughes, R.J. and Hampson, P. (eds.)

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Year of Publication
Put the year in the round brackets after the surname(s) e.g. (2010)
If no date can be identified, use (no date) or (n.d.)

Title
Capitalise the first letter of the first word and any propert nouns. e.g. Contract law in
France:1975-2001,
The title should be italics. e.g. A tale of two cities,
You may either put a comma OR full stop after the title and subsequent reference components.
e.g. Gone with the wind,
Edition
Only include the edition if it is not the first edition.
Abbreviation to edn. e.g. 2nd edn.
Place of Publication: Name of Publisher
List the place of publication first followed by the name of the publisher. Separate using a colon.
e.g. Maidenhead: Open Universities Press
Page Reference
Only include if you are referring to a specific chapter or journal article. Include the page
numbers after the publisher’s details. e.g. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 391-406.
Title of Article (Journal / Newspaper)
Put the title in single quotation marks and capitalise the first letter of the first word. e.g.
‘Plagiarism on the rise’
Title of Journal/Newspaper
Capitalise the first letter of each word in the title, except linking words such as: the, for, and, of,
etc.
Italicise the whole title e.g. British Journal of Educational Technology
Issue Information
List the volume number followed by the issue number in round brackets. e.g. 14(3)
URL
Include the full web address for Internet sources used. This is formatted using
Available at: http://www.qub.ac.uk/lds (Accessed: 30th August 2012)

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How to Reference a…
Book
Order
 Author(s) / Editor(s)
 Year of publication (in round brackets)
 Title (in italics)
 Edition
 Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: Pearrow, M. (2007) Web usability handbook, 2nd edn., Boston: Charles River Media.
Electronic book
Order
 Author
 Year of publication (in round brackets)
 Title of book (in italics)
 Name of e-book collection (in italics)
 [Online]
 Available at: URL
 (Accessed: date)
Example: Smith, M., Davidson, J., Cameron, L. and Bondi, L. (2009) Emotion, place and
culture. Ebrary [Online]. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com /lib/ queensbelfast /docDetail
.action?docID=10276597 (Accessed: 30th August 2012).
Chapter from book
Order
 Author(s) of chapter
 Year of publication (in round brackets)
 Title of chapter (in single quotation marks)
 in
 Author(s) / editor(s) of book
 Title of book (in italics)
 Place of publication: Publisher
 Page reference

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Example: Bannister, P. and Ashworth, P. (1998) ‘Four good reasons for cheating and
plagiarism’, in Rust, C. (ed.) Improving student learning: improving students as learners.
Oxford: Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development, pp. 233-240.

Journal article
 Order
 Author(s) of journal article
 Year of publication (in round brackets)
 Title of article (in single quotation marks)
 Title of journal (in italics, capitalise the first letter of each word)
 Issue information (volume, issue number)
Page reference
Example: Aldrich, F., Rogers, Y. and Scaife, M. (1998) ‘Getting to grips with “interactivity”:
helping teachers assess the educational value of CD-ROMS’, British Journal of Educational
Technology, 29(4), pp. 321-332.
Electronic journal article
 Order
 Author(s) of e-journal article
 Year of publication (in round brackets)
 Title of article (in single quotation marks)
 Title of journal (in italics, capitalise the first letter of each word)
 Volume, issue, page numbers
 [Online]
 Available at: URL
 (Accessed: date)
Example: Hart, M. and Friesner, T. (2004) ‘Plagiarism and Poor Academic Practice - A Threat to
the Extension of e-Learning in Higher Education?’, Journal of eLearning, 2(1), pp. 89-96
[Online]. Available at: http://www.ejel.org/volume-2/vol2-issue1/issue1-art25.html (Accessed: 6
July 2012).

Website

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  Order
 Author(s)
 Year the webpage was last updated (in round brackets)
 Title of webpage (in italics)
 Available at: URL
 (Accessed: date)
Example: Terry, J. (2007) Moving on - preparing for university & organising your studies,
Available at: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/dcs/teaching/movingon/7.pdf (Accessed: 5th
July 2012).
Newspaper article
 Order
 Author
 Year of publication (in round brackets)
 Title of article (in single quotation marks)
 Title of newspaper (in italics)
 Day and month
 Page reference
Example:
Prince, R. (2010) ‘Why food is costing us the earth’, The Times, 30th August, p.18.
Report
 Order
 Author or organisation
 Year of publication (in round brackets)
 Title of report (in italics)
 Place of publication: Publisher
Example: Mintel (2008). Pizza and Pasta Restaurants - UK [Online]. Available at:
http://www.mintel.com/pizzapastauk.html (Accessed: 26th August 2012).

