adjective

present participle bored

past participles boring

2+ modifiers
fixed order
change by emphasize
avoid using 4 modifiers

1 2
opinion size
ugly big
beautiful tall
dull long
interesting short

2 or + separate with commas

modifiers the order can vary
in the same category

Compound modifiers number+noun

only in singular noun+present participle
she has a 10-year old son noun+past participle
adjective+past participle

jerry won the student portrait painter award

is jerry a student who won and award for painting portraits?
is jerry a painter who won an award for painting students?
is the award given by the students?

jerry won the award for painting portraits os students

studetn jerry won the award for painting portraits
 noun modifiers HEAD NOUN
closer to the head noun

someone who experienced the feeling

someone sth causes a feeling

3 4 5
age or temperature shapes colors
old square red
young round blue
hot oval pink
cold diamond purple

10-story
prize-winning
crime-related
long-haired one-armed

or painting portraits?
r painting students?

aits os students
 6 7
origins, nationality or social classes materials HEAD NOUN
computer-generated wood
brazilian cottom
chinese denim
middle class silk
glass
noun clauses dependent clauses

subject
object
subject complement
adj complement

whatever
whoever
whomever
whichever
whether
if

that introduce
subject sentence
no concrete meaning

that omitted
object
when introduce a subject clause noun
never omitted
formal

that vs what what

refers to sth definite
object
cannot be omitted

the fact that instead of that

subject

object

EMBEDDED QUESTIONS a question change to

noun clause
word order
not question order

more polite

inside another question

inside a sentence
wh questions
subject takes a singular

dont use do does did

yes no question

whether …or not

whether
the same

if ….or not
only in subject noun clause
what i like is a good joke
we re impressed by what she s done
the question is whether people will laugh
it s clear that laughter involves an emotion

that joe has a good sense of humor

i dont know what she is bringing

the fact that you can laugh

that you can laugh

i m impressed by the fact that bob is here

it s funny that you should say that

i dont know who she is

do you know what time it is?

?
.
im not certain who is going with us

i have no idea what she meant

i have no idea what did she mean

use if / whether not we re not sure if whether (not) bob is in town

dont omit

we dont know whether she got the job or not

we dont know whether she got the job

no one has told me if she received the letter or not

if she received it or not isnt known
report speech

direct speech quotation marks

asked
claimed
said
stated
told
wondered

indirect speech what a speaker said

(reported speech) noun clause phrase
no quotation marks
end with a periord
dont use do does did

say said more common

tell told more common

report indirect questions ask simple past

if whether or not introduce bob asked "do you think she ll ta

yes no question bob asked if whether or not i tho
not question order

questions words indirect wh questions the mas asked "how much is the service"?
the man asked how much the service was

statement word order

report indirect
questions about the predicate

question word order to report indirect who is going to do the dishes? Mom asked
questions about subjects Mom asked who was going to do the dishes

imperative infinitive
simple present simple past
present progressive past progressive
simple past past perfect
present perfect past perfect

spoken english yesterday amy said "jack didnt come to work"

dont change verbs yesterday amy said "jack didnt come to work"
happend short time ago

formal englishg
dont change verbs to past if general truths "does it snow here in winter" kenny asked
kenny asked if it snows here in winter
kenny asked if it snowed here in the winter

reporting verb simple present betty says

present progressive
present perfect
future
or the verb in the noun clause
doesnt change

modals in RS can could

may might
must had to
will would

dont change in RS

change possessive adjectives my/me his/him

in reported speech this that these those
here there
now then
ago before or previously
yesterday the day before / the previous day
today that day
tomorrow the next day/ the day after
 tell someone sth
when the listener is mentioned
dont use when the listener isnt mentioned

sked "do you think she ll take the job"

sked if whether or not i thought she would take the job

ch is the service"?
h the service was
adjective clauses combination of 2 sentences
dependent clause

relative pronoun
after pronoun or noun
that modify

the verb in adj clause

dont use double subjects

occur
after a main clause
inside a main clause

informal conversion
can omit the relative pronoun
object

cannot be omitted

informal+

identifying disntiguishes 1 person or thing

from another
can be omitted

nonidentifying not disntiguishes 1 person or thing

from another
extra info
not essential
2 commas
aposicion(español)
dont omit
dont use that

which
informal
formal
who subjects
whom
which subjects
that subjects
whose
when
where

agrees with the noun pronoun not with the OBJECT

who they

harriet is a woman whom i respect

the house that we bought is in the suburds

whom mr pitkin is the man i mentioned

who
which
that

whose posession
can modify
people
things

where place
replaces the word there

which preposition
that in
can be omitted at
for

when
that modifies
can be omitted noun of time

the man who delivers the mall is friendly

the man you met on Friday is tank

the man, who delivers the mail, is friendly

the man, delivers the mail, is friendly

the gomez test, that i took long time ago, has proved to be accurate

refer helen is hardworking, which impresses me

entire previous idea
use a noun at the beginning (also that) helene is hardworking, a characteristic that/which impresses me
object in adjectives clauses people
object people mr pitkin whom i mentioned
object in adjectives clauses things the test which i took which object
object in adjectives clauses people things less formal

his noun ken is the man + we met his wife

her ken is the man whose wife we met
its
their

this is the restaurant + we ate there

this is the restaurant where we ate

this is the building where she works

this is the building that she works in

i cant think of a time when that i wasnt happy

i cant think of a time i wasnt happy
tic that/which impresses me
who after a noun
whom used
that objects of prepositions
which
whose

