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    17 views29 pages

    Manufactured Housing Handbook: Expanded Second Edition Includes Use of Mechanical Finishing Tools

    Uploaded by

    Andres Acosta

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 29

    Manufactured

    Housing
    Handbook
    Expanded Second Edition
    Includes Use of Mechanical Finishing Tools
    Introduction Table of Contents

    United States Gypsum Company offers a complete line of SHEETROCK® MH Brand Introduction...............................................................................................2

    .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ...............................................................................................................................................................

    ...............................................................................................................................................................

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....
    products designed to meet the needs of the Manufactured Housing industry. Panels ......................................................................................................4
    ULTRA-BASE™ ceiling panels, for example, are specially strengthened to provide bet- Application Products ..................................................................................5
    ter performance than standard gypsum panels while reducing the weight of the Finishing Products .....................................................................................6
    home. TUF-SET™ compounds are available in a variety of setting times to accommo- Decorating Products ..................................................................................8
    date the requirements of different manufactured housing assembly lines.
    Preparing the Panels..................................................................................9
    Attaching the Panels ................................................................................10
    U. S. Gypsum’s MH products, however, are just one part of a time-tested prod-
    uct family that includes numerous panels, trims, and finishing products used in Interior Finishes—Mixing and Application ..................................................19
    Manufactured Housing construction. All of these products are backed by USG’s Finishing Panels ......................................................................................20
    reputation and experience to ensure the performance required by the demand- Texturing.................................................................................................27
    ing environment of the assembly-line. Smooth Drywall Finishing .........................................................................32
    Decorating ..............................................................................................34
    As part of its continuing commitment to serve the needs of the Manufactured Using Mechanical Finishing Tools ..............................................................34
    Housing industry, U. S. Gypsum has created this installation guide to address Repairing Damaged Panels.......................................................................43
    the special problems, procedures, and products of the MH construction envi- Tips for Successful Finishing.....................................................................46
    ronment. In addition to product descriptions and detailed installation instruc- Problems and Remedies...........................................................................47
    tions, this publication includes quick-reference tools listing finishing tips, com-
    Basic Cautions ........................................................................................51
    mon problems and their solutions, basic cautions, and industry terminology.
    Glossary of Terms ....................................................................................52
    These helpful sections can be found at the back of the guide.

