simple present actions

events
states

present progressive actions

events

present perfect actions

present perfect progressive actions

action verbs describe actions use adverbs

simple verbs form describe actions in general without ing

progressive form describe part of an action in progress

true in general
happen habitually
narrative events in sequence

in progress
not finished
dont use STATIVE VERBS non action verbs

began in the past continue in present since

completed actions with a connection to the present for

began in the past continue in present since

for

syhe works hard

STATES appearance
only simple form

sometimes
EVENTS we re having a new laptop ( experiencing)
STATES we have a new laptop (possess)

look, sound, feel, smell, taste states

sense verbs (stative) show actions

i ve bought four cellphones in the last two years

emotions mental states perceptions possession wants

use with adjectives no adverbs she feels bad

adverbs i hear well

simple past action general
event specific
state definite past

past progressive action was in progress

not finished

present perfect action indefinite time (indefinite past)

event dont use with past expression
state

used to habitual action

state
event

would actions habitual

events

used to vs would only used to

past perfect action occur before a certain time in past

event not use before and after
state of being first event second

paste perfect and simple past which action past mia and teo had known each other for five days when they got m
happened first 1

past perfect progressive action was in progress

before another past event

was/were going to (future in past) action was planned or expected

would event
state
 in past before
after

in past

in past

in past but in present NO

in past

past location i used to live in

state of being mia used to be a nurse
possesion i used to have

h other for five days when they got married

2

in past she had been working when she got married

in past teo knew that he was going to get married on june 14, 1998
teo sabia que el iba a estar casado en 14 de junio de 1998

he knew where the wedding would be

el sabia donde la boda seria
will what you think
will happen in future
future decide at the moment of speaking

be going to what you think

will happen in future
situations planned or already developing

will be+ gerund action will be in progress

going to be+ gerund certain time in future

future progressive informally

future intentions

simple present future action

state
event

present progressive future action

event

will independent clause

going to

simple present dependent clause

its meaning is future

future perfect action

future perfect progressive state
event

often use
i think i ll enjoy

come by noon i ll change my appointment

i think i m going to enjoy

we re going to take our vacation in june this year

we ll be visiting italy
we re going to be visiting italy

next week at this time we ll be climbing everest

siguiente semana a esta hora nosotros estaremos escalando el everest

timetable
schedule

has already been arranged we re traveling to japan in august. We already have our tickets
nosotros estamos viajando a japon en agosto. Nosotros ya tenemos nuestro

we ll rent a car when we get to italy

we re going to rent a car when we get to italy

happen by the end of my trip i will have worked several weeks

before a certain time para el final de mi viaje yo habre trabajado muchas semanas
in future by the end of my trip i will have been working several weeks
para el final de mi viaje yo habre estado trabajando muchas semanas
by
by the time
eady have our tickets
osto. Nosotros ya tenemos nuestros boletos

several weeks
o muchas semanas
rking several weeks
rabajando muchas semanas
modals auxiliary verbs
one form for all persons

simple modals modal+base form

perfect modals modal+have+past participle

must =
should =
may =

must strong obligation

cant escape

have to formal
informal
all situations

have got to conversation

informal
rarely used in negative

will have to future necessity

had to +base form past necessity

must not prohibited

dont have to is not necessary

didnt have to was not necessary

past

must not vs dont have to have different meaning

should offer advice

ought to

should have + past participle advice

ought to have+ past participle past situations
the action did not happen
 negative suggest that it did

shall questions
advice
direction
similar should
we or I

had better stronger than should/ought to

give warning

be supposed to expectation
present
past

be to + base form strong expectation

could not too strong suggestions

might present
future

could have +past participle polite suggestions

might have + past participle past opportunity
action didnt happen
degrees of necessity future present
degrees of necessity past

have to have got to

ought to
be allowed to

dont have to instead

we ll have to invite them over

tendremos que invitarlos a venir

we had to leave
nosotros tuvimos que irnos

you didnt have to bring a gift

( tu ) No tenías que traer un regalo

you should have done that the first time

you ought to have done that the first time
tu tienes que haber hecho eso ala primera
shall we get them some flowers?

hadnt you better avoid talking about politics ?

no seria mejor que tu evitar hablar sobre politica?

