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The Radio resources are limited, to utilize the radio resources reasonably can
greatly improve the network performance and increase the network capacity.
By RRM algorithms, the coverage of the network and QoS of the services will
be guaranteed and meanwhile the network capacity is maximum.
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In order to guarantee the service QoS, the CN QoS requirement must be
mapped into some RAN parameters, so as to let RAN resource support the
service .So we need “channel configuration”.
For CDMA system ,to guarantee the service data error rate with the minimum
TX power is very important, which can effectively increase the network
coverage and capacity. So we need “power control”
To satisfy the UE mobility, handover is need .
After the network is loaded, to ensure the stability of the network and the
QoS of most of the services ,”load control” must be used.
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In the service setup stage, CN will send the QoS requirement to RNC by “RAB
Assignment” message. The QoS requirement include “maximum bit rate",
“guaranteed bit rate”, ”time delay allowed", "user priority”, and so on.
Based on the initial rate, RNC perform “Admission Control” to avoid bad
impact to the system.
After succeed the admission, RNC will allocate channels for the user and
configure the channel parameters ,such as time interval of the data
processing, size of the data block, block error rate, and so on.
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In channel initial setup stage, to avoid interference, the initial power of the
channels must be calculated carefully, which is called “Open Loop Power
Control”.
After the initial stage, in the whole service duration ,the power of transmitter
must be controlled in real time, which is called “Closed Loop Power Control”.
During a PS service, the activities of the user may change largely, so RNC will
monitor the activity of each user, based on which the channel is dynamically
reconfigured, so as to match the actual service requirement.
If the user moves across a cell coverage area, RNC must reconfigure the
physical channels for the UE, to maintain the service continuously, that is
function of handover .
Channel configuration, power control, and handover are all user oriented RRM
algorithms. Load control is cell oriented algorithm.
After the network startup, RNC will monitor the load level of all the cells.
When a cell is congested or overloaded, load control will be trigged to avoid
load increase and recover the cell to normal state.
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Since the variety of the service QoS required, RAN must provide different
Radio Bearers for different service.
Different types of Radio Bearers are configured with different transition time
intervals, different transmission block sizes, different number of transmission
blocks, different channel coding rates, different spreading factors to realize
different rates and time delay for conversational ,streaming, interactive and
background services.
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For a CS service ,RNC will allocate the service rate based on the CN assignment
directly.
For a PS service ,the initial rate is not the maximum bit rate ,RNC will choose a
lower rate for the accessing service. This initial rate is based on the RNC
configuration.
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For BE services ,the activity changes largely, if a fixed rate is allocated, it will
waste the radio resources.
RNC will monitor the activity of each user, and dynamically reallocate the
service rate, so as to satisfy the service requirement with minimum resources.
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Rate Reallocation Algorithm work in uplink and downlink independently .
When uplink is inactive ,RNC reconfigure uplink channel
When downlink is inactive ,RNC reconfigure downlink channel
Rate Reallocation affect R99 BE services and HSUPA services. (HSDPA
resource reallocation is handled by “fast scheduling”)
UE State Translating Algorithm
UE State Translating Algorithm affects uplink and downlink both, so
only when both uplink and downlink are inactive, RNC will trigger UE
translating to common channel states, or even release the common
channel.
PS service always online Algorithm
For PS services, if both uplink and downlink are inactive and last for a
certain duration, RNC requires CN to release the IU connection ,after
that , RNC will then release the RRC connection. But the PDP context is
always reserved .when the user want to activate the service, it is no
need to request the PDP again. So for PS service users ,they feel they
are always online.
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RNC will monitor the RLC buffer volume in uplink and downlink.
In downlink, RNC takes internal measurement.
In uplink, RNC request UE report the RLC buffer volume.
RNC will compare the measurement result with the configured threshold ,
then reconfigure the channel in MAC layer.
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When a UE is switched on, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is selected
and the UE searches for a suitable cell of this PLMN to camp on.
The NAS shall provide a list of equivalent PLMNs, if available, that the AS shall
use for cell selection and cell reselection.