    T M

    Setting-Type
    Joint Compound

    Tuf Set

    T M

    T M

    Unaggreg
    ng ated
    ted Ceili Spray Textu
    Aggrega ure re
    T M

    xt
    Spray Te
    Type
    ht Setting
    Light Weig nd
    ou
    Joint Comp

    Tuf Set T M

    Lite
    T M

    T M
    20

    Plu
    s
    3

    2 3
    Panels Application Products

    Perpendicular or Parallel Application SHEETROCK® MH Brand Gypsum Ceiling SHEETROCK Brand Regular Type W Bugle Head Screws
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    Panels may be applied perpendicular Board (ULTRA-BASE™) Gypsum Panels attach single-layer gypsum panels to
    (long dimension across studs or is a lightweight, sag-resistant ceiling have long edges tapered on the face wood framing. Screws provide
    joists) or parallel (long dimension product specifically designed to meet side to form a shallow recess to greater holding power than wall-
    parallel to studs or joists). the manufactured housing industry’s receive joint compound and tape. board nails, minimize popping, and
    Perpendicular application using 12- need for weight reduction, structural Made in four thicknesses: 1/4, 3/8, help prevent damage to the panel.
    16 panel lengths is ideal for walls integrity, and speed of installation. A 1/2, and 5/8. (The 1/4 thick panel
    because linear footage of joints is revolutionary new technology per- should not be applied as a single SHEETROCK Brand Paper Faced Metal
    minimized. If possible, span the mits this 1/2 board to offer signifi- layer but only to cover existing wall Drywall Bead and Trim
    entire wall or ceiling from corner to cantly improved sag resistance when and ceiling surfaces.) requires no nailing. Excellent for use
    corner. To minimize joints, use the compared with standard 5/8 gyp- with setting-type compounds for
    longest-length panels available and sum board, while reducing the SHEETROCK® Brand 1/4 Flexible Gypsum quicker finishing and decoration, this
    weight in the average home by 500- Panels product provides superior resistance
    offset all end joints in adjacent rows.
    700 pounds. ULTRA-BASE Ceiling are designed for the easy construc- to edge-cracking and chipping.
    Board is recommended for attach- tion of curved surfaces. Curved par- Available in a variety of dimensions
    ment with long edges parallel to titions provide an attractive way to and profiles, including inside and
    framing (spaced up to 24 o.c.) to soften the hard lines of flat wall outside corners, both 90° and bull-
    WALLS
    speed manufacturing and eliminate dimensions, and add sophistication nose styles. Specially designed trims
    butt joints, facilitating finishing. to any design. SHEETROCK Brand 1/4 for coves, vaulted ceilings, and other
    ULTRA-BASE Ceiling Board resists sag- Flexible Gypsum Panels are light- applications are also available, as
    CEILINGS
    ging even with parallel application, weight and more flexible than stan- are nail-on versions of this bead and
    SHEETROCK® MH Brand Gypsum Base insulation loading, and wet texturing dard 1/4 panels, while retaining the trim. See J996 for a complete listing.
    Board
    applied in a hot and humid environ- same strength and fire resistance.
    is a superior grade, 5/16 panel ment. Board is 4 wide and cut to DUR-A-BEAD Corner Bead
    specifically designed to accept lami- SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels, is a galvanized steel reinforcement
    your specified lengths. Caution: No
    nated vinyl film before installation. Water-Resistant,
    gypsum panel product will resist for protecting external corners.
    The panel is shear-wall rated and for provide a water-resistant base for
    sagging if exposed to excessive
    use on both shear and nonshear the adhesive application of ceramic No. 200-B Metal Trim
    moisture for prolonged periods. Also,
    walls, and also carries a Class A and plastic tile and plastic-faced wall is an L-shaped casing that provides
    excessively long drying times will
    Surface Burning Rating for use as panels. Not recommended for ceil- protection and a neat finished
    result in problems with the ceiling
    wall liner in HUD Code home-furnace ings or for single-layer resilient appearance around window and
    finish, such as joint banding and
    and water-heater rooms. attachment where tile is to be door openings. Available for 1/2 and
    staining. This requires careful atten-
    applied. 5/8 gypsum panels.
    tion during the production process.
    SHEETROCK® MH Brand Gypsum Panels
    (TUF-BASE™)
    Moisture from the interior finish SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels,
    are designed to meet the needs of should be removed from units as FIRECODE Core,
    the manufactured housing industry. quickly as possible through the use combine all the advantages of regu-
    They have an extra-tough core to of ventilation equipment. lar panels with additional resistance
    provide superior structural perfor- Supplemental heat or dehumidifica- to fire exposure. Consult local build-
    mance during construction and in tion may be required. Do not enclose ing codes for fire resistance require-
    transit. Classified by Underwriters or seal units before all finishes are ments.
    Laboratories Inc. as to shear resis- completely dry.
    tance and surface burning character- SHEETROCK Brand Foil-Back Gypsum
    Panels
    istics. The 4-wide panels are avail-
    provide an effective vapor retarder
    able in 3/8, 1/2, and 5/8
    for walls and ceilings when required.
    thicknesses.
    Not to be used in high moisture
    areas.

