7 Larson Sol

C H A P T E R 7
Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations . . . . . . . . 611
Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Section 7.4 Partial Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Section 7.6 Linear Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716

C H A P T E R 7
Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations
■ You should be able to solve systems of equations by the method of substitution.

1. Solve one of the equations for one of the variables.
2. Substitute this expression into the other equation and solve.
3. Back-substitute into the first equation to find the value of the other variable.
4. Check your answer in each of the original equations.
■ You should be able to find solutions graphically. (See Example 5 in textbook.)
Vocabulary Check
1. system of equations 2. solution
3. solving 4. substitution
5. point of intersection 6. break-even
x
1. 4x y y 3
6x y 6
1 2
2. 4x
y 11
?
(a) 40 3 1 (a) 422 13 3
0, 3 is not a solution. 16 13 3

?
(b) 41 4 1 2 13 11
(c) 4 32 2 1 2, 13 is a solution.

?
2 is not a solution.
32, (b) 422 9 3
(d) 4 12 3 1 16 9 3
6 12 3 6 2, 9 is not a solution.

12, 3 is a solution. (c) 4 2 3 3
3 2 31 ?
36
4 31
3 3
32, 313 is not a solution.

(d) 4 4 4 3
7 2 37 ?
49
37
4 4 3
4 4 11
7 37 ?
7
4 37
4 11
74, 374 is a solution.
611
612 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities
y 2ex
3x y
3.

4. log x 3 y
1 28
9x y 9
2
(a) 0 2e2 37
(a) log 9 3 9
2, 0 is not a solution. 9, 379 is not a solution.
(b) 2 2e0 (b) log 10 3 2
30 2 2 9 10
1
2 28
9
0, 2 is a solution. 10, 2 is a solution.

(c) 3 2e0 (c) log1 3 3
0, 3 is not a solution. 9 1
1
3 28
9
(d) 2 2e1 1, 3 is a solution.

1, 2 is not a solution. (d) log 2 3 4
2x y 6
x y 0
5. Equation 1 6. x y 4 Equation 1
Equation 2 x 2y 5 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y 6 2x Solve for x in Equation 1: x y 4
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x (6 2x) 0 Substitute for x in Equation 2: y 4 2y 5
Solve for x: 3x 6 0 ⇒ x 2 Solve for y: 3y 4 5 ⇒ y 3
Back-substitute x 2: y 6 2(2) 2 Back-substitute y 3: x 3 4 1
Solution: 2, 2 Solution: 1, 3
xx yy 4
7. Equation 1
2
2 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y x 4
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x2 (x 4) 2
Solve for x: x2 x 2 0 ⇒ x 1x 2 0 ⇒ x 1, 2
Back-substitute x 1: y 1 4 3
Solutions: 1, 3, 2, 6
y2
8. 3x Equation 1
x3 2 y 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y 2 3x
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x 3 2 2 3x 0
x 3 3x 0
Solve for x: x 3 3x 0 ⇒ xx2 3 0 ⇒ x 0, ± 3
Back-substitute x 3: y 2 33
Back-substitute x 3: y 2 3 3 2 33
Solutions: 0, 2, 3, 2 33 , 3, 2 33
Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations 613
9. 2x y 5 xy0

Equation 1 10. Equation 1
x2 y 25
2
Equation 2 x 5x y 0
3 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y 2x 5 Solve for y in Equation 1: y x
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x2 2x 52 25 Substitute for y in Equation 2: x 3 5x x 0
Solve for x: Solve for x:
5x2 20x 0 ⇒ 5xx 4 0 ⇒ x 0, 4 x3 4x 0 ⇒ xx2 4 0 ⇒ x 0, ± 2
Back-substitute x 0: y 20 5 5 Back-substitute x 0: y 0 0
Back-substitute x 4: y 24 5 3 Back-substitute x 2: y 2
Solutions: 0, 5, 4, 3 Back-substitute x 2: y 2 2
Solutions: 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2
y0 y 2x2 2
11. x2 Equation 1 12. Equation 1
x2 4x y 0 Equation 2 y 2x 4
2x 2 1 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y x2 Substitute for y in Equation 1:
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x2 4x x2 0 2x 4 2x 2 1 2x 2 2
Solve for x: 2x2 4x 0 ⇒ 2xx 2 0 ⇒ x 0, 2 Solve for x: x 4 2x 2 1 x 2 1 0
Back-substitute x 0: y 02 0 x4 x2 0
x 2x 2 1 0 ⇒ x 0, ± 1
Solutions: 0, 0, 2, 4 Back-substitute x 0: y 202 2 2
Solutions: 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0
y x 3x 1
13. y x3 3x2 1 Equation 1 14. y x 3 3x 2 4 Equation 1
2
Equation 2 y 2x 4 Equation 2
Substitute for y in Equation 2: Substitute for y in Equation 1: 2x 4 x 3 3x 2 4
x3 3x2 1 x2 3x 1 Solve for x: 0 x 3 3x 2 2x
x3 4x2 3x 0 0 xx 2 3x 2
xx 1x 3 0 ⇒ x 0, 1, 3 0 xx 2x 1 ⇒ x 0, 1, 2
Back-substitute x 0: y 03 30 1 1
2
Back-substitute x 1: y 13 312 1 1 Back-substitute x 1: y 21 4 2
Back-substitute x 3: y 33 332 1 1 Back-substitute x 2: y 22 4 0
Solutions: 0, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1 Solutions: 0, 4, 1, 2, 2, 0
x y 0
5x 3y 10
15. Equation 1
Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y x
Substitute for y in Equation 2: 5x 3x 10
Solve for x: 2x 10 ⇒ x 5
Back-substitute in Equation 1: y x 5
Solution: 5, 5
x 2y 17. 2x y 2 0
4x y 5 0
16. 1 Equation 1 Equation 1
5x 4y 23 Equation 2 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 1: x 1 2y Solve for y in Equation 1: y 2x 2
Substitute for x in Equation 2: 51 2y 4y 23 Substitute for y in Equation 2: 4x 2x 2 5 0
1
Solve for y: 14y 28 ⇒ y 2 Solve for x: 6x 3 0 ⇒ x 2
Back-substitute y 2: x 1 2y 1 22 3 Back-substitute x 2: y 2x 2 2 2 2 3
1 1
18. 6x 3y 4 0 Equation 1
x 2y 4 0 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 2: x 4 2y
Substitute for x in Equation 1: 64 2y 3y 4 0
4
Solve for y: 24 12y 3y 4 0 ⇒ 15y 20 ⇒ y 3
Back-substitute y 3: x 4 2y 4 23 3
4 4 4
Solution: 43, 43
19. 1.5x 0.8y 2.3

0.3x 0.2y 0.1
Equation 1
Equation 2
Multiply the equations by 10.
15x 8y 23 Revised Equation 1
3 1
Solve for y in revised Equation 2: y 2 x 2
Substitute for y in revised Equation 1: 15x 82 x 2 23
3 1
Solve for x: 15x 12x 4 23 ⇒ 27x 27 ⇒ x 1

3 1
Solution: 1, 1

20. 0.5x 3.2y 9.0 Equation 1
0.2x 1.6y 3.6 Equation 2
Multiply the equations by 10.
Solve for x in revised Equation 2: x 8y 18
Substitute for x in revised Equation 1: 58y 18 32y 90
Solve for y: 40y 90 32y 90 ⇒ 72y 180
⇒ y 52
Back-substitute y 2: x 82 18 2
5 5
Solution: 2, 2
5
xx yy 208
1 1 1
21. Equation 1 34 y 10
2x
5 2 22. Equation 1
Equation 2 3
y 4
4x Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 2: x 20 y 3
Solve for y in Equation 2: y 4x 4
5 20 y
1 1
Substitute for x in Equation 1: 2y 8 Substitute for y in Equation 1: 12x 44x 4 10
3 3
3 40
Solve for y: 4 10 y 8 ⇒ y 1 9
Solve for x: 2x 16x 3 10 ⇒
17
13 ⇒ x 208
16 x
3
17
40 40 20
Back-substitute y x 20 y 20 y 34208
17 4 17
3:
208 88
3 3 Back-substitute x 17 :
Solution: 20
3, 3
40
Solution: 208
17 , 17
88
y2
x6x 5yy 3 2 xx 3y 6
23. 2 Equation 1
Equation 1 24. 3
5
6 7 Equation 2 Equation 2
5
Solve for x in Equation 2: x 7 6y Solve for y in Equation 1: y 23x 2
Substitute for x in Equation 1: 67 5
6y 5y 3 Substitute for y in Equation 2: 2x 323x 2 6
Solve for y: 42 5y 5y 3 ⇒ 42 3 (False) Solve for x: 2x 2x 6 6 ⇒ 0 12 Inconsistent
No solution No solution
x2 y 0
2x y 0
25. Equation 1
Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 2: y 2x
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x2 2x 0
Solve for x: x2 2x 0 ⇒ xx 2 0 ⇒ x 0, 2
x 2y 0 x y 1
3x y x
26. Equation 1 27. Equation 1
2
0 Equation 2 2
y 4 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 1: x 2y Solve for y in Equation 1: y x 1
Substitute for x in Equation 2: 32y y 2 0 Substitute for y in Equation 2: x 2 x 1 4
Solve for y: 6y y 2 0 ⇒ y6 y 0 ⇒ y 0, 6 Solve for x: x 2 x 1 4 ⇒ x 2 x 3 0
Back-substitute y 0: x 20 0 The Quadratic Formula yields no real solutions.
Back-substitute y 6: x 26 12
x2

28. y x
y x x 2y 2 ⇒ y
Equation 1 29.
2
3 3x2 2x Equation 2
3x y 15 ⇒ y 3x 15
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x x 3 3x2 2x
y
Solve for x: x 3 3x2 3x 0 ⇒ xx2 3x 3 0 6

−x + 2y = 2
5
3 ± i3
⇒ x 0, 4
(4, 3) Point of intersection: 4, 3
2 3
2
Back-substitute x 0: y 0
x
The only real solution is 0, 0. −2 −1 1 2 3 4 6
−2
3x + y = 15
x y 0 x 3y 2 ⇒ y 13x 2
30.
5x 3y
31.
3x 2y 10
17 ⇒ y 135x 17
y
y
1
5x + 3y = 17
4
x
−1 1 2 4 3
−1
x − 3y = −2 2 ( 52 , 32 )
−2 (2, −2) 1
x
x+y=0 −2 −1
−3 1 2 3 4
−1
−4 3x − 2y = 10 −2
Point of intersection: 2, 2 Point of intersection: 52, 32

32. x 2y 1 x y 4 ⇒ y x 4
x y
33.
x y2 2 2
4x 0 ⇒ x 22 y 2 4
y y
6 6 x+y=4
4
4 (2, 2)
−x + 2y = 1
2
2 (5, 3) (4, 0)
x
−2 2 6 8
x −2
2 4 6
−4
x−y=2 x 2 + y 2 − 4x = 0
Point of intersection: 5, 3 Points of intersection: 2, 2, 4, 0
xy30 ⇒ yx3
x 6x x27 y
y3
y x 4x 7 ⇒ y x 2 3
34. 35.
2 2 0 2 2
y y
12
8
10 (1, 4)
(4, 7)
8 6
(3, 6)
6 x−y+3=0 4
(− 3, 0)
y = x 2 − 4x + 7
x x
2 4 6 8 10 12 −6 −2 2 4 6
−2
−6 −4
Points of intersection: 3, 0, 3, 6 Points of intersection: 1, 4, 4, 7
7x 8y 24 ⇒ y 78x 3

36. y2 4x 11 0
x 8y
37.
12x y 12 8 ⇒ y 1
1
8x
y
− 1x + y = − 1 y
2 2
9
(15, 7) 7x + 8y = 24
6
(3, 1) 2
3
(4, − 21 )
x x
6 9 12 15 18 −2
−3
−2 x − 8y = 8
−6
y2 − 4x + 11 = 0
−9 −4
Point of intersection: 4, 2

1
Points of intersection: 3, 1, 15, 7

3
3x 2y 0 ⇒ y x
x y0
38. 39.
2
5x 2y 6
x2 y2
y x2 y2 4 ⇒ 1
4 4
4
y
3 3x − 2y = 0
2 (2, 2)
1 2
x 1
−2 −1 2 3 4 x
−1 −4 −3 −1 1 3 4
−2 −2
−3
Point of intersection: 2, 2 −4 x 2 − y2 = 4
No points of intersection ⇒ No solution
x 2xy y4x3 00
y
40.
2 2 5
4
No points of intersection 3
so, no solution
1
x
−3 −1 1 2 3 5
−2
−3
3xx 16yy 250⇒ y

41. 2 2
Algebraically we have:
2 3 2
16 x
x2 25 y2
y
16
3y 25 y2
6
3x 2 − 16y = 0
4 16y 75 3y2
(−4, 3) (4, 3)
2 3y2 16y 75 0
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 3y 25y 3 0
−2
−4 y 25 2 400
3 ⇒ x 9 , No real solution
−6 x 2 + y 2 = 25
y 3 ⇒ x2 16
Solutions: ± 4, 3
Points of intersection: 4, 3 and 4, 3
x 2 y 2 25
x y 1y 0e ⇒ y x 1
y x
42. 43.
6
x 82 y 2 41 12
10
8
Points of intersection: 6 Point of intersection: 0, 1
(3, 4)
3, 4, 3, 4 2 −6 6
x
−6 −2 6 8 10 12 16
(3, − 4) −2
−6
−8
−10
−12
y 3x 8y 04e
44. x 0
−7 8
Point of intersection:
0.49, 6.53
− 10

1 y 2 lnx 1
x 2y 8 ⇒ y x4
3y 2x 9
45. 46.
2
ln x
y log2 x ⇒ y
ln 2 4
5
−1 14
−2 10
−6
−3
Point of intersection: 5.31, 0.54
Point of intersection: 4, 2

47. x2 y2 169 ⇒ y1 169 x2 and y2 169 x2
x2 8y 104 ⇒ y3 18x2 13
16
Points of intersection: 0, 13, ± 12, 5

−24 24
−16
y 2x
x2 y2 4 ⇒ y1 4 x2, y2 4 x2
y x
48. 49. Equation 1
2x2 y 2 ⇒ y3 2x2 2 2
1 Equation 2
Points of intersection: 4
Substitute for y in Equation 2: 2x x2 1
0, 2, 1.32, 1.5, 1.32, 1.5 Solve for x: x2 2x 1 x 12 0 ⇒ x 1
−6 6
Back-substitute x 1 in Equation 1: y 2x 2
−4 Solution: 1, 2
xx yy 24
50. Equation 1
2
Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y 4 x
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x2 4 x 2
Solve for x: x2 x 2 0
No real solutions because the discriminant in the Quadratic Formula is negative.
Inconsistent; no solution
51. 3x 7y 6 0

Equation 1
x2 y2 4 Equation 2
3x 6
Solve for y in Equation 1: y
7
3x 6

2
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x2 4
7
36x 36 3x 6 3(2910) 6 21
9x
2
29
Solve for x: x2 4 Back-substitute x :y
49 10 7 7 10
49x2 9x2 36x 36 196 3x 6 32 6
Back-substitute x 2: y 0
40x2 36x 232 0 7 7
10, 10, 2, 0

29 29 21
410x 29x 2 0 ⇒ x , 2 Solutions:
10
x2x yy 2510
52. 2 2
Equation 1
Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 2: y 10 2x
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x2 10 2x2 25
Solve for x: x2 100 40x 4x2 25 ⇒ x2 8x 15 0
⇒ x 5x 3 0 ⇒ x 3, 5
53. x 2y 4
x y 0
Equation 1
2
Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 2: y x2
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x 2x2 4
1 ± 1 424 1 ± 31
Solve for x: 0 2x2 x 4 ⇒ x ⇒ x
22 4
The discriminant in the Quadratic Formula is negative.
No real solution
54. y x 13

y e x 1 ⇒ y e x 1
y ln x 3
55.
y x 1 ⇒ y ln x 3
y y
3 6
2 5
1 4
x
−3 −1 1 2 3 2
−1
1
−2
x
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
−3
No points of intersection, so no solution Point of intersection: approximately 0.287, 1.751

56. x2 y 4 ⇒ y 4 x2 y x4 2x2 1
y 1 x
57. Equation 1
ex y 0 ⇒ y ex 2
Equation 2
y
Substitute for y in Equation 1: 1 x2 x4 2x2 1
5
Solve for x: x4 x2 0 ⇒ x2x2 1 0
3 ⇒ x 0, ± 1
2
Back-substitute x 0: 1 x2 1 02 1
x
Back-substitute x 1: 1 x2 1 12 0
−3 −1 1 3
−1 Back-substitute x 1: 1 x2 1 12 0
Points of intersection (solutions): Solutions: 0, 1, ± 1, 0
approximately 1.96, 0.14, 1.06, 2.88


58. y x3 2x2 x 1 xy 1 0
2x 4y 7 0
y x2 3x 1 Equation 2 Equation 2
Substitute for y in Equation 1: 1
Solve for y in Equation 1: y
x2 3x 1 x3 2x2 x1 x
x 7 0
1
Solve for x: 0 x3 x2 2x Substitute for y in Equation 2: 2x 4
0 xx2 x 2
Solve for x:
0 xx 2x 1 ⇒ x 0, 2, 1
2x2 4 7x 0 ⇒ 2x 1x 4 0
Back-substitute x 0 in Equation 2:
1
⇒ x , 4
y 02 30 1 1 2
Back-substitute x 2 in Equation 2: 1 1
Back-substitute x : y 2
2 12
y 22 32 1 1
1 1
Back-substitute x 1 in Equation 2: Back-substitute x 4: y
4 4
y 12 31 1 5
2, 2, 4, 4
1 1
Solutions:
Solutions: 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 5

60. x 2y 1 Equation 1 61. C 8650x 250,000, R 9950x
y x 1 Equation 2 RC
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x 2x 1 1 9950x 8650x 250,000
Solve for x: x 1 2x 1 1300x 250,000
x 12 4x 1 x 192 units
x2 2x 1 4x 4
x2 6x 5 0
x 1x 5 0 ⇒ x 1, 5
62. C 5.5x 10,000, R 3.29x

RC
3.29x 5.5x 10,000
3.29x 5.5x 10,000 0
Let u x.
3.29u2 5.5u 10,000 0
5.5 ± 5.52 43.2910,000
u
23.29
5.5 ± 131,630.25
u
6.58
u 55.974, 54.302
Choosing the positive value for u, we have
x u2 ⇒ x 55.9742 3133 units.
63. C 35.45x 16,000, R 55.95x 64. C 2.16x 5000, R 3.49x

(a) RC (a) RC
55.95x 35.45x 16,000 2.16x 5000 3.49x
20.50x 16,000 5000 1.33x
x 781 units x 3760
(b) PRC 3760 items must be sold to break even.
60,000 55.95x 35.45x 16,000 (b) P R C
60,000 20.50x 16,000 8500 3.49x 2.16x 5000
76,000 20.50x 8500 1.33x 5000
x 3708 units 13,500 1.33x
10,151 x
10,151 items must be sold to make a profit of $8500.
65. R 360 24x

R 24 18x
Equation 1
Equation 2
(a) Substitute for R in Equation 2: 360 24x 24 18x
Solve for x: 336 42x ⇒ x 8 weeks
(b)
Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The rentals are equal when
R 360 24x 336 312 288 264 240 216 192 168 144 120 x 8 weeks.
R 24 18x 42 60 78 96 114 132 150 168 186 204
S 25x 100
S 50x 475
66. (a) Rock CD
Rap CD
25x 100 50x 475
75x 100 475
75x 375
x5
Conclusion: It takes 5 weeks for the sales of the two CDs to become equal.
(b)
Number of weeks, x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
By inspecting the table, we can see that the
Sales, S (rock) 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 two sales figures are equal when x 5.
Sales, S (rap) 475 425 375 325 275 225 175
67. 0.06x 0.03x 350 68. p 1.45 0.00014x 2 10
0.03x 350 p 2.388 0.007x2

x $11,666.67 The market equilibrium
(point of intersection) is 0 150
To make the straight commission offer the better offer,
approximately 99.99, 2.85. 0
you would have to sell more than $11,666.67 per week.
0.06x 0.085y 2000

69. (a) x y 25,000 (c) The point of intersection occurs when x 5000, so
the most that can be invested at 6% and still earn
$2000 per year in interest is $5000.
(b) y1 25,000 x
27,000
2000 0.06x
y2
0.085
As the amount at 6% increases, the amount at 8.5%
decreases. The amount of interest is fixed at $2000. 0
12,000
10,000
VV 0.79D
D 4 , 5 ≤ D ≤ 40
70. 2 Doyle Log Rule
2D 4,
2
5 ≤ D ≤ 40 Scribner Log Rule
(a) 1500 (b) The graphs intersect when D 24.7 inches.
V1
(c) For large logs, the Doyle Log Rule gives a greater volume for a given diameter.
V2
0 40
0
71.
t 8 9 10 11 12 13
Solar 70 69 66 65 64 63
Wind 31 46 57 68 105 108
(a) Solar: C 0.1429t 2 4.46t 96.8 (d) 0.1429t 2 4.46t 96.8 16.371t 102.7
Wind: C 16.371t 102.7 0.1429t 2 20.831t 199.5 0
(b) 150 By the Quadratic Formula we obtain t 10.3 and
t 135.47.
(e) The results are the same for t 10.3. The other “solu-
tion”, t 135.47, is too large to consider
8 13
0 as a reasonable answer.
(c) Point of intersection: 10.3, 66.01 (f) Answers will vary.
During the year 2000, the consumption of solar

energy will equal the consumption of wind energy.
72. (a) For Alabama, P 17.4t 4273.2. 4800
For Colorado, P 84.9t 3467.9.

(b) The lines appear to intersect at (11.93, 4480.79).
9 13
Colorado’s population exceeded Alabama’s just after this point. 4000
(c) Using the equations from part (a),

17.4t 4273.2 84.9t 3467.9
4273.2 67.5t 3467.9
805.3 67.5t
11.93 t.
73. 2l 2w 30 ⇒ l w 15 74. 2l 2w 280 ⇒ l w 140
l w 3 ⇒ w 3 w 15 w l 20 ⇒ l l 20 140
2w 12 2l 160
l 80
w6
w l 20 80 20 60
lw39
Dimensions: 60 80 centimeters
Dimensions: 6 9 meters
75. 2l 2w 42 ⇒ l w 21 76. 2l 2w 210 ⇒ l w 105

3 3 3 3
w 4l ⇒ l 4l 21 l 2w ⇒ 2w w 105
7 5
4l 21 2w 105
l 12 w 42
3
2 42
3
w 4l 9 l 63
Dimensions: 9 12 inches Dimensions: 42 63 feet
77. 2l 2w 40 ⇒ l w 20 ⇒ w 20 l 78. A 12bh

lw 96 ⇒ l20 l 96 1 12a2
20l l 2 96 a2 2
2
a 2 a
0 l 2 20l 96
The dimensions are
0 l 8l 12 2 2 2 inches.
l 8 or l 12
a
If l 8, then w 12.
If l 12, then w 8.
Since the length is supposed to be greater than the width,
we have l 12 kilometers and w 8 kilometers.
Dimensions: 8 12 kilometers
79. False. To solve a system of equations by substitution, you 80. False. The system can have at most four solutions
can solve for either variable in one of the two equations because a parabola and a circle can intersect at
and then back-substitute. most four times.
81. To solve a system of equations by substitution, use the following steps.

1. Solve one of the equations for one variable in terms of the other.
2. Substitute this expression into the other equation to obtain an equation in one variable.
3. Solve this equation.
4. Back-substitute the value(s) found in Step 3 into the expression found in Step 1 to find the value(s) of the other variable.
5. Check your solution(s) in each of the original equations.
82. For a linear system the result will be a contradictory equation such as 0 N, where N is a nonzero real number.
For a nonlinear system there may be an equation with imaginary solutions.
83. y x2
(a) Line with two points of intersection (b) Line with one point of intersection (c) Line with no points of intersection
y 2x y0 yx2
0, 0 and 2, 4 0, 0
84. (a) b 1 b2 b3 b4

6 6 6 6
−6 6 −6 6 −6 6 −6 6
−2 −2 −2 −2
(b) Three
85. 2, 7, 5, 5 86. 3.5, 4, 10, 6

57 2 64 2
m m
5 2 7 10 3.5 6.5
2 2
y 7 x 2 y6 x 10
7 6.5
7y 49 2x 4 6.5y 39 2x 20
2x 7y 45 0 2x 6.5y 19 0
87. 6, 3, 10, 3 88. 4, 2, 4, 5

33 x4
m 0 ⇒ The line is horizontal.
10 6
x40
y3
y30
5, 0, 4, 6

3 7 5 1
89. 90. , 8 , ,
3 2 2
60 6 30 8 12 152 45
m m
4 35 175 17 73 52 296 29

30 1 45 5
y6 x 4 y x
17 2 29 2
17y 102 30x 120 29 225
29y 45x
0 30x 17y 18 2 2
30x 17y 18 0 45x 29y 127 0
5 2x 7
91. f x 92. f x
x6 3x 2
Domain: All real numbers except x 6 2
Domain: All real numbers except x
3
Horizontal asymptote: y 0
2
Horizontal asymptote: y
Vertical asymptote: x 6 3
2
Vertical asymptote: x
3
x2 2 2
93. f x 94. f x 3
x2 16 x2
Domain: All real numbers except x ± 4. Domain: All real numbers except x 0
Horizontal asymptote: y 1 Horizontal asymptote: y 3
Vertical asymptotes: x ± 4 Vertical asymptote: x 0
Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems 625
Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems
■ You should be able to solve a linear system by the method of elimination.