The UE searches for a suitable cell of the chosen PLMN and chooses that cell
to provide available services, and tunes to its control channel. This choosing is
known as "camping on the cell". The UE will, if necessary, then register its
presence, by means of a NAS registration procedure, in the registration area of
the chosen cell.
If the UE finds a more suitable cell, it reselects onto that cell and camps on it.
If the new cell is in a different registration area, location registration is
performed.
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Assuming that there exists an RRC connection, there are two basic families of
RRC connection mobility procedures, URA updating and handover. Different
families of RRC connection mobility procedures are used in different levels of
UE connection (cell level and URA level):
URA updating is a family of procedures that updates the UTRAN
registration area of a UE when an RRC connection exists and the
position of the UE is known on URA level in the UTRAN;
Handover is a family of procedures that adds or removes one or several
radio links between one UE and UTRAN when an RRC connection exists
and the position of the UE is known on cell level in the UTRAN.
Which type of transport channel is used by UE in connected mode is decided
by RNC according to the UE activity.
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If there is huge data to be transmitted, it must allocate dedicated channel.
Thus UE will be in Cell‐DCH. UE in Cell‐DCH state is communicating via DCH
(downlink and uplink) with UTRAN.
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If there is only few data to be transmitted, there is no need to allocate
dedicated channel. Thus UE will be in Cell‐FACH. UE in Cell‐FACH state is
communicating via FACH (downlink) and RACH (uplink) with UTRAN. UE need
to monitor the FACH for its relative information because FACH is shared for all
users in the cell.
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If UE has no data to be transmitted or received, UE will be in Cell‐PCH or URA‐
PCH. In these two states, UE needs to monitor PICH,to receive its paging.
UTRAN knows which cell or URA UE is now in. The difference between Cell‐
PCH and URA‐PCH is that UTRAN update UE information only after UE which is
in URA‐PCH state has roamed to other URA.
UTRAN have to update cell information of UE when UE roams to another cell.
UE migrates to cell‐FACH state to complete the cell update. If there is also no
data to be transmitted or received, UE is back to CELL‐PCH state after cell
update. If the cell update times in a fixed time reach a preset value, UTRAN
will let UE migrate to URA‐PCH. URA is an area of several cells.
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It is the same as the CELL‐PCH state. UE should migrate to CELL‐FACH state to
complete the URA update.
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After the service setup, if RNC detect there is no traffic in uplink and downlink,
RNC will request CN release the service bearer , then CN will trigger bearer
release signaling procedure to release IU interface ,then RNC release RRC
connection.
After this procedure, the UE is actually in idle mode, all the resources are
released. But logically the PDP context is maintained, so the user feels online
as well.
When the user want to trigger some new traffic transition, UE just need to
reestablish the service bearer.
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Near Far Effect is one of the difficulties of any CDMA system.
In radio network, different UEs are differently far away from the NodeB, so the
path losses are different as well.
In uplink, if all UEs transmit signal with same power level, the signals received
by the NodeB are very different, the difference can be up to 70 dB.
So the signal from the farther UEs are easily submerged. The UEs near to the
NodeB will block the whole cell.
By power control , the transmitting power of UEs are balanced, and then, by
processing gain, more UE signals can be decoded ,so the capacity is increased.
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In WCDMA, Power control is needed in uplink and downlink both :
In uplink, by controlling the UE transmitting power ,the interference from each
UE is minimum, so the system capacity is increased.
In downlink ,by controlling the dedicated channel power for each UE to make
the power occupied by each UE is minimum, the cell capacity is improved and
the inter‐cell interference is well controlled.
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WCDMA power control is channel oriented. The transmitting power of each
channel is controlled by two steps:
Open loop power control
Closed loop power control
Open loop power control works at the initial setup stage of a radio link, it will
calculate a proper initial transmitting power
Closed loop power control works after the radio link setup stage, it will
dynamically adjust the transmitting power in real time.
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Open loop power control works only at the initial setup stage of radio link
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The open loop power control is just a simple evaluation by the transmitter, the
calculation result is not very accurate.