    4 5
    Finishing Products

    Joint Tape SHEETROCK Brand Joint Tape Ready-mixed joint compounds are SHEETROCK® MH Brand Setting-Type
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    Joint tape may be made of paper or is a high strength paper tape which is convenient to use, because the mess Joint Compound (TUF-SET™ 15, 20, 30,
    45, 60, 90, and 210)
    fiberglass mesh. Each type has its lightly precreased for corner applica- and mixing associated with powders
    tion and designed specifically for use is a high-strength, chemically hard-
    place in manufactured housing. are eliminated.
    with SHEETROCK Setting- or Drying- ening powder that sets quickly, pro-
    Type Joint Compounds to provide vides strong bond with low shrink-
    Fiberglass Versus Paper Tape Setting-type compounds harden
    Because of the nature of assembly- optimum performance. age, and ensures excellent
    chemically for quicker finishing and
    line production, fiberglass mesh check-crack resistance. Available in
    joint strength, and are available in a
    tapes and setting-type compounds a variety of setting times.
    Joint Compounds variety of setting times. This makes
    have been developed for the manu- There are numerous joint com- them especially suited to assembly-
    SHEETROCK® MH Brand Lightweight
    factured housing industry. When pounds available, each with its own line production. They can be used Setting-Type Joint Compound
    paper tape and a drying-type com- advantages and limitations. Many with both paper and fiberglass joint (TUF-SET™ Lite 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and
    pound are used for joint finishing, different qualities, including ease of tape. Caution: Painting and textur- 210)
    the water in the compound tem- sanding, resistance to humidity, ease ing are not recommended before is an easy-sanding formulation that
    porarily weakens the tape, creating a of mixing, and feathering properties compound has set (hardened). For is ideal for second coats (over TUF-
    joint that only achieves strength should be evaluated. best decorating results, once joint TAPE and TUF-SET) or wherever sand-
    after drying fully. If a finished section compound has set, apply a prime ing is required. Available in a variety
    is moved before the compound is In general, however, joint compounds coat of SHEETROCK® Brand First Coat of setting times.
    completely dry (as is likely to happen can be categorized according to dry- or an undiluted, good-quality interior
    on an assembly line), the possibility ing or setting type, and as powdered latex flat wall paint with a high solids SHEETROCK Brand Lightweight Setting-
    of cracking is greatly increased. Type Joint Compound (EASY SAND 20,
    or ready-mixed. Understanding these content. Allow prime coat to dry
    45, or 90)
    major groupings will help you to before painting or texturing. Note:
    is an easy-mixing, smooth-applying,
    For this reason, it is recommended choose the best compound for the Vapor retarder (VR) paints may be
    quick-hardening, easy-sanding joint
    that fiberglass tape be used for fin- finishing task at hand. used in place of the drywall primer.
    compound with low shrinkage and
    ishing flats. (This tape is self-adhe- However, experience has shown that
    superior bonding. Ideal for patching
    sive, which will also simplify and Drying Versus Setting certain VR paint formulations inter-
    projects.
    speed the finishing process.) Drying-type compounds, which con- fere with the setting action of joint
    tain water, must be allowed to dry compounds. This will lead to low SHEETROCK Brand All-Purpose Ready-
    For areas such as corners and completely in order to ensure cre- strength, and can cause stress Mixed Joint Compound
    wall/ceiling intersections, the use of ation of a strong joint. The time cracking. Make sure the joint com- is used for embedding paper tape,
    paper tape is recommended. needed for thorough drying may not pound is fully set before applying VR for finishing coats, and for fill coats
    be available in an assembly-line paints. over metal corner bead, trim, and
    SHEETROCK® MH Brand Joint Tape environment. If finished sections are fasteners.
    (TUF-TAPE) moved before joints have dried com- SHEETROCK® MH Brand Setting-Type
    is a fiberglass tape made with a pletely, cracking may result. Drying- Joint Compound (TUF-SET High Early
    SHEETROCK Brand Ready-Mixed
    cross-fiber construction that resists type compounds are available in both Strength 15, 20, 30, 45)
    Lightweight All Purpose Joint
    cracking, shrinking, tearing, stretch- powder and ready-mixed forms. They is a specially formulated compound Compound (PLUS 3™)
    ing, and distortion. It is self-adhesive can only be used with paper tape. that provides higher early strength offers all the benefits of SHEETROCK
    for easy application. Designed for than standard setting compounds. Brand All-Purpose Ready-Mixed
    use with SHEETROCK Setting-Type This high “green” strength offers Joint Compound with three exclusive
    Joint Compounds. additional resistance to cracking advantages: less weight, less shrink-
    during the construction process. age, and easier sanding. Only two
    coats required over metal corner
    bead and trim; sands easily; bonds
    well.