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More examples of Referencing
In-text Citation Reference List Citation
Books
Barry states that “all of us need
reassurance occasionally” (2002, p.
Barry, P. (2002). Mental health and
77).
Single author mental illness (7th ed.).
or
Philadelphia: Lippincott.
“all of us need reassurance
occasionally” (Barry, 2002, p. 77).
Staunton and Chiarella explain…
(2003, p. 35).
or
Staunton, P. J., & Chiarella, M. (2003).
2 authors The law is explained as “…” Nursing and the law (5th ed.).
(Staunton & Chiarella, 2003, p. 35). Marrickville: Elsevier.
Use the ampersand within
parentheses (&) and the word and in
the sentence.
First entry
“Classification of congenital
malformation is difficult” (Forrester,
Dick, McMenamin & Lee, 2002, p.
128). Forrester, J., Dick, A., McMenamin, P.,
or & Lee, W. (2002). The eye: Basic
3 – 5 authors
Forrester, Dick, McMenamin and sciences in practice. Sydney:
Lee describe why the “classification Saunders.
of congenital malformation is very
difficult” (2002, p. 128).
Subsequent entries
(Forrester, et al., 2002, p. 150)
Bennett,., de Young, R., Saunders, L.,
Carrapiett, D., Pressley, P., &
The future of nursing (Bennett et al., Etridge, S., et al. (2001). Nursing in
Book with 6 or more 2001) … the new millennium. Perth, WA:
authors Manning Press.
Et al. is used from the first entry in- If there are more than 6 authors do not
text. list any names after the 6th, write et al.
in their place.

15
 False high blood pressure reading
may be caused by “ … ” (Nursing
Procedures, 2002, p. 17). Nursing procedures made incredibly
Book without an
When a work has no author, use the easy. (2002). Springhouse:
author
first few words of the title as written Springhouse.
in the reference list. The title is given
in italics, with capitals.
Macpherson, G. (Ed.). (1995). Black’s
Manubrium is described as “…”
Book with an editor medical dictionary (38th ed.).
(Macpherson, 1995, p. 307).
London: A & C Black.
A dictionary of nursing (4th ed.).
A Dictionary of Nursing (2003, p.
Dictionary (2003). Oxford: Oxford University
63) defines bradycardia as “…”
Press.
Stevens, C. F. (2005). Nervous system.
Entry in an
In The World Book encyclopedia
encyclopedia Stevens (2005) describes …
(Vol. 14, pp. 132-136). Chicago:
with an author
World Book.
Nerves and nervous systems. (1984). In
Entry in an The general features of the nervous
The new encyclopedia Britannica
encyclopedia system (“Nerves and Nervous
(Vol. 12, pp. 975-993). Chicago:
without an author Systems,” 1984) …
Encyclopedia Britannica.
Palfrey (2000, as cited in Talbot &
Talbot, L., & Verrinder, G. (2005).
Citing a primary Verrinder, 2005, p. 79) claims that
Promoting health: A primary care
reference from a health policies …
approach (3rd ed.). Marrickville:
secondary source Only the book that has been read is
Elsevier.
the one included in the reference list.
Several studies (Hamilton, 2005;
Citing a number of Stevens, 2003) have shown that …
Each title is referenced individually.
authors at one time Put authors in alphabetical order,
separated by a semicolon.
Journal Articles
Gregory, S., & Verdouw, J. (2005).
Therapeutic touch: Its application
Journal article, with Gregory and Verdouw (2005) explain
for residents in aged care.
subtitle, in print the basic philosophy as ...
Australian Nursing Journal, 12(7),
23-25.
The use of mobile phones could be
used by nurses in the community
(“Mobile Phones”, 2007). Mobile phones could monitor patient
Journal article with
If it is a long title you can include health. (2007). Nursing Times,
no author
only the first few words of the article 102(50), 2.
title, and enclose it in double
quotation marks.
Journal article from Knezev claims there is a “diabetes Knezev, M. (2009). Estimating the
an electronic epidemic” in the United States (2009, long-term costs of diabetic kidney
database p. 1061). disease: An economic approach.

16
 Applied Economic Letters, 16(10),
1059-1064. Retrieved from
Business Source Premier,
EBSCOhost.
Steele, H. (2003). Unrelenting
catastrophic trauma within the
Journal article with Steele (2003) describes how a family: When every secure base is
DOI number of personalities ... abusive. Attachment & Human
Development, 5(4), 353-366. doi:
10.1080/14616730310001633438
Gorman, D. (1999). Cultural
disadvantage of nursing students.
International Education, 3(4).
Journal article from The survey by Gorman (1999) shows Retrieved December 1, 2008, from
the WWW … http://eprints.usq.edu.au/1623/1/ie12-
Don.html
Include the retrieval date if it is likely
that the web address may change.
Electronic Resources
Diabetes WA. (2006). Gestational.
Document on the There are a number of concerns for Retrieved October 17, 2008, from
WWW with an http://diabeteswa.
gestational diabetes (Diabetes WA, com.au/Default.aspx?
author or sponsor 2006) … f=pv&ctr=Default&mid=133&pid=
433&page_id=436
Document on the Some hoax sites can be difficult to The dog island. (2003). Retrieved
WWW without an distinguish at first glance (The Dog October 17, 2008, from
author/sponsor Island, 2003) but closer inspection… http://www.thedogisland.com/