After the initial access stage, because of the channel fading, mobility of the
user, in order to guarantee the QoS, the power must be dynamically adjusted.
In order to save power, decrease the interference ,after the initial access
stage, the real time closed loop power control is necessary.
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Closed loop power control is realized by two parts. It works in uplink and
downlink independently.
Closed inner loop power control:
In uplink, NodeB will measure the received signal SIR from UE, and
compare it with a target value. If the measured value is higher than
target, NodeB will control the UE to decrease the transmitting power,
otherwise, increase. In downlink, the mechanism is similar ,UE will
measure the received signal SIR from NodeB dedicated channel, and
compare it with a target value. If the measured value is high than
target, UE will control the NodeB to decrease the transmitting power
on the dedicated channel, otherwise, increase.
The frequency of closed loop power control is 1500Hz.
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The index of QoS is BLER (block error rate), but not SIR.
SIR is measured in physical layer. BLER is monitored in MAC layer.
For a fixed SIR, in different channel condition, for different service, the BLER
will be different.
In order to guarantee the BLER of the service, the SIR target value must be
dynamically adjusted, which is called outer loop power control.
Outer loop power control and inner loop power control work together to
guarantee the QoS.
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In uplink, RNC will measure the BLER of the user data from NodeB ,then
compare it will BLER target value configured .If the measured value is higher
than target value, RNC will control the NodeB to increase the SIR target,
otherwise decrease.
In downlink ,the principle is the same, but the control is realized inside the UE.
The frequency of outer loop power control is configurable.
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Handover is the basic function of a mobile system, by handover , the radio link
between the UE and a cell is switched to another cell, so the service is
continuously maintained.
In WCDMA system, handover can realize some other target, for instance :to
balance cell load, to realize hierarchical cell structure, so as to improve the
network utilization, and optimize network performa.nce
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Handover in WCDMA system include:
Intra‐UMTS handover
Intra‐frequency handover
Intra‐frequency hard handover
Intra‐frequency soft handover
Inter‐frequency handover
Coverage‐based Inter‐frequency handover
QoS‐based Inter‐frequency handover
Load‐based Inter‐frequency handover
Speed‐Based Inter‐frequency handover
UMTS‐to‐GSM Handover
Coverage‐based UMTS‐to‐GSM handover
QoS‐based UMTS‐to‐GSM handover
Load‐based UMTS‐to‐GSM handover
Service‐based UMTS‐to‐GSM handover
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In WCDMA ,most of the handover are soft handover, it will last for a duration.
In soft handover state, UE connects will several cells
During soft handover, the UE radio links with different cells may be from one
NodeB, different NodeB under one RNC, even NodeBs under different RNC. (Of
course, the precondition of inter‐RNC soft handover is IUR interface is
configured)
During soft handover, if the UE radio links are from the same NodeB, the
signals on different radio links are combined in uplink in NodeB, this is called
softer handover
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During soft handover ,UE has several radio links ,so the service quality is
better during handover.
Since WCDMA UE normally can only support one frequency transmitting and
reception, the frequency of several radio links must be the same, so it only
applicable between intra‐frequency cells.
During the soft handover ,each radio link occupies cell OVSF code resource,
cell power resource, baseband process resource, so too much soft handover
will occupy more network radio resources ,decrease the utilization of the radio
network.
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During the soft handover, the signals from several radio links are combined in
uplink and downlink.
For normal soft handover, the uplink signals are combined in RNC by selective
combination, that is, RNC select a better signal.
For softer handover, the uplink signals are combined in NodeB by maximum
ratio combination, that is, NodeB will take rake combination ,so the
combination gain is better.
Softer handover does not occupy additional transmission resource.
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Although in most of the conditions, intra‐frequency handovers are soft
handovers, but is some special scenario, intra‐frequency hard handover is still
needed to ensure the user service mobility.
During the hard handover, RNC will firstly switch off the radio link with the old
cell, and then set up the radio link with the new cell.
