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PUBLISHED DOCUMENT
© BSI 2011
Publication history
First published March 2011
Contents
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 BS EN 1991-2:2003, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 2:
Traffic loads on bridges 1
Annexes
Annex A (informative) Vibration serviceability recommendations for
foot and cycle track bridges 11
Bibliography 19
List of figures
Figure 1 – Comparison of pedestrian load intensity (excluding crowd
loading) variation with loaded length for road (and rail) bridges
supporting footways or cycle tracks and for footbridges 8
Figure 2 – Reduction factor, λ, to allow for the unsynchronized
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Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover,
pages i to ii, pages 1 to 20, an inside back cover and a back cover.
© BSI 2011 • i
PD 6688-2:2011 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT
Foreword
Publishing information
This Published Document is published by BSI and came into effect on
31 March 2011. It was prepared by Subcommittee B/525/10, Bridges,
under the authority of Technical Committee B/525, Building and civil
engineering. A list of organizations represented on this committee
can be obtained on request to its secretary.
Presentational conventions
The word “should” is used to express recommendations of this
Published Document. The word “may” is used in the text to express
permissibility, e.g. as an alternative to the primary recommendation
of the clause. The word “can” is used to express possibility, e.g. a
consequence of an action or an event.
Notes and commentaries are provided throughout the text of this
standard. Notes give references and additional information that are
important but do not form part of the recommendations. Commentaries
give background information.
ii • © BSI 2011
PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD 6688-2:2011
1 Scope
This Published Document gives non-contradictory, complementary
information on traffic loads on bridges for use in the UK in conjunction
with BS EN 1991-2 and its UK National Annex.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the
application of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
BS EN 1990:2002, Eurocode – Basis of structural design
BS EN 1991-2:2003, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 2: Traffic
loads on bridges
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1)
The technical content of BS 5400-2:2006 was extracted from BD 37/01.
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2 • © BSI 2011
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2)
Now withdrawn and superseded by BS EN 1993-1-3.
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Note that BS 5400-2, 6.7.2 did not take into account global forces for
all parapets other than the very high containment parapets. Therefore
an amendment to the NA to BS EN 1991-2:2003, NA.2.30 has been
prepared. The proposed amendment is that the last paragraph of the
NA to BS EN 1991-2:2003, NA.2.30.1 should be amended as follows:
For classes A and B the transverse forces in Table NA.6 should be
applied 100 mm below the top of the vehicle restraint system or 1,0 m
above the level of carriageway or footway, whichever is lower, and on
a line 0,5 m long. For classes C and D, the forces in Table NA.6 should
be applied uniformly over a length of 3 m at the top of the traffic face
of the vehicle restraint system and in a position along the line of the
vehicle restraint system that produces the maximum effects on the
part of the structure under construction.
It is recommended that the appropriate class of forces that should be
used is agreed on a project specific basis.
The position of the application of the vertical force has been based on
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effect from the model vehicle against the HA loading effect, found in
BS 5400-2, for bending and shearing in a simply supported beam for
loaded lengths of between 10 m and 15 m.
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Figure 1 Comparison of pedestrian load intensity (excluding crowd loading) variation with loaded length
for road (and rail) bridges supporting footways or cycle tracks and for footbridges
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Key
1 BS EN 1991-2 nominal A) 4 BS 5400-2:2006 ULS
2 BS 5400-2:2006 nominal 5 NA to BS EN 1991-2 nominal C)
B)
3 BS EN 1991-2 ULS 6 NA to BS EN 1991-2 ULS
A)
For footbridges only [see BS EN 1991-2:2003, 5.3.2.1 (2)]. For road or railway bridges supporting footways or cycle
tracks [see BS EN 1991-2:2003, 5.3.2.1 (1)], the recommended nominal pedestrian load intensity is a constant of
5 kN/m2.
B)
For footbridges only [see BS EN 1991-2:2003, 5.3.2.1 (2)]. For road or railway bridges supporting footways or cycle
tracks [see BS EN 1991-2:2003, 5.3.2.1 (1)], the recommended pedestrian load intensity at ULS is a constant of
6,75 kN/m2.
