Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FIN1FOF – FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCE
SEMINAR ACTIVITIES – TOPIC 4 SOLUTIONS
1. What is the easiest approach to valuing a firm? Why is this easier than the alternative?
It is easier to value financial securities (the right‐hand side of the balance sheet) because:
Much of the time (in the case of publicly listed companies) these securities are
frequently traded in liquid markets and their market value can be determined.
Real assets are rarely traded and difficult to value.
Sometimes real assets are built for a particular purpose and cannot be sold for their
true value.
2. What are the fundamental differences between debt and equity? Are there any exceptions to
these general features?
Debt Equity
Usually has a limited life Valued on the assumption they will last forever
(Exception: Consols) (Exceptions: Redeemable preference shares)
Usually pay a fixed return Return can be variable, and sometimes negative
(Exception: Floating rate notes) (Exception: Preference shares)
Contractual claim Residual claim
Less risky for the investor
More risky for the investor
These differences are important because they determine the way in which securities are
valued. Note that although there are exceptions to these, which we should know about in
theory, in this subject we will ignore the exceptions when valuing debt and equity securities
(except that we will value preference shares based on a fixed dividend).
3. What is the price of a promissory note with 90 days to maturity, a face value of $750 and a
yield of 11% p.a.?
FV
P
d
1 y
365
750
$730.19
90
1 0.11
365
Seminar Activities 1
FIN1FOF – Fundamentals of Finance Topic 4 – Valuation of Securities
4. What is the value of a 180 day $1000 bank bill that was issued 30 days ago and that is trading
at a yield of 8.8% p.a.?
FV
P
d
1 y
365
1000
$965.10
150
1 0.088
365
5. Name 5 different terms that could be used to describe the discount rate used in the valuation
of a security.
Interest rate
Yield
Opportunity cost
Required rate of return
Cost of capital
Debt cost of capital
Equity cost of capital
Although these refer to different things, mathematically they are treated in exactly the same
way when valuing securities.
6. What is the yield on commercial paper with a face value of $300 and 45 days to maturity, if it
is trading at a price of $297.43?
FV 365
y 1
P d
300 365
1 7%
297.43 45
7. What is the yield on a 90‐day Treasury with a face value of $1000, that was issued 33 days
ago, and which is trading at a price of $996.11?
FV 365
y 1
P d
1000 365
1 2.5%
996.11 57
Seminar Activities 2
FIN1FOF – Fundamentals of Finance Topic 4 – Valuation of Securities
8. What is a “discount security”? Provide 4 examples
A security with only one cash flow (the face value repayable on maturity).
As a result, it will always be sold at a discount to its face value, because of the time
value of money.
Examples:
o Promissory notes (commercial paper)
o Bank bills
o Treasury notes
o Zero‐coupon bonds
9. What is the price of a zero‐coupon bond with a face value of $1000 and 3 years to maturity, if
it is priced to yield 6% p.a.?
FV
P
1 y
n
1000
$839.62
1.063
10. What is the price of a zero‐coupon bond with a face value of $500 and 6 years to maturity, if
securities with a similar risk are trading at a yield of 5% p.a.?
FV
P
1 y
n
500
$373.11
1.056
11. What are the main determinants of the yield on a bond?
The credit risk (or default risk) – the risk that the bond issuer won’t pay interest or
repay the principal as and when they fall due – typically measured by the firm’s debt
rating
The general level of interest rates (which represent an opportunity cost)
12. What is the yield of a zero‐coupon bond with a face value of $2500, 4 years to maturity and a
current price of $1858.13?
1/ n
FV
YTM 1
P
1/4
2500
1 7.7%
1858.13
Seminar Activities 3
FIN1FOF – Fundamentals of Finance Topic 4 – Valuation of Securities
13. What is the yield of a zero‐coupon bond with a face value of $10,000, 7 years to maturity and
a current price of $6650?
1/ n
FV
YTM 1
P
1/7
10,000
1 6%
6650
14. Distinguish between the terms “bond”, “note”, “debenture” and “consol”.
Bond – strictly speaking, any debt security, but in common practice, refers to a long‐term debt
security.
Note – strictly speaking, any debt security, but in common practice (used on its own) refers to
a medium‐term security. Also, in combination with other words, can be used for short‐term
debt securities (e.g. promissory note, Treasury note).
Debenture – unsecured bonds.
Consol – a debt security that does not mature.
15. What is the value of a $1000 bond that pays an 8% annual coupon and has 9 years to maturity,
if the debt cost of capital is 6.5%? Is this bond trading at a premium, at a discount or at par?