Compare with soft handover, hard handover occupy less resources
The intra‐frequency handover is used in the following scenarios:
Inter‐RNC intra‐frequency handover without IUR interface or IUR
interface is congested
User service is high data rate R99 BE service, in this case ,in order to
avoid occupying more resources, RNC do not allowed soft handover,
only take Intra‐frequency hard Handover.
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When UE need to handover to another carrier, inter‐frequency is needed. It
must be hard handover, that is, RNC will firstly switch off the radio link with
the old cell, and then set up the radio link with the new cell
Inter‐frequency handover could be triggered by different causes, and the
handover procedure will be some different with each other:
Coverage‐based handover:
When UE move to the border of the cell. UE will detect the current cell
turn bad;
Compressed mode is triggered by the UE measurement report, then UE
start to measure inter‐frequency neighbors
By the measurement reports, UE reports the measure results to RNC ,
RNC decides to trigger handover.
QoS‐based handover:
When the uplink UE TX power or NodeB down TX power is approaching
the limit, there is very probability of call drop.
In this case ,UE will report this condition to RNC, compressed mode is
triggered by the UE measurement report, then UE start to measure
inter‐frequency neighbors
By the measurement reports, UE reports the measure results to RNC ,
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RNC decides to trigger handover.
Load‐based handover:
When cell load exceed a threshold ,RNC will trigger some actions to try
to decrease the cell load, one of which is inter‐frequency handover.
RNC sort all the cell users based on priorities, low priority users will be
chosen to handover to inter‐frequency cell.
Speed‐based handover:
This handover is only used in Hierarchical cell structure.
If the UE moving speed is high, RNC will handover the UE to a macro cell
to avoid frequent handover.
If the UE moving speed is low, RNC will handover the UE to a micro cell
to make the UE has a better service quality.
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WCDMA UE has only one RF receiver, so the UE can only decoding signal from
one carrier, in normal state, the UE can not measure the inter‐frequency
neighbors or inter‐RAT neighbors. But the precondition of RNC triggering
handover is the measurement results of the target cells . So in order to enable
the inter‐frequency and inter‐RAT handover, WCDMA must introduce
compressed mode.
Compressed mode is a special working mode of the UE, it is triggered by RNC͕
RNC reconfigures the uplink and downlink physical channels to start and stop
compressed mode.
Compressed mode could be realized by two ways: SF/2 and high layer
scheduling.
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For high bit rate PS service, compressed mode is realized by high layer
scheduling, so the throughput of the service is affected during the compressed
mode period
For low bit rate service, compressed mode is realized by “SF/2”, it will
decrease the processing gain, so the uplink and downlink physical channel
power must be increased to maintain the QoS , it will increase the downlink
power load and uplink interference. so the coverage and capacity may be
affected.
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When UE need to handover to GSM cell, inter‐RAT is needed. It must be hard
handover, that is, RNC will firstly switch off the radio link with the old cell, and
then set up the radio link with the GSM cell
Inter‐RAT handover could be triggered by different causes, and the handover
procedure will be some different with each other:
Coverage‐based handover:
When UE move to the border of the cell. UE will detect the
current cell turn bad;
Compressed mode is triggered by the UE measurement report,
then UE start to measure inter‐RAT neighbors;
By the measurement reports, UE reports the measure results to
RNC, RNC decides to trigger handover.
QoS‐based handover:
When the uplink UE Tx power or NodeB down Tx power is
approaching the limit, there is very probability of call drop.
In this case ,UE will report this condition to RNC by the
measurement report, then compressed mode is triggered, and
UE start to measure inter‐RAT neighbors
By the measurement reports, UE reports the measure results to
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RNC, RNC decides to trigger handover.
Load‐based handover:
When cell load exceed a threshold ,RNC will trigger some actions
to try to decrease the cell load, one of which is inter‐RAT
handover.
RNC sort all the cell users based on priorities, low priority users
will be chosen to handover to GSM cell.
Service based handover:
Based on operator strategy and characters of WCDMA and GSM,
Services can be spited, GSM cells carry voice service, WCDMA
cells carry PS service .
After service access to WCDMA cell, if the service is more
suitable to be carried on GSM, RNC will trigger service handover
to GSM.