1. Obtain coefficients for either x or y that differ only in sign. This is done by multiplying all the terms of one or both
equations by appropriate constants.
2. Add the equations to eliminate one of the variables and then solve for the remaining variable.
3. Use back-substitution into either original equation and solve for the other variable.
4. Check your answer.
■ You should know that for a system of two linear equations, one of the following is true.
1. There are infinitely many solutions; the lines are identical. The system is consistent. The slopes are equal.
2. There is no solution; the lines are parallel. The system is inconsistent. The slopes are equal.
3. There is one solution; the lines intersect at one point. The system is consistent. The slopes are not equal.
Vocabulary Check
1. elimination 2. equivalent
3. consistent; inconsistent 4. equilibrium price
1. 2x y 5
x 2y 4
x 3y 1
xy1
Equation 2 Equation 2
Add to eliminate y: 3x 6 ⇒ x 2 Add to eliminate x: x 3y 1
Substitute x 2 in Equation 2: 2 y 1 ⇒ y 1 x 2y 4
5y 5 ⇒ y 1
Solution: 2, 1
y
Substitute y 1 in Equation 1: x 31 1 ⇒ x 2
x−y=1
4 Solution: 2, 1
3
y
2
1
4
− x + 2y = 4
x
−2 − 1 1 2 4 5 6 x + 3y = 1
2x + y = 5
−3
−4 x
−6 −4 −2
−2
x y0
3x 2y 1
3. Equation 1 y
4
Equation 2
3
Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 2x 2y 0 2 3x + 2y = 1
x+y=0
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y: x 1 x
−4 −3 − 2 − 1 2 3 4
Substitute x 1 in Equation 1: 1 y 0 ⇒ y 1 −2
Solution: 1, 1 −3

−4
2x4x 3yy 213

4. Equation 1 y
2x − y = 3
Equation 2
6
Multiply Equation 1 by 3: 6x 3y 9
4
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y: 6x 3y 9 4x + 3y = 21
4x 3y 21 2
10x 30 x
2 4
⇒ x 3
−2
Substitute x 3 in Equation 1: 23 y 3 ⇒ y 3

Solution: 3, 3

x y2 6. 3x 2y 3
2x 2y 5
5. Equation 1 Equation 1
Equation 2 6x 4y 14 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 2x 2y 4 Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 6x 4y 6
Add this to Equation 2: 0 9 Add this to Equation 2: 6x 4y 6
There are no solutions. 6x 4y 14

y 0 8
4 There are no solutions. y
− 2x + 2y = 5
6x + 4y = 14
1
x
−4 −2 −1 2 3 4
x
−2 −2 2 4
x−y=2
−2
−4
−4 3x + 2y = 3
3x 2y
6x 4y 10 3x9x 3yy 155
7. 5 Equation 1 8. Equation 1
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and add to Equation 2: 0 0 Multiply Equation 2 by 3: 9x 3y 15
The equations are dependent. There are infinitely Add this to Equation 1: 9x 3y 15
many solutions. 9x 3y 15
3a 5 3 5 0 0
Let x a, then y a .
2 2 2 There are infinitely many solutions. Let x a.
y
Solution: 3
a, a
2
5
2
where 4
3x − 2y = 5 3a y 5 ⇒ y 3a 5
3 Solution: a, 3a 5, where a is any real number.
a is any real number. 2
y
1 − 3x + y = 5
x
−3 −2 −1 2 3 4 5 8
6
−2
− 6x + 4y = −10 9x − 3y = − 15
x
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8
−4
−6
−8
9. 9x 3y 1
3x 6y 5
Equation 1 y
Equation 2 4
3
3x − 6y = 5
Multiply Equation 2 by 3: 9x 3y 1
9x 18y 15 x
−4 −3 −2 − 1 2 3 4
Add to eliminate x: 21y 14 ⇒ y 32 −2
9x + 3y = 1
Substitute y 23 in Equation 1: 9x 3 23 1 −3

−4
x 13
Solution: 13, 23
10. 5x 3y 18 Equation 1 y
2x 6y 1 Equation 2
5x + 3y = −18 4
Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 10x 6y 36 2

2x − 6y = 1
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y: −6 −4 2

x
10x 6y 36 −2
2x 6y 1
12x 35 ⇒ x 35
12
35
Substitute x 12 in Equation 2:
2 35
12 6y 1 ⇒ y 36
41
Solution: 12 , 36
35 41
11. x 2y 4 12. 3x 5y 2
x 2y 1
Equation 2 2x 5y 13 Equation 2
Add to eliminate y: Add to eliminate y: 3x 5y 2
2x 5 2x 5y 13
x 5 5x 15 ⇒ x 3
2
5
Substitute x 2 in Equation 1: Substitute x 3 in Equation 1: 33 5y 2 ⇒ y 57
5
2y 4 ⇒ y 43 Solution: 3, 75
2
Solution: 52, 34
13. 2x 3y 18 x 7y 12
5x
y 11 Equation 2 3x 5y 10 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 2 by 3: 15x 3y 33 Multiply Equation 1 by 3: 3x 21y 36
Add this to Equation 1 to eliminate y: Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate x:
17x 51 ⇒ x 3 3x 21y 36
Substitute x 3 in Equation 1: 3x 5y 10
6 3y 18 ⇒ y 4 26y 26
Solution: 3, 4 ⇒ y 1
Substitute y 1 in Equation 1: x 7 12 ⇒ x 5
Solution: 5, 1
15. 3x 2y 10 2r 4s 5
2x 5y 13
16. Equation 1
16r 50s 55
Equation 1
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and Multiply Equation 1 by 8: 16r 32s 40
Equation 2 by 3:
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate r:
6x 4y 20
6x 15y 9 16r 32s 40
16r 50s 55
Add to eliminate x: 11y 11 ⇒ y 1
18s 15
Substitute y 1 in Equation 1: ⇒ s 5
6
5
3x 2 10 ⇒ x 4 Substitute s in Equation 1:
6
Solution: 4, 1 2r 456 5 ⇒ r 65

Solution: 56, 56
17. 5u 6v 24
3u 5v 18 2x3x 11y5y 49
Multiply Equation 1 by 5 and Equation 2 by 6: Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and Equation 2 by 3:
25u 30v
18u 30v 108
120
6x6x 22y 8
15y 27
Add to eliminate x: 6x 22y 8
Add to eliminate v: 7u 12 ⇒ u 12
7
6x 15y 27
Substitute u 12
7 in Equation 1:
7y 35 ⇒ y 5
512
7 6v 24 ⇒ 6v 7 ⇒ v 7
108 18
Substitute y 5 in Equation 1: 3x 115 4

Solution: 127, 187
⇒ x 17
Solution: 17, 5
9
65 y 4
9x 6y 3 x 3yy
3x 1 Equation 1
19. 5x Equation 1 20. 4 8
9 3
Equation 2 4 8 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 10 and Equation 2 by 2: Multiply Equation 1 by 3:
18x 12y 40 94 x 3y 38
18x 12y 6 9
4x 3y 3
8
Add to eliminate x and y: 0 34 Add these two together to obtain 0 0.

Inconsistent The original equations are dependent. They have infinitely
many solutions.
No solution
3 1
Set x a in 4x y 8 and solve for y.
The points on the line have the form a, 8 4a.
1 3

x y
21. 1 Equation 1
4 6 18
Substitute x in Equation 2:
xy3 Equation 2 5
3 18
Multiply Equation 1 by 6: xy6 y3
2 5
3
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y: y
5
5 18

x9 ⇒ x 18 3
2 5 Solution: ,
5 5

2
22. 3x 16 y 23 Equation 1 23. 5x 6y 3 Equation 1
4x y 4 Equation 2 20x 24y 12 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 6: 4x y 4 Multiply Equation 1 by 4:
Add this to Equation 2: 4x y 4
4x y 4 20x 24y 12
20x 24y 12
0 0 Add to eliminate x and y: 0 0
There are infinitely many solutions. Let x a. The equations are dependent. There are infinitely many
4a y 4 ⇒ y 4 4a solutions.
Solution: a, 4 4a where a is any real number Let x a, then

5a 3 5 1
5a 6y 3 ⇒ y a .
6 6 2
Solution: a, 65 a 21 where a is any real number

7x 8y
14x 16y 12 25. 0.05x 0.03y 0.21
0.07x 0.02y 0.16
24. 6 Equation 1 Equation 1
Multiply Equation 1 by 2: Multiply Equation 1 by 200 and Equation 2 by 300:
14x
14x 16y
16y 12
12
10x 6y 42
21x 6y 48
Add these two together to obtain 0 0. Add to eliminate y: 31x 90

x 90
31
The original equations are dependent. They have infinitely
90
many solutions. Substitute x 31 in Equation 2:
Set x a in 7x 8y 6 and solve for y. 0.0790
31 0.02y 0.16
The points on the line have the form a, 4 8a.

3 7
y 67
31
Solution: 9031, 6731
27. 4b 3m 3
0.3x 0.4y
0.2x 0.5y 27.8
3b 11m 13
26. Equation 1 Equation 1
68.7 Equation 2 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 4 and Equation 2 by 5: Multiply Equation 1 by 3 and Equation 2 by 4:
0.8x 2y 111.2
1.5x 2y 343.5
12b 9m
12b 44m 52
9
Add these to eliminate y: 0.8x 2y 111.2 Add to eliminate b: 35m 43

1.5x 2y 343.5 m 43
35
2.3x 232.3 Substitute m 43

35 in Equation 1:
⇒ x 4b 343
35 3 ⇒ b 35
101 6
Substitute x 101 in Equation 1: Solution: 35, 35

6 43
0.2101 0.5y 27.8 ⇒ y 96

Solution: 101, 96
x3 y1

28. 2x 5y 8
5x 8y 10
Equation 1
Equation 2
29.
4

3
1
2x y 12
Equation 1
Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 5 and Equation 2 by 2:
10x 16y 20

10x 25y 40
3x 4y 7
8x 4y 48
Add to eliminate x:
Add to eliminate y: 11x 55 ⇒ x 5
10x 25y 40
Substitute x 5 into Equation 2:
10x 16y 20
25 y 12 ⇒ y 2
20
9y 20 ⇒ y
9 Solution: 5, 2
Substitute y
20
9
in Equation 1: 2x 5
20
9
8
14
⇒ x
9
Solution: 149, 209

x1 y2

4 31. 2x 5y 0
x
30. Equation 1
2 3
y3
x 2y 5 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 2 by 5:
Multiply Equation 1 by 6:
2x 5y 0
3x 1 2 y 2 24 ⇒ 3x 2y 23 5x 5y 15
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y:
Add to eliminate y: 3x 15 ⇒ x 5
3x 2y 23
Matches graph (b).
x 2y 5
Number of solutions: One
4x 28
Consistent
⇒x 7
Substitute x 7 in Equation 2: 7 2y 5 ⇒ y 1
Solution: 7, 1
33. 2x 5y 0
2x 3y 4
32. 7x 6y 4
14x 12y 8
7x 6y 4 ⇒ 6y 7x 4 ⇒ y 76x 23; Multiply Equation 1 by 1:
The graph contains 0, 23 and 4, 4. 2x 5y 0
14x 12y 8 ⇒ 12y 14x 8 ⇒ y
7
6x 2
3;
2x 3y 4
The graph is the same as the previous graph. Add to eliminate x: 2y 4 ⇒ y 2
The graph of the system matches (a). Matches graph (c).
Number of solutions: Infinite Number of solutions: One
Consistent Consistent
35. 3x 5y 7
7x7x 6y6y 6 2x
34. Equation 1
4 y9 Equation 2
7x 6y 6 ⇒ 6y 7x 6 ⇒ y 7
6x 1; Multiply Equation 2 by 5:
The graph contains 0, 1 and 3, . 10x 5y 45
9
2
7x 6y 4 ⇒ 6y 7x 4 ⇒ y 76x 23; Add this to Equation 1:

The graph contains 0, and is parallel to the 13x 52 ⇒ x 4
2
3
previous graph.
Back-substitute x 4 into Equation 2:
The graph of the system matches (d).
24 y 9 ⇒ y 1
Number of solutions: None
Solution: 4, 1
Inconsistent
36. x 3y 17 y 2x 51
y 5x 11
4x 3y 7 Equation 2 Equation 2
Subtract Equation 2 from Equation 1 to eliminate y: Since both equations are solved for y, set them
equal to one another and solve for x.
x 3y 17
2x 5 5x 11
4x 3y 7
5x 10 ⇒ x 2 2x 6 3x
Substitute x 2 in Equation 1: 2x 2 x
2 3y 17 ⇒ y 5
Back-substitute x 2 into Equation 1:
Solution: 2, 5
y 22 5 1
Solution: 2, 1
7x 3y 16 x 5y 21
6x 5y 21
yx2 Equation 2 Equation 2
Substitute for y in Equation 1: Add the equations: 7x 42 ⇒ x 6
7x 3x 2 16 Back-substitute x 6 into Equation 1:
7x 3x 6 16 6 5y 21 ⇒ 5y 15 ⇒ y 3
10x 10 ⇒ x 1 Solution: 6, 3
Substitute x 1 in Equation 2: y 1 2 3
Solution: 1, 3

40. y 3x 8 41. 2x 8y 19

y 15 2x Equation 2 yx3 Equation 2
Since both equations are solved for y, set them equal to Substitute the expression for y from Equation 2
one another and solve for x: into Equation 1.
3x 8 15 2x 2x 8x 3 19 ⇒ 2x 8x 24 19
x 23 6x 43
x 23 x 43
6
Back-substitute x 23 into Equation 1: Back-substitute x 43
6 into Equation 2:
y 323 8 61 y 43 25
6 3 ⇒ y 6
5x4x 3y7y 16

42. Equation 1
Equation 2
20x
20x 15y 30
28y 4
Add to eliminate x:
20x 15y 30
20x 28y 4
13y 26 ⇒ y 2
Back-substitute y 2 into Equation 1:
4x 32 6 ⇒ x 3
Solution: 3, 2
43. Let r1 the air speed of the plane

and r2 the wind air speed.
3.6r1 r2 1800 Equation 1 ⇒ r1 r2 500
3r1 r2 1800 r1 r2 600
Equation 2 ⇒
2r1 1100 Add the equations.
r1 550
550 r2 600
r2 50
The air speed of the plane is 550 mph and the speed of the wind is 50 mph.
44. Let x the speed of the plane that leaves first and y the speed of the plane that leaves second.
2xy 3
x 80
2y 3200
Equation 1
Equation 2
2x 2y 160
2x 32 y 3200
7
2y 3360
y 960
960 x 80
x 880
Solution: First plane: 880 kilometers per hour; Second plane: 960 kilometers per hour
45. 50 0.5x 0.125x 46. Supply Demand

50 0.625x 25 0.1x 100 0.05x
x 80 units 0.15x 75
p $10 x 500
Solution: 80, 10 p 75
Equilibrium point: 500, 75
47. 140 0.00002x 80 0.00001x 48. Supply Demand

60 0.00003x 225 0.0005x 400 0.0002x
x 2,000,000 units 0.0007x 175
p $100.00 x 250,000
Solution: 2,000,000, 100 p 350
Equilibrium point: 250,000, 350
49. Let x number of calories in a cheeseburger 50. Let x Vitamin C in a glass of apple juice
y number of calories in a small order of french fries y Vitamin C in a glass of orange juice.
3x 2y 1390 2xx 3yy 185

2x y 850 Equation 1 Equation 1
Equation 2 452 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 2: Multiply Equation 1 by 2; then add the equations:
4x3x 2y2y 1700

1390 2x2x 2y3y 370
452
x 310 Add the equations. y 82
x 310
Then x 185 82 103.
y 230
The point (103, 82) is the solution of the system.
Solution: The cheeseburger contains 310 calories and the
Apple juice has 103mg of Vitamin C, while orange juice
fries contain 230 calories.
has 82 mg.
51. Let x the number of liters at 20%

Let y the number of liters at 50%.
x y 10
0.2x 0.5y 0.310
(a) (b) 12
2 Equation 1: 2x 2y 20

−6 18
10 Equation 2: 2x 5y 30
−4
3y 10 As x increases, y decreases.
10
y 3 (c) In order to obtain the specified concentration of
10
x 3 10 the final mixture, 623 liters of the 20% solution and
x 20 313 liters of the 50% solution are required.
3
52. Let x the number of gallons of 87 octane gasoline; y the number of gallons of 92 octane gasoline.
87x 92y 44,500

(a) x y 500 Equation 1 (c) 87Equation 1: 87x 87y 43,500
Equation 2
Equation 2: 87x 92y 44,500
(b) 500
5y 1000
y 200
x 200 500
0 500
0
x 300
As the amount of 87 octane gasoline increases,
Solution: 87 octane: 300 gallons;
the amount of 92 octane gasoline decreases.
92 octane: 200 gallons
53. Let x amount invested at 7.5%

y amount invested at 9%.
x y 12,000
0.075x 0.09y
Equation 1
990 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 9 and Equation 2 by 100.
9x 9y 108,000
7.5x 9y 99,000
1.5x 9,000 Add the equations.
x $6000
y $6000
The most that can be invested at 7.5% is $6000.
54. Let x the amount invested at 5.75%; y the amount invested at 6.25%.
x y 32,000 Equation 1 ⇒ 5.75Equation 1: 5.75x 5.75y 184,000
0.0575x 0.0625y 1900 Equation 2 ⇒ 100Equation 2: 5.75x 6.25y 190,000
0.5y 6000
y 12,000
x 12,000 32,000
x 20,000
The amount that should be invested in the bond that pays 5.75% interest is $20,000.
55. Let x number of student tickets

y number of adult tickets.
x y 1435
1.50x 5.00y 3552.50
Equation 1
Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 1.50.
1.50x 1.50y 2152.50
1.50x 5.00y 3552.50
3.50y 1400.00 Add the equations.
y 400
x 1035
Solution: 1035 student tickets and 400 adult tickets were sold.
56. Let x the number of jackets sold before noon; y the number of jackets sold after noon.
x y 214 Equation 1 ⇒ 31.95Equation 1: 31.95x 31.95y 6837.30
31.95x 18.95y 5108.30 Equation 2 ⇒ Equation 2: 31.95x 18.95y 5108.30
13y 1729
y 133
x 133 214
x 81
So, 81 jackets were sold before noon and 133 jackets were sold after noon.
5b 10a 20.2 ⇒ 10b 20a 40.4 5b 10a 11.7 ⇒ 10b 20a 23.4
10b 30a 50.1 ⇒
57.

58.
10b 30a 50.1 10b 30a 25.6 ⇒ 10b 30a 25.6
10a 9.7 10a 2.2
a 0.97 a 0.22
b 2.10 5b 100.22 11.7
Least squares regression line: y 0.97x 2.10 b 1.9
Least squares regression line: y 0.22x 1.9
7b 21a 35.1 ⇒ 21b 63a 105.3 6b 15a 23.6 ⇒ 15b 37.5a 59
15b 55a 48.8 ⇒
59. 60.
21b 91a 114.2 ⇒ 21b 91a 114.2 15b 55a 48.8
28a 8.9 17.5a 10.2
a 89 a 0.583
280
b 5.390
b 1137
280
Least squares regression line: y 0.583x 5.390
Least squares regression line: y 28089x 1137
1
y 0.32x 4.1
61. 0, 4, 1, 3, 1, 1, 2, 0 8b 28a 8 ⇒ 224b 784a 224
28b 116a 37 ⇒
62.
4 4 4 4 224b 928a 296
n 4, x 4, y 8, x
i1
i
i1
i
i1
2
i 6, x y 4
i1
i i
144a 72
4b 4a 8 ⇒ 4b 4a
4b 6a 4 ⇒ 4b 6a 4
8 a 1
2
8b 2812 8
2a 4
b 34
a 2 1 3
Least squares regression line: y 2 x 4
b 4
63. 5, 66.65, 6, 70.93, 7, 75.31, 8, 78.62, 9, 81.33, 10, 85.89, 11, 88.27
7 7 7 7
(a) n 7, x 56, x
i1
i
i1
i
2 476, y 547, x y 4476.8
i1
i
i1
i i
(c)
t Actual room rate Model approximation
7b 56a 5 $66.65 $67.34

56b 476a 4476.8
547
6 $70.93 $70.94
Multiply Equation 1 by 8. 7 $75.31 $74.54
56b 448a 4376

8 $78.62 $78.14
56b 476a 4476.8 9 $81.33 $81.74
28a 100.8
10 $85.89 $85.34
a 3.6
11 $88.27 $88.94
b 49.343
Least squares regression line: y 3.6t 49.343 The model is a good fit to the data.
(b) y 3.6t 49.343, This agrees with part (a). (d) When t 12: y $92.54
This is a little off from the actual rate.
(e) 3.6t 49.343 100
3.6t 50.657
t 14.1
According to the model, room rates will average
$100.00 during the year 2004.
64. (a) 1.0, 32, 1.5, 41, 2.0, 48, 2.5, 53 (b) When x 1.6: y 141.6 19 41.4 bushels
per acre.
4b 7a 174 ⇒ 7b 12.25a 304.5
7b 13.5a 322 ⇒ 7b 13.5a 322
1.25a 17.5
a 14
4b 98 174
b 19
65. False. Two lines that coincide have infinitely many 66. False. Solving a system of equations algebraically will
points of intersection. always give an exact solution.
67. No, it is not possible for a consistent system of linear 68. Answers will vary.
equations to have exactly two solutions. Either the lines
will intersect once or they will coincide and then the (a) No solution (b) Infinite number of solutions
xx yy 1020 2xx 2yy 36

system would have infinite solutions.

69. 100y x 200
99y x 198
Equation 1
Equation 2 13x 12y 1200
70. 21x 20y Equation 1
Equation 2
Subtract Equation 2 from Equation 1 to eliminate x: Multiply Equation 2 by 53 : 65
3 x 20y 200
100y x 200 Add this to Equation 1 to eliminate y:
99y x 198
23 x 200 ⇒ x 300
y 398
Back-substitute x 300 in Equation 1:
Substitute y 398 into Equation 1:
21300 20y 0 ⇒ y 315
100398 x 200 ⇒ x 39,600
Solution: 300, 315
Solution: 39,600, 398
The lines are not parallel. It is necessary to change the
The lines are not parallel. The scale on the axes scale on the axes to see the point of intersection.
must be changed to see the point of intersection.

71. 4x 8y 3
2x ky 16
Equation 1
Equation 2
72.
10x
15x 3y 6 ⇒ 30x 6y 12
ky 9 ⇒ 30x 3ky 27
Multiply Equation 2 by 2: 4x 2ky 32 (6 3k)y 39
If k 2, then we would have 0 39 and
Add this to Equation 1: 4x 8y 3
the system would be inconsistent.
4x 2ky 32
8y 2ky 35
The system is inconsistent if 8y 2ky 0.
This occurs when k 4.
73. 11 6x ≥ 33 − 22
3
74. 2x 3 > 5x 1 x
x 0 1 2 3 4
6x ≥ 44 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 2x 6 > 5x 1
x ≤ 22
3 7x > 7
x > 1
75. 8x 15 ≤ 42x 1 19
16
76. 6 ≤ 3x 10 < 6 4
3
16
3
x x
8x 15 ≤ 8x 4 −1 0 1 2 3 4 ≤ 3x < 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4 16
16x ≤ 19 3 ≤ x < 3
19
x ≤ 16

77. x 8 < 10 −2
x

78. x 10 ≥ 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x
10 < x 8 < 10 −3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 All real numbers x

2 < x < 18
79. 2x2 3x 35 < 0 7 80. 3x2 12x > 0 x

2
− 8 −6 − 4 − 2 0 2 4
3xx 4 > 0
x
2x 7x 5 < 0 − 6 − 5 − 4 − 3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Critical numbers: x 5,

7
2
Critical numbers: x 0, 4
Test intervals: , 5, 5, , Test Intervals: , 4, 4, 0, 0,
7 7
2 2,
Test: Is 2x 7x 5 < 0? Test: Is 3xx 4 > 0?
Solution: 5 < x <

7 Solution: x < 4, x > 0
2
81. ln x ln 6 ln6x 82. ln x 5 lnx 3 ln x lnx 35

x
ln
x 35
83. log9 12 log9 x log9 12x 84.

1
4
log6 3x log6
4 3x
86. 30x 40y 33 0

4x 2y 12
85. 2x y 4 ⇒ y 2x 4
1 21
10x 20y 21 0 ⇒ y 2x 20
4x 22x 4 12 30x 40 2x 20 33 0
1 21
4x 4x 8 12 30x 20x 42 33 0

8 12 50x 75
There are no solutions. x 32
y 1232 21 6 3
20 20 10
Solution: 32, 103
87. Answers will vary.

Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems
■ You should know the operations that lead to equivalent systems of equations:
(a) Interchange any two equations.
(b) Multiply all terms of an equation by a nonzero constant.
(c) Replace an equation by the sum of itself and a constant multiple of any other equation in the system.
■ You should be able to use the method of Gaussian elimination with back-substitution.
Vocabulary Check
1. row-echelon 2. ordered triple
3. Gaussian 4. row operation
5. nonsquare 6. position

3x y z 3x 4y z 17

1. 1 2.
2x 3z 14 5x y 2z 2
5y 2z 8 2x 3y 7z 21
(a) 32 0 3 1 (a) 33 41 2 17
2, 0, 3 is not a solution. 3, 1, 2 is not a solution.
(b) 32 0 8 1 (b) 31 43 2 17
2, 0, 8 is not a solution. 51 3 22 2
(c) 30 1 3 1 21 33 72 21
0, 1, 3 is not a solution. 1, 3, 2 is a solution.
(d) 31 0 4 1 (c) 34 41 3 17

21 34 14 4, 1, 3 is not a solution.
50 24 8 (d) 31 42 2 17
1, 0, 4) is a solution. 1, 2, 2 is not a solution.
4x y z 0

3.
8x 6y z 74
3x y 94
(a) 42 4 4 0
1 3 7
12, 34, 74 is not a solution.