C)
For road or railway bridges supporting footways or cycle tracks (see NA to BS EN 1991-2:2003, NA.2.36).
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Figure 2 Reduction factor, λ, to allow for the unsynchronized combination of pedestrian actions within
groups and crowds
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Key
1 Effective span, Seff (m)
Pedestrian groups
Crowd loading
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A.1 General
For superstructures, where the fundamental natural frequencies of
vibration exceed 8 Hz for the unloaded bridge in a vertical direction
and 1,5 Hz for the loaded bridge in a horizontal direction, the
necessary vibration serviceability can be deemed to be satisfied.
In general, a linear elastic model is appropriate for calculation of
the structure’s response to dynamic actions. Nevertheless, attention
is drawn to the fact that the constructed footbridge might have
different natural frequencies from those calculated (e.g. due to the
interaction between structural and non-structural parts) and therefore
might respond differently from predictions.
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x - Time (seconds)
y - Bridge response frequency (Hz)
Key
σ Standard deviation
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Figure A.2 Reduction of pedestrian speed and flow rates with density
a)
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b)
a) x - Density (people/m2)
y - Speed
b) x - Flow rate
y - Density (people/m2)
F′ 2
α = γ imax KΨ
Mi
where:
F’ is the amplitude of the moving dynamic load (N) given in
the NA to BS EN 1991-2, NA.2.44.4 (1). That is:
( )
F ′ = F0 k fv ( )
1+ γ N − 1 ;
Mi is the generalized mass of the mode of interest i (kg);
γ imax is the maximum vertical component of mode shape I;
K is the configuration factor (see Figure A.3);
Ψ is the dynamic response factor (see Figure A.4).
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Key
1 Bridge configuration
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NOTE For three-span continuous bridges, intermediate values of K may be obtained by linear interpolation.
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Key
Walking
Jogging
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S
∫ ( )
w ′b γ i x dx
γ imax
1
α = 0
Mi 2ξ
where:
w’ is the amplitude of the vertical dynamic load (N/m2) given in
the NA to BS EN 1991-2, NA.2.44.3(b)(1). That is:
F
( )
w ′ = 1.8 0 k fv
A
γ N λ;
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0.634w ′bs 2 1
α = γ imax
Mi 2ξ
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Bibliography
Standards publications
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
BS 5400-2:2006 3), Steel, concrete and composite bridges – Part 2:
Specification for loads
BS 5400-10:1980 4), Steel, concrete and composite bridges – Part 10:
Code of practice for fatigue
BS EN 1991-1-3, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part: 1-3: General
actions – Snow loads
BS EN 1991-1-4, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part: 1-4: General
actions – Wind actions
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Other publications
[1] GREAT BRITAIN. BD 37/01 Loads for highway bridges, Design
Manual for Roads and Bridges, Vol 1, Section 3, Part 14. London:
The Highways Agency, 2001.
[2] ATKINS HIGHWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION. Background to the
UK National Annexes to EN1990: Basis of Structural Design –
Annex A2: Application for Bridges and EN1991-2: Traffic
Loads on Bridges. The Highways Agency, 2004. http://www.
standardsforhighways.co.uk/tech_info/files/Background%20
to%20UK%20NA_EN1990_EN1991-2.pdf
[3] GREAT BRITAIN. BD 33/94, Expansion joints for use in highway
bridge decks, Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Vol 2,
Section 3, Part 6. London: The Highways Agency, 1994. http://
www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/dmrb/vol2/section3/bd3394.pdf
[4] FLINT AND NEILL PARTNERSHIP. Derivation of the UK National
Annex to Clause 4.6: Fatigue Load Models: Eurocode 1: Actions
on structures – Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges. The Highways
Agency, 2004. http://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/tech_info/
files/738-20-Rp01-100204-R1a.pdf
[5] GREAT BRITAIN. BD 21/01 The assessment of highway bridges
and structures, Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Vol 3,
Section 4, Part 3. London: The Highways Agency, 2001. http://
www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/dmrb/vol3/section4/bd2101.pdf
3)
Now withdrawn and superseded by BS EN 1990:2002+A1 and BS EN 1991-1-7.
4)
Now withdrawn and superseded by BS EN 1993-1-9.
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