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A Novel Approach For PAPR Reduction in OFDM-Based Visible Light Communications
A Novel Approach For PAPR Reduction in OFDM-Based Visible Light Communications
Communications
1*
Ayad Atiyah Abdulkafi, 1Mohamad Yusoff Alias, 1 Yaseein Soubhi Hussein
Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, 63100, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
al.ayad@yahoo.com, yusoff@mmu.edu.my, yaseein@ieee.org
Abstract - One of the best techniques to increase data rate constraining the input data vector of the inverse fast Fourier
and improve spectral efficiency for indoor visible light transform (IFFT) to have Hermitian symmetry by adding
communication (VLC) is by employing Orthogonal the conjugate of the complex signal before the IFFT [4].
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). To efficiently This reduces the spectral efficiency, doubles the required
exploit the optical bandwidth, we propose a novel bandwidth and the system complexity. Moreover, the
transmission approach for OFDM based VLC that constraints imposed by the dynamic range of the LED is
increases the bandwidth efficiency by 50% compared to also limiting the signal. For example, in the DCO-OFDM
conventional optical OFDM systems. Unlike existing case, by adding DC-bias to the signal, the generated bipolar
approaches of OFDM-based VLC systems, the real and signal is converted to unipolar. However, even with a large
positive signal is obtained without the Hermitian symmetry bias, some negative peaks of the signal will be clipped and
and signal clipping. Through simulation results, the the resulting distortion causes bit-error-rate (BER)
proposed scheme shows significant peak-to-average performance degradations due to the large peak-to-average
power ratio (PAPR) reduction can be achieved, namely up power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM. In ACO-OFDM, clipping of
to 10dB compared to the conventional asymmetrically all negative values at zero and modulating only odd
clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) and 5dB compared subcarriers will result in the unipolar signal. However,
to DC biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) at ACO-OFDM sacrifices a large portion of bandwidth to
complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of achieve the asymmetrical property. The U-OFDM scheme
10-1 with acceptable bit-error-rate (BER) performance. transmits the positive and negative halves of the DCO-
OFDM signal in two separate parts in series but it has
Keywords: VLC, Optical OFDM, PAPR, BER higher power efficiency. The spectral efficiency of ACO-
OFDM and U-OFDM is about half the spectral efficiency
1. Introduction of DCO-OFDM for the same order of Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM). In this paper, two new
Visible light communication (VLC) is one of the latest approaches are applied to the OFDM time domain signal to
wireless technologies for optical communication technique ensure a real positive signal, instead of applying Hermitian
employing light emitting diode (LED) technology. The symmetry and signal clipping. This will enable the potential
improvements of power efficiency and cost reduction improvements of OFDM based VLC performance in terms
enable the use of LEDs for dual-purposes of both providing of spectral efficiency, PAPR and BER performances.
illumination as well as for communication, making VLC an
economical and multi-purpose data transmission solution. The remainder of this paper is organized as the
From the other side, orthogonal frequency division following. The system models are presented in Section 2
multiplexing (OFDM) is considered a good candidate for while the simulation setup and results are presented in
VLC systems due to its high spectral efficiency and Section 3. Finally, Section 4 will provide the conclusion of
capacity to combat inter-symbol interferences (ISI). the paper.
However, OFDM signals need to be modified to work with
VLC systems that used intensity modulation and direct
2. System Models
detection (IM/DD), due to the fact that only real and
positive signals are required to drive the LEDs. The block diagram of the proposed scheme is shown in
Fig. 1. The serial data bits are grouped into symbols. These
Several optical forms of OFDM such as asymmetrically symbols, which are integers in the range [0, M-1], where M
clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM), DC biased optical is the M-ary number, are modulated using a QAM
OFDM (DCO-OFDM) [1-2], and unipolar OFDM (U- modulator. The mapper assigns the symbols to sub-carriers
OFDM) [3] have been proposed to generate real and and the OFDM time domain signal is obtained using the
positive OFDM signals compatible with the LED IFFT operation. The real valued time domain signal can be
characteristics and IM/DD system. However, all these obtain using the complex to real conversion (C2R) that
forms obtain a real valued time domain signal by maps the time domain complex OFDM symbols into real
However, the real-valued time-domain OFDM signal C. Scaling and Biasing Operations
envelope is still characterized by a high PAPR. The PAPR is
The second contribution of this paper is to obtain a signal
defined as
compatible with the LED dynamic range without clipping
distortion and any significant loss of information. For this,
the resulting signal needs to be slightly modified and scaled
through signal de-amplification. The biasing is then
performed by adding a DC-bias to the resulted signal to 1
Coded FDM VLC signal
adjust the minimum value of the de-amplified signal to turn 0.9
Deamplfied signal
Input signal to LED
on voltage (TOV) of the LED. In this way, the maximum
0.8
value of the signal will be fitted to the saturated point of the
LED due to the de-amplification process. The scaling factor 0.7
0.5
DRLED (5)
S=
DRsignal 0.4
0.3
0.2
Hence, the de-amplified signal xD can be written as
0.1
xD = S × xR (6) 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time samples Index
-2
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
PAPR(dB)
ACO OFDM
[3] D. Tsonev, S. Sinanovic, H. Haas, “Novel unipolar
DCO-OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (U-OFDM)
Proposed scheme
10
-1 for optical wireless” in Proc. of the IEEE Vehicular
Technol. Conf.(VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan,
-2
pp. 1-5, May 2012.
10
[4] J. Armstrong and B. J. C. Schmidt, “Comparison
of asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM and
DC-Biased optical OFDM in AWGN”, IEEE
BER
-3
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
[6] Y. S. Hussein, M. Y. Alias, and A. A. Abdulkafi, "On
SNR (dB) performance analysis of LS and MMSE for channel
Fig.4 Comparison of BER performance of OFDM based estimation in VLC systems," in Proc. of the 2016
VLC signal with different approaches. IEEE 12th Int. Colloquium on Sig. Proc. & Its
Applications (CSPA), Melaka, Malaysia, pp. 204-
The proposed system and DCO-OFDM have almost the 209, 2016.
same BER performance. It can be also noted that DCO-
OFDM slightly outperforms our proposed scheme beyond
SNR of 14 dB. The two systems have achieved better BER
performance compared to ACO-OFDM scheme as depicted
in Fig. 4.
4. Conclusions
In this paper, a novel approach for transmitting the
OFDM signals without Hermitian symmetry and signal
clipping is proposed. Compared to conventional methods,
the proposed method can increase spectral efficiency while
reducing PAPR. The proposed scheme increases the
bandwidth efficiency by 50%. Simulation results show that
the proposed scheme yields a significant PAPR reduction
up to 10dB and 5dB at CCDF of 10-1 compared to the
conventional ACO-OFDM and DCO-OFDM respectively
with acceptable BER performance. In order to further
improve the BER performance of the proposed system,
future works will initially include the channel estimation
methods and investigate their impact on the PAPR of the
optical OFDM signals in the proposed VLC model.
Acknowledgements
This work was collaboratively carried out by Multimedia
University and Telekom Research & Development Sdn
Bhd.
References
[1] J. Armstrong, “OFDM for optical communications”, J.
Lightwave Technol. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 189–204. 2009
[2] R. Jiang, Q. Wang, F. Wang, L. Dai, Z. Wang, “An
optimal scaling scheme for DCO-OFDM based visible
light communications”, Opt. Commun. Vol. 356, No.
Dec 1, pp. 136–140. 2015.