(b) 4 32 54 54 0
(c) 4 12 34 54 0
8 12 634 54 74
3 12 34 94
12, 34, 54 is a solution.
(d) 4 12 16 34 0
Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 639
2x y 5z 24

4x y 8z 6

4. 5. Equation 1
y z 0 y 2z 6 Equation 2
4x 7y 6 z 4 Equation 3
(a) 42 2 82 6 Back-substitute z 4 into Equation 2:
2 2 0 y 24 6
42 72 6 y 2
2, 2, 2 is a solution. Back-substitute y 2 and z 4 into Equation 1:
(b) 4 33
2 10 810 6 2x 2 54 24
33
2, 10, 10 is not a solution. 2x 22 24
(c) 418 12 812 6 x1
18, 12, 12 is not a solution. Solution: 1, 2, 4
(d) 4 11 2 4 84 6
4 4 0
4 11
2 74 6
112, 4, 4 is a solution.

6. 4x 3y 2z 21 Equation 1 7. 2x y 3z 10 Equation 1
6y 5z 8 Equation 2 y z 12 Equation 2
z 2 Equation 3 z 2 Equation 3
Back-substitute z 2 in Equation 2: Substitute z 2 into Equation 2: y 2 12 ⇒ y 10
6y 52 8 Substitute y 10 and z 2 into Equation 1:
y 3 2x 10 32 10
Back-substitute z 2 and y 3 in Equation 1: 2x 4 10
4x 33 22 21 2x 6
4x 13 21 x3
x2 Solution: 3, 10, 2
Solution: 2, 3, 2
4x 2y z 8

x y 2z 22

3y 8z 9 Equation 2 4x 2y y z 4 Equation 2
z 3 Equation 3 z2 Equation 3
Back-substitute z 3 in Equation 2: Substitute z 2 into Equation 2:
3y 83 9 y 2 4 ⇒ y 2
3y 24 9 Substitute y 2 and z 2 into Equation 1:
y 11 4x 22 2 8
Back-substitute z 3 and y 11 in Equation 1: 4x 6 8
x 11 23 22 4x 2
x 5 22 x 21
x 17 Solution: 12, 2, 2
Solution: 17, 11, 3

8z 22 2x 2y 3z 5

10. 5x 11. Equation 1
3y 5z 10 x 3y 5z 4 Equation 2
z 4 2x 2y 3z 0 Equation 3
Back-substitute z 4 in Equation 2: Add Equation 1 to Equation 2:
3y 54 10 ⇒ y 10 x 2y 3z 5

3
Back-substitute z 4 in Equation 1: y 2z 9
5x 84 22 ⇒ x 2 2x 3z 0
Solution: 2, 3 , 4 This is the first step in putting the system in
10
row-echelon form.

x y z

12. x 2y 3z 5 Equation 1 13. 6 Equation 1
x 3y 5z 4 Equation 2 2x y z 3 Equation 2
2x 3z 0 Equation 3 3x z 0 Equation 3

Add 2 times Equation 1 to Equation 3: x y z 6
3y z 9 2Eq.1 Eq.2

x 2y 3z 5
3y 4z 18 3Eq.1 Eq.3
x 3y 5z 4

4y 9z 10 x y z 6
3y z 9
This is the first step in putting the system
in row-echelon form. 3z 9 Eq.2 Eq.3

x y z 6
3y z 9
z 3 13Eq.3
3y 3 9 ⇒ y 2
x23 6 ⇒ x1
Solution: 1, 2, 3

x y z 2x 2z 2

14. 3 Equation 1 15.
x 2y 4z 5 Equation 2 5x 3y 4
3y 4z 5 Equation 3 3y 4z 4
1

x z 1 2 Eq.1
x y z

3
5x 3y 4
3y 3z 2 1Eq.1 Eq.2
3y 4z 4
3y 4z 5

x z 1
x y z

3 3y 5z 1 5Eq.1 Eq.2
3y 3z 2 3y 4z 4
7z 7 Eq.2 Eq.3

x z 1
x y z 3

3y 5z 1
y z 23 13 Eq.2 z 5 Eq.2 Eq.3
z 1 17 Eq.3 3y 55 1 ⇒ y 8
23 1
y1 ⇒ y 3 x5 1 ⇒ x 4
1 5
x 13 3 ⇒ x 3 Solution: 4, 8, 5
Solution: 5 1
3, 3, 1

x y z 1 3x

16. Interchange equations. 17. 3y 9 Interchange equations.
2x 4y z 1 2x 3z 10
x 2y 3z 2 6y 4z 12
1

x y z 1 x y 3 3 Eq.1
2y 3z 3
3y 2z 3
2Eq.1 Eq.2
1Eq.1 Eq.3
2x
6y
3z 10
4z 12

x y 3
x y z 1
2y 3z 3
6y 4z 6 2 Eq.3
2y
6y
3z 4
4z 12
2Eq.1 Eq.2

x y 3

x y z 1 2y 3z 4
2y 3z 3 5z 0 3Eq.2 Eq.3
5z 15 3Eq.2 Eq.3

x y 3

x y z 1 2y 3z 4
y 32 z 32 12 Eq.2 z 0 15Eq.3
2y 30 4 ⇒ y 2
z 3 15 Eq.3
x23 ⇒ x 5
y 32 3 32 ⇒ y 3
Solution: 5, 2, 0
x 3 3 1 ⇒ x 5
Solution: 5, 3, 3

18. x 4y z 0 Interchange equations. 19. x 2y 2z 9 Interchange equations.
2x 4y z 7 2x y z 7
2x 4y 2z 6 3x y z 5

x 4y z 0 x 2y 2z 9
4y 3z 7 2Eq.1 Eq.2 5y 5z 25 2Eq.1 Eq.2
12y 6 2Eq.1 Eq.3 5y 5z 32 3Eq.1 Eq.3

x 4y z 0 x 2y 2z 9
4y 3z 7 5y 5z 25
9z 27 3Eq.2 Eq.3 0 7 Eq.2 Eq.3

x 4y z 0 Inconsistent, no solution
y 3
4z 74 14 Eq.2
z 3 19 Eq.3
y 34 3 74 ⇒ y 1
2
x 412 3 0 ⇒ x1

Solution: 1, 2, 3
1

20. x 11y 4z 3
5x 3y 2z 3 Interchange equations.
2x 4y z 7

x 11y 4z 3
52y 18z 12 5Eq.1 Eq.2
26y 9z 1 2Eq.1 Eq.3

x 11y 4z 3
52y 18z 12
0 7 12 Eq.2 Eq.3
Inconsistent, no solution

21. 3x 5y 5z 1 x 8y 7z 2
5x 2y 3z 0 2090y 1760z 550 55Eq.2
7x y 3z 0 2090y 1748z 532 38Eq.3

6x 10y 10z 2 2Eq.1 x 8y 7z 2
5x 2y 3z 0 2090y 1760z 550
7x y 3z 0 12z 18 Eq.2 Eq.3
3

x 8y 7z 2 Eq.2 Eq.1 12z 18 ⇒ z 2
5x 2y 3z 0 38y 3232 10 ⇒ y 1
7x y 3z 0
x 81 7
3
2 2 ⇒ x 12

x 8y 7z 2
38y 32z 10 5Eq.1 Eq.2 Solution: 2, 1, 32
1
55y 46z 14 7Eq.1 Eq.3

22. 2x y 3z 1 Equation 1 23. x 2y 7z 4
2x 6y 8z 3 Equation 2 2x y z 13
6x 8y 18z 5 Equation 3 3x 9y 36z 33

x 2y 7z 4

2x y 3z 1
5y 5z 2 1Eq.1 Eq.2 3y 15z 21 2Eq.1 Eq.2
5y 9z 2 3Eq.1 Eq.3 3y 15z 21 3Eq.1 Eq.3

x 2y 7z 4

2x y 3z 1
5y 5z 2 3y 15z 21
4z 0 1Eq.2 Eq.3 0 0 Eq.2 Eq.3
Eq.1
x
x 1
2y 3
2z 1
2
1
2 2y 7z 4
y 5z 7 13Eq.2
y z
2
5 15 Eq.2
x 3z 10 2Eq.2 Eq.1
z0 14 Eq.3
y 5z 7
2 2
y0 5 ⇒ y 5
Let z a, then:
x 25 20 2 ⇒ x
1 2 3 1 3
10
y 5a 7
Solution: 103 , 25, 0 x 3a 10
Solution: 3a 10, 5a 7, a

3x 3y 6z

24. 2x y 3z 4 Equation 1 25. 6
4x 2z 10 Equation 2 x 2y z 5
2x 3y 13z 8 Equation 3 5x 8y 13z 7
1

2Eq.1 Eq.2 x y 2z

2x y 3z 4 2 3 Eq.1
2y 8z 2 Eq.1 Eq.3 x 2y z 5
4y 16z 4 5x 8y 13z 7

x y 2z 2

2x y 3z 4
2y 8z 2 3y 3z 3 Eq.1 Eq.2
0 0 2Eq.2 Eq.3 3y 3z 3 5Eq.1 Eq.3

x y 2z 2
12 Eq.2 Eq.1

2x z 5 1
y z 1 3 Eq.2
2y 8z 2
0 0 Eq.2 Eq.3
12 Eq.1

x z2 52
z
x 3 Eq.2 Eq.1
y 4z 1 12 Eq. 2 y z 1
za Let z a, then:
y 4a 1 ⇒ y 4a 1 y a1
1 5 1 5
x 2a 2 ⇒ x 2a 2
x a 3
Solution: a 3, a 1, a

2z 5
4xx 2y 5zz 20
26. x Equation 1 27.
3x y z 1 Equation 2
6x y 5z 16 Equation 3 Let z a, then x 14a.

x 2z 5 1
2y 5a 2
4a
y 7z 14 3Eq.1 Eq.2 a 8y 20a 8
y 7z 14 6Eq.1 Eq.3 8y 21a 8
21
y 8a 1

x 2z 5
y 7z 14 Answer: 14a, 218a 1, a
0 0 1Eq.2 Eq.3
To avoid fractions, we could go back and let
x 2z 5
y 7z 14 1Eq.2
z 8a, then 4x 8a 0 ⇒ x 2a.
2a 2y 58a 2
za
2y 42a 2
y 7 a 14 ⇒ y 7a 14
y 21a 1
x 2a 5 ⇒ x 2a 5
Solution: 2a, 21a 1, 8a
5xx 13y3y 12z2z 4x2x 3y9y z 27

28. 18 Equation 1 29.
80 Equation 2
x 3y 2z 18
2y 2z 10 5Eq.1 Eq.2 2x 3y3y 2zz 23 2Eq.1 Eq.2
2x 3y 3z2z 13
Eq.2 Eq.1

x 3y 2z 18
y z 5 12 Eq.2
Let z a, then:
x 5z 3 3Eq.2 Eq.1
y z 5 y 23a 1
Let z a, then: y a 5 ⇒ y a 5 x 32a 12
x 5a 3 ⇒ x 5a 3
3 1 2
Solution: 5a 3, a 5, a

30. 2x 3y 3z 7 Equation 1
4x 18y 15z 44 Equation 2

2x 3y 3z 7
12y 9z 30 2Eq.1 Eq.2
14 Eq.2 Eq.1
2x 34z 12
12y 9z 30
12 Eq.1
x 3
8z
14
y 3
4z
5
2 121 Eq.2
Let z a, then:
y 34a 5
⇒ y 34a 5
2 2
3 1 3 1
x 8a 4 ⇒ x 8a 4


31. x 3w 4 x 3w 4
2y z w 0 y 4z 6w 3
3y 2w 1 z 3w 2 12Eq.4 Eq.3
2x y 4z 5 12z 20w 8

x 3w 4 x 3w 4
2y z w 0 y 4z 6w 3
3y 2w 1 z 3w 2
y 4z 6w 3 2Eq.1 Eq.4 16w 16 12Eq.3 Eq.4

x 3w 4 16w 16 ⇒ w 1
y 4z 6w 3 Eq.4 and interchange
z 31 2 ⇒ z 1
2y z w 0 the equations.
3y 2w 1 y 41 61 3 ⇒ y1
x 31 4 ⇒ x1

x 3w 4
y 4z 6w 3 Solution: 1, 1, 1, 1
7z 13w 6 Eq.2 Eq.3
12z 20w 8 3Eq.2 Eq.4

32. x y z w 6 Equation 1 33. x 4z 1
2x 3y w 0 Equation 2 x y 10z 10
3x 4y z 2w 4 Equation 3 2x y 2z 5
x 2y z w 0 Equation 4

x 4z 1

x y z w 6 y 6z 9 Eq.1 Eq.2
y 2z 3w 12 2Eq.1 Eq.2 y 6z 7 2Eq.1 Eq.3
7y 4z 5w 22 3Eq.1 Eq.3

x 4z 1
y 2z 6 1Eq.1 Eq.4 y 6z 9
0 Eq.2 Eq.3

x y z w 6 2
y 2z 3w 12 No solution, inconsistent
18z 26w 106 7Eq.2 Eq.3
3w 6 1Eq.2 Eq.4

x y z w 6
y 2z 3w 12
z 13
9w
53
9 181 Eq.3
w 2 13 Eq.4
9 2
z 13 53
9 ⇒ z 3
y 23 32 12 ⇒ y 0
x032 6 ⇒ x1
Solution: 1, 0, 3, 2

34. 2x 2y 6z 4 Equation 1
3x 2y 6z 1 Equation 2
x y 5z 3 Equation 3

x y 5z 3
3x 2y 6z 1 Interchange equations.

x y 5z 3
2x 2y 6z 4
y 9z 8 1Eq.2
14 Eq.3

x y 5z 3 z 12
y 9z 8 3Eq.1 Eq.2
y 912 8 ⇒ y 72
4z 2 2Eq.1 Eq.3
x 72 512 3 ⇒ x 3
Solution: 3, 72, 12

35. 2x 3y 0 36. 4x 3y 17z 0
4x 3y z 0 5x 4y 22z 0
8x 3y 3z 0 4x 2y 19z 0

5x 4y 22z 0

2x 3y 0
3y z 0 2Eq.1 Eq.2 4x 3y 17z 0 Interchange equations.
9y 3z 0 4Eq.1 Eq.3 4x 2y 19z 0
1Eq.2 Eq.1

x y 5z 0

2x 3y 0
3y z 0 4x 3y 17z 0
6z 0 3Eq.2 Eq.3 4x 2y 19z 0

6z 0 ⇒ z 0 x y 5z 0
3y 0 0 ⇒ y 0
y 3z 0 4Eq.1 Eq.2
2y z 0 4Eq.1 Eq.3
2x 30 0 ⇒ x 0

x y 5z 0
Solution: 0, 0, 0 y 3z 0 1Eq.2
5z 0 2Eq.2 Eq.3

x y 5z 0
y 3z 0
z0 15 Eq.3
y 30 0 ⇒ y 0
x 0 50 0 ⇒ x 0
Solution: 0, 0, 0

37. 12x 5y z 0 38.
2x2x 6yy 4zz 02
Equation 1
23x 4y z 0 Equation 2
24x
23x
10y 2z 0
4y z 0
2Eq.1
2x 5yy 3zz 02 Eq.1 Eq.2
12 Eq.1
23xx 6y4y 3zz 00 Eq.2 Eq.1 1 1
x 0
2y
3
y 5z
2z
2
5 15 Eq.2
x 134y6y 70z3z 00 23Eq.1 Eq.2
Let z a, then:
y 35a 2
⇒ y 35a 2
x 6y 3z 0 5 5
x 12 35a 25 12a 0 ⇒ x 1 1

67y 35z 0
1
2 Eq.2 5a 5
To avoid fractions, let z 67a, then: Solution: 15a 15, 35a 25, a
67y 3567a 0
y 35a
x 635a 367a 0
x 9a
Solution: 9a, 35a, 67a
39. s 12at2 v0t s0

1, 128, 2, 80, 3, 0
128 12a 2v0 s0 ⇒ a 2v0 2s0 256
180 2a 2v0 s0 ⇒ 2a 2v0 2s0 280
120 92a 3v0 s0 ⇒ 9a 6v0 2s0 0
Solving this system yields a 32, v0 0, s0 144.
Thus, s 1232t2 0t 144 16t2 144.
40. s 12at 2 v0 t s0 1
41. s 2at2 v0t s0
1, 48, 2, 64, 3, 48 1, 452, 2, 372, 3, 260

1
48 2a v0 s0 452 12a 2v0 s0 ⇒ a 2v0 2s0 904
64 2a 2v0 s0 372 2a 2v0 s0 ⇒ 2a 2v0 2s0 372
9
48 2a 3v0 s0 260 92a 3v0 s0 ⇒ 9a 6v0 2s0 520

a 2v0 2s0 96 2Eq. 1 Solving this system yields a 32, v0 32, s0 500.
2a 2v0 s0 64
Thus, s 1232t 2 32t 500
9a 6v0 2s0 96 2Eq. 3
hus, s 16t 2 32t 500.

a 2v0 2s0 96
2v0 3s0 128 2Eq.1 Eq.2
12v0 16s0 768 9Eq.1 Eq.3

a 2v0 2s0 96
2v0 3s0 128
2s0 0 6Eq.2 Eq.3

a 2v0 2s0 96
v0 1.5s0 64 0.5Eq.2
s0 0 0.5Eq.3
v0 1.50 64 ⇒ v0 64
a 264 20 96 ⇒ a 32
Thus, s 1232t 2 64t 0
16t 2 64t.
1
42. s 2at 2 v0 t s0 43. y ax2 bx c passing through 0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 0
1, 132, 2, 100, 3, 36 0, 0: 0 c

1
132 2a v0 s0 2, 2: 2 14a 2b c ⇒ 1 2a b
100 2a 2v0 s0 4, 0: 0 16a 4b c ⇒ 0 4a b
9
36 2a 3v0 s0 Solution: a 12, b 2, c 0

a 2v0 2s0 264 2Eq. 1 1
The equation of the parabola is y 2x2 2x.
2a 2v0 s0 100 5
9a 6v0 2s0 72 2Eq. 3

a 2v0 2s0 264
−4 8
2v0 3s0 428 2Eq.1 Eq.2
12v0 16s0 2304 9Eq.1 Eq.3 −3

a 2v0 2s0 264
2v0 3s0 428
2s0 264 6Eq.2 Eq.3

a 2v0 2s0 264
v0 1.5s0 214 0.5Eq.2
s0 132 0.5Eq.3
v0 1.5132 214 ⇒ v0 16
a 216 2132 264 ⇒ a 32
Thus, s 1232t 2 16t 132
16t 2 16t 132.
44. y ax2 bx c passing through 0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 3 45. y ax2 bx c passing through 2, 0, 3, 1, 4, 0
0, 3: 3 c 2, 0: 0 4a 2b c
1, 4: 4 a b c ⇒ 1 a b 3, 1: 1 9a 3b c
2, 3: 3 4a 2b c ⇒ 0 2a b 4, 0: 0 16a 4b c
Solution: a 1, b 2, c 3

0 4a 2b c
The equation of the parabola is y x2 2x 3. 1 5a b Eq.1 Eq.2
0 12a 2b Eq.1 Eq.3
5

0 4a 2b c
1 5a b
−5 7
2 2a 2Eq.2 Eq.3
−3 Solution: a 1, b 6, c 8
The equation of the parabola is y x2 6x 8.
10
−6 12
−2
46. y ax2 bx c passing through 1, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3 47. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 passing through
0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 0
1, 3: 3 a b c
0, 0: F 0
2, 2: 2 4a 2b c
2, 2: 8 2D 2E F 0 ⇒ D E 4
3, 3: 3 9a 3b c
4, 0: 16 4D F 0 ⇒ D 4 and E 0

a bc 3
3a b 1 1Eq.1 Eq.2 The equation of the circle is x2 y2 4x 0.
8a 2b 6 1Eq.1 Eq.3 To graph, let y1 4x x2 and y2 4x x2.

a bc 3 3
3a b 1
2a 4 2Eq.2 Eq.3 −3 6
Solution: a 2, b 5, c 0
−3
The equation of the parabola is y 2x2 5x.
4
−4 8
−4
48. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 passing through 0, 0, 0, 6, 3, 3 7
0, 0: F 0
0, 6: 36 6E F 0 ⇒ E 6
−6 6
3, 3: 18 3D 3E F 0 ⇒ D 0 −1
The equation of the circle is x2 y2 6y 0. To graph, complete the square first, then solve for y.
x2 y2 6y 9 9
x2 y 32 9
y 32 9 x2
y 3 ± 9 x2
y 3 ± 9 x2
Let y1 3 9 x2 and y2 3 9 x2.
3, 1: 10 3D E F 0 ⇒ 10 3D E F
2, 4: 20 2D 4E F 0 ⇒ 20 2D 4E F
−12 6
6, 8: 100 6D 8E F 0 ⇒ 100 6D 8E F −2
Solution: D 6, E 8, F 0
The equation of the circle is x2 y2 6x 8y 0. To graph, complete the squares first, then solve for y.
x2 6x 9 y2 8y 16 0 9 16
x 32 y 42 25
y 42 25 x 32
y 4 ± 25 x 32
y 4 ± 25 x 32
Let y1 4 25 x 32 and y2 4 25 x 32 .
0, 0: F 0 −2 4
0, 2: 4 2E F 0 ⇒ E 2
3, 0: 9 3D F 0 ⇒ D 3 −3
The equation of the circle is x2 y2 3x 2y 0. To graph, complete the squares first, then solve for y.
x2
3x y 2y 1 1
9
4
2 9
4
x 32 2 y 12 134
4 x 2
3 2
y 12 13
y 1 ± 134 x 2
3 2
y 1 ± 13 4 x 2
3 2
Let y1 1 13 4 x 2 and y2 1 4 x 2 .

3 2 13 3 2
51. Let x number of touchdowns.

Let y number of extra-point kicks.
Let z number of field goals.

x y z 13
6x y 3z 45
xy 0
x 6z 0

x y z 13
5y 3z 33 6Eq.1 Eq.2
2y z 13 Eq.1 Eq.3
y 7z 13 Eq.1 Eq.4

x y z 13
y 7z 13 Interchange Eq.2 and Eq.4.
2y z 13
5y 3z 33

x y z 13
y 7z 13 Eq.2
2y z 13
5y 3z 33

x y z 13
y 7z 13
13z 13 2Eq.2 Eq.3
32z 32 5Eq.2 Eq.4
z1
y 71 13 ⇒ y 6
x 6 1 13 ⇒ x 6
Thus, 6 touchdowns, 6 extra-point kicks, and 1 field goal were scored.
52. Let x number of 2-point baskets.

Let y number of 3-point baskets.
Let z number of free throws.

2x 3y z 70
x z 2
2y z 1
Add Equation 2 to Equation 3, and then add Equation 1 to Equation 2:

2x 3y z 70
3x 3y 72
x 2y 3
Divide Equation 2 by 3:

2x 3y z 70
x y 24
x 2y 3
Subtract Equation 3 from Equation 2: 3y 21 ⇒ y 7
Back-substitute into Equation 2: x 24 7 17
Back-substitute into Equation 1: z 70 217 37 15
There were 17 two-point baskets, 7 three-pointers, and 15 free-throws.
53. Let x amount at 8%. 54. Let x amount at 8%.

Let y amount at 9%. Let y amount at 9%.
Let z amount at 10%. Let z amount at 10%.

x y z 775,000 x y z 800,000
0.08x 0.09y 0.10z 67,500 0.08x 0.09y 0.10z 67,000
x 4z x 5z
y 5z 775,000 y 6z 800,000
0.09y 0.42z 67,500
0.09y 0.5z 67,000
z 125,000
z 75,000 y 800,000 6125,000 50,000
y 775,000 5z 400,000 x 5125,000 625,000
x 4z 300,000 Solution: x $625,000 at 8%
$300,000 was borrowed at 8%. y $50,000 at 9%
$400,000 was borrowed at 9%. z $125,000 at 10%
$75,000 was borrowed at 10%.
55. Let C amount in certificates of deposit. 56. Let C amount in certificates of deposit.
Let M amount in municipal bonds. Let M amount in municipal bonds.
Let B amount in blue-chip stocks. Let B amount in blue-chip stocks.
Let G amount in growth or speculative stocks. Let G amount in growth or speculative stocks.

C M B G 500,000

C M B G 500,000
0.10C 0.08M 0.12B 0.13G 0.10500,000 0.09C 0.05M 0.12B 0.14G 0.10500,000
B G 14500,000 B G 14 500,000
This system has infinitely many solutions. This system has infinitely many solutions.
Let G s, then B 125,000 s Let G s, then B 125,000 s
1
M 125,000 2s M 12s 31,250
1
C 250,000 2s C 406,250 12s.
One possible solution is to let s 50,000. Solution:
Certificates of deposit: $225,000 406,250 12 s in certificates of deposit,
1
Municipal bonds: $150,000 31,250 2 s in municipal bonds,
Blue-chip stocks: $75,000 125,000 s in blue-chip stocks,
Growth or speculative stocks: $50,000 s in growth stocks
One possible solution is to let s $100,000.
Certificates of deposit: $356,250
Municipal bonds: $18,750
Blue-chip stocks: $25,000
Growth or speculative stocks: $100,000
57. Let x pounds of brand X. 58. Let x liters of spray X.