    6 7
    Decorating Products Preparing the Panels

    Priming SHEETROCK Brand Ceiling Spray Texture Read all instructions through before Use utility knife with sharp blade
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    SHEETROCK Brand First Coat (QT) installing gypsum panels. Prepare a for scoring. Complete cutting by
    is a flat latex paint specially formu- is available aggregated with perlite, plan for each assembly to be con- running knife through back paper
    lated to provide an excellent first polystyrene, or poly/perlite, and in structed, and ensure that you have for the length of the panel and
    (prime) coat over gypsum panels. fine, medium, and coarse versions. It the right sizes of board, sorted in the snapping back to face.
    Conventional sealers help eliminate offers excellent hide and firmness, right quantities, to avoid extra han-
    porosity variations, but typically won’t and dries to a white finish. dling. A rolling cart at the assembly
    correct texture variations. can be easily loaded from a fork lift
    SHEETROCK® Brand Wall and Ceiling Spray
    Conventional paint primers, on the in the material aisle, then moved up
    Textures (Aggregated and
    other hand, help correct texture dif- Unaggregated) and down the fixture as needed to
    ferences but usually will not equalize produce a variety of texture patterns reduce the carrying required.
    porosity. First Coat is unique because from bold spatter/knockdown to fine
    it minimizes both texture and porosity orange peel. Provide superior cover- 1 Marking
    differences for easy, problem-free age and help conceal minor substrate Measure and mark panel size After cutting the panel, smooth
    decorating. Not intended as a finish defects.Application by spray and/or desired. the cut edge with a rasp. Be sure
    coat, and is not a vapor-retardive hand-tooled by broad knife, brush, or to keep edge as square as possi-
    coating. roller, depending on pattern desired. ble. Always wear a dust mask
    when sanding or rasping.
    Textures SHEETROCK® Brand Wall and Ceiling
    Aggregated Versus Unaggregated Texture (Multi-Purpose)
    Textures is an unaggregated texture coating
    Aggregated textures contain clearly for producing fine to medium texture
    visible particles that “stand patterns (such as fine orange peel
    out” when dry for a texturing effect and crowsfoot-stipple finishes) on 2 Cutting
    similar in appearance to acoustical walls and ceilings. Textured effect Line up straightedge with the
    ceiling finish. Unaggregated texture obtained by brush, roller, or spray marks and hold firmly against the
    does not contain such particles; its application. Helps conceal minor sur- panel. Draw pencil line as guide
    final appearance is determined face defects. Tip
    for scoring. Score through paper
    largely by the method of application. Gypsum panels are heavy and
    and lightly into the core with a
    SHEETROCK® Brand Wall and Ceiling Spray may bend or snap under their
    Texture (Sand Finish Texture 12) sharp utility knife.
    ®
    SHEETROCK MH Brand Aggregated own weight. Be sure panels are
    Ceiling Spray Texture (TUF-SPRAY is a powder product producing a fine properly supported prior to
    Medium and Coarse) sand finish on walls and ceilings. To break the panel core, securely
    scoring.
    produces a handsome simulated Combines easy mixing, fast drying, grasp the board edges on both
    acoustical ceiling finish (with no excellent coverage, and good con- sides of the score line and snap
    acoustical correction). It mixes easily, cealment. Apply by spray application board with a quick, firm move-
    offers excellent coverage with low only. An ideal base for wall paints; ment.
    aggregate bounce-back during spray- may be left unpainted on ceilings.
    ing, and masks minor surface defects.
    Available in medium and coarse. SHEETROCK® Brand Wall and Ceiling
    Texture Paints
    SHEETROCK® MH Brand Unaggregated are also available in ready-mixed
    Spray Texture (TUF-TEX) form, including Sand Finish Texture
    is an unaggregated texture for use on 1, Ripple Finish Texture 2, and
    interior walls and ceilings in manufac- TEXOLITE Sanded Paste Stipple.
    tured housing. It can be easily applied
    using spray equipment, brush, or For a complete description of all the
    roller, and produces a variety of tex- textures and finish products available
    ture patterns from bold spatter/ from USG, please consult United
    knockdown to light orange peel. States Gypsum Company publication
    SA933.
    8 9
    Attaching the Panels