Document on the WA Deaf Society. (n.d.). You have

This WA Deaf Society website
WWW without a rights! Retrieved October 17, 2008,
explains the rights of deaf individuals
date from http://www.wadeaf.org.au/
(n.d.).
index .php?id=45
Autonomic nervous system. (2008). In
Microsoft Encarta online encyclopedia
Online encyclopedia The role of the sympathetic nervous
2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008,
article without an system … (“Autonomic Nervous
from http://au.encarta.msn.com/
author System”, 2008).
encyclopedia_761571281/
Autonomic_Nervous_System.html
Westacott, E. (2006). Relativism. In J.
Feisen & B. Dowden (Eds.). The
Online encyclopedia
Westacott (2006) describes ... Internet encyclopedia of philosophy
article with an author
Retrieved June 20, 2008, from
http://www.iep. utm.edu /r/relativi/
eBook (Faull, Carter & Daniels, 2005) Faull, C., Carter, Y.H., & Daniels, L.
(2005).

17

Image from a (Heart, n.d.)
website Title under image.
Blackboard (Cross, n.d.)
PDF from a website
(Department of Health, 2007)
(no URL)
According to the Joslin Diabetes
Center (2007) “blood pressure
YouTube with an
measurement is one of the most
author/producer
important tests” for patients that
suffer from diabetes.
The Siamese cat is obviously
YouTube with no annoyed when teased in Funny
author/producer
Angry Cat (2007).
In the north of Western Australia
there is an obvious distinction
Video Podcast
between the lives of the indigenous
population to … (Carney, 2008).
Audio Podcast There have been suggestions that
IVF and other forms of assisted
reproduction should be included in
classroom teaching (Atkin, 2008).
Handbook of palliative care (2nd ed.).
Wiley- Blackwell. Retrieved from
Central Institute of Technology
eBook Library.
Heart [Image]. (n.d). Retrieved
November 3, 2010, from
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anatomy/heart/heart_medical_diagr
am_3.png
Cross, E. (n.d.). Week three: The
urinary system [PowerPoint slides].
Retrieved from C9214 Contribute to
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webct/urw/lc9140001.tp0/cobaltMai
nFrame.dowebct
Department of Health. (2007). Smoking
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file]. Video posted to
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v=hBEuGPveOuc
Funny angry cat. (2007, August 19)
[Video file]. Video posted to
http://uk.youtube.com/ watch?
v=33bXF0T7etk&feature=related
If you are unsure of who made the
video use the title as the point of entry.
Carney, M. (Reporter). (2008, August
18). The money pit. Four corners.
Podcast retrieved from
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ent/
2008/20080818_boom/interviews.ht
m
Atkin, M. (2008, August 5). Meet the
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18
 hack/ivf_packag_m1625223.mp3
Newspapers
O’Leary reported “common O’Leary, C. (2005, June 11). Painkillers
Newspaper article
painkillers …” raise heart attack risk. The West
with author
(2005, p. 1). Australian, p. 1.
In a story from Virginia (“Chemist
Chemist refuses to sell contraceptives.
Newspaper article Refuses”, 2008), it was found …
(2008, October 23). The West
with no author If the title of the article is long, just
Australian, p. 36.
put in the first few words.
Other
Dean, E. (Writer) & Creswick, J.
It was demonstrated in Blood (Producer/ Director). (2002).
Video recording Pressure (Dean & Creswick, 2002) Blood pressure [Video recording].
how lifestyle factors ... Hawthorn East: Business
Essentials.
Carmichael, A. (Executive producer).
The idea was first presented in the (1999, November 8). Emission
Television broadcast segment “Emission Impossible” impossible. Four corners
(Carmichael, 1999). [Television broadcast]. Sydney:
ABC Television.
Alzheimer’s Association WA. (n.d.).
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notes that a confirmed diagnosis …
[Brochure]. Shenton Park: Author.
Palmer, S. (2004). Develop knowledge
Palmer explains that “people do not of human growth and development
Learning guide with
move straight from infancy to across the lifespan: Learning
an author
adolescence” (2004, p. 21). resource. Bunbury: South West
Regional College of TAFE.
Brown, Y. (2010). The first day at
work. Lecture notes distributed in
Lecture notes This is what might be expected on the course C9214 - Contribute to
(unpublished) the first day at work (Brown, 2010). Client Care, at Central Institute of
Technology, Mt Lawley, on July
12, 2010.
In a lecture (Contribute to the general
Lecture material:
nursing care of a client) presented at
non-print (e.g.
Central Institute of Technology, Mt. Not included in the reference list.
whiteboard, notes,
Lawley, on April 30, 2010, Jane
lecture statements)
Citizen explained that …
The overseas practicum raised some
Personal concerns (S. Young, Personal
Not included in the reference list.
communication communication, 16 July, 2004) that
…

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