Let y pounds of brand Y. Let y liters of spray Y.
Let z pounds of brand Z. Let z liters of spray Z.
1 2
5 Chemical A: 15x 12z 12 ⇒ x 20, z 16

Fertilizer A: 3y 9z
1 2 5
Fertilizer B: 2x 3y 9z 13 Chemical B: 2
5x 1
2z 16
1 2
Fertilizer C: 2x 9z 4 Chemical C: 2
5x y 26 ⇒ y 18

1 2 5
2x 3 y 9 z 13 Interchange Eq.1 and Eq.2. 20 liters of spray X, 18 liters of spray Y, and 16 liters of
1
3y 29 z 5 spray Z are needed to get the desired mixture.
1
2x 29 z 4

1
2x 23 y 59 z 13
1
3y 29 z 5
2 1
3y 3z 9 Eq.1 Eq.3

1
2x 23 y 59 z 13
1
3y 29 z 5
1
9z 1 2Eq.2 Eq.3
z9
299 5 ⇒ y 9
1
3y
239 599 13 ⇒ x 4
1
2x
4 pounds of brand X, 9 pounds of brand Y, and 9 pounds

of brand Z are needed to obtain the desired mixture.
59. Let x pounds of Vanilla coffee. 60. Each centerpiece costs $30.
Let y pounds of Hazelnut coffee. Let x number of roses in a centerpiece.
Let z pounds of French Roast coffee. Let y number of lilies.

x y z 10 Let z number of irises.
2x 2.50 y 3z 26

x y z 12
y z 0
2.5x 4 y 2z 30
x 2y 2z 0

x y z 10
0.5 y z 6 2Eq.1 Eq.2

x y z 12
yz 0
3.5x 2 y 30 Eq.3 Eq.2
24 2Eq.1 Eq.3

x y z 10 3x
0.5 y z 6
3x 24 ⇒ x 8
3z 12 2Eq.2 Eq.3
3.5x 2y 30 ⇒ y 1230 3.58
z4
1230 28 122 1
0.5y 4 6 ⇒ y 4
x y z 12 ⇒ z 12 8 1 3
x 4 4 10 ⇒ x 2
The point (8, 1, 3) is the solution of the system of equations.
2 pounds of Vanilla coffee, 4 pounds of Hazelnut coffee,
and 4 pounds of French Roast coffee are needed to obtain Each centerpiece should contain 8 roses, 1 lily, and 3 irises.
the desired mixture.
61. Let x number of television ads. 62. Let x number of rock songs.
Let y number of radio ads. Let y number of dance songs.
Let z number of local newspaper ads. Let z number of pop songs.

x y z 60 x y z 32
1000x 200 y 500z 42,000 x 2z 0
x y z 0 y z 4

x y z 32

x y z 60
800 y 500z 18,000 1000Eq.1 Eq.2 y 3z 32 1Eq.1 Eq.2
2y 2z 60 Eq.1 Eq.3 y z 4

x y z 32

x y z 60
y 3z 32
2 y 2z 60 Interchange
4z 36 Eq.2 Eq.3
800y 500z 18,000 Eq.2 and Eq.3.
4z 36 ⇒ z 9

x y z 60
y 39 32 ⇒ y 5
2 y 2z 60
300z 6000 400Eq.2 Eq.3 x 5 9 32 ⇒ x 18
z 20 Play 18 rock songs, 5 dance songs, and 9 pop songs.
2y 220 60 ⇒ y 10

x 10 20 60 ⇒ x 30
30 television ads, 10 radio ads, and 20 newspaper ads can
be run each month.
63. (a) To use 2 liters of the 50% solution: (c) To use as much of the 50% solution as possible, the
chemist should use no 20% solution.
Let x amount of 10% solution.
Let y amount of 20% solution.
xy8 ⇒ y8x
x y 10 ⇒ y 10 x
x0.10 y0.20 20.50 100.25
x0.10 y0.50 100.25
0.10x 0.208 x 1 2.5
0.10x 0.5010 x 2.5
0.10x 1.6 0.20x 1 2.5
0.10x 5 0.50x 2.5
0.10x 0.1
0.40x 2.5
x 1 liter of 10% solution
x 614 liters of 10% solution
y 7 liters of 20% solution
Given: 2 liters of 50% solution
(b) To use as little of the 50% solution as possible, the
chemist should use no 10% solution.
x y 10 ⇒ y 10 x
x0.20 y0.50 100.25
x0.20 10 x0.50 100.25
x0.20 5 0.50x 2.5
0.30x 2.5
1
x 83 liters of 20% solution
64. Let x amount of 10% solution.

Let z amount of 25% solution.
0.10xx 0.15yy 0.25zz 0.20 1212

2xx 3yy 5zz 1248 20Eq.2
(a) If z 4, (b) 2xx 3yy 5zz 1248
2xx 3yy 204 1248 Minimize z while x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, and z ≥ 0.
2xx 3yy 288 xx y 2zz 1212 3Eq.1 Eq.2

1
x 2z 12 ⇒ z 6 2x ⇒ z is smallest when
x yy 128 Eq.2 2Eq.1
x 0.
x 0 and z 6 ⇒ y 6
y 12 ⇒ x 8 12 4, but x ≥ 0.
The 12-gallon mixture using the least amount of the
There is no solution; 4 gallons of the 25% solution is
25% solution is made using none of the 10% solution
not enough.
and 6 gallons each of the 15% and 25% solution.
(c) 2xx 3yy 5zz 1248
x yy 3zz 1224 2Eq.1 Eq.2
1
y 3z 24 ⇒ z 8 3 y ⇒ z is largest when
y 0.
y 0 and z 8 ⇒ x 12 0 8 4.
The 12-gallon mixture made with the largest portion
of the 25% solution contains 4 gallons of the 10%
solution, none of the 15% solution, and 8 gallons of
the 25% solution.

65. I1 I2 I3 0 Equation 1
3I1 2I2 7 Equation 2
2I2 4I3 8 Equation 3

I1 I2 I3 0
5I2 3I3 7 3Eq.1 Eq.2
2I2 4I3 8

I1 I2 I3 0
10I2 6I3 14 2Eq.2
10I2 20I3 40 5Eq.3

I1 I2 I3 0
10I2 6I3 14
26I3 26 1Eq.2 Eq.3
26I3 26 ⇒ I3 1
10I2 61 14 ⇒ I2 2
I1 2 1 0 ⇒ I1 1
Solution: I1 1, I2 2, I3 1

t1 2t2 0

66. (a) (b) t1 2t2 0 Equation 1
t1 2a 128 ⇒ 2t2 2a 128 t1 2a 128 Equation 2
t2 a 32 ⇒ 2t2 2a 64 t2 2a 64 Equation 3
4a 64

t1 2t2 0
a 16 2t2 2a 128 1Eq.1 Eq.2
t2 48 t2 2a 64
t1 96

t1 2t2 0
So, t1 96 pounds 2t2 2a 128
t2 48 pounds 3a 0 12 Eq.2 Eq.3
a 16 feet per second squared. 3a 0 ⇒ a 0
2t2 20 128 ⇒ t2 64
t1 264 0 ⇒ t1 128
Solution: a 0 ftsec2
t1 128 lb
t2 64 lb
The system is stable.
67. 4, 5, 2, 6, 2, 6, 4, 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 4
n 4,
i1
xi 0,
i1
xi2 40,
i1
xi3 0,
i1
xi4 544,
i1
yi 19,
i1
xi yi 12, x
i1
2
i yi 160

4c 40a 19
40b 12
40c 544a 160

4c 40a 19
40b 12
144a 30 10Eq.1 Eq.3
144a 30 ⇒ a 24
5
40b 12 ⇒ b 10
3
4c 40 24
5
19 ⇒ c 41
6
5 2 3
Least squares regression parabola: y 24 x 10 x 41
6

68. 5c 10a 8
10b 12
10c 34a 22

5c 10a 8
10b 12
14a 6 2Eq.1 Eq.3
3
14a 6 ⇒ a 7
6
10b 12 ⇒ b 5
5c 1037 8 ⇒ c
26
35
Least squares regression parabola: y 37 x2 65 x 26

35
69. 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 6, 4, 12

4 4 4 4 4 4 4
n 4, x 9, x
i1
i
i1
i
2 29,
i1
x i
3 99, x
i1
i
4 353, y 20, x y 70, x
i1
i
i1
i i
i1
2
i yi 254

4c 9b 29a 20
9c 29b 99a 70
29c 99b 353a 254

9c 29b 99a 70 Interchange equations.
4c 9b 29a 20
29c 99b 353a 254

c 11b 41a 30 2Eq.2 Eq.1
35b 135a 100 4Eq.1 Eq.2
220b 836a 616 29Eq.1 Eq.3

c 11b 41a 30
1540b 5940a 4400 44Eq.2
1540b 5852a 4312 7Eq.3

c 11b 41a 30
1540b 5940a 4400
88a 88 Eq.2 Eq.3
88a 88 ⇒ a 1
1540b 59401 4400 ⇒ b 1
c 111 411 30 ⇒ c 0
Least squares regression parabola: y x2 x

70. 4c 6b 14a 25
6c 14b 36a 21
14c 36b 98a 33

4c 6b 14a 25
10b 30a 33 3Eq.1 2Eq.2
60b 196a 218 14Eq.1 4Eq.3

4c 6b 14a 25
10b 30a 33
16a 20 6Eq.2 Eq.3
16a 20 ⇒ a 54
10b 30 54 33 ⇒ b
9
20
4c 620 14 54 25 ⇒ c
9 199
20
Least squares regression parabola: y 54 x2 20

9
x 199
20
71. (a) 100, 75, 120, 68, 140, 55 (c)

x Actual Percent y Model Approximation y
3 3 3
n 3, x 360,
i1
i
i1
xi2 44,000,
i1
xi3 5,472,000 100 75 75
3 3 3
120 68 68

i1
xi4 691,520,000,
i1
yi 198,
i1
xi yi 23,360,
140 55 55
3
The model is a good fit to the actual data.
x
i1
2
i yi 2,807,200
The values are the same.
3c 360b 44,000a 198 (d) For x 170:
360c 44,000b 5,472,000a 23,360
y 0.00751702 1.3170 20
44,000c 5,472,000b 691,520,000a 2,807,200
24.25%
Solving this system yields a 0.0075, b 1.3
and c 20. (e) For y 40:
Least squares regression parabola: 40 0.0075x2 1.3x 20

y 0.0075x2 1.3x 20
0.0075x2 1.3x 20 0
(b) 100
By the Quadratic Formula we have x 17 or x 156.
Choosing the value that fits with our data, we have
156 females.
75 175
0
72. 30, 55, 40, 105, 50, 188

(a) 3c 120b 5000a 348
120c 5000b 216,000a 15,250
5000c 216,000b 9,620,000a 687,500

3c 120b 5000a 348
200b 16,000a 1330 40Eq.1 Eq.2
48,000b 3,860,000a 322,500 5000Eq.1 3Eq.3

3c 120b 5000a 348
200b 16,000a 1330
20,000a 3300 240Eq.2 Eq.3
20,000a 3300 ⇒ a 0.165
200b 16,0000.165 1330 ⇒ b 6.55
3c 1206.55 50000.165 348 ⇒ c 103
Least-squares regression parabola: y 0.165x2 6.55x 103
(b) y
450
Stopping distance
400
350
(in feet)
300
250
200
150
100
50
x
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Speed
(in miles per hour)
(c) When x 70, y 453 feet.

73. Let x number of touchdowns. 74. Let t number of touchdowns.

Let y number of extra-point kicks. Let x number of extra-points.
Let z number of two-point conversions. Let f number of field goals.
Let w number of field goals. Let s number of safeties.

xy z w 16 tx f s 22
6x y 2z 3w 32 29 6t x 3f 2s 74
x 4w 0 ⇒ x 4w tx 0
2z w 0 ⇒ z 12w f 3s 0
1

4w y w 16 ⇒ 5.5w y 16
64w y 2 w 3w 61 ⇒
1
2
2w
28w y 61
2t
7t
f s 22
3f 2s 74
Eq.1 Eq.3
Eq.2 Eq.3
28w y 61 tx 0
f 3s 0
5.5w y 16

2t 4s 22 Eq.1 Eq.4
22.5w 45
7t 3f 2s 74
w2 tx 0
y5 f 3s 0

x 4w 8 2t 4s 22 Eq.2 3Eq.4
7t 11s 74
z 12w 1 tx 0
f 3s 0
Thus, 8 touchdowns, 5 extra-point kicks, 1 two-point
12 Eq.1

conversion, and 2 field goals were scored. t 2s 11
7t 11s 74
tx 0
f 3s 0

t 2s 11
3s 3 7Eq.1 Eq.2
tx 0
f 3s 0
3s 3 ⇒ s 1
t 21 11 ⇒ t 9
9x0 ⇒ x9
f 31 0 ⇒ f 3
There were 9 touchdowns, each with an extra point; and
there were 3 field goals and 1 safety.

75.
x
y0

0 ⇒ x y
76.

2x 0
2y 0xy
2
x y 10 0 ⇒ 2x 10 0 x y 4 0 ⇒ 2x 4 0
x 5
2x 4
y 5
5 x2
y2
4
2x 2x 0 ⇒ 2x1 0 ⇒ 1 or x 0

77.
2y 0
y x2 0
If 1:
1
2y ⇒ y
2
x2 y ⇒ x ± 12 ± 22
If x 0:
x2 y ⇒ y 0
2y ⇒ 0
2
Solution: x ± or x 0
2
1
y y0
2
1 0

78. 2 2y 2 0
2x 1 0 ⇒ 2x 1
2x y 100 0
2 2y 22x 1 0 ⇒ 4x 2y 0 ⇒ 4x 2y 0
2x y 100 0 ⇒ 2x y 100 ⇒ 4x 2y 200
4y 200
y 50
x 25
225 1 51
79. False. Equation 2 does not have a leading coefficient of 1. 80. True. If a system of three linear equations is inconsistent,
then it has no points in common to all three equations.
81. No, they are not equivalent. There are two arithmetic 82. When using Gaussian elimination to solve a system of
errors. The constant in the second equation should be linear equations, a system has no solution when there
11 and the coefficient of z in the third equation is a row representing a contradictory equation such as
should be 2. 0 N, where N is a nonzero real number.
For instance: xy3 Equation 1
x y 3 Equation 2
xy0
06 Eq.1 Eq.2
No solution
83. There are an infinite number of linear systems that 84. There are an infinite number of linear systems that have
have 4, 1, 2 as their solution. Two such systems 5, 2, 1 as their solution. Two systems are:
are as follows:

x y z 6 2x y z 9

3x y z 9 x y z5 2x y 3z 15 x 2y 2z 3
x 2y z 0 x 2z 0 x 4y z 14 3x y 2z 11
x y 3z 1 2y z 0
85. There are an infinite number of linear systems that have 86. There are an infinite number of linear systems that have
3, 12, 74 as their solution. Two such systems are 32, 4, 7 as their solution. Two systems are:
as follows:

2x y 3z 28 4x y 2z 12

x 2y 4z 5 x 2y 4z 9 6x 4y z 18 4y 2z 2
x 4y 8z 13 y 2z 3 4x 2y 3z 19 2x y z 0
x 6y 4z 7 x 4z 4
x
87. 0.07585 6.375 88. 225 150 89. 0.005n 400 90. 0.48n 132
100
n 80,000 n 275
225 1.5x
150% x
91. 7 i 4 2i 7 4 i 2i 11 i 92. 6 3i 1 6i 6 1 3 6i
7 3i
93. 4 i5 2i 20 8i 5i 2i2 20 3i 2 94. 1 2i3 4i 3 4i 6i 8i2

22 3i 3 2i 81 11 2i
i1 i 61 i 4i 8 3i

95.
i

6
1i 1i

1 i1 i
96.
i

2i

i
4 i 8 3i 4 i 4 i

2i

8 3i 8 3i

i i2 6 6i 1 4i 6 16i

1 i2 17 73
7 7i 731 4i 176 16i

2 1773
7 7 73 292i 102 272i
i
2 2 1241
175 20
i
1241 1241
97. f x x 3 x2 12x 98. f x 8x 4 32x2

(a) x 3 x2 12x 0 (b) y
(a) 8x 4 32x2 0 (b) y
25
xx2 x 12 0 20 8x2x2 4 0 36
15 30
xx 4x 3 0 Zeros: x 0, ± 2 24
Zeros: x 4, 0, 3 x
18
−5 −3 −2 −1 1 2 4
−10
−15 x
−3 −1 1 3
−20 −6
99. f x 2x 3 5x2 21x 36 (b) y
30
(a) 2x 3 5x2 21x 36 0 20
10
3 2 5 21 36 x
−5 −3 −2 1 2 4
6 33 36
2 11 12 0 − 30
− 40
f x x 32x2 11x 12 − 50
− 60
x 3x 42x 3
Zeros: x 4, 32, 3
100. f x 6x3 29x2 6x 5 101. y 4x4 5

(a) 6x3 29x2 6x 5 0
x 2 0 2 4 5
5 6 29 6 5
y 4.9998 4.996 4.938 4 1
30 5 5
6 1 1 0
f x x 56x2 x 1
y
x 53x 12x 1 12
1 1
Zeros: x 5, 3, 2 10
8
6
(b) y
4
20 2
x
x −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 6
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
−4
−6
102. y 2
x1
5
4 103. y 1.90.8x 3
x 2 1 0 1 2
y
x y y 5.793 4.671 4 3.598 3.358
12
2 11.625 10
8 Horizontal asymptote: y 3
1 2.25 6
4 y
0 1.5 2
7
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 6
1 3 5
4
−6
2 3.6 2
2
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
104. y 3.5x2 6
2xx 2yy 120
105. Equation 1
Horizontal asymptote: y 6 120 Equation 2
y
2x y 120
x y 2x 4y 240 2Eq.2
12 28.918 3y 120
y 40
0 18.25 18
1 12 x 240 120 ⇒ x 40
2 12.548
Solution: 40, 40
1 9.5 x
−1 1 2 3 4
−6
2 7
Section 7.4 Partial Fractions 661
10x6x 12y5y 35
106. Equation 1 107. Answers will vary.
Equation 2
50x
72x 60y 36
60y 25
12Eq.1
5Eq.2
22x 11
1
x 2
612 5y 3 ⇒ y 0
Solution: 12, 0
Section 7.4 Partial Fractions
Nx
■ You should know how to decompose a rational function into partial fractions.
Dx
(a) If the fraction is improper, divide to obtain
Nx N x
px 1
Dx Dx
(a) where px is a polynomial.
(b) Factor the denominator completely into linear and irreducible quadratic factors.
(c) For each factor of the form px qm, the partial fraction decomposition includes the terms
A1 A2 Am
. . . .
px q px q2 px qm
(d) For each factor of the form ax2 bx cn, the partial fraction decomposition includes the terms
B1x C1 B2x C2 Bnx Cn
. . . .
ax2 bx c ax2 bx c2 ax2 bx cn
■ You should know how to determine the values of the constants in the numerators.
N1x
(a) Set partial fraction decomposition.
Dx
(b) Multiply both sides by Dx to obtain the basic equation.
(c) For distinct linear factors, substitute the zeros of the distinct linear factors into the basic equation.
(d) For repeated linear factors, use the coefficients found in part (c) to rewrite the basic equation. Then use
other values of x to solve for the remaining coefficients.
(e) For quadratic factors, expand the basic equation, collect like terms, and then equate the coefficients of like terms.
Vocabulary Check
1. partial fraction decomposition 2. improper
3. m; n; irreducible 4. basic equation
3x 1 A B 3x 1 A B C 3x 1 A Bx C
1. 2. 2 3. 2
xx 4 x x4 x2x 4 x x x4 xx2 4 x x 4
Matches (b). Matches (c). Matches (d).
3x 1 3x 1 A B C 7 7 A B
4. 5.
xx2 4 xx 2x 2 x x2 x2 x2 14x xx 14 x x 14
Matches (a).
x2 x2 A B 12 12 A B C
6. 7. 2 2
x2 4x 3 x 3x 1 x 3 x 1 x 10x
3 2
x x 10 x x x 10
x2 3x 2 x2 3x 2 A B C 4x2 3 A B C
8. 2 2 9.
4x 11x
3 2 x 4x 11 x x 4x 11 x 53 x 5 x 52 x 53
6x 5 6x 5 2x 3 2x 3 A Bx C
10. 11. 2
x 24 x 2x 2x 2x 2 x3 10x xx2 10 x x 10
A B C D

x 2 x 22 x 23 x 24
x6 x6 A Bx C x1 A Bx C Dx E

12. 2 13. 2 2
2x3 8x 2xx2 4 2x x 4 xx2 12 x x 1 x 12
x4 A B C D 1 A B
14. 2 15.
x23x 12 x x 3x 1 3x 12 x2 1 x 1 x 1
1 Ax 1 Bx 1
1
Let x 1: 1 2A ⇒ A
2
1
Let x 1: 1 2B ⇒ B
2

1 12 12 1 1 1

x2 1 x 1 x 1 2 x 1 x 1
1 A B 1 A B
16. 17.
4x2 9 2x 3 2x 3 x2 x x x1
1 A2x 3 B2x 3 1 Ax 1 Bx
3 1 Let x 0: 1 A
Let x : 1 6A ⇒ A
2 6 Let x 1: 1 B ⇒ B 1
3 1
Let x : 1 6B ⇒ B 1 1

1
2 6 x x
2
x x1

1 1 1 1

4x2 9 6 2x 3 2x 3
3 A B 1 A B
18. 19.
x2 3x x 3 x 2x2 x 2x 1 x
3 Ax Bx 3 1 Ax B2x 1
Let x 3: 3 3A ⇒ A 1 1 1
Let x : 1 A ⇒ A 2
Let x 0: 3 3B ⇒ B 1 2 2
3 1 1 Let x 0: 1 B

x2 3x x 3 x 1 1 2

2x2 x x 2x 1
5 A B 3 A B
20. 21.
x2 x 6 x 3 x 2 x2 x 2 x 1 x 2
5 Ax 2 Bx 3 3 Ax 2 Bx 1
Let x 3: 5 5A ⇒ A 1 Let x 1: 3 3A ⇒ A 1
Let x 2: 5 5B ⇒ B 1 Let x 2: 3 3B ⇒ B 1
3 1 1
5 1 1
x2 x 2 x 1 x 2
x2 x6 x2 x3
x1 x1 1
22. , x 1
x2 4x 3 x 3x 1 x 3
x2 12x 12 A B C
23.
x3 4x x x2 x2
x2 12x 12 Ax 2x 2 Bxx 2 Cxx 2
Let x 0: 12 4A ⇒ A 3
Let x 2: 8 8B ⇒ B 1
Let x 2: 40 8C ⇒ C 5
x2 12x 12 3 1 5

x3 4x x x2 x2
x2 A B 4x2 2x 1 A B C
24. 25. 2
xx 4 x x4 x2x 1 x x x1
x 2 Ax 4 Bx 4x2 2x 1 Axx 1 Bx 1 Cx2
1 Let x 0: 1 B
Let x 0: 2 4A ⇒ A
2 Let x 1: 1 C
3
Let x 4: 6 4B ⇒ B Let x 1: 5 2A 2B C
2
5 2A 2 1
x2

1 3 1
6 2A
xx 4 2 x 4 x
3A
4x2 2x 1 3 1 1
2
x2x 1 x x x1
2x 3 A B 3x A B
26. 27.
x 12 x 1 x 12 x 32 x 3 x 32
2x 3 Ax 1 B 3x Ax 3 B
Let x 1: 1 B Let x 3: 9 B
Let x 0: 3 A B Let x 0: 0 3A B
3 A 1 0 3A 9
2A 3A
2x 3 2 1 3x 3 9

x 12 x 1 x 12 x 32 x 3 x 32
6x2 1 A B C D x2 1 A Bx C
28. 2 29. 2
x x 12
2
x x x 1 x 12 xx2 1 x x 1
6x2 1 Axx 12 Bx 12 Cx2x 1 Dx2 x2 1 Ax2 1 Bx Cx
Let x 0 : 1 B Ax2 A Bx2 Cx
Let x 1 : 7 D A Bx2 Cx A
Substitute B and D into the equation, expand the binomials, Equating coefficients of like terms gives
collect like terms, and equate the coefficients of like terms.
1 A B, 0 C, and 1 A.
2x2 2x A Cx 3 2A Cx2 Ax
Therefore, A 1, B 2, and C 0.
A2
x2 1 1 2x
2
2A C 2 ⇒ C 2 or xx2 1 x x 1
A C 0 ⇒ C 2
6x2 1 2 1 2 7
2
x2x 12 x x x 1 x 12
x A Bx C
30.
x 1x2 x 1 x 1 x2 x 1
x Ax2 x 1 Bx Cx 1
Ax2 Ax A Bx2 Bx Cx C
A Bx2 A B Cx A C
Equating coefficients of like powers gives 0 A B, 1 A B C, and 0 A C. Substituting A for
1 1 1
B and A for C in the second equation gives 1 3A, so A 3, B 3, and C 3.
x1
x

1 1

x 1x2 x 1 3 x 1 x2 x 1
x x A Bx C
31. 2
x3 x2 2x 2 x 1x2 2 x 1 x 2
x Ax2 2 Bx Cx 1
Ax2 2A Bx2 Bx Cx C
A Bx2 C Bx 2A C
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 0 A B, 1 C B, and 0 2A C. Therefore, A 1, B 1, and C 2.
x 1 x2

x3 x2 2x 2 x 1 x2 2
x6 x6 A B C
32.
x3 3x2 4x 12 x 2x 2x 3 x 2 x 2 x 3
x 6 Ax 2x 3 Bx 2x 3 Cx 2x 2
9
Let x 3 : 9 5C ⇒ 5 C
1
Let x 2 : 4 20A ⇒ 5 A
Let x 2 : 8 4B ⇒ 2 B
1 9
x6 2
x3 3x2 4x 12
5 5
1 1