you re supposed to take off your shoes

we were supposed to take flowers

all employees are to attend the company

todos los empleados deben asistir a la empresa
you are not to ask any personal questions
usted no debe hacer ninguna pregunta personal

you could have taken some flowers

tu podrías haber llevado algunas flores
you might have taken some flowers
tu podrías haber llevado algunas flores
modal different degrees of certainty
speculate based on logic and facts
simple forms
progressive

a fact 100% dont use modals

must speculate
have to present
have got to almost certain

cant negative speculations

couldnt negative speculations

could speculate in questions

may speculate
might present
could less certain

may not speculate

might not present
less certain

could questions
might

must have +past participle speculate

had to have+past participle past
almost certain

cant have+ past participle suggest

couldnt have +past participle imposibility

must not have slightly

less certain

could have+past participle questions

can have+past participle

may have+ past participle speculate

might have+ past participle past
could have+ past participle 50%
they may have reached the new world
ellos podrian haber alcanzado el nuevo mundo
could have+ past participle 2 meanings

may not have+ past participle

might not have + past participle negative

might have+past participle question

could have+past participle

should+base form almost certain

ought to+base form future action
event

may+base form less certain

might+base form future action
could+base form event

may not +base form

might not +base form
may+never + base form
might+never + base form
 dont contract mustn´t

could that be the case?

maynt

might that be correct?

could tthat be correct?

they must have visited america

ellos deben haber visitado america

that cant have happened

eso no podria haber pasado

he must no have made the trip

can that have been the reason?

podria eso haber sido la razon

new world
do el nuevo mundo
he could have gone. I dont know for sure possibility degree of certainty

he could have gone but didnt a missed opportunity

might/could they have had trouble?

nouns name persons proper nouns
places common nouns
things

common nouns count nouns count

separately
singular
plural
a / an

non count nouns cannot count

no plural
some
the
a or an
it

many nouns experience

both a experience
count and non count fish
a fish
history
a history
space
a space
talk
a talk

certain non count to count adding a phrase furniture

a limit or container lightining
meat
rice sand
tennis
water rain
equipment

some informal
any

phrases a piece of

noun count in a countable sense a kind

an type
plural variety of
 a indicate
an discrete amounts
plura

few non count nouns end in s news

mathematics
economics

few count nouns have irregular pronouns phenomenon phenomena

criterion criteria
singular plural

people plural are

police are
unique
not the names of particular individuals

one woman
a sandwich
some vegetables

cholesterol abstractions
advice diseases
food and drink
natural phenomena
particles
rice = it others

a piece of furniture
a flash or bolt of lightining
a piece of meat
a grain of rice /sand
a game of tennis
a drop of water / rain
a piece of equipment

some advice

a piece of advice

a new pasta
different teas
many tasty cheeses
a soda

two orange juices

indefinite non specific
generic
not a particular person
indefinite singular count nouns
first time speaker

definite after the first mention

zero article indefinite plural count noun

indefinite non count noun
names of people
countries
habitual locations

noun generic represent

all members of a class

indefinite article+count noun a computer

zero article+plural count noun computers
zero article+non count noun water

generic stament noun "people" definite article+ adjective the rich are
implied the poor are
adjective is plural

definite article unique the sun

adjective noun represent unique first
last the worst
only the best
right
wrong
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE

inventions the wheel

musical instruments the harp
living things the wine palm
parts of the body the brain

public places the bank the post office

geographical regions or features the grand canyon the colorado river the pacific ocean the bahamas th
names of a few countries the netherlands the united states the dominic republic
names of ships the titanic the queen mary
 the rich (people) are
the poor (people) are

the pacific ocean the bahamas the gulf coast

e dominic republic
quantifiers single words
phrases
state the amount of sth
used with nouns and pronouns
used alone if the noun or pronoun have you made many friends there?
mentioned yes i ve made a lot

singular count nouns one

each
every

plural count nouns two

both
a couple of
a dozen
several
few
a few
many
a great many
a number of

non count nouns a little

litlle
much
a great deal of
a great amount of

plural count nouns no

non count nouns any
some
enough
a lot of
lots of
plenty of
most
all

a few count nouns positive sense

few count nouns negative sense

a little non count positive sense

little non count negative sense
only a few disappear the positive sense
a little

fewer coutn noun i have fewer problems

less non count noun i earn less money
more both i have more friends

many count noun

much non count noun

great many count noun

a great deal of non count noun a great deal of stress

a lot of replaced much in positive a lot of money

lots of

much question did they spend much money?

negative she doesnt watch much tv
not used in affirmative
too much i ate too much for dinner

number of count nouns the number of students

amount of non count nouns the amount of stress

some both
any

some affirmative question

any negative question

dont use two negatives jack didnt do anything

jack didnt do nothing

quantifier preposition of particular persons

places
things
groups

without of no particular person

no particular places
no particular things
no particular groups

plural count noun most of the coins

non coun noun most of the gold
 most of the coin

quantifier most of
many of

non count noun+singular verb most of the food has

plural noun+plural verb most of the people have
not great number but satisfactory i have a few good friends
not enough not satisfactory jerry has few friends

not great number but satisfactory we have a little food at home

not enough not satisfactory mary has little self confidence
i have only a few friends id like more
i have only a little money id like more

offer
negative question normal question

most of the eu countries

many of her films

most people
many restaurants