KEY VOCABULARY: Relationships

boss manager

parents parents-in-law
acquaintance stranger

passenger passerby
coworker/colleague teammate

couple partner
close friend best friend

roommate classmate
KEY VOCABULARY: Phrasal Verbs
 AUXILIARY VERBS REVIEW
Use auxiliary verb be and have with a main verb to form tenses.

Continues Tenses Perfect Tenses

BE + VERB -ING HAVE/HAS + VERB PAST PARTICIPLE

The internet is working now. I have seen Jo and Tim today.

 AUXILIARY VERBS REVIEW
In questions and negatives, use the auxiliary verb do and did to form…

Present Simple Past Simple

AUX.(NOT) + SUBJ. + VERB BASE FORM? AUX. + SUBJ. + VERB BASE FORM + C ?

Don’t you know the answer? Did you go to the party?

 AUXILIARY VERBS REVIEW
In affirmative sentences in the present simple and past simple,
we can use do/did to emphasize the main verb.

SUBJ. + AUX. + VERB BASE FORM + C .

Karen does have a Facebook I did tell you about the field
profile. trip.
 AUXILIARY VERBS REVIEW
In short answers to With pronouns (he, she,
questions: etc.) to make question tags:

Do you check your Facebook He doesn’t go out much,

account? does he?
Yes, I do. He checks his profile every
No, I don’t. day, doesn’t he?
 SUBJECT QUESTIONS
In subject questions, we do not use a pronoun or do, does, did
in the present simple or past simple.

WH-WORD. + VERB + SUBJ. + C ?

Who took a picture of the website?

My sister did.

Who cleans the desk every day?

I do.
 PAST PARTICIPLES
With have to form the present perfect and past perfect.

SUBJ. + HAVE/HAS + VERB PAST PARTICIPLES + C .

Ann has sent me an important e-mail.

SUBJ. + HAD + VERB PAST PARTICIPLES + C .

I had changed my profile picture before

you checked.
 PAST PARTICIPLES
With be to form the passive voice.

OBJ. + BE + VERB PAST PARTICIPLES + BY + (AGENT).

The mail is delivered at 10:00 every day.

OBJ. + BE (PAST) + VERB PAST PARTICIPLES + BY + (AGENT).

The pictures were taken by my friend.

 PAST PARTICIPLES
To form adjectives.

ADJECTIVE + NOUN

The hotel has a heated pool.

Mary is a retired teacher.

It is an improved website.
 PAST PARTICIPLES
With have + object to describe something bad that
happens to you.

HAVE + OBJECT + VERB PAST PARTICIPLE

She had her exam taken away.

He had his electricity cut off yesterday.

 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
When the Subject and Object of a verb are the same person or thing.

ask blame introduce

enjoy express take care of

give hurt teach

He taught himself to play the I made myself a cup of tea.

guitar.
 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
To mean “without help from other people”

Nobody was home. I think he My coworker is sick, so I had

painted the walls himself. to finish the project myself.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
KEY VOCABULARY: Medical Experts and Medicine
acupuncturist chiropractor midwife

herbalist homeopath nurse

pharmacist shaman patient

specialist surgeon surgeon

 ward operating room bandage

self-diagnosis self-medication Band-Aid

 PRESENT SIMPLE
To talk about habits To describe things To talk about
and routines. that are generally scheduled events.
true.

Subject + Verb + C

Maria reads books Polar bears live in The meeting starts

every day. the North Pole. at 8:00 a.m.
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
To talk about things are To talk about temporary
happening at the moment situations happening
of speaking. around now.

Subject + BE + V -ING + C

They are having He is working on a

breakfast. project this week.
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
To talk about changing For repeated habits or actions that
or developing situation. cause annoyance, often with
adverbs; always, constantly.

Subject + BE + V -ING + C

Her Spanish is My mom is always telling

improving day by day. me to clean my room.
 PRESENT PERFECT
To talk about events or states that take place in the past but have a
connection to, or result in, the present.

Subject + Have/Has + Verb P.P + C

They have been friends for

many years.
 USED TO
To talk about habits or repeated actions in the past that are no
longer true in the present.

used to + infinitive

We used to go on vacation
ever year, now we don’t.

We used to stay on a beach

hotel.
NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS WITH USED TO

Aux. + Subj. + use to + infinitive ? Negative Aux. + use to + infinitive

Did you use to play basketball

when you were a kid?

No, I didn’t use to play any

sports as a kid.
 BE USED TO
To talk about things that are familiar and no longer strange or
difficult.

Be used to + Verb -ing Be used to + Noun phrase

I’m used to working long hour. She’s used to the new telephone
system.
 GET USED TO
To talk about something that is in the process of becoming normal
and less stranger/difficult over there.

Get used to + Verb -ing Get used to + Noun

I got used to waking up early for my She’s getting used to taking

yoga class. online classes.
KEY VOCABULARY: Equipment
binoculars compass flashlight

first-aid kit GPS lifeboat/life raft

life jacket sails thermal underwear

ropes radar waterproof clothing

KEY VOCABULARY: Personality adjectives

courageous tough and adaptable

experienced full-grown

mature brave

resilient independent

self-sufficient skillful
KEY VOCABULARY: Personality adjectives

determined careless

irresponsible ready for

reckless daredevil

resourceful driven

well-prepared ingenious
 past simple
sentence 4 past continuous
sentence 1

past perfect
sentence 2 past perfect continuous
sentence 3
 SIMPLE PAST
The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk
about things that happened or existed before now.

We use it with finished actions, states or habits in the past when we have a finish time
expression (yesterday, last week, at 2 o'clock, in 2003).

I went to the We spent a lot of time

cinema yesterday. in Japan in 2007.

We use it with finished actions, states or habits in the past when we know from
general knowledge that the time period has finished.

Leonardo Da Vinci The Vikings invaded

painted the Mona Lisa. Britain.
 People were chatting and music was playing

She went She checked the menu and Later, the waiter
to a café. paid for a cup of coffee. brought her order…
 PAST CONTINUOUS
Background information that is not part of the main story.
The audience was paying attention The sun was shining, and the
during his presentation… birds were singing…

An action in progress at a specific time in the past, often when this is interrupted by
another (shorter) action.
I was making an important call Diego was cooking dinner when
when the fire alarm went off. his wife arrived.

Two simultaneous actions or events, with connecting words such as while or

meanwhile.

While I was finishing my work,

Gail was making dinner.
 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
An action that was / wasn’t completed before another action in the past.

When I opened my bag, I realized

I had left my ticket at home.
I left my ticket I opened
at home my bag I’d

He failed his test because he

had not studied for it.
hadn’t
He didn’t study for He failed
his test his test

When using the PAST PERFECT SIMPLE the emphasis in on completion, not duration.
 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
A state or situation in progress up to a point of time in the past.

They’d been friends for

years until she moved away
They were Then, she moved from the area.
friends away from the area.

Karen hadn’t seen snow

She visited until she visited Canada.
She never saw Canada and
snow in Brazil saw it

When using the PAST PERFECT SIMPLE the emphasis in on completion, not duration.
 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
When using the PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS the emphasis in on duration.

Past Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Continuous?

had been trying
1. I (try) ________________ to get tickets for that play for months before my friend
finally got them.
had already picked up the
2. When I arrived at the theater, my friend (pick, already) ________________
tickets.
had been waiting for more than half an
3. He was really angry because he (wait) ________________
hour when I arrived.
had already apologized to my friend.
4. When the play started, I (already, apologize) ___________________
5. We (watch) ________________
had been watching the play when the lights went off.