10

x2 x2 x3 5 x2 x2 x3
9

x2 x2 x2
33.
x4 2x2 8 x2 4x2 2 x 2x 2x2 2
A B Cx D
2
x2 x2 x 2
x2 Ax 2x2 2 Bx 2x2 2 Cx Dx 2x 2
Ax3 2x2 2x 4 Bx3 2x2 2x 4 Cx Dx2 4
Ax3 2Ax2 2Ax 4A Bx3 2Bx2 2Bx 4B Cx3 Dx2 4Cx 4D
A B Cx3 2A 2B Dx2 2A 2B 4Cx 4A 4B 4D
Equating coefficients of like terms gives
0 A B C, 1 2A 2B D, 0 2A 2B 4C, and 0 4A 4B 4D.
Using the first and third equation, we have A B C 0 and A B 2C 0;
by subtraction, C 0. Using the second and fourth equation, we have 2A 2B D 1
1 1
and 2A 2B 2D 0; by subtraction, 3D 1, so D 3. Substituting 0 for C and 3 for
D in the first and second equations, we have
A B 0 and 2A 2B 23, so A 16 and B 16.
16 1 1
x2
6 2 3
x4 2x 8 x 2 x 2 x 2
2
1 1 1

3x2 2 6x 2 6x 2

1
2

1

1
6 x2 2 x 2 x 2
2x2 x 8 Ax B Cx D
34. 2 2
x2 42 x 4 x 42
2x2 x 8 Ax Bx2 4 Cx D
2x2 x 8 Ax3 Bx2 4A Cx 4B D
Equating coefficients of like powers:
0A
2B
1 4A C ⇒ C 1
8 4B D ⇒ D 0
2x2 x 8 2 x
2
x2 42 x 4 x2 42
x x x
35.
16x4 1 4x2 14x2 1 2x 12x 14x2 1
A B Cx D
2
2x 1 2x 1 4x 1
x A2x 14x2 1 B2x 14x2 1 Cx D2x 12x 1
A8x3 4x2 2x 1 B8x3 4x2 2x 1 Cx D4x2 1
8Ax3 4Ax2 2Ax A 8Bx3 4Bx2 2Bx B 4Cx3 4Dx2 Cx D
8A 8B 4Cx3 4A 4B 4Dx2 2A 2B Cx A B D
—CONTINUED—
35. —CONTINUED—
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 0 8A 8B 4C, 0 4A 4B 4D, 1 2A 2B C,
and 0 A B D.
Using the first and third equations, we have 2A 2B C 0 and 2A 2B C 1;
1
by subtraction, 2C 1, so C 2.
Using the second and fourth equations, we have A B D 0 and A B D 0;
by subtraction 2D 0, so D 0.
1
Substituting 2 for C and 0 for D in the first and second equations, we have 8A 8B 2
and 4A 4B 0, so A 18 and B 18.
x

1
8

1
8

12 x
16x4 1 2x 1 2x 1 4x2 1
1 1 x

82x 1 82x 1 24x2 1

1
1

1

4x
8 2x 1 2x 1 4x2 1
x1 A Bx C
36. 2
x3 x x x 1
A Bx2 Cx A
Equating coefficients of like powers gives 0 A B, 1 C, and 1 A.
x1 1 x1
2
x x
3 x x 1
x2 5 A Bx C
37.
x 1x2 2x 3 x 1 x2 2x 3
x2 5 Ax2 2x 3 Bx Cx 1
Ax2 2Ax 3A Bx2 Bx Cx C
A Bx2 2A B Cx 3A C
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 1 A B, 0 2A B C, and 5 3A C.
Subtracting both sides of the second equation from the first gives 1 3A C;
combining this with the third equation gives A 1 and C 2. Since A B 1,
we also have B 0.
x2 5 1 2

x 1x2 2x 3 x 1 x2 2x 3
x2 4x 7 A Bx C
38.
x 1x2 2x 3 x 1 x2 2x 3
x2 4x 7 Ax2 2x 3 Bx Cx 1
Ax2 2Ax 3A Bx2 Bx Cx C
A Bx2 2A B Cx 3A C
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 1 A B, 4 2A B C, and 7 3A C.
Adding the second and third equations, and subtracting the first, gives 2 2C, so C 1. Therefore,
A 2, B 1, and C 1.
x2 4x 7 2 x1

x 1x2 2x 3 x 1 x2 2x 3
x2 x 2x 1 2x 1 x2 4x
39. 1 2 1 2 40.
x x1
2
x x1 x x1 x2 x 6
x2 4x 5x 6
Using long division gives 1 2 .
x2x6 x x6
2x3 x2 x 5 18x 19
41. 2x 7
x2 3x 2 x 1x 2
18x 19 A B

x 1x 2 x 1 x 2
18x 19 Ax 2 Bx 1
Let x 1: 1 A
Let x 2: 17 B ⇒ B 17
2x3 x2 x 5 1 17
2x 7
x2 3x 2 x1 x2
x3 2x2 x 1
42.
x2 3x 4
Using long division gives:
x3 2x2 x 1 6x 3
x1 2
x2 3x 4 x 3x 4
x3 2x2 x 1 6x 3 6x 3
x2 3x 4
x1 2
x 3x 4 x 4x 1

A

B
x4 x1
6x 3
x 4x 1

A

B
x4 x1
6x 3 Ax 1 Bx 4
6x 3 A Bx 4B A
AB6⇒ A6B
4B A 3 ⇒ 4B 6 B 3
5B 6 3
5B 3
3
B
5
3 30 3 27
A6
5 5 5
27 3
x3 2x2 x 1
x2 3x 4
x1
5

5
x4 x1 x 1 51 x 27 4 x 3 1
x4 x4 6x2 8x 3
43. 3 x3
x 13 x 3x 3x 1
2 x 13
6x2 8x 3 A B C

x 13 x 1 x 12 x 13
6x2 8x 3 Ax 12 Bx 1 C
Let x 1: 1 C
Let x 0: 3 A B 1 AB2
Let x 2: 11 A B 1 A B 10
So, A 6 and B 4.
x4 6 4 1
x3
x 13 x 1 x 12 x 13
16x4 16x4 24x2 16x 3

3 2x 3
44.
2x 1 8x 12x 6x 1
3 2
2x 13
24x2 16x 3 A B C

2x 12 2x 1 2x 12 2x 13
24x2 16x 3 A2x 12 B2x 1 C
1
Let x :1C
2
24x2 16x 3 4Ax2 4Ax A 2Bx B 1
24x2 16x 3 4Ax2 4A 2Bx A B 1
6 A, 3 A B 1
36B1
4B
16x4 6 4 1
2x 3
2x 13 2x 1 2x 12 2x 13
5x A B
45. 2
2x x 1 2x 1 x 1
2
−6 6
x 5 Ax 1 B2x 1
1 9 3
Let x : A ⇒ A 3
2 2 2 −6
Let x 1: 6 3B ⇒ B 2

5x 3 2

2x2 x 1 2x 1 x 1
3x2 7x 2 A B C
46. 4
x3 x x x1 x1
3x2 7x 2 Ax2 1 Bxx 1 Cxx 1 −6 6
Let x 0: 2 A ⇒ A 2
Let x 1: 8 2B ⇒ B 4 −4
Let x 1: 6 2C ⇒ C 3
3x2 7x 2 2 4 3

x3 x x x1 x1
x1 A B C 4x2 1 A B C
47. 2 48.
x3 x2 x x x1 2xx 12 2x x 1 x 12
x 1 Axx 1 Bx 1 Cx2 4x2 1 Ax 12 2Bxx 1 2Cx
Let x 1: 2 C Let x 0: 1 A
Let x 0: 1 B 3
Let x 1: 3 2C ⇒ C
2
Let x 1: 0 2A 2B C
Let x 1: 3 4A 4B 2C
0 2A 2 2
3 4 4B 3
2A
5
x1 2 1 2 B
2 2
x3 x2 x x x1
4x2 1

1 1 5 3
20
2xx 12 2 x x 1 x 12
4
−4 2
−6 6
−20
−4
x2 x 2 Ax B Cx D 2
49. 2 2
x2 22 x 2 x 22
x2 x 2 Ax Bx2 2 Cx D −3 3
x2 x 2 Ax3 Bx2 2A Cx 2B D

−2
0A
1B
1 2A C ⇒ C 1
2 2B D ⇒ D 0
x x2
2 1 x
2
x2 22 x 2 x2 22
x3 A B C D
50.
x 2 x 2
2 2 x 2 x 22 x 2 x 22
x3 Ax 2x 22 Bx 22 Cx 22x 2 Dx 22
1
Let x 2: 8 16B ⇒ B
2
1
Let x 2: 8 16D ⇒ D
2
1 1
x3 Ax 2x 22 x 2 2 Cx 22x 2 x 22
2 2
x3 4x A Cx3 2A 2C x2 4A 4C x 8A 8C
—CONTINUED—
50. —CONTINUED—
0 2A 2C ⇒ A C
1AC 4
1 1
1 2A ⇒ A ⇒ C
2 2 −6 6

x3 1 1 1 1 1

x 22x 22 2 x 2 x 22 x 2 x 22 −4
2x3 4x2 15x 5 x5 x3 x 3 2x 1

51. 2x 52. x1
x 2x 8
2
x 2x 4 x2 x 2 x 2x 1
x5 A B 2x 1 A B

x 2x 4 x 2 x 4 x 2x 1 x 2 x 1
x 5 Ax 4 Bx 2 2x 1 Ax 1 Bx 2
1 Let x 2: 3 3A ⇒ A 1
Let x 2: 3 6A ⇒ A
2 Let x 1: 3 3B ⇒ B 1
3
Let x 4: 9 6B ⇒ B x3 x 3 1 1
2 x1
x2 x 2 x2 x1
2x3 4x2 15x 5

1 3 1
2x 5
x2 2x 8 2 x4 x2
20 −9 9
−6 6
−7
−20
x 12 A B
53. (a)
xx 4 x x4
x 12 A(x 4 Bx
Let x 0: 12 4A ⇒ A 3
Let x 4: 8 4B ⇒ B 2
x 12 3 2

xx 4 x x4
x 12 3 2
(b) y y y
xx 4 x x4
y y y
8 8 8
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2
x x x
−6 −4 2 8 10 –6 2 4 6 8 10 –6 –4 –2 2 8 10
–4
–6
−8 –8 –8
Vertical asymptotes: x 0 Vertical asymptote: x 0 Vertical asymptote: x 4

and x 4
(c) The combination of the vertical asymptotes of the terms of the decomposition are
the same as the vertical asymptotes of the rational function.
2x 12 A Bx C 2x 12 2 4

54. (a) y 2 (b) y and y 2
xx2 1 x x 1 xx2 1 x x 1
2x 12 Ax2 1 Bx2 Cx y y
4
2x2 4x 2 A Bx2 Cx A
4
y= 4
3
x2 + 1
2 2
Equating coefficients of like powers gives
1
2 A B, 4 C, and 2 A.
1
x x
–4 – 3 – 2 – 1 1 2 3 4 −1 1 2 3 4
y= 2
2x 12 2 4 x
2
xx 1 x 1
2 –4
x
2
Vertical asymptote at x 0 y has vertical asymptote x 0.
x
2
(c) The vertical asymptote of y is the same as the
x
vertical asymptote of the rational function.
24x 3 A B
55. (a)
x2 9 x3 x3
24x 3 A(x 3 Bx 3
Let x 3: 18 6A ⇒ A 3
Let x 3: 30 6B ⇒ B 5
24x 3 3 5

x2 9 x3 x3
24x 3 3 5
(b) y y y
x2 9 x3 x3
y y y
8 8 8
6 6 6
4 4
2
x x x
−4 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 2 4 6 8 –4 2 4 6 8
−4 –4 –4
−6 –6 –6
−8 –8 –8
Vertical asymptotes: x ± 3 Vertical asymptote: x 3 Vertical asymptote: x 3

(c) The combination of the vertical asymptotes of the terms of the decomposition are
the same as the vertical asymptotes of the rational function.
24x2 15x 39 A B Cx D

56. (a) y 2 2
x2x2 10x 26 x x x 10x 26
24x2 15x 39 Axx2 10x 26 Bx2 10x 26 Cx3 Dx2
8x2 30x 78 Ax 3 10Ax2 26Ax Bx2 10Bx 26B Cx 3 Dx2
A Cx 3 10A B Dx2 26A 10Bx 26B
Equating coefficients of like powers gives 0 A C, 8 10A B D, 30 26A 10B,
and 78 26B. Since 78 26B, B 3. Therefore, A 0, B 3, C 0, and D 5.
24x2 15x 39 3 5
2 2
x2x2 10x 26 x x 10x 26
—CONTINUED—
56. —CONTINUED—
24x2 15x 39 3 5
(b) and 2
x2x2 10x 26 x2 x 10x 26
y y
12 12
10 10
y = 32
x
y= 5
x 2 − 10x + 26
x x
−4 − 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 −4 − 2 2 4 6 8 10 12
−4 −4
Vertical asymptote is x 0. y
3
has vertical asymptote x 0.
x2
3
(c) The vertical asymptote of y is the same as the vertical asymptote of the rational function.
x2
20004 3x A B
57. (a) , 0 < x ≤ 1
11 7x7 4x 11 7x 7 4x
20004 3x A7 4x B11 7x
11 10,000 5
Let x : A ⇒ A 2000
7 7 7
7 5
Let x : 2500 B ⇒ B 2000
4 4
20004 3x 2000 2000 2000 2000
,0 < x ≤ 1
11 7x7 4x 11 7x 7 4x 7 4x 11 7x
(b) Ymax

2000
7 4x
(c) 1000 (d) Ymax0.5 400F

Ymin0.5
266.7F
2000 Ymax
Ymin
11 7x Ymin
0 1
−100
58. One way to find the constants is to choose values of the variable that eliminate one or more of the constants in
the basic equation so that you can solve for another constant. If necessary, you can then use these constants
with other chosen values of the variable to solve for any remaining constants. Another way is to expand the basic
equation and collect like terms. Then you can equate coefficients of the like terms on each side of the equation
to obtain simple equations involving the constants. If necessary, you can solve these equations using substitution.
59. False. The partial fraction decomposition is 60. False. The expression is an improper rational expression,
so you must first divide before applying partial fraction
A B C
. decomposition.
x 10 x 10 x 102
1 A B 1 A B
61. , a is a constant. 62. , a is a constant.
a x
2 2
ax ax xx a x xa
1 Aa x Ba x 1 Ax a Bx
1 1
Let x a: 1 2aA ⇒ A Let x 0: 1 aA ⇒ A
2a a
1 1
Let x a: 1 2aB ⇒ B Let x a: 1 aB ⇒ B
2a a

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1
a2 x2 2a a x a x
xx a a x xa
1 A B 1 A B
63. 64. , a is a positive integer.
ya y y ay x 1a x x 1 a x
1 Aa y By 1 Aa x Bx 1
1 1
Let y 0: 1 aA ⇒ A Let x 1: 1 Aa 1 ⇒ A
a a1
1
Let y a: 1 aB ⇒ B 1
a Let x a: 1 Ba 1 ⇒ B
a1

1 1 1 1

ya y a y ay 1 1 1 1

x 1a x a 1 x 1 a x
65. f x x2 9x 18 x 6x 3 66. f x 2x2 9x 5 2x 1x 5

2x 94 121
y 2
Intercepts: 8 y
0, 18, 3, 0, 6, 0 8
Vertex: 9
4, 121
8 x
Graph rises to the left and 6
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12
rises to the right. 4 x-intercepts:
−4
2 12, 0, 5, 0 −6
x −8
−2 2 4 8 10 − 10
−2 − 12
−4 − 14
− 16
67. f x x2x 3 y 68. f x 12x3 1 y
Intercepts: 0, 0, 3, 0 5

Intercepts: 0, 1,
3 2, 0
2
4 1
Graph rises to the left and 3
x
falls to the right. −3 −2 −1 2 3
x −2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 4 5
−1
−3
−2
−3 −4
x2 x 6 3x 1 3x 1
69. f x 70. f x
x5 x2 4x 12 x 6x 2
x-intercepts: 3, 0, 2, 0 x-intercept: 13, 0
y-intercept: 0, 5
6
Vertical asymptotes: x 6 and x 2
Vertical asymptote: x 5 Horizontal asymptote: y 0
Slant asymptote: y x 4 y
No horizontal asymptote. 8
y 6
4
2
5 x
− 4 −2 4 6
x
− 20 − 15 − 10 5 10 15 20 −4
−6
−8
− 10
Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities
■ You should be able to sketch the graph of an inequality in two variables.

(a) Replace the inequality with an equal sign and graph the equation. Use a dashed line for < or >,
a solid line for ≤ or ≥.
(b) Test a point in each region formed by the graph. If the point satisfies the inequality, shade the
whole region.
■ You should be able to sketch systems of inequalities.
Vocabulary Check
1. solution 2. graph
3. linear 4. solution
5. consumer surplus
1. y < 2 x 2 2. y2 x < 0 3. x ≥ 2
Using a dashed line, graph Using a dashed line, graph the Using a solid line, graph the
y 2 x 2 and shade inside the parabola y2 x 0, and shade vertical line x 2 and shade
parabola. the region inside this parabola. to the right of this line.
(Use 1, 0 as a test point.)
y y
y
3 3
3
2
2
1 1
1 x
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x −1 1 3 4 5
−1 −1 1 2 3 4 5 −1
−1
−2 −2
−2
−3 −3
−3
4. x ≤ 4 5. y ≥ 1 6. y ≤ 3
Using a solid line, graph the Using a solid line, graph the Using a solid line, graph the
vertical line x 4, and shade horizontal line y 1 and horizontal line y 3, and
to the left of this line. shade above this line. shade below this line.
y y y
3 4 4
2 3
1 2 2
x 1 1
−1 1 2 3 5
−1 x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2 −1
−3 −2 −2
Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities 675
7. y < 2 x 8. y > 2x 4 9. 2y x ≥ 4
Using a dashed line, graph Using a dashed line, graph Using a solid line, graph
y 2 x, and then shade below y 2x 4, and shade above 2y x 4, and then shade above
the line. Use 0, 0 as a test point. the line. (Use 0, 0 as a test point.) the line. Use 0, 0 as a test point.
y
y y
4
4 2
1 3
3
x
2 − 3 − 2 −1 1 3 4 5
1
1 −2
x
x −3 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4
−2
−2
10. 5x 3y ≥ 15 11. x 12 y 22 < 9 12. x 12 y 42 > 9
Using a solid line, graph Using a dashed line, sketch the Using a dashed line, graph the
5x 3y 15, and shade above circle x 12 y 22 9. circle x 12 y 42 9
the line. (Use 0, 0 as a test point.) Center: 1, 2 and shade the exterior. The circle
y Radius: 3 has center 1, 4 and radius 3, so
the origin could serve as a test
2
Test point: 0, 0 point.
x Shade the inside of the circle.
y
−6 −4 2 4
y
8
7
6
6
5
−6 (1, 4)
4 4
−8 3 3
2 2
1 (0, 0)
x
x −3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−5 −4 2 3
−2
−2
1 15
13. y ≤ 14. y >
1 x2 x2 x 4
1
Using a solid line, graph y , and then shade 15
1 x2 Using a dashed line, graph y and then
x2 x 4
below the curve. Use 0, 0 as a test point. shade above the curve. (Use 0, 0 as a test point.)
y
y
3 3
2 2
1
x
x −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2
−2 −3
−3
−5
15. y < ln x 16. y ≥ 6 lnx 5 17. y < 3x4

2 10 4
0 6
−8 1
−9 9
−2 −2 −2
18. y ≤ 22x0.5 7 19. y ≥ 23 x 1 20. y ≤ 6 32x

4 9
4
−8 4
−6 6
−6 9
−12 −1
−4
21. y < 3.8x 1.1 22. y ≥ 20.74 2.66x 23. x2 5y 10 ≤ 0

2 2 x2
− 18 18 y ≤ 2
5
−3 3
3
−9 9
−2 − 22
−9
5
24. 2x2 y 3 > 0 25. 2y 3x2 6 ≥ 0 1 3 1
26. 10 x2 8 y < 4
y < 2x2 3 y ≥ 253x2 6 y > 2
3
4 2
15 x
4 6 2
−8 8
−6 6
−5 4
−4 0 −10
27. The line through 4, 0 and 0, 2 is y 2 x 2. For the

1
28. The parabola through 2, 0, 0, 4, 2, 0 is
1
shaded region below the line, we have y ≤ 2x 2. y x2 4. For the shaded region inside the parabola,
we have y ≥ x2 4.
29. The line through 0, 2 and 3, 0 is y 23x 2. For the 30. The circle shown is x2 y2 9. For the shaded region
shaded region above the line, we have inside the circle, we have x2 y2 ≤ 9.
y ≥ 23x 2.

31. x ≥ 4
y > 3
y ≤ 8x 3
(a) 0 ≤ 80 3, False (b) 3 > 3, False
0, 0 is not a solution. 1, 3 is not a solution.

(c) 4 ≥ 4, True (d) 3 ≥ 4, True
0 > 3, True 11 > 3, True
0 ≤ 84 3, True 11 < 83 3, True
4, 0 is a solution. 3, 11 is a solution.


2x 5y ≥ 3

32. 33. 3x y > 1
y < 4 y 12x2 ≤ 4
4x 2y < 7 15x 4y > 0
(a) 20 52 ≥ 3, True (a) 30 10 > 1, True
2 0
1
2 < 4, True 10 2 ≤ 4, True
40 22 < 7, True 150 410 > 0, True
0, 2 is a solution 0, 10 is a solution.
(b) 26 54 ≥ 3, True (b) 30 1 > 1, False ⇒ 0, 1 is not a solution.
4 < 4, False (c) 32 9 > 1, True
1 2 ≤ 4, True
(c) 28 52 ≥ 3, True 152 49 > 0, True
2 < 4, True 2, 9 is a solution.
48 22 < 7, False (d) 31 6 > 1, True
1 2
≤ 4, True
(d) 23 52 ≥ 3, True 151 46 > 0, True
2 < 4, True 1, 6 is a solution.
43 22 < 7, False

34. x 2 y 2 ≥ 36
3x y ≤ 10
2
3x y ≥ 5
(a) 12 72 ≥ 36, True (b) 52 12 ≥ 36, False

31 7 ≤ 10, True 5, 1 is not a solution.
3 1
2
7 ≥ 5, False (d) 42 82 ≥ 36, True
1, 7 is not a solution. 34 8 ≤ 10, True
3 4 8 ≥ 5, True

2
(c) 62 02 ≥ 36, True
36 0 ≤ 0, True 4, 8 is a solution.
3 6
2
0 ≥ 5, False

35. xy ≤ 1 y
36. 3x 2y < 6 y
x y ≤ 1 3
x > 0
(0, 3)
3
y ≥ 0 y > 0
2
First, find the points 2
First, find the points of
(0, 1)
intersection of each pair of intersection of each
(− 1, 0) (1, 0) 1
of equations. x pair of equations.
−2 1 2
(0, 0) (2, 0)
−1 x
1 3
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C

xy1 xy1 x y 1 3x 2y 6 x0 3x 2y 6
x y 1 y0 y0 x0 y0 y0
0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0, 3 0, 0 2, 0

37. x2 y ≤ 5 y 38. 2x 2 y ≥ 2 y
x ≥ 1 6 x ≤ 2
( 2
2
,1 (
y ≥ 0
( 2
− 2 ,1 ( (2, 1)
y ≤ 1
(−1, 4) 4
x
First, find the points −4 −2 4
3 First, find the points
of intersection of each 2
of intersection of each −2
1 (
pair of equations. (−1, 0) 5, 0( pair of equations.
x −4
−4 −3 1 2 3 4
−6
(2, − 6)
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C

x2 y 5 x2 y 5 x 1 2x y 2 x2 2x2 y 2
x 1 y0 y 0 x2 y1 y1
1, 4 ± 5, 0 1, 0 2, 6 2, 1

39. 2x y > 2 y
40. x 7y > 36 y
6x 3y < 2 4 5x 2y > 5 (6, 6)

6
The graphs of 2x y 2 6x 5y > 6

and 6x 3y 2 are First, find the points
1
parallel lines. The first of intersection of each
x
inequality has the region −2 −1 2 3 4 pair of equations. 2
(1, 0)
above the line shaded. The −1
second inequality has the −2

2 4 6
x
region below the line shaded.

There are no points that
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C
satisfy both inequalities.
x 7y 36 5x 2y 5 x 7y 36
No solution 5x 2y 5 6x 5y 6 6x 5y 6
1, 5 1, 0 6, 6
41.