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WCDMA network load is defined by following factors:
Downlink OVSF code of a cell
Iub transmission resources of a NodeB
Baseband process resources of NodeB (CE)
Uplink cell interference raise
Downlink cell transmitting power
For a service, the caused interference and occupied power is not fixed, it is
related to the user mobility, user distribution and radio channel quality. So a
cell power resource is called soft capacity.
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By a series of algorithms, RNC will try to keep the system stable, maximum the
system capacity, and provide services with different qualities based on
priorities
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Huawei load control algorithms include:
PUC: (Potential User Control)
CAC: (Call Admission Control)
IAC: (Intelligent Admission Control)
LDR: (Load Reshuffling)
OLC: (Overload Control)
If the network load is high, the UEs in idle mode with be affected by the PUC
(Potential User Control) on cell selection and reselection;
Call Admission Control and Intelligent Admission Control will affect UE access
procedure;
If the cell is congested, the ongoing services will be affected by Load
Reshuffling actions and Overload Control actions.
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Different algorithms start at different load level.
With the increase of the cell load, the PUC will firstly start to execute to affect
the idle mode UEs. Then the LDR starts, to affect some ongoing service.
If the load of the cell is still increasing, CAC will reject some access to try to
avoid the overload. But processed by IAC, some service can access after DRD,
rate renegotiation, preemption, queuing…
At last, the OLC will be triggered to forcibly release some service or forcibly
decrease the rate of some service. Of course, it will negatively affecting user
experience.
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The target of PUC is to balance the potential users between different carriers
Based on cell load , RNC updates the inter‐frequency cell selection and
reselection parameters by system information periodically, so as to trigger the
UE cell reselect to inter‐frequency neighbors with light load.
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For each access procedure, RNC will check the load of all kinds of resources. In
Call Admission Control, RNC will check:
Downlink OVSF code of a cell
Iub transmission resources of a NodeB
Baseband process resources of NodeB (CE)
Uplink cell interference raise
Downlink cell transmitting power
After passing the admission for all the resources, RNC accepts the new service.
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The disadvantage of CAC is obviously:
It is not flexible for PS BE service.
It does not consider the user and service priorities
It does not consider the available resources of neighbor cells
By Intelligent Admission Control, RNC could save some access failure and
consider the priorities of the users and services.
Intelligent Admission Control algorithm include:
Rate negotiation
For BE services, the initial bit rate could be lower, so as to increase
the access probability.
Directly retry
RNC always select a most suitable cell to accept the service. If
access failed, RNC will select other inter‐frequency neighbor cells or
inter‐RAT neighbor cells to try to accept the service. So the UE has
several changes to access the network.
Queuing
After service access failure, RNC does not reject the service
immediately. RNC will let the UE wait in a queue for a certain
period, then try to accept the service periodically. By queuing, the
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access failure caused by instantaneous congestion could be avoided.
Preemption
After a high priority service access failure, RNC will release some low
priority services and accept the high priority service.
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When the cell load is high than load admission threshold, CAC will reject new
accesses . LDR will adjust the ongoing services to decrease the cell load in
advance.
The triggers of LDR include:
Downlink OVSF code of a cell
Iub transmission resources of a NodeB
Baseband process resources of NodeB (CE)
Uplink cell interference raise
Downlink cell transmitting power
LDR will trigger some actions, include:
Inter‐frequency/inter‐RAT handover some low priority users to
neighbor cell.
Trigger some low priority service rate reduction
Code reshuffling
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When the cell load approaching the limit ,the network is not stable, some
services could not be maintained because of lack of power resource.
The idea of OLC is similar with LDR. OLC algorithm will trigger some actions to
decrease the cell load effectively. The difference is trigger threshold for OLC is
much higher, and effect is more obvious and fast. It will affect the service
quality greatly as well.
Triggers of OLC are “uplink cell interference raise” and “downlink cell
transmitting power”.
OLC actions include:
Select some low priority service to limit the TF (transmission format),
that is “fast TF control”.
Switching low priority BE services to common channel
Releasing some low priority RABs
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