prepositions formal she is the director to whom i wrote

at the beginning
at the final informal she is the director whom i wrote to

preposition can come

at the beginning it is the studio for which he works
before it is the studio for that he works
who
whom
which
whose
dont use that

can omit he has a daughter …….he s estranged from

who
whom
that
which
preposition
moves to the end

whose
cannot be omiited

indetifying the film to which i m referring is avatar

nonidentifying avatar, to which i m referring, is exciting

quantifier+of+relative pronoun whom people

which things
whose

quantifier
osccur within main clause enclosed in commas her books, most of which i ve ared, are po
occur after the main clause a comma precedes i liker her books, most of which i ve read

adj clauses
noun+ of which musicals, an example of which is mamma
only things
within main clause enclosed by commas
after the main clause a comma precedes it

sometimes shorten adj clauses anyone who is interested in cinema should see this film adj clause
to adj phrases
same meaning anyone interested in cinema should see this film (adj phrase)

clause has subject and verb

phrase doesnt have subject and a verb

to shorten adj clause
be verb
delete relative pronoun
and the be verb
anyone who is interested in cinema should see the
adjfilm
clause
anyone …. interested in cinema should see this film adj phrase

only can reduce when

who
which
that

the commas maintain in adj phrase

shorten to adj phrase only avatar, which stars sam worthington, is th

ordinary verbs when avatar, starring sam worthington, is the to
transform into a GERUNG who
delete relative pronoun which
that
tor to whom i wrote

tor whom i wrote to

for which he works

for that he works

the film has many starts, few of whom i recognized

he made eight films, all of which i like

st of which i ve ared, are popular

s, most of which i ve read

ample of which is mamma mia are still popular

 tars sam worthington, is the top-earning film
g sam worthington, is the top-earning film
passive voice

passive sentences
be +past participle

negative forms

in progress

passive voice
1
dont know
who perform the action

use passive with BY phrase

introduce new information about agent
credit someone who did sth
the agent is surprising

cant omit by phrase

unnecesary or undesirable

indirect object sometimes

subject of a passive sentence

MODALS
modal + be+ past participle

advisability
obligation
necessity

present and past ability

future events
future possibility
impossibility

modal+have+been+ past participle

PASSIVE
get
informal

onlye with actions verbs

passive causative
get+object+pas participle
past
present
future
modals

passive causative
services or activities
people arrange
for someone else
get or have

by phrase is omitted
but mention when its necessary

dont confuse past perfect vs past causative

expression get sth done vs passive causative

has a sentence
in active voice
object become subject
subject become object agent
only transitive verbs followed by an object
intransitive verbs cannot be passive

present police officers are well trained

past the suspect was arrested yesterday
future he will be held in the local jail

present progressive the suspect is being held in prison

past progressive the suspect was being held in prison

2 3
avoid mention agent focus on the receiver

the money was stolen by a person who has a criminal record

the money was found by a little boy

the FBI gave cooper the money

cooper was given the money by FBI

have got to
have to
had better
had to the charges had to be dropped
must
ought to
should
could / can the thief could be caught

will / be going to the prisoner will be tried

cant he cant be released from jail
could
may
might the mystery may never be solved

he could have been arrested

our team got beaten in the soccer game

will that criminal ever get caught?

more researchers gets nedded abouth causes of crime

i just got my best suit dru-cleaned

we had the windows washed

she is going to get her hair cut

the detective had the evidence analyzed

we had our house inspected by JIM

they had the grass cut past causative

they had cut the grass past perfect

i got the work done by a mechanic

get sth done i got the work done by noon
means finish sth
by
passive causative
i finished the work by12pm
STATIVE PASSIVE passive
describe
situations
states
be+ past participle ST Louis is located on the Mis
most do not corresponding active sentence
most dont contain by phrase

few stative passives have a active sentence England and france are conne
formed with connect and surround

describe situations
states
no action taking place the united states is composed of 50 states
often followed by a prepositional phrase
used in everyday english be bordered by
be composed of
be connected to/with/by
be divided into/by
be found in
be located in/on
be made up of
be related to
be surrounded by

passive
report it+be+past participle+that clause allege
beliefs assume
ideas believe
opinions claim
say
think

have active sentences

only with verbs followed by THAT CLAUSE it is said that these people came from Asia
regard cannot be followed by that clause it is regarded that these people came from asia

optional by phrase

passives subject+be+past participle+to phrase scholars assume that the cult

report a phrase by is optional the culture is assumed that (b
ideas
beliefs
opinions
present
past

consider
followed by just a noun phrase or adj native americans are considered (to be) the real discoverers
regard
followed by as +a noun phrase Columbus is regarded as the discoverer of America

passive sentences that clauses it is believed that

infinite phrases the defendant is alleged to ha
academic discourse el acusado es acusado de hab
report news
objective impression

greatest distance it is thought that

passsive sentence at the beginning
formal sentences
only sentences clause beginning with that
T Louis is located on the Missouri River

ngland and france are connected by the chunnel

it is assumed that culture is very old

cholars assume that the culture dates from 5000bce

he culture is assumed that (by scholar) to date from 5000bce
 is believed that
he defendant is alleged to have committed
l acusado es acusado de haber cometido el delito

is thought that