3x 2y < 6 42.
5xx 2y3y <> 6
y
y
x 4y > 2 5 9
2x y < 3 Point of intersection:
6
3
First, find the points ( 109 , 79 ( 0, 3 4
of intersection of each 1 (0, 3)

(− 2, 0)
x
pair of equations. −3 −1 1 3 4
x
−2 2 4 6
−3 –2
Vertex A Point B Vertex C

3x 2y 6 3x 2y 6 x 4y 2
x 4y 2 2x y 3 2x y 3
2, 0 0, 3 109, 79
Note that B is not a vertex of the solution region.
x < y 2 x y2 > 0 y
43. x > y2 y
44.
3 xy > 2 2
(4, 2)
2
Points of intersection: (4, 2) Points of intersection: 1
1
y2 y2 x y2 y2 x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4
y2 y20 y2 y 2 0 −1
−2 (1, − 1)
(1, −1)
y 1 y 2 0 y 1 y 2 0 −2
−3
y 1, 2 y 1, 2
1, 1, 4, 2
1, 1, 4, 2
45. x2 y2 ≤ 9
x y 4xx 3yy ≤ 25
y 2 2 y
46.
2 2 ≥ 1 4 ≤ 0 6
4 (3, 4)
There are no points of 2 Points of intersection:
2
intersection. The region
x2 43x 25
2
x x
common to both −4 −2 2 4 −6 −2 2 4 6
25 2
inequalities is the region −2 9x 25
between the circles. (− 3, −4) −4
x ±3
−4 −6
3, 4, 3, 4
47. 3x 4 ≥ y2
x < 2y y2 y
y 48.
xy < 0 4 0 < xy (− 3, 3)
3
(4, 4)
3
Points of intersection: 2 Points of intersection:
1
xy0⇒yx x
y 2y y2 1
1 2 3 4 5
(− 1, −1)
3y 4 y2 y2 3y 0 x
−3 −2 1
(0, 0)
0 y2 3y 4 −3 yy 3 0 −1
−4
0 y 4 y 1 y 0, 3
y 4 or y 1 0, 0, 3, 3
x4 x 1
4, 4 and 1, 1
yy <> xx 2x4x 33

49. y ≤ 3x 1 50. 2 51. y < x3 2x 1
y ≥ x2 1 2 y > 2x
7 5
x ≤ 1
5
−4 8
−5 7 −6 6
−1 −3
−3

1
y ≤ ex 2

2

52. y ≥ x4 2x2 1 53. x2y ≥ 1 ⇒ y ≥ 54.
x2
y ≤ 1 x2 0 < x ≤ 4
y ≥ 0
2 ≤ x ≤ 2
2
y ≤ 4
3
5
−3 3
−3 3
−2
−2 7
−1
−1

55. y ≤ 4x 56. 0, 6, 3, 0, 0, 3
x ≥ 0

y < 6 2x
y ≥ 0 y ≥ x3
x ≥ 1
57. Line through points 0, 4 and 4, 0: y 4 x 58. Circle: x2 y2 > 4
Line through points 0, 2 and 8, 0: y 2 14x

y ≥ 4 x
y ≥ 2 14x
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0
60. 0, 0, 0, 4, 8, 8

59. x2 y2 ≤ 16
x ≥ 0

x2 y2 ≤ 16
y ≥ 0 x ≤ y
x ≥ 0
61. Rectangular region with vertices at 62. Parallelogram with vertices at 0, 0, 4, 0, 1, 4, 5, 4
2, 1, 5, 1, 5, 7, and 2, 7 y
0, 0, 4, 0: y ≥ 0 y

x ≥ 2 8 (2, 7) (5, 7)
4, 0, 5, 4: 4x y ≤ 16 6
x ≤ 5 6
5
(1, 4) (5, 4)
y ≥ 1 1, 4, 5, 4: y ≤ 4 4
4 3
y ≤ 7 0, 0, 1, 4: 4x y ≥ 0 2
2

This system may be written as: (5, 1) 4x y ≥ 0 1
(2, 1) x
x
4x y ≤ 16
2 ≤ x ≤ 5 −2 2 4 6 (0, 0) 1 2 3 (4, 0) 6
1 ≤ y ≤ 7 0 ≤ y ≤ 4
63. Triangle with vertices at 0, 0, 5, 0, 2, 3 64. Triangle with vertices at 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1
0, 0, 5, 0 Line: y 0 1, 0, 1, 0: y ≥ 0
0, 0, 2, 3 Line: y 3
2x 1, 0, 0, 1: y ≤ x 1
2, 3, 5, 0 Line: y x 5 0, 1, 1, 0: y ≤ x 1
3

y ≤ 2x
y
y ≤ x1 y
y ≤ x 5 5 y ≤ x 1 3
y ≥ 0 4
(2, 3) y ≥ 0
3 2
2 (0, 1)
1
(5, 0) (−1, 0) (1, 0)
x x
(0, 0) 2 3 4 5 6 −2 −1 1 2
−1
−1
65. (a) Demand Supply p

Consumer Surplus
(b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region
Producer Surplus defined by
50 0.5x 0.125x 50

p = 50 − 0.5x p ≤ 50 0.5x
50 0.625x 40
30
p ≥ 10
80 x p = 0.125x
x ≥ 0.
20
10 p 10 Consumer surplus 12baseheight 128040 $1600
(80, 10)
Point of equilibrium: x The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region
80, 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
defined by

p ≥ 0.125x
p ≤ 10
x ≥ 0.
Producer surplus 12baseheight 128010 $400
66. (a) Demand Supply (b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region
defined by
100 0.05x 25 0.1x

p ≤ 100 0.05x
75 0.15x
p ≥ 75
500 x x ≥ 0.
75 p Consumer surplus 12baseheight 1250025 6250
Point of equilibrium: 500, 75 The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region
p
defined by

Consumer Surplus p ≤ 25 0.1x
200 Producer Surplus
p ≤ 75
150
p = 100 − 0.05x x ≤ 0.
100 (500, 75) Producer surplus 12baseheight 1250050 12,500
50
p = 25 + 0.1x
x
200 400 600
defined by
140 0.00002x 80 0.00001x

p ≤ 140 0.00002x
60 0.00003x
p ≥ 100
2,000,000 x x ≥ 0.
100 p Consumer surplus 12baseheight
Point of equilibrium: 2,000,000, 100 122,000,00040
p
Consumer Surplus $40,000,000 or $40 million
Producer Surplus
160
The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region
p = 140 − 0.00002x
140 defined by

(2,000,000, 100)
120
p ≥ 80 0.00001x
100 p ≤ 100
80 x ≥ 0.
p = 80 + 0.00001x
1,000,000 2,000,000
x
Producer surplus 12baseheight
122,000,00020
$20,000,000 or $20 million
defined by
400 0.0002x 225 0.0005x

p ≤ 400 0.0002x
175 0.0007x
p ≥ 350
250,000 x x ≥ 0.
350 p Consumer surplus
Point of equilibrium: 250,000, 350 12baseheight 12250,00050 6,250,000
p The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region

Consumer Surplus
Producer Surplus defined by
600
p = 400 − 0.0002x

500 p ≥ 225 0.0005x
(250,000, 350)
400 p ≤ 350
300 x ≥ 0.
200 p = 225 + 0.0005x Producer surplus
2baseheight 2250,000125 15,625,000
100 1 1
x
200,000 400,000
69. x number of tables 70. x number of model A

y number of chairs y number of model B

3
x 2y ≤ 12 Assembly center x ≥ 2y y
4 3
3x 2y ≤ 15 Finishing center 8x 12y ≤ 200 24
x ≥ 0 x ≥ 4 20
y ≥ 0 y ≥ 2 16
12
y
8
12
4
10
x
8 12 16 20 24
x
2 4 6 8 10
71. x amount in smaller account 72. x number of $30 tickets

y amount in larger account y number of $20 tickets

Account constraints: y x y ≤ 3000 y
30x 20y ≥ 75,000 4500

xy ≤ 20,000 15,000
x ≤ 2000
y ≥ 2x 3500
x ≥ 0
x ≥ 5,000 10,000
y ≥ 0 2500
y ≥ 5,000
1500
500
x
x
10,000 15,000
500 1500 2500 3500 4500
73. x number of packages of gravel 74. Let x number of large trucks.

y number of bags of stone Let y number of medium trucks.

55x 70y ≤ 7500 Weight The delivery requirements are:

y
x ≥ 50 6x 4y ≥ 15
y ≥ 40 3x 6y ≥ 16 6
5
y
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0
120
2
100
1
80
x
60 1 2 4 5
40
20
x
20 40 60 80 100 120
75. (a) x number of ounces of food X (b) y (c) Answers will vary. Some possible
solutions which would satisfy the
y number of ounces of food Y 30
minimum daily requirements for

20x 10y ≥ 300 calcium calcium, iron, and vitamin B:
15x 10y ≥ 150 iron 0, 30 ⇒ 30 ounces of food Y
10x 20y ≥ 200 vitamin B
20, 0 ⇒ 20 ounces of food X
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0 30
x
1313, 313 ⇒ 1313 ounces of food X and
313 ounces of food Y
76. (a) Let y heart rate. (b) y (c) Answers will vary. For example, the
175 points 24, 98 and 24, 147 are on
y ≥ 0.5220 x
150 the boundary of the solution set; a
y ≤ 0.75220 x 125 person aged 24 should have a heart
100 rate between 98 and 147.
x ≥ 20 75
50
x ≤ 70
25
x
25 50 75 100

77. (a) 9, 125.8, 10, 145.6, 11, 164.1, (b) y ≤ 19.17t 46.61 (c) Area of a trapezoid: A a b
2
12, 182.7, 13, 203.1 t ≥ 8.5
t ≤ 13.5 h 13.5 8.5 5
Linear model:
y ≥ 0
y 19.17t 46.61 a 19.178.5 46.61 116.335
225
b 19.1713.5 46.61 212.185
5
A 116.335 212.185
2
8
0
14
$821.3 billion

78. (a) xy ≥ 500 Body-building space (b) y
2x y ≥ 125 Track Two semi–circles and two lengths 60
x ≥ 0 50
y ≥ 0
30
20
10
x
10 20 30 40 50 60
79. True. The figure is a rectangle with length of 9 units and 80. False. The graph shows the solution of the system
width of 11 units.

y < 6
4x 9y < 6
3x y2 ≥ 2.
81. The graph is a half-line on the real number line; 82. Test a point on either side of the boundary.
on the rectangular coordinate system, the graph is
a half-plane.
83. x radius of smaller circle

y radius of larger circle
(a) Constraints on circles: (b) 4 (c) The line is an asymptote to the
y2 x2 ≥ 10 boundary. The larger the circles, the
−6
closer the radii can be and the
y > x 6
constraint still be satisfied.
x > 0
−4

84. (a) The boundary would be included in the solution. 85. x2 y 2 ≤ 16 ⇒ region inside the circle
(b) The solution would be the half-plane on the opposite x y ≥ 4 ⇒ region above the line
side of the boundary. Matches graph (d).

86. x2 y2 ≤ 16 ⇒ region inside the circle 87. x2 y 2 ≥ 16 ⇒ region outside the circle
x y ≤ 4 ⇒ region below the line x y ≥ 4 ⇒ region above the line
Matches graph (b). Matches graph (c).
88 . x2 y2 ≥ 16 ⇒ region outside the circle 89. 2, 6, 4, 4

x y ≤ 4 ⇒ region below the line 4 6 10 5
m
Matches graph (a). 4 2 6 3
5
y 4 x 4
3
3y 12 5x 20
5x 3y 8 0
90. 8, 0, 3, 1 91. 34, 2, 27, 5

1 0 1
m 5 2 7 28
3 8 11 m 17
72 34 4 17
1
y0 x 8
11 y 2
28
17
x
3
4
1 8
y x 17y 34 28x 21
11 11
28x 17y 13 0
11y x 8
x 11y 8 0
92. 21, 0, 112, 12 93. 3.4, 5.2, 2.6, 0.8
0.8 5.2 6
12 0 12 m 1
m 2 2.6 3.4 6
11
2

1
2 6
y 0.8 1x 2.6
y02 x 21 y 0.8 x 2.6

x y 1.8 0
y 2x 1
2x y 1 0
94. 4.1, 3.8, 2.9, 8.2

8.2 3.8 12
m
2.9 4.1 7
12
y 3.8 x 4.1
7
12 246
y 3.8 x
7 35
12 113
y x
7 35
35y 60x 113
60x 35y 113 0
Section 7.6 Linear Programming 685
95. (a) 8, 39.43, 9, 41.24, 10, 45.27, 11, 47.37 , 12, 48.40 , 13, 49.91 (b) 60
y3
y1
Linear model: y 2.17t 22.5
y2
Quadratic model: y 0.241t 2 7.23t 3.4
Exponential model: y 271.05t
5 18
30
(c) The quadratic model is the best fit for the actual data.
(d) For 2008, use t 18: y 0.241182 7.2318 3.4 $48.66
r

nt
96. A P 1
t
0.06 5 12
A 4000 1 12
40001.00560
5395.40061
The amount after 5 years is $5395.40.
Section 7.6 Linear Programming
■ To solve a linear programming problem:

1. Sketch the solution set for the system of constraints.
2. Find the vertices of the region.
3. Test the objective function at each of the vertices.
Vocabulary Check
1. optimization 2. linear programming
3. objective 4. constraints; feasible solutions
5. vertex
1. z 4x 3y 2. z 2x 8y 3. z 3x 8y
At 0, 5: z 40 35 15 At 0, 4: z 20 84 32 At 0, 5: z 30 85 40
At 0, 0: z 40 30 0 At 0, 0: z 20 80 0 At 0, 0: z 30 80 0
At 5, 0: z 45 30 20 At 2, 0: z 22 80 4 At 5, 0: z 35 80 15
The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0. The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0. The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0.
The maximum value is 20 at 5, 0. The maximum value is 32 at 0, 4. The maximum value is 40 at 0, 5.
4. z 7x 3y 5. z 3x 2y 6. z 4x 5y
At 0, 4: z 70 34 12 At 0, 5: z 30 25 10 At 0, 2: z 40 52 10
At 0, 0: z 70 30 0 At 4, 0: z 34 20 12 At 0, 4: z 40 54 20
At 2, 0: z 72 30 14 At 3, 4: z 33 24 17 At 3, 0: z 43 50 12
The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0. At 0, 0: z 30 20 0 At 4, 3: z 44 53 31
The maximum value is 14 at 2, 0. The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0. The minimum value is 10 at 0, 2.
The maximum value is 17 at 3, 4. The maximum value is 31 at 4, 3.
7. z 5x 0.5y 8. z 2x y
At 0, 5: z 50 52 52 At 0, 2: z 20 2 2
At 4, 0: z 54 20
0
2 At 0, 4: z 20 4 4
At 3, 4: z 53 17
4
2 At 3, 0: z 23 0 6
At 0, 0: z 50 0
0
2 At 4, 3: z 24 3 11
The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0. The minimum value is 2 at 0, 2.
9. z 10x 7y 10. z 25x 35y

At 0, 45: z 100 745 315 At 0, 400: z 250 35400 14,000
At 30, 45: z 1030 745 615 At 0, 800: z 250 35800 28,000
At 60, 20: z 1060 720 740 At 450, 0: z 25450 350 11,250
At 60, 0: z 1060 70 600 At 900, 0: z 25900 350 22,500
At 0, 0: z 100 70 0 The minimum value is 11,250 at 450, 0.
The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0. The maximum value is 28,000 at 0, 800.
The maximum value is 740 at 60, 20.
11. z 25x 30y 12. z 15x 20y

At 0, 45: z 250 3045 1350 At 0, 400: z 150 20400 8000
At 30, 45: z 2530 3045 2100 At 0, 800: z 150 20800 16,000
At 60, 20: z 2560 3020 2100 At 450, 0: z 15450 200 6750
At 60, 0: z 2560 300 1500 At 900, 0: z 15900 200 13,500
At 0, 0: z 250 300 0 The minimum value is 6750 at 450, 0.
The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0. The maximum value is 16,000 at 0, 800.
The maximum value is 2100 at any point along the line
segment connecting 30, 45 and 60, 20.
13. z 6x 10y y
At 0, 2: z 60 102 20 4
3
At 5, 0: z 65 100 30 (0, 2)
At 0, 0: z 60 100 0

1
The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0. (5, 0)

x
(0, 0) 2 3 4 5
The maximum value is 30 at 5, 0. −1
14. z 7x 8y 15. z 9x 24y

At 0, 8: z 70 88 64 At 0, 2: z 90 242 48
At 4, 0: z 74 80 28 At 5, 0: z 95 240 45
At 0, 0: z 70 80 0 At 0, 0: z 90 240 0
y y
8 (0, 8) 4
3
6
(0, 2)
4
1
2 (5, 0)
x
(4, 0) (0, 0) 2 3 4 5
x
(0, 0) −1
2 6 8
16. z 7x 2y 17. z 4x 5y
At 0, 8: z 70 28 16 At 10, 0: z 410 50 40
At 4, 0: z 74 20 28 At 5, 3: z 45 53 35
At 0, 0: z 70 20 0 At 0, 8: z 40 58 40
The region is unbounded. There is no maximum.
y
y
10
8 (0, 8)
(0, 8)
6
4 4
2
(5, 3)
2
(4, 0) x
x 2 4 6 8
(10, 0)
(0, 0) 2 6 8
18. z 4x 5y 19. z 2x 7y
At 0, 0: z 40 50 0 At 10, 0: z 210 70 20
At 5, 0: z 45 50 20 At 5, 3: z 25 73 31
At 4, 1: z 44 51 21 At 0, 8: z 20 78 56
At 0, 3: z 40 53 15 The minimum value is 20 at 10, 0.
The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0. The region is unbounded. There is no maximum.
The maximum value is 21 at 4, 1. y
y 10
(0, 8)
4
(0, 3) 4
2
(5, 3)
2
(4, 1) x
1 2 4 6 8
(10, 0)
x
(0, 0) 2 3 (5, 0)
20. z 2x y y
At 0, 0: z 20 0 0

4
At 5, 0: z 25 0 10 (0, 3)
At 4, 1: z 24 1 7

2
At 0, 3: z 20 3 3 1

(4, 1)
The minimum value is 3 at 0, 3. (0, 0) 2 3 (5, 0)

x
21. z 4x y 15 22. z x 25
At 36, 0: z 436 0 144 At 0, 0: z 0

At 40, 0: z 440 0 160 At 12, 0: z 12
20 50 −5 40
At 24, 8: z 424 8 104 −5

At 10, 8: z 10 −5
The minimum value is 104 at 24, 8. At 6, 16: z 6

The maximum value is 160 at 40, 0. At 0, 20: z 0
The minimum value is 0 at any point along the line
segment connecting 0, 0 and (0, 20. The maximum
value is 12 at 12, 0.
23. z x 4y 15 24. z y 25
At 36, 0: z 36 40 36 At 0, 0: z 0

At 40, 0: z 40 40 40 20 50
At 12, 0: z 0
−5 40
At 24, 8: z 24 48 56 −5 At 10, 8: z 8 −5
The minimum value is 36 at 36, 0. At 6, 16: z 16

The maximum value is 56 at 24, 8. At 0, 20: z 20
The minimum value is 0 at any point along the line
segment connecting 0, 0 and (12, 0.The maximum
value is 20 at 0, 20.
(0, 10)
8
(3, 6)
6
2
(0, 0)
x
−2 2 (5, 0) 6
Figure for Exercises 25–28
25. z 2x y 26. z 5x y
At 0, 10: z 20 10 10 At 0, 10: z 50 10 10
At 3, 6: z 23 6 12 At 3, 6: z 53 6 21
At 5, 0: z 25 0 10 At 5, 0: z 55 0 25
At 0, 0: z 20 0 0 At 0, 0: z 50 0 0
27. z x y 28. z 3x y
At 0, 10: z 0 10 10 At 0, 10: z 30 10 10
At 3, 6: z 3 6 9 At 3, 6: z 33 6 15
At 5, 0: z 5 0 5 At 5, 0: z 35 0 15
At 0, 0: z 0 0 0 At 0, 0: z 30 0 0
The maximum value is 10 at 0, 10. The maximum value is 15 at any point along
the line segment connecting 3, 6 and 5, 0.
25
15
10
(223 , 196 )
(0, 5) (212 , 0)
x
(0, 0) 10 15
Figure for Exercises 29–32
29. z x 5y 30. z 2x 4y
At 0, 5: z 0 55 25 At 0, 5: z 20 45 20
At : z 5 At 22
3 , 6 : z 2 3 4 6 3
22 19 22 19 139 19 22 19 82
3, 6 3 6 6
At 2 , 0: z 21
21
2 50 2
21
At 21
2 , 0: z 2 2 40 21
21
At 0, 0: z 0 50 0 At 0, 0: z 20 40 0

The maximum value is 25 at 0, 5. at 22
3 , 6 .
82 19
The maximum value is 3
31. z 4x 5y 32. z 4x y
At 0, 5: z 40 55 25 At 0, 5: z 40 5 5
At 3, 6: z 4 5
22 19 22
3
19
6
271
6 At 3 ,
22 19
6 : z 422
3 6 2
19 65
At 2 , 0: z 421
21
2 50 42 At 2 , 0:
21
z 421
2 0 42
At 0, 0: z 40 50 0 At 0, 0: z 40 0 0

at . The maximum value is 42 at 2 , 0.
271 22 19 21
The maximum value is 6 3, 6
33. Objective function: z 2.5x y y
Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 3x 5y ≤ 15, 5x 2y ≤ 10 (0, 3)

( 2019 , 4519 (
At 0, 0: z 0 2
At 2, 0: z 5 1
At 20
19 , 19 : z 19 5
45 95
(2, 0)
x
(0, 0) 1 3
At 0, 3: z 3
The maximum value of 5 occurs at any point on the line segment
connecting 2, 0 and 20
19 , 19 .
45
34. Objective function: z x y 35. Objective function: z x 2y

Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x y ≤ 1, x 2y ≤ 4 Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x ≤ 10, x y ≤ 7
At 0, 0: z 0 0 0 At 0, 0: z 0 20 0
At 0, 1: z 0 1 1 At 0, 7: z 0 27 14
At 2, 3: z 2 3 5 At 7, 0: z 7 20 7
The constraints do not form a closed set of points. The constraint x ≤ 10 is extraneous.
Therefore, z x y is unbounded.
The maximum value of 14 occurs at 0, 7.
y
y
4
10
(2, 3)
3
(0, 7)
6
(0, 1) 4
2
(7, 0)
x x
(0, 0) 1 2 3 4 (0, 0) 2 4 6
36. Objective function: z x y y
Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x y ≤ 0, 3x y ≥ 3 3
The feasible set is empty.
x
−3 −2 1 2
−1
−2
37. Objective function: z 3x 4y 38. Objective function: z x 2y
Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x y ≤ 1, 2x y ≤ 4 Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x 2y ≤ 4, 2x y ≤ 4
At 0, 0: z 30 40 0 At 0, 0: z 0 20 0
At 0, 1: z 30 41 4 At 0, 2: z 0 22 4

At 43, 43 : z 43 243 4
At 1, 0: z 31 40 3
At 2, 0: z 2 20 2
The constraint 2x y ≤ 4 is extraneous.
The maximum value is 4 at any point along the line
The maximum value of 4 occurs at 0, 1. segment connecting 0, 2 and 43, 43 .
y
y
(0, 2)
3 ( 43 , 43 (
2
1
(0, 1)
(1, 0) (2, 0)
x x
(0, 0) 3 4
(0, 0) 1
39. x number of Model A 40. x number of Model A

y number of Model B y number of Model B
Constraints: 2x 2.5y ≤ 4000 Constraints: 2.5x 3y ≤ 4000

4x y ≤ 4800 2x y ≤ 2500
x 0.75y ≤ 1500 0.75x 1.25y ≤ 1500
x ≥ 0
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0
y ≥ 0
Objective function: P 45x 50y
Objective function: P 50x 52y
Vertices:
Vertices:
0, 0, 0, 1600, 750, 1000, 1050, 600, 1200, 0 0, 0, 0, 1200, 4000
7 , 7 , 1000, 500, 1250, 0
6000
At 0, 0: P 450 500 0 At 0, 0: P 500 520 0

At 0, 1600: P 450 501600 80,000 At 0, 1200: P 500 521200 62,400
At 750, 1000: P 45750 501000 83,750 At : P 504000
7 52 7 73,142.86
4000 6000 6000
7 , 7
At 1050, 600: P 451050 50600 77,250 At 1000, 500: P 501000 52500 76,000
At 1200, 0: P 451200 500 54,000 At 1250, 0: P 501250 520 62,500
The optimal profit of $83,750 occurs when 750 units of The optimal profit of $76,000 occurs when 1000 units of
Model A and 1000 units of Model B are produced. Model A and 500 units of Model B are produced.
y y
2000
(0, 1600) (750, 1000)

( 4000
7
, 6000
7 (
(0, 1200)
1000 (1050, 600) (1000, 500)
500
500
x
(0, 0) 500
x
500 (1250, 0)
(1200, 0)
41. x number of $250 models y
y number of $300 models

Constraints: 250x 300y ≤ 65,000 (0, 216 23 )
x y ≤ 250 200
x ≥ 0
100
y ≥ 0 (200, 50)
(0, 0)
Objective function: P 25x 40y 100 200
x
Vertices: 0, 0, 250, 0, 200, 50, 0, 21623

(250, 0)
At 0, 0: P 250 400 0

At 250, 0: P 25250 400 6250
At 200, 50: P 25200 4050 7000
At 0, 21623 : P 250 4021623 8666.67
An optimal profit of $8640 occurs when 0 units of the $250 model and 216 units of the $300 model are stocked in inventory.
Note: A merchant cannot sell 23 of a unit.
42. x number of acres for crop A 43. x number of bags of Brand X

y number of acres for crop B y number of bags of Brand Y
y
Constraints: Constraints: y
x y ≤ 150 (60, 90)

2x y ≥ 12 18
100
x 2y ≤ 240 (0, 120) 2x 9y ≥ 36
75
2x 3y ≥ 24 12 (0, 12)
0.3x 0.1y ≤ 30 (75, 75)
50 x ≥ 0 (3, 6)
x ≥ 0 6
25 y ≥ 0 (9, 2)
y ≥ 0 (0, 0) (100, 0)
x
(18, 0)
x
25 50 75 125 Objective function: 12 18
Objective function: C 25x 20y

P 140x 235y Vertices: 0, 12, 3, 6, 9, 2, 18, 0
Vertices: 0, 0, 100, 0, 0, 120, 60, 90, 75, 75 At 0, 12: C 250 2012 240
At 0, 0: P 1400 2350 0 At 3, 6: C 253 206 195
At 100, 0: P 140100 2350 14,000 At 9, 2: C 259 202 265
At 0, 120: P 1400 235120 28,200 At 18, 0: C 2518 200 450
At 60, 90 : P 14060 23590 29,550 To optimize cost, use three bags of Brand X and
At 75, 75: P 14075 23575 28,125 six bags of Brand Y for an optimal cost of $195.
To optimize the profit, the fruit grower should plant 60

acres of crop A and 90 acres of crop B. The optimal
profit is $29,550.
44. (a) x the proportion of regular gasoline (c) y
y the proportion of premium

C 1.84x 2.03y 3
4
1
(b) The constraints are: 2
( 23 , 13 (
x y 1 1
4
87x 93y ≥ 89
x
x ≥ 0 1
4
1
2
3
4
y ≥ 0
(d) Actually the only points of the plane which satisfy all (e) The optimal cost is C 1.8423 2.0313 $1.90.
the constraints are the points of the line segment con-
(f) This is lower than the national average of $1.96.
necting (0, 1) and 3, 3 . Evaluate C 1.84x 2.03y
2 1
at the two endpoints to find that the lower cost occurs

at 23, 13 .
45. x number of audits y At 0, 0: R 25000 3500 0

y number of tax returns At 12, 0: R 250012 3500 30,000
Constraints: (0, 62) At (5, 42: R 25005 35042 27,200
(5, 42)
75x 12.5y ≤ 900 40
At 0, 62: R 25000 35062 21,700
10x 2.5y ≤ 155 20
x ≥ 0 (0, 0)
x
The revenue will be optimal if 12 audits and 0 tax returns are
−3 3 6 9 15 done each week. The optimal revenue is $30,000.
y ≥ 0 − 20
(12, 0)
Objective function:
R 2500x 350y
Vertices: 0, 0, 12, 0, 5, 42, 0, 62
46. The modified objective function is R 2000x 350y.