1 1 FV
P CPN 1
y 1 y 1 y n
n
1 1 1000
80 1 $1099.84
0.065 1.0659 1.0659
Note: This bond is trading at a premium. The price is greater than the face value, because the
yield (6.5%) is less than the coupon rate (8%).
16. What is the price of a $1000 Treasury bond that pays a 5.5% coupon and has 6 years to
maturity, if it is priced to yield 6.5%?
1 1 FV
P CPN 1
y 1 y 1 y n
n
1 1 1000
27.50 1 12
$950.96
0.0325 1.0325 1.032512
This bond is trading at a discount. The price is less than the face value, because the yield
(6.5%) is greater than the coupon rate (5.5%).
Seminar Activities 4
FIN1FOF – Fundamentals of Finance Topic 4 – Valuation of Securities
17. What must be true for bond to trade at a premium, at a discount or at par?
Premium – Price > Face value, Yield < Coupon Rate.
Discount – Price < Face value, Yield > Coupon Rate.
Par – Price = Face value, Yield = Coupon Rate.
18. If you purchased a share for $50.00, received a dividend of $4.00 and sold it one year later for
$58.00, what would be the total yield on your investment?
Div1 4.00
Dividend yield 8%
P0 50.00
P P 58.00 50.00
Capital gain yield 1 0 16%
P0 50.00
Div1 P1 P0 4.00 58.00 50.00
Total yield 24%
P0 50.00
Dividend yield Capital gain yield 8% 16% 24%
19. You bought a Woolworths share on 1 January 2013 for $44.50 and sold it one year later for
$48.50. During the year, Woolworths paid a dividend of $2.50 per share. What is the dividend
yield, the capital gain yield and the total yield?
Div1 2.50
Dividend yield 5.62%
P0 44.50
P P 48.50 44.50
Capital gain yield 1 0 8.99%
P0 44.50
Div1 P1 P0 2.50 48.50 44.50
Total yield 14.61%
P0 44.50
Dividend yield Capital gain yield 5.62% 8.99% 14.61%
20. Why are preference shares described as “hybrid securities”?
Equity securities with some of the features of debt securities – usually fixed dividend and rank
ahead of ordinary shareholders in payment of dividends and distribution of the firm’s assets
if the company is wound up.
21. A preference share pays a fixed annual dividend of $1.25 per share. The required rate of return
is 11% p.a. What is the value of the share?
Div
P0
rE
1.25
$11.36
0.11
Seminar Activities 5
FIN1FOF – Fundamentals of Finance Topic 4 – Valuation of Securities
22. What is the value of a preference share which pays a fixed semi‐annual dividend of $0.80 per
share if the equity cost of capital is 9% p.a.?
Div
P0
rE
0.80
$17.78
0.045
23. An ordinary share has just paid a dividend of $1.25 per share. This dividend is expected to
grow at a constant rate of 5% p.a. The equity cost of capital is 11% p.a. What is the value of
the share?
Div 0 1 g
P0
rE g
1.25 1.05
$21.88
0.11 0.05
24. An ordinary share is expected to pay a dividend of $2.20 per share in one year. This dividend
is expected to grow at a constant rate of 4% p.a. and the required rate of return is 12% p.a.
What is the value of the share?
Div1
P0
rE g
2.20
$27.50
0.12 0.04
25. An ordinary share is expected to pay a dividend of $0.50 per share next year. This dividend is
expected to grow at a rate of 7% p.a. for the following year, after which it is expected to grow
at a constant rate of 3% p.a. in perpetuity. If the required rate of return is 10% p.a., what is
the value of the share?
Div1 $0.50
Div 2 Div1 1 g1 0.50 1.07 $0.535
Div 3 Div1 1 g1 1 g 2 0.535 1.03 $0.5511
Div1 Div 2 Div 3 1
P0
1 rE 1 rE 2 rE g 1 rE 2
0.50 0.535 0.5511 1
$7.40
1.10 1.10 2
0.10 0.03 1.102
Seminar Activities 6
FIN1FOF – Fundamentals of Finance Topic 4 – Valuation of Securities
26. An ordinary share has just paid a dividend of $1.25 per share. This dividend is expected to
grow at a rate of 5% p.a. for the next three years, after which it is expected to grow at a
constant rate of 2% p.a. in perpetuity. The equity cost of capital is 11% p.a. What is the value
of the share?
Div1 Div 0 1 g1 1.25 1.05 $1.3125
Div 2 Div 0 1 g1 1.25 1.05 $1.3781
2 2
Div 3 Div 0 1 g1 1.25 1.05 $1.4470
3 3
Seminar Activities 7