CATATAN LONGMAN

Skill 7: Adverb & CC

SKILL 2: OOP
- a preposition is followed by object of preposition (a
noun/pronoun/gerund/noun clause). If word is object of
preposition, it is not the subject
- ex: with his friend he found the movie theater
- ex: the interviews by radiobroadcasters were carried
live by the station
SV, adverb connector, SV
*time: after, by the time, once, since, until, when, while,
as, as long as
*cause: as, because, in as much as, now that, since
*condition: if, in case, provided, providing, unless,
whether

*manner: as, in that

SKILL 2: Appositives *contrast: although, while, whereas
comes before/after noun and has the same meaning --> ex: since he was late, I missed the appointment
if a word is an appositive, it is not the subject

ex: a really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car

Skill 9: Noun Clause

= clause that functions as noun

SKILL 3: Present Participle
S: When he will arrive is not important
as part of verb: be + -ing
O of verb: i know when he will arrive
ex: the boy is standing in the corner
O of preposition: I am concerned about when he will
as an adjective: -ing arrive
ex: the boy standing in the corner was naughty Noun clause connector: 5W1H, whatever, whenever,
whether, if, that

SV, NC-SV
SKILL 4: Past Participle
ex: i know what you did
as verb: be/have/has + -ed/irregular
NC-SV, V
ex: the family has purchased a television
ex: what you did was wrong
the poem was written by Paul

as adjective: no be/have/has
Skill 10: NC as subject
ex: the picture painted by Karen is now in a museum
SV, NC/S

ex: I know what happened

MULTIPLE CLAUSE
NC/S V, V

ex: What happened was great

Skill 6: Coordinate connector
*who, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever
S V, coordinate connector*, SV

*and, or, but, so, yet

Skill 11: Adj Clause
ex: she laughed, but she wanted to cry
= clause that describes a noun (positioned directly after
the noun it describes)
*whom, which, that
SV, AC-SV
ex: I liked the book which you recommended
S AC-SV, V
ex: The book which you recommended was interesting
Skill 13: Reduced Adjective Clause
Only if the adj connector/subject is directly followed by
the verb
[AC/S (who, which, that) + be] + V
ex: the letter which was written last week arrived today
--> thw letter written last week arrived today
[AC/S] + V+ing
- if an adjective clause is set off with commas, the
reduced clause can be moved to the front of the
sentence
ex: The white house, which is located in Washington, is
the home of president --> the white house, located in
Washington, is the home of the president --> Located in
Washington, the White House is the home of the
president
Skill 14: Reduced Adverb Clause
- adverb connector isnt omitted
- reduces in active & passive:
if, unless, whether, although, though
- reduces in active only:
before, after, since, while
-reduces in passive only:
since, once, until, when, where, wherever, as
before, after, since, while
ex: once you submit ur thesis, u'll graduate x
once it is submitted, ur thesis will be reviewed -> once
submitted, ...
INVERT SUBJECT-VERB
Skill 16: w/ place expression
subject and verb will invert after place expressions at
the beginning of a sentence only when the place
expression is necessary to complete the sentence
ex: in the forest are many exotic birds vs in the forest i
walked for many hours
Skill 17: w/ negatives
negative expression, V S
*only, no, barely, not, hardly, never, neither, rarely, nor,
scarcely, seldom
ex:
- hardly ever does he take time off
- only once did the manager issue overtime paychecks
- i dont want to go and neither does him
Skill 18: w/ conditional
when the verb in the conditional clause is had, should,
or were
ex:
I would help you if i were in a position to help
Were I in a position to help, i would help you
Skill 19: w/ comparison
SV, comparison, SV --> SV, comparison, VS
we were more prepared than were the other
performers
SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT somebody, someone, something

each (+ noun), every (+ noun)

Skill 20: After prepositional phrase

S (prepositional phrase) V PARALLEL STRUCTURE

The key (to the doors) is in the drawer

The keys (to the door) are in the drawer Skill 24: w/ coordinate conjuctions

*door is the object of the preposition to and, but, or

Skill 25: w/ paired conjunctions

Skill 21: After expressions of quantity both ... and ...

all not only .. but also ...

most [of the (object)] V neither .... nor...

some either .... or ...

half Skill 26: w/ comparisons

Singular: all of the book was interesting more ... than

Plural: all of the books were interesting -er ... than

Uncountable: all of the information was interesting less ... than

as ... as...

Skill 22: Inverted verbs the same ... as

question similar .. to

negative

place V, S COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

condition (no if)

comparison Skill 27: form correctly

ex: more (long adj) than

(behind the house) were the bicycles i wanted (short adj) + er than

(behind the houses) was the bicycle i wanted the most (long adj) +/- in, of, that

the (short adj) + est

Skill 23: After certain words

grammatically singular words: Skill 28: use correctly

anybody, anyone, anything comparative: used to compare 2 equal things

everybody, everyone, everything superlative: used to show which one of many is in some
way the most outstanding
nobody, no one, nothing
Skill 29: irregular -er,-er structure Skill 34: using had and have correctly

the -er/more (same structure*), the -er/more (same present perfect: have + PP (past up to now)
structure*)
*not with a past tense, except when the time
*may or may not include a verb expression since is part of the tense

the more children you have, the bigger the house you past perfect: had + PP (before past up to past)
need
*not with a present tense
the harder you work, the more you accomplish

the greater the experience, the higher the salary

Skill 35: using correct tense with time expressions
the looser the brushwork is in Stevensoon's landscape,
past perfect: by
the more vitality and character the paintings seem to
possess. simple past: ago, last, in

present perfect: since, lately

WORD FORM

Skill 36: using correct tense with will and would

Skill 30: after have, use past participle will (after the present) do not use with past
have/has/having/had + past participle would (after past) do not use with present

*would sometimes used to make polite request (with

present tense)
Skill 31: after be, use present/past participle

am, is, are

PASSIVE FORM
was, were

be, been, being

Skill 37: form of the passive

be + past participle (by + object)

Skill 32: after modals, use base form of verb

will, would
Skill 38: recognize active & passve meanings
shall, should
the letter mailed today --> the letter was mailed
can, could

may, might, must

PRONOUNS
USE OF THE VERB

Skill 43: distinguish subject-object pronoun

Skill 33: past & present
S: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
if together, the sentence probably incorrect, except the
meaning is correct O: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
ex: i know that he took the money yesterday
object pronoun can be used as object of a verb/of a
preposition

ex:

the gift was intended for you and me

he and the girl are going shopping

Skill 44: distinguish possessive pronoun-possessive

adjectives

poss adj: must be + noun

*my, your, his, her, its, our, their

each morning they read their newspaper

poss pronoun: cannot be + noun

*mine, yours, his, hers, -, ours, theirs

could you give me yours?

Skill 45: check pronoun reference for agreement

be sure that every pronoun and possesive agrees with

the noun it refers to

ex:

the boys will cause trouble if you let them

everyone must give his/her name

if you see the students from the math class, could you
return their exam papers to them?