The vertices of the region are at 0, 0, 0, 62, 5, 42, and 12, 0.
At 0, 0: R 20000 3500 0
At 0, 62: R 20000 35062 21,700
At 5, 42: R 20005 35042 24,700
At 12, 0: R 200012 3500 24,000
The optimal revenue of $24,700 occurs with 5 audits and 42 tax returns.
47. x amount of Type A y
y amount of Type B 250,000
(62,500, 187,500)
Constraints: x y ≤ 250,000 187,500
≥ 4250,000
1
x 125,000
y ≥ 4250,000
1
(187,500, 62,500)
Objective Function: P 0.08x 0.10y x

125,000 187,500
Vertices: 62,500, 62,500, 62,500, 187,500, 187,500, 62,500 (62,500, 62,500)
At 62,500, 62,500: P 0.0862,500 0.1062,500 $11,250

At 62,500, 187,500: P 0.0862,500 0.10187,500 $23,750
At 187,500, 62,500: P 0.08187,500 0.1062,500 $21,250
To obtain an optimal return the investor should allocate $62,500 to Type A and $187,500 to Type B.
The optimal return is $23,750.
48. x amount in investment of Type A; y amount in investment of Type B y
Constraints: x y ≤ 450,000 400,000
x ≥ 225,000 300,000
(225,000, 225,000)
y ≥ 112,500 200,000
(337,500, 112,500)
Objective function: R 0.06x 0.1y
Vertices: 225,000, 112,500, 337,500, 112,500, 225,000, 225,000 x
100,000 400,000
(225,000, 112,500)
At 225,000, 112,500: R 0.06225,000 0.1112,500 24,750
At 337,500, 112,500: R 0.06337,500 0.1112,500 31,500
At 225,000, 225,000: R 0.06225,000 0.1225,000 36,000
The optimal return of $36,000 occurs for an investment of $225,000 to Type A and $225,000 to Type B.
49. True. The objective function has a maximum value at any point on the line segment connecting the two vertices.
Both of these points are on the line y x 11 and lie between 4, 7 and 8, 3.
50. True. If an objective function has a maximum value at more than one vertex, then any point on the line segment
connecting the points will produce the maximum value.
51. Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x 3y ≤ 15, 4x y ≤ 16 y
(0, 5)
Vertex Value of z 3x ty
(3, 4)
4
0, 0 z0
3
0, 5 z 5t 2
3, 4 z 9 4t 1
(0, 0) (4, 0)
x
4, 0 z 12 −1 1 2 3
(a) For the maximum value to be at 0, 5, z 5t must be (b) For the maximum value to be at 3, 4, z 9 4t must
greater than or equal to z 9 4t and z 12. be greater than or equal to z 5t and z 12.
5t ≥ 9 4t and 5t ≥ 12 9 4t ≥ 5t and 9 4t ≥ 12
12
t ≥ 9 t ≥ 5 9 ≥ t 4t ≥ 3
3
Thus, t ≥ 9. t ≥ 4
3
Thus, 4 ≤ t ≤ 9.
52. Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x 2y ≤ 4, x y ≤ 1 y
z 3x ty 4
3
At 0, 0: z 30 t0 0 (0, 2)
At 1, 0: z 31 t0 3 (2, 1)

1
At 2, 1: z 32 t1 6 t x

(0, 0) (1, 0) 3 4
At 0, 2: z 30 t2 2t
(a) For the maximum value to be at 2, 1, z 6 t must (b) For maximum value to be at 0, 2, z 2t must be
be greater than or equal to z 2t and z 3. greater than or equal to z 6 t and z 3.
6 t ≥ 2t and 6t ≥ 3 2t ≥ 6 t and 2t ≥ 3
6 ≥ t t ≥ 3 t ≥ 6 t ≥ 3
2
Thus, 3 ≤ t ≤ 6. Thus, t ≥ 6.
53. There are an infinite number of objective functions that 54. There are an infinite number of objective functions that
would have a maximum at 0, 4. One such objective would have a maximum at 4, 3. One such objective
function is z x 5y. function is z x y.
55. There are an infinite number of objective functions that 56. There are an infinite number of objective functions that
would have a maximum at 5, 0. One such objective would have a minimum at 5, 0. One such objective
function is z 4x y. function is z 10x y.
9 9
x x 9 x 9 9
57.
6 2x
23 x 23 x 2x 3, x0

6 x
2
x x
x2
1 x
2
x x2 x x2 x 1
58.
4
2
x 4

x
x2 4 x
x 2x 2 x 2, x 0, 2
x
x x
4x 2 2x2 9 x3

x 9 x 2 x 1 2
4 2 1 1
2
x 2x2 9 2x 1
59. 60.
x 3 x 3
x 3 x 3
1 1 3 3

x2 9 2x 4x 2
2 2x 12
2x2 4x 26 x2 9 x3 2x 12

x 2x2 9

2x 2x 1 3
2x2 2x 13 x 3x 1
, x 1
x 22x 3
x2 2x 13
, x ±3
xx 2
61. e2x 2ex 15 0 62. e2x 10e x 24 0 63. 862 ex4 192
ex 5ex 3 0 e x 4e x 6 0 62 ex4 24
ex 5 or ex 3 ex 4 or e x 6 ex4 38
No real x ln 3 x ln 4 x ln 6 ex4 38
solution. x 1.099
x 1.386 x 1.792 x
ln 38
4
x 4 ln 38
x 14.550
150
64. 75 65. 7 ln 3x 12 66. lnx 92 2
ex 4
150 75ex 300 12 2 lnx 9 2
ln 3x
7
75ex 450 lnx 9 1
3x e127
ex 6 x9e
e127
x ln 6 x xe9
3
x ln 6 x 6.282
x 1.851
x 1.792

x 2 y 3 z 23

67. 68. 7x 3y 5z 28
2x 6y z 17 4x 4z 16
5y z 8 7x 2y z 0

x 2y 3z 23

7x 3y 5z 28
2y 5z 29 2Eq.1 Eq.2 12y 8z 0 4Eq.1 7Eq.2
5y z 8 5y 6z 28 1Eq.1 Eq.3

x 2y 3z 23

7x 3y 5z 28
2y 5z 29 12y 8z 0
5
23
2z
161
2
2Eq.2 Eq.3 112z 336 5Eq.2 12Eq.3
23 161
⇒ z 7

2z 2 7x 3y 5z 28
2y 57 29 ⇒ y 3 3y 2z 0 14 Eq.2
z 3 1121 Eq.3
x 23 37 23 ⇒ x 27 23
3y 23 0 ⇒ y 2
⇒ x 4
7x 32 53 28 ⇒ x 1
Solution: 4, 3, 7
Solution: 1, 2, 3
Review Exercises for Chapter 7

1. x y 2

2. 2x 3y 3
xy0 ⇒ xy x y0 ⇒ xy
xx2 2y 3y 3
2x 2 y 3
x1 y 3
y1 x 3
2 3
4. x 5 y 5
1.25x
0.5x y 0.75 ⇒ y 0.75 0.5x

3.
4.5y 2.5 x 15 y 45
1.25x 4.50.75 0.5x 2.5 Multiply both equations by 5 to clear the denominators.
1.25x 3.375 2.25x 2.5
3.50x 0.875
5x 2y 3
5x y 4 ⇒ 5x 4 y
x 0.25 4 y 2y 3
y 0.625 4 y 3
Solution: 0.25, 0.625 y7

5x 4 7
5x 11
x 11
5
Solution: 115, 7
x2 y2 169
5. x2 y2 9 6.
3x 2y 39 ⇒ x 3 39 2y
1
x y 1 ⇒ xy1
y 12 y2 9
1339 2y 2 y2 169
9 1521 156y 4y2 y2 169
1
2y 1 9
1521 156y 4y 2 9y 2 1521
y4
13y 2 156y 0
x5
13yy 12 0 ⇒ y 0, 12
Solution: 5, 4
3 39 20 13
1
y 0: x
3 39 212 5
1
y 12: x
Solution: 13, 0, 5, 12
xx yy 3
7. y 2x2 8.
y x4 2x2 ⇒ 2x2 x4 2x2 2
1
0 x4 4x2 y 3 y2 1
0 x2x2 4 0 y2 y 2
0 x2x 2x 2 0 y 2 y 1 ⇒ y 2, 1
x 0, x 2, x 2
y 2: x 2 3 5
y 0, y 8, y 8
y 1: x 1 3 2
Solutions: 0, 0, 2, 8, 2, 8
Solution: 5, 2, 2, 1
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 697

9. 2x y 10 10. 8x 3y 3
x 5y 6 2x 5y 28
Point of intersection: 4, 2 The point of intersection appears to be at 1.5, 5.
y y
6
8
4
7
2
x 5
(1.5, 5)
−6 6 8 10
−2 4
−4 (4, −2) 3
−6 2
−8 1
x
−10 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

11. y 2x2 4x 1 y
y x2 4x 3 21
18
Point of intersection: 1.41, 0.66, 1.41, 10.66 15
12
(−1.41, 10.66) 9
x
−3 −2 −1 3 4 5
−3 (1.41, − 0.66)
12. y2 2y x 0 ⇒ y 12 1 x ⇒ y 1 ± 1 x 4
x y 0 ⇒ y x
Points of intersection: 0, 0 and 3, 3 −5 2
−2
2e yy 02e⇒ y 2e 14. y lnx 1 3

13. x 4
x x
1
y4 2x
Point of intersection: 0, 2 0 12
Point of intersection:
2 9.68, 0.84
−4
−6 6
−6
15. Let x number of kits.

C 12x 50,000

16. y 35,000 0.015x
y 32,500 0.02x
35,000 0.015x 32,500 0.02x
R 25x
2500 0.005x
Break-even: RC
$500,000 x
25x 12x 50,000
For the second offer to be better, you would have to sell
13x 50,000
more than $500,000 per year.
x 3846.15
You would need to sell 3847 kits to cover your costs.
17. 2l 2w 480
l 1.50w

18. 2l 2w 68
w 89l
21.50w 2w 480 2l 289 l 68

34
5w 480 9l 68
w 96 l 18
8
l 144 w 9l 16
The dimensions are 96 144 meters. The width of the rectangle is 16 feet, and the
length is 18 feet.

19. 2x y 2 ⇒ 16x 8y 16
6x 8y 39 ⇒ 6x 8y 39
20.
40x 30y 24 ⇒ 40x 30y 24
20x 50y 14 ⇒ 40x 100y 28
22x 55 130y 52
x 55 5
22 2
y 25
Back-substitute x 52 into Equation 1. Back-substitute y 25 in Equation 1.
252 y 2 40x 3025 24
y3 40x 12
Solution: 5
2, 3 3
x 10
Solution: 103 , 25

21. 0.2x 0.3y 0.14 ⇒ 20x 30y 14 ⇒ 20x 30y 14
0.4x 0.5y 0.20 ⇒ 4x 5y 2 ⇒ 20x 25y 10
5y 4
y 45
4
Back-substitute y into Equation 2.
5
4x 545 2
4x 2
x 12
Solution: 2, 5 0.5, 0.8
1 4

22. 12x 42y 17 ⇒ 36x 126y 51 3x 2y 0 ⇒ 3x 2y 0
3x 2 y 5 10 ⇒ 3x 2y 0
23.
30x 18y 19 ⇒ 210x 126y 133
246x 82 6x 0
1
x 3 x 0
Back-substitute x 13 in Equation 1. Back-substitute x 0 into Equation 1.
12 1
3 42y 17 30 2y 0
42y 21 2y 0
y 12 y0
Back-substitute x 3 in Equation 1.

24. 7x 12y 63
2x 3y 2 21 73 12y 63
7x2x 12y3y 6315 ⇒ 7x 12y 63

⇒ 8x 12y 60
12y 84
y7
x 3
Solution: 3, 7
25.
1.25x5x 2y8y 3.5 ⇒ 5x 8y 14
14 ⇒ 5x 8y 14
26. 1.5x 2.5y 8.5 ⇒ 3x 5y 17
6x 10y 24 ⇒ 3x 5y 12
0 0 0 5
There are infinitely many solutions. The system is inconsistent. There is no solution.
8 14
Let y a, then 5x 8a 14 ⇒ x 5a 5.
Solution: 8
5a 14
5, a where a is any real number.

27. x 5y 4 ⇒ x 5y 4 28. 3x y 7
x 3y 6 ⇒ x 3y 6 9x 3y 21
8y 2 ⇒ y 41 3x y 7 ⇒ y 3x 7;
Matches graph (d). The system has one solution and is The graph contains 0, 7 and 2, 1.
consistent. 9x 3y 21 ⇒ 3y 9x 21 ⇒ y 3x 7;
The graph is the same as the previous graph.
The graph of the system matches (c). The system has
infinitely many solutions and is consistent.
6x3x 2yy 87 ⇒
29. ⇒ 6x 2y 14 30. 2x y 3
6x 2y 8 x 5y 4
0 22 2x y 3 ⇒ y 2x 3 ⇒ y 2x 3;
Matches graph (b). The system has no solution and is The graph contains 0, 3 and 2, 1.
inconsistent. x 5y 4 ⇒ 5y x 4 ⇒ y 15x 45;
The graph contains 0, 45 and 4, 0.

The graph of the system matches (a). The system has one
solution and is consistent.
31. 37 0.0002x 22 0.00001x 32. 45 0.0002x 120 0.0001x

15 0.00021x 0.0003x 75
500,000 159 x 250,000 units
x ,p
7 7 p $95.00

500,000 159 Point of equilibrium: 250,000, 95
Point of equilibrium: ,
7 7

33. x 4y 3z 3 34. x 7y 8z 85
y z 1 y 9z 35
z 5 z 3
y 5 1 ⇒ y 4 y 93 35 ⇒ y 8
x 44 35 3 ⇒ x 2 x 78 83 85 ⇒ x 5
Solution: 2, 4, 5 Solution: 5, 8, 3


x 3y z

35. x 2y 6z 4 36. 13 Equation 1
3x 2y z 4 2x 5z 23 Equation 2
4x 2z 16 4x y 2z 14 Equation 3

x 3y z 13

x 2y 6z 4
8y 17z 8 3Eq.1 Eq.2 6y 3z 3 2Eq.1 Eq.2
8y 22z 0 4Eq.1 Eq.3 13y 2z 38 4Eq.1 Eq.3

x 3y z 13

x 2y 6z 4
8y 17z 8 6y 3z 3
5z 8 Eq.2 Eq.3
17 63
2z 2 136 Eq.2 Eq.3

x 3y z

x 2y 6z 4 13
8y 17z 8 y 1
1
16 Eq.2
2z 2
z 85 15Eq.3 63
z 17 172 Eq.3
8y 17 8
85 22
⇒ y 5
y 1
6317 12 ⇒ y 40
x 2 6 4
22 2 17
85 24
⇒ x
x 340
17 17 13
5 5 63 38
⇒ x 17
Solution: 5 , 5 , 5
24 22 8
Solution: 38
17 , 17 , 17
40 63

6z 9

37. x 2y z 6 38. 2x Equation 1
2x 3y 7 3x 2y 11z 16 Equation 2
x 3y 3z 11 3x y 7z 11 Equation 3

x 2y 5z 1Eq.2 Eq.1

x 2y z 6 7
y 2z 5 2Eq.1 Eq.2 3x 2y 11z 16
y 2z 5 Eq.1 Eq.3 3x y 7z 11

x 2y 5z

x 2y z 6 7
y 2z 5 4y 4z 5 3Eq.1 Eq.2
0 0 Eq.2 Eq.3 5y 8z 10 3Eq.1 Eq.3

Let z a, then: x 2y 5z 7
4y 4z 5
y 2a 5
3y 0 2Eq.2 Eq.3
x 22a 5 a 6

x 2y 5z 7
x 3a 10 6 y z 5
14 Eq.2
4
x 3a 4 y 0 13 Eq.3
Solution: 3a 4, 2a 5, a where a is any real number. 0 z ⇒ z 545
4
x 20 5 54 7 ⇒ x 34
Solution: 4, 0, 4
3 5

39. 5x 12y 7z 16 ⇒ 15x 36y 21z 48
3x 7y 4z 9 ⇒ 15x 35y 20z 45
40. 2x 5y 19z 34 ⇒ 6x 15y 57z 102
3x 8y 31z 54 ⇒ 6x 16y 62z 108
y z 3 y 5z 6
Let z a. Then y a 3 and Let z a. Then:
5x 12a 3 7a 16 ⇒ x a 4. y 5a 6 ⇒ y 5a 6
Solution: a 4, a 3, a where a is any real number. 2x 55a 6 19a 34 ⇒ x 3a 2
Solution: 3a 2, 5a 6, a where a is any
real number.
41. y ax2 bx c through 0, 5, 1, 2, and 2, 5. 42. y ax2 bx c through 5, 6, 1, 0,2, 20.
0, 5: 5 c ⇒ c 5 5, 6: 6 25a 5b c
1, 2: 2 a b c ⇒
2, 5: 5 4a 2b c ⇒ a
2a
b 3
b 5
1, 0: 0 a b c ⇒ c a b
2, 20: 20 4a 2b c
2a
a
b 5
b 3
a 2 24a3a 6bb 620 ⇒ 24a 6b 6
⇒ 24a 8b 160
b 1 14b 154
The equation of the parabola is y 2x2 x 5. b 11
10
3a 11 20 ⇒ a 3
c 3 11 ⇒ c 14
−5 5
The equation of the parabola 24
is y 3x2 11x 14.

−10
−12 12
−24
43. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 through 1, 2, 5, 2 and 2, 1.

1,2: 5 D 2E F 0 ⇒ D 2E F 5

5,2: 29 5D 2E F 0 ⇒ 5D 2E F 29
2, 1: 5 2D E F 0 ⇒ 2D E F 5
From the first two equations we have
6D 24
D 4.
Substituting D 4 into the second and third equations yields:

20 2E F 29 ⇒ 2E F 9
8 E F 5 ⇒ E F 3
3E 12
E 4
F 1
The equation of the circle is x2 y2 4x 4y 1 0. 4
To verify the result using a graphing utility, solve the equation for y.
−6 9
x 2 4x 4 y 2 4y 4 1 4 4
x 22 y 22 9 −6
y 2 9 x 2
2 2
y 2 ± 9 x 22
Let y1 2 9 x 22 and y2 2 9 x 22.
44. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 through 1, 4, 4, 3, 2, 5. To verify the result using a graphing utility, solve the
equation for y.
1, 4: 17 D 4E F 0
4, 3: 25 4D 3E F 0 x 2 2x 1 y 2 2y 1 23 1 1
2, 5: 29 2D 5E F 0 x 12 y 12 25

y 12 25 x 12

D 4E F 17 Equation 1
4D 3E F 25 Equation 2 y 1 ± 25 x 12
2D 5E F 29 Equation 3
Let y1 1 25 x 12 and

D 4E F 17 y2 1 25 x 12.
13E 3F 43 4Eq.1 Eq.2
7
3E 3F 63 2Eq.1 Eq.3

D 4E F 17 −10 11
3E 3F 63 Interchange equations.
13E 3F 43
−7

D 4E F 17
3E 3F 63
10F 230 133 Eq.2 Eq.3
F 23, E 2, D 2
The equation of the circle is x 2 y 2 2x 2y 23 0.
45. 3, 101.7, 4, 108.4, 5, 121.1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3
(a) n 3,
x 12,
x
i1
i
i1
i
2 50,
x
i1
i
3 216,
x
i1
i
4 962,
y 331.2,
x y 1344.2,
x
i1
i
i1
i i
i1
2
i yi 5677.2

3c 12b 50a 331.2
12c 50b 216a 1344.2
50c 216b 962a 5677.2
Solving this system yields c 117.6, b 14.3, a 3.

Quadratic model: y 3x2 14.3x 117.6
(b) 130 The model is a good fit (c) For 2008, use x 8:
to the data. The actual y 382 14.38 117.6
points lie on the parabola. 195.2 million online shoppers
This answer seems reasonable.
0 6
80
46. From the following chart we obtain our system of equations. 47. Let x amount invested at 7%
y amount invested at 9%
A B C
1 2 2 z amount invested at 11%.
Mixture X 5 5 5
y x 3000 and
Mixture Y 0 0 1 z x 5000 ⇒ y z 2x 8000
1 1 1
Mixture Z

3 3 3 x y z 40,000
Desired Mixture 6
27
8
27
13
27
0.07x 0.09y 0.11z 3500
y z 2x 8000
1
13z 6
5x
2
5x 13z x
27
8
27
10
27 , z 12
27
x 2x 8000 40,000 ⇒ x 16,000
y 16,000 3000 ⇒ y 13,000
2
y 13z 13 5
5x 27 ⇒ y 27 z 16,000 5000 ⇒ z 11,000
To obtain the desired mixture, use 10 gallons of spray X, 5 Thus, $16,000 was invested at 7%, $13,000 at 9% and
gallons of spray Y, and 12 gallons of spray Z. $11,000 at 11%.
48. s 12at2 v0 t s0
(a) When t 1: s 134: 2a12 v01 s0 134 ⇒ a 2v0 2s0 268
1
When t 2: s 86: 2a22 v02 s0 86 ⇒ 2a 2v0 s0 86

1
When t 3: s 6: 2a32 v03 s0 6 ⇒ 9a 6v0 2s0 12

1

a 2v0 2s0 268
2a 2v0 s0 86
9a 6v0 2s0 12

a 2v0 2s0 268
2v0 3s0 450 2Eq.1 Eq.2
12v0 16s0 2400 9Eq.1 Eq.3

a 2v0 2s0 268
2v0 3s0 450
3v0 4s0 600 14 Eq.3

a 2v0 2s0 268
2v0 3s0 450
s0 150 3Eq.2 2Eq.3
s0 150 ⇒ s0 150
2v0 3150 450 ⇒ v0 0
a 20 2150 268 ⇒ a 32
The position equation is s 232t2 0t 150, or s 16t2 150.
1
(b) When t 1: s 184: 2a12 v01 s0 184 ⇒ a 2v0 2s0 368

1
When t 2: s 116: 2a22 v02 s0 116 ⇒ 2a 2v0 s0 116

1
When t 3: s 16: 2a32 v03 s0 16 ⇒ 9a 6v0 2s0 32

1

a 2v0 2s0 368
2a 2v0 s0 116
9a 6v0 2s0 32

a 2v0 2s0 368
2v0 3s0 620 2Eq.1 Eq.2
12v0 16s0 3280 9Eq.1 Eq.3

a 2v0 2s0 368
2v0 3s0 620
3v0 4s0 820 14 Eq.3

a 2v0 2s0 368
2v0 3s0 620
s0 220 3Eq.2 2Eq.3
s0 220 ⇒ s0 220
2v0 3220 620 ⇒ v0 20
a 220 2220 368 ⇒ a 32
The position equation is s 232t2 20t 220, or s 16t2 20t 220.
1
3 3 A B x8 x8 A B
49. 50.
x2 20x xx 20 x x 20 x2 3x 28 x 7x 4 x 7 x 4
3x 4 3x 4 A B C x2 A Bx C Dx E
51. 2 52. 2 2
x3 5x2 x2x 5 x x x5 xx2 22 x x 2 x 22
4x A B x A B
53. 54.
x2 6x 8 x 2 x 4 x2 3x 2 x 1 x 2
4 x Ax 4 Bx 2 x Ax 2 Bx 1
Let x 2: 6 2A ⇒ A 3 Let x 1: 1 A
Let x 4: 8 2B ⇒ B 4 Let x 2: 2 B ⇒ B 2
4x 3 4 x 1 2

x2 6x 8 x 2 x 4 x2 3x 2 x 1 x 2
x2 2x 15 9 A B
55. 1 2 56.
x 2x 15
2
x 2x 15 x2 9 x 3 x 3
2x 15 A B 9 Ax 3 Bx 3

x 5x 3 x 5 x 3 3
Let x 3: 9 6A ⇒ A
2x 15 Ax 3 Bx 5 2
25 3
Let x 5: 25 8A ⇒ A Let x 3: 9 6B ⇒ B
8 2

9 9 1 3 3
Let x 3: 9 8B ⇒ B
8 x2 9 2 x 3 x 3
x2 25 9
1
x2 2x 15 8x 5 8x 3
x2 2x x2 2x A Bx C 4x A B
57. 2 58.
x3 x2 x 1 x 1x2 1 x 1 x 1 3x 12 x 1 x 12
x2 2x Ax2 1 Bx Cx 1 4
x Ax 1 B
Ax2 A Bx2 Bx Cx C 3
A B x2 B Cx A C 4
Let x 1: B
3
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 1 A B,
2 B C, and 0 A C. Adding both sides of all 8 4 4
Let x 2: A ⇒ A
three equations gives 3 2A. Therefore, 3 3 3
A 32, B 12, and C 32.
4x 4 4
3 1 3
x2 2x 2 2 x 2 3x 12 3x 1 3x 12
2
x x2 x 1
3
x1 x 1
x3

