ADF A marine or aircraft radio navigation automatically and continuously display the relative from shift or

aircraft to suitable radio station

ADF Normally tuned to aviation or marine NDBs operating between 190-535 khz

Used to provide lateral guidance to the aircraft and thus allows for tracking extended runway centre
line

If aircraft is left of track head of needle will point to right of the nose

Operate in the low and medium frequency bands

Typically displayed on acourse deviation indicator

lobe ILS work on basi principles of bearing by lobe comparison

comparison

Morse Operator tunes the ADF receiver to the correct frequency and verifies the identity of the beacon by
code listening to the morse code transmitted by the NDB.

left If aircraft is right of track head of needle will point to right of the nose

Ground base instrument approach system that provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching
and landing on runway

RMI Pilot use this pointer to home diretly directly rowads the beacon or may also use the magnetic
compass and calculate the direction from the beacon @ w/c aircraft is located

Easiest and perhaps the most common method of using ADF is home to the stations.
COMPASS CARDS
Pilot can rotate the compass card with
It gives the pilot information the same as the single needle such as airraft heading and magnetic bearing
to the NDB
Very unsatisfactory for evry use which can still be found on aircraft panels but not many pleases to use
it
A directional gyro and it rotates automatically as the aircraft turns and provide contionus heading

ERRORS ADF
Indicated bearing will not be acuurate while the aircraft IS BANKED
RADIO WAVE are emitted by the aircraft aircraft alternator in the frequency band of the ADF.

Is minimal on transmission at frequency below 350 KHZ

Categories of ILS
A PRECISION INSTRUMENT approach and landing with a decision height not lower thab 60 m. not less
than 800m
A precision instrument approach and landing with a decision height lower than 60 m-30m and runway
350m
No decion height and no runway visual range limitation
Lower than 30m(1oo ft) runway not less than 200m

15 m less than 200 but not less than 50