1
3

2 x 1 x2 1
3x3 4x Ax B Cx D 4x2 A Bx C
59. 2 2 60. 2
x2 12 x 1 x 12 x 1x2 1 x 1 x 1
3x3 4x Ax Bx2 1 Cx D 4x2 Ax2 1 Bx Cx 1
Ax3 Bx2 A Cx B D Ax2 A Bx2 Bx Cx C
Equating coefficients of like powers: A Bx2 B Cx A C
3A Equating coefficients of like terms gives 4 A B,

0 B C, and 0 A C. Adding both sides of all
0B three equations gives 4 2A, so A 2. Then B 2 and
43C ⇒ C1 C 2.
0BD ⇒ D0 4x2 2 2x 2

x 1x2 1 x 1 x2 1
3x3 4x 3x x

x2 12 x2 1 x2 12 2 x 1 1 xx 11
2
61. y ≤ 5 12 x
y
62. 3y x ≥ 7 y
10
8
8
6 6
4 4
2
x
−2 2 4 6 8 10 x
−2
−6 −4 −2 2
−4 −2
3
63. y 4x2 > 1 y
64. y ≤ y
x2 2
4 4
3
3
Using a solid line, graph 2
2 3
y 2 , and shade
1 x 2 − 4 − 3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x
−1
x below the curve. Use 0, 0
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −2
as a test point. −3
−2 −4

y
65. x 2y ≤ 160
3x y ≤ 180 100
x ≥ 0 (0, 80)
y ≥ 0 60 (40, 60)
40
20
(0, 0) (60, 0)
x
20 40 80 100
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C Vertex D

x 2y 160 x 2y 160 3x y 180 x0
3x y 180 x0 y0 y0
40, 60 0, 80 60, 0 0, 0

66. 2x 3y ≤ 24 y
2x y ≤ 16 16
x ≥ 0
12
y ≥ 0
Vertices: 0, 0, 0, 8, 6, 4, 8, 0 (0, 8)
(6, 4)
4
(0, 0)
x
4 (8, 0) 12 16

y
67. 3x 2y ≥ 24
x 2y ≥ 12 16 (2, 15)
2 ≤ x ≤ 15 (15, 15)
12
y ≤ 15 (2, 9)
8
4 (15, − 32 (
(6, 3)
x
4 12
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C Vertex D Vertex E

3x 2y 24 3x 2y 24 x2 x 15 x 2y 12
x 2y 12 x2 y 15 y 15 x 15
6, 3 2, 9 2, 15 15, 15 15, 32
yy <> xx 11
68. 2x y ≥ 16 69.
x 3y ≥ 18 2
0 ≤ x ≤ 25 Vertices:
0 ≤ y ≤ 25
x 1 x2 1
Vertices: 6, 4, 0, 16, 0, 25, 25, 25, 25, 0, 18, 0
0 x2 x 2 x 1x 2
y
(0, 25) (25, 25) x 1 or x 2 y
y 0 or y 3 6
5
(0, 16)
15 1, 0 2, 3 4
(2, 3)
3
10 2
5 (6, 4)
(−1, 0)
(18, 0) (25, 0) x
x −4 − 3 1 2 3 4
5 15
−2

2x 3y ≥ 0

70. y ≤ 6 2x x2 71. y
y ≥ x6 2x y ≤ 8 8
y ≥ 0
Vertices: x 6 6 2x x2 6
x2 3x 0 4
(6, 4)
2
xx 3 0 ⇒ x 0, 3 (0, 0) (4, 0)
x
0, 6, 3, 3

2 4 6 8
y
−2
(0, 6) Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C

(− 3, 3)
4 2x 3y 0 2x 3y 0 2x y 8
2 2x y 8 y0 y0
x 6, 4 0, 0 4, 0
−6 −2 4
−2
73. x number of units of Product I

x2 y2 ≤ 9 ⇒ y2 ≤ 9 x2
72.
x 32 y2 ≤ 9 ⇒ y2 ≤ 9 (x 32 y number of units of Product II
Vertices: 9 x2 9 x 3 2

20x 30y ≤ 24,000
x 3 2 x2 0 12x 8y ≤ 12,400
x ≥ 0
x2 6x 9 x2 0
y ≥ 0
3
x 1600
2
32, ±
33
2 − 400 1600
y −400
4 ( 32 , 3 2 3 (
2
x
−4 2 4 8
−4
( 32 , − 3 2 3 (
−6
74. (a) Let x amount of Food X., (b) y (c) Answers may vary. For example,
15, 8 or 16, 9 represent accept-
Let y amount of Food Y.
25 able quantities x, y for Foods X

12x 15y ≥ 300 20
and Y.
10x 20y ≥ 280
20x 12y ≥ 300 10
x ≥ 0 5
y ≥ 0 x
5 10 20 25
75. (a) p Consumer Surplus 76. (a) p

Consumer Surplus
Producer Surplus Producer Surplus
175 200
p = 160 − 0.0001x
150 p = 130 − 0.0002x
150
125 (200,000, 90)
100 (300,000, 130) 100
75
50
50 p = 70 + 0.0002x p = 30 + 0.0003x
x x
100,000 200,000 300,000 100,000 300,000
160 0.0001x 70 0.0002x 130 0.0002x 30 0.0003x

90 0.0003x 100 0.0005x
x 300,000 units x 200,000 units
p $130 p $90
Point of equilibrium: 300,000, 130 Point of equilibrium: 200,000, 90
2 300,00030
1
(b) Consumer surplus: $4,500,000 (b) Consumer surplus: 2200,00040 $4,000,000
1
Producer surplus: 2300,00060 $9,000,000

1
Producer surplus: 2200,00060 $6,000,000
1
77. Objective function: z 3x 4y 78. z 10x 7y

At 0, 100: z 100 7100 700

Constraints: x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0 At 25, 50: z 1025 750 600
2x 5y ≤ 50
4x y ≤ 28
At 75, 0: z 1075 70 750
At 0, 0: z 0 The minimum value is 600 at 25, 50.
At 0, 10: z 40 There is no maximum value.

y
At 5, 8: z 47
100 (0, 100)
At 7, 0: z 21
75
The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0.
50
(25, 50)
25
y
(75, 0)
x
15 25 75 100
12
(0, 10)
9 (5, 8)
3
(0, 0) (7, 0)
x
3 6 9 12 15
79. Objective function: z 1.75x 2.25y 80. z 50x 70y

Constraints: x ≥ 0 y
At 0, 0: z 500 700 0
y ≥ 0 27
(0, 25)
At 0, 750: z 500 70750 52,500
24
2x y ≥ 25 21
3x 2y ≥ 45 18 At 500, 500: z 50500 70500 60,000

15 (5, 15)
12 At 700, 0: z 50700 700 35,000
At 0, 25: z 56.25 9
6 The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0.
At 5, 15: z 42.5 3 (15, 0)
x The maximum value is 60,000 at 500, 500.
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
At 15, 0: z 26.25
y
The minimum value is 26.25 at 15, 0.

(0, 750)
Since the region in unbounded, there is no maximum value.
600
(500, 500)
400
200
(0, 0) (700, 0)
x
200 400 600 800
81. Objective function: z 5x 11y 82. z 2x y

Constraints: x ≥ 0 y At 0, 10: z 20 10 10
y ≥ 0 At 2, 5: z 22 5 1
6
x 3y ≤ 12
3x 2y ≤ 15
5
(0, 4)
At 7, 0: z 27 0 14
4
At 0, 0: z 0 3
(3, 3) The minimum value is 14 at 7, 0.
At 5, 0: z 25
2 There is no maximum value.
1
(0, 0) (5, 0) y
At 3, 3: z 48 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 (0, 10)
10
At 0, 4: z 44
The minimum value is 0 at 0, 0.
6
(2, 5)
The maximum value is 48 at 3, 3. 4
2
(7, 0)
x
2 6 10
83. Let x number of haircuts y
y number of permanents. 25
20
(0, 1447)
Objective function: Optimize R 25x 70y subject
to the following constraints: 15

10
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0 5
(72, 0)
20
60 x 60 y ≤ 24 ⇒ 2x 7y ≤ 144
70 (0, 0)
x
20 40 60
At 0, 0: R 0
At 72, 0: R 1800
At 0, 144
7 : R 1440
The revenue is optimal if the student does 72 haircuts

and no permanents. The maximum revenue is $1800.
84. x number of walking shoes

y number of running shoes
Objective function: Optimize P 18x 24y subject to the following constraints:

4x 2y ≤ 24 y
x 2y ≤ 9 12
x y ≤ 8 10
x ≥ 0 6
y ≥ 0
( )9
0, 2 (5, 2)
At 0, 0: P 180 240 0
x
(0, 0) 2 (6, 0) 8 12
At 6, 0: P 186 240 108
At 5, 2: P 185 242 138
At 0, 2 : P 190 242 108
9 9
The optimal profit of $138 occurs when 5 walking shoes and 2 running shoes are produced.
85. Let x the number of bags of Brand X, and y
y the number of bags of Brand Y.

Objective function: Optimize C 15x 30y. 8 (0, 8)

8x 2y ≥ 16 (1, 4)
x y ≥ 5 4
(3, 2)
Constraints: 2x 7y ≥ 20 2
(10, 0)
x ≥ 0 x
4 8 10
y ≥ 0
At 0, 8: C 150 308 240
At 1, 4: C 151 304 135
At 3, 2: C 153 302 105
At 10, 0: C 1510 300 150
To optimize cost, use three bags of Brand X and two bags of Brand Y. The minimum cost is $105.
86. x fraction of regular y
y fraction of premium (0, 1)

87x 93y ≥ 89
x y 1 1
Constraints:
x ≥ 0
2 ( 23 , 13(
y ≥ 0
x
Objective function: Minimize C 1.63x 1.83y. 1
2
1
Note that the “region” defined by the constraints is actually the

line segment connecting 0, 1 and 23, 13 .
At 0, 1: C 1.630 1.831 1.83
At 23, 13 : C 1.6323 1.8313 1.70
The minimum cost is $1.70 and occurs with a mixture of 32 gallon of regular and 13 gallon of premium.
87. False. The system y ≤ 5, y ≥ 2, y ≤ 72 x 9, and y ≤ 72 x 26 represents the

region covered by an isosceles trapezoid.
88. False. A linear programming problem either has one 89. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
optional solution or infinitely many optimal solutions. solution 6, 8. One possible solution is:
(However, in real-life situations where the variables must
have integer values, it is possible to have exactly ten
integer-valued solutions.)
xx yy 142
90. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the 91. There are infinite linear systems with the solution 43, 3.
solution 5, 4. One possible system is: One possible solution is:
3xx yy 119 6x3x 3yy 71

92. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the 93. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
solution 1, 94 . One possible system is: solution 4, 1, 3. One possible system is as follows:
x3x 4y8y 2110

x yz6
xyz0
xyz2
94. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the 95. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
solution 3, 5, 6. One possible system is: solution 5, 32, 2. One possible solution is:

x 2y z 7 2x 2y 3z 7
2x y 4z 25 x 2y z 4
x 3y z 12 x 4y z 1
96. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the 97. A system of linear equations is inconsistent if it has
solution 4, 2, 8. One possible system is:
3
no solution.
4x y z 7
8x 3y 2z 16
4x 2y 3z 31
98. The lines are distinct and parallel. 99. If the solution to a system of equations is at fractional or
irrational values, then the substitution method may yield
2xx 2y4y 39 an exact answer. The graphical method works well when
the solution is at integer values, otherwise we can usually
only approximate the solution.
Problem Solving for Chapter 7
y
1. The longest side of the triangle is a diameter of the circle and has a length of 20.
12 (6, 8)
The lines y 2x 5 and y 2x 20 intersect at the point 6, 8.
1
(−10, 0)
8
The distance between 10, 0 and 6, 8 is: a b

c (10, 0)
d1 6 10 8 0 320 85
2 2
−8 −4 4 8
x
−4
The distance between 6, 8 and 10, 0 is:
−8
d2 10 62 0 82 80 45 − 12
Since 3202 802 202

400 400
the sides of the triangle satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem. Thus, the triangle is a right triangle.
Problem Solving for Chapter 7 711
2. The system will have infinite solutions when the lines 3. The system will have exactly one solution when the slopes
coincide, or are identical. of the line are not equal.
2x3x k5yy 8k ⇒ 6x 10y 16 a e

ax by e ⇒ y x
1 2 ⇒ 6x 3k1y 3k2 b b
c f
cx dy f ⇒ y x
3k1 10 ⇒ k1 10
3
d d
3k2 16 ⇒ k2 16 a c
3
b d
a c

b d
ad bc
5xx 4y6y 313 4x2x 3y6y 147

4. (a) Eq. 1 (b) Eq.1
Eq. 2 Eq.2
y y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
−2 −1 1 3 4 5 6 −2 −1 1 2 4 5 6
−1 −1
−2 −2
−4 −4
x 14y4y 328 5Eq.1 Eq.2 2x 3y0 70 2Eq.1 Eq.2

y2 The lines coincide. Infinite solutions.
x 42 3 ⇒ x 5 3a 7
Let y a, then 2x 3a 7 ⇒ x
Solution: 5, 2 2
3a 2 7, a
y
Solution:
4
3
The solution(s) remain the same at each step of the process.
1
x
− 2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2
−3
−4
5. There are a finite number of solutions.

(a) If both equations are linear, (b) If one equation is linear and (c) If both equations are quadratic,
then the maximum number of the other is quadratic, then the then the maximum number of
solutions to a finite system is maximum number of solutions solutions to a finite system is
one. is two. four.
6. B total votes cast for Bush

K total votes cast for Kerry
BB KK 354,912 118,304,000
3,320,000
N total votes cast for Nader

BB KK 117,949,088
3,320,000

B K N 118,304,000
BK 3,320,000 2B 121,269,088
N 0.003118,304,000 B 60,634,544
N 354,912 K 57,314,544
Bush: 60,634,544 votes

Kerry: 57,314,544 votes
Nader: 354,912 votes
7. The point where the two sections meet is at a depth 8. Let C weight of a carbon atom.
of 10.1 feet. The distance between 0, 10.1 and
252.5, 0 is: Let H weight of a hydrogen atom.
d 252.5 02 0 10.12 63858.26

2C 6H 30.07 ⇒ 8C 24H 120.28
3C 8H 44.097 ⇒ 9C 24H 132.291
d 252.7 C 12.011
Each section is approximately 252.7 feet long. C 12.011
y
H 1.008
Each carbon atom weighs 12.011 u.
10
(−252.5, 0) (252.5, 0)
x Each hydrogen atom weighs 1.008 u.
− 250 − 50 50 250
(0, −10.1)
2x − 50y = 505
2x + 50y = − 505 − 20
9. Let x cost of the cable, per foot.

Let y cost of a connector.
6x3x 2y2y 10.25

15.50 ⇒ 6x 2y 15.50
⇒ 3x 2y 10.25
3x 5.25
x 1.75
y 2.50
For a four-foot cable with a connector on each end the cost should be 41.75 22.50 $12.00
10. Let t time that the 9:00 A.M. bus is on the road. d
1
Then t time that the 9:15 A.M. bus is on the road.
4
40

30
d 30t
d 40t 14 20
40t 14 30t
10
t
40t 10 30t 1
−2
1
2
1 3
2
2
10t 10
t1
The 9:15 A.M. bus will catch up with the 9:00 A.M. bus in one hour. At that point both buses have traveled
30 miles and are 5 miles from the airport.
1 1 1
11. Let X , Y , and Z .
x y z

12 12
(a) 7 ⇒ 12X 12Y 7 ⇒ 12X 12Y 7
x y
3 4
0 ⇒ 3X 4Y 0 ⇒ 9X 12Y 0
x y
21X 7
1
X
3
1
Y
4
1 1 1 1
Thus, ⇒ x 3 and ⇒ y 4.
x 3 y 4
Solution: 3, 4
2 1 3
(b) 4 ⇒ 2X Y 3Z 4 Eq.1
x y z
4 2
10 ⇒ 4X 2Z 10 Eq.2
x z
2 3 13
8 ⇒ 2X 3Y 13Z 8 Eq.3
x y z
2X Y 3Z 4
2Y 8Z 2
4Y 16Z 4
2Eq.1 Eq.2
Eq.1 Eq.3
2X Y 3Z 4
2Y 8Z 2
00 2Eq.2 Eq.3
The system has infinite solutions.
a 5
Let Z a, then Y 4a 1 and X .
2
1 1 1 1
Then a ⇒ z 4a 1 ⇒ y
z a, y 4a 1
a 5 2
x ⇒ x .
2 a 5
Solution: a2 5, 4a 1 1, a1, a 5, 41, 0
12. Solution: 1, 2, 3

x 2y 3z a ⇒ 1 22 33 12 a
x y z b ⇒ 1 2 3 4 b
2x 3y 2z c ⇒ 21 32 23 10 c
Thus, a 12, b 4, and c 10.
13. Solution: 1, 1, 2

4x 2 y 5 z 16 Equation 1
x y 0 Equation 2
x 3y 2z 6 Equation 3

(a) 4x 2y 5z 16
x y 0
(b)
x4x 2y3y 5z2z 166
4xx 2yy 5z 160 Interchange the equations.
x4x 2y3y 5z2z 166 Interchange the equations.
x y 0
6y 5z 16 4Eq.1 Eq.2
x 14y3y 13z2z 406 4Eq.1 Eq.2
5a 16 5a 16
Let z a, then y and x . 13b 40 11b 36
6 6 Let z b, then y and x
14 14
Solution: 5a6 16, 5a 6 16, a Solution: 11b14 36, 13b14 40, b
When a 2 we have the original solution.
When b 2 we have the original solution.
(c) x y 0
x 3y 2z 6 (d) Each of these systems has infinite solutions.
x y 0
2y 2z 6 Eq.1 Eq.2
Let z c, then y c 3 and x c 3

Solution: c 3, c 3, c
When c 2 we have the original solution.

14. x1 x2 2x3 2x4 6x5 6
3x1 2x2 4x3 4x4 12x5 14
x2 x3 x4 3x5 3
2x1 2x2 4x3 5x4 15x5 10
2x1 2x2 4x3 4x4 13x5 13

x1 x2 2x3 2x4 6x5 6
x1 2 2Eq.1 Eq.2
x2 x3 x4 3x5 3
2x1 2x2 4x3 5x4 15x5 10
2x1 2x2 4x3 4x4 13x5 13

x1 x2 0 Eq.1 2Eq.3
x1 2
x2 x3 x4 3x5 3
2x1 2x2 4x3 5x4 15x5 10
2x1 2x2 4x3 4x4 13x5 13

x2 2 Eq.1 Eq.2
x1 2
x2 x3 x4 3x5 3
2x1 2x2 4x3 5x4 15x5 10
2x1 2x2 4x3 4x4 13x5 13
—CONTINUED—
14. —CONTINUED—
Substitute into the subsequent equations and simplify:

x1 2
x2 2
2 x3 x4 3x5 3
22 22 4x3 5x4 15x5 10
22 22 4x3 4x4 13x5 13

x1 2
x2 2
x3 x4 3x5 1
4x3 5x4 15x5 2
4x3 4x4 13x5 5

x1 2
x2 2
x3 x4 3x5 1 Eq.3
x4 3x5 2 Eq.4 4Eq.3
x5 1 Eq.5 4Eq.3

x1 2
x2 2
x3 3 Eq.3 Eq.4
x4 5 Eq.4 3Eq.5
x5 1
15. t amount of terrestrial vegetation in kilograms 16. x number of inches by which a person’s height exceeds
4 feet 10 inches
a amount of aquatic vegetation in kilograms
y person’s weight in pounds
a t ≤ 32 t

(a) y 91 3.7x (b) 300
0.15a ≥ 1.9 30 y ≤ 119 4.8x
193a 4193t ≥ 11,000 25
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
20
(c) For someone 6 feet tall,

x 14 inches.
10 0 45
0
5
−5 5 10 15 20 25 30
a Minimum weight: 91 3.714 142.8 pounds
−5
Maximum weight: 119 4.814 186.2 pounds
17. (a) x HDL cholesterol (good) (c) y 120 is in the region since 0 < y < 130.
y LDL cholesterol (bad) x 90 is in the region since 35 < x < 200.

x y 210 is not in the region since x y < 200.

0 < y < 130
x ≥ 35 (d) If the LDL reading is 150 and the HDL reading is 40, then
x y ≤ 200 x ≥ 35 and x y ≤ 200 but y < 130.
(b) y
xy
(e) < 4
250 x
200 x y < 4x
150 (70, 130)
y < 3x
100
(35,130) The point 50, 120 is in the region and 120 < 350.
50
x
50 100 150 250
Chapter 7 Practice Test
For Exercises 1–3, solve the given system by the method of substitution.
1. 3x y 1
3x y 15
2. x 3y 3
x 6y
2
5
x y z

3. 6
2x y 3z 0
5x 2y z 3
4. Find the two numbers whose sum is 110 and product is 2800.
5. Find the dimensions of a rectangle if its perimeter is 170 feet and its area is
1500 square feet.
For Exercises 6–8, solve the linear system by elimination.
6. 2x 15y 4
x 3y 23
38x 19y 7
7. x y2
8. 0.4x 0.5y 0.112

0.3x 0.7y 0.131
9. Herbert invests $17,000 in two funds that pay 11% and 13% simple interest, respectively.
If he receives $2080 in yearly interest, how much is invested in each fund?
10. Find the least squares regression line for the points 4, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2,
and 2, 1.
For Exercises 11–12, solve the system of equations.
xy 2 12. 3x 2y z 5
6x
11.
2x y z 11 y 5z 2
4y 3z 20
13. Find the equation of the parabola y ax2 bx c passing through the points
0, 1, 1, 4 and 2, 13.
Practice Test for Chapter 7 717
For Exercises 14–15, write the partial fraction decomposition of the rational functions.
10x 17 x2 4
14. 15.
x2 7x 8 x 4 x2
16. Graph x2 y2 ≥ 9.
17. Graph the solution of the system.

xy ≤ 6
x ≥ 2
y ≥ 0
18. Derive a set of inequalities to describe the triangle with vertices 0, 0, 0, 7,
and 2, 3.
19. Find the maximum value of the objective function, z 30x 26y, subject to the following constraints.
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0
2x 3y ≤ 21
5x 3y ≤ 30
20. Graph the system of inequalities.

x2 y2 ≤ 4
x 2 y
2 2 ≥ 4
For Exercises 21–22, write the partial fraction decomposition for the rational expression.
1 2x 6x 17
21. 22.
x2 x x 32

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C H A P T E R 7

Systems of Equations and Inequalities

Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations . . . . . . . . 611

Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

Section 7.4 Partial Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674

Section 7.6 Linear Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710

Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716

■ You should be able to solve systems of equations by the method of substitution.

0, 3 is not a solution. 16 13 3

1, 4 is not a solution. 2 13 11

(c) 4 32 2 1 2, 13 is a solution.

(d) 4 12 3 1 16 9 3

6 12 3 6 2, 9 is not a solution.

32, 313 is not a solution.

74, 374 is a solution.

0, 2 is a solution. 10, 2 is a solution.

(d) 2 2e1 1, 3 is a solution.

Solution: 3, 2 Solution: 12, 3

19. 1.5x 0.8y 2.3

Solve for x: 15x 12x 4 23 ⇒ 27x 27 ⇒ x 1

Solve for x: x 3 3x2 3x 0 ⇒ xx2 3x 3 0 6

Point of intersection: 2, 2 Point of intersection: 52, 32

Point of intersection: 5, 3 Points of intersection: 2, 2, 4, 0

Point of intersection: 4, 2

Point of intersection: 2, 2 −4 x 2 − y2 = 4

No points of intersection ⇒ No solution

3xx 16yy 250⇒ y

Points of intersection: 0, 13, ± 12, 5

10, 10, 2, 0

No points of intersection, so no solution Point of intersection: approximately 0.287, 1.751

Points of intersection (solutions): Solutions: 0, 1, ± 1, 0

approximately 1.96, 0.14, 1.06, 2.88

62. C 5.5x 10,000, R 3.29x

63. C 35.45x 16,000, R 55.95x 64. C 2.16x 5000, R 3.49x

65. R 360 24x

67. 0.06x 0.03x 350 68. p 1.45 0.00014x 2 10

0.03x 350 p 2.388 0.007x2

0.06x 0.085y 2000

(c) Point of intersection: 10.3, 66.01 (f) Answers will vary.

During the year 2000, the consumption of solar

72. (a) For Alabama, P 17.4t 4273.2. 4800

For Colorado, P 84.9t 3467.9.

(c) Using the equations from part (a),

73. 2l 2w 30 ⇒ l w 15 74. 2l 2w 280 ⇒ l w 140

75. 2l 2w 42 ⇒ l w 21 76. 2l 2w 210 ⇒ l w 105

77. 2l 2w 40 ⇒ l w 20 ⇒ w 20 l 78. A 12bh

81. To solve a system of equations by substitution, use the following steps.

84. (a) b 1 b2 b3 b4

85. 2, 7, 5, 5 86. 3.5, 4, 10, 6

87. 6, 3, 10, 3 88. 4, 2, 4, 5

5, 0, 4, 6   

30x 17y 18 0 45x 29y 127 0

Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems

■ You should be able to solve a linear system by the method of elimination.

Solution: 1, 1 −3

2x4x 3yy 213

Substitute x 3 in Equation 1: 23 y 3 ⇒ y 3

Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 2x 2y 4 Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 6x 4y 6

10, 10, 2, 0

5, 0, 4, 6

Solution: a, 65 a 21 where a is any real number

Solution: 149, 209

83. log9 12 log9 x log9 12x 84.