    3 Cutouts 4 Framing Screw Attachment


    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    For openings such as doors, win- Prior to panel attachment, inspect Space screws maximum of 12
    dows, electrical outlets, and framing to ensure that the face of apart on ceilings, 16 on walls,
    switch boxes, measure across the framing is straight. Warped or and at least 3/8 from ends and
    from the point where the side crooked framing should be edges of panels. Sink screws to
    edge of the panel will rest to the replaced. just below the panel surface,
    near and far sides of the required leaving the paper intact.
    opening. Then measure from the
    point where the top or the bottom For 1/4, 3/8, and 1/2 thick
    edge of the panel will fall to the panels, use 1-1/4 annular ring
    top or bottom of the opening. drywall nails. For 5/8 panels, use
    1-3/8 annular ring drywall nails.

    5 Mechanical Attachment
    Nail Attachment Use an electric or pneumatic
    Pneumatic nailing equipment may screwgun equipped with an
    be used for attaching gypsum adjustable screw depth control
    panels if the gun is equipped with head and Phillips bit. Drive
    Mark the outline of the opening at a depth-limiting stop. Do not rely screws in straight, leaving the
    the appropriate position on the on air-pressure adjustments to Drive nails in straight, not at an screwhead slightly (1/32) below
    gypsum panel. A template made control nail depth. angle. Do not overdrive or coun- the face of the gypsum board. Be
    from thin plywood is useful for tersink nails. This results in careful not to overdrive screws.
    repetitive cutouts. Hold panel tight against framing. breaking the face paper or frac- Breaking the face paper greatly
    Nail in a pattern that works the turing the gypsum core. If a nail lessens the holding power of the
    Cut with a heavy-duty router gypsum panel flat against the happens to go in crooked, hold screw.
    using either a bushing or bearing framing. Begin with restrained the panel tight against the fram-
    to follow a template or a plunge edges and ends and work out- ing and drive a second nail in
    bit with an integral guide to follow ward toward open areas. Space about 2 from the nail that punc-
    the framing in large openings. nails maximum of 7 apart on tured the paper. Then drive the
    ceilings, 8 on walls, and at least first nail in below the surface of
    3/8 from ends and edges of pan- the board.
    els.

    On 3/8 and 1/2 thick panels,


    use 1-1/4 screws; on 5/8 thick
    panels, use 1-5/8 Type W Bugle
    Head Screws for superior holding
    power and high resistance to
    popping due to wood shrinkage.

    Seat nail so head is in a shallow


    dimple (1/32) in the face of the
    drywall.

    10 11
    Staple Attachment A urethane foam adhesive is avail- Maximum Fastener Spacing
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    Drywall can be secured using sta- able for attaching gypsum panels to Gypsum Panel Constructions—Wood Framing
    ples; however, wide-crown fas- wood framing. A two-component Maximum Fastener Spacing
    teners are difficult to conceal dur- urethane adhesive is spray-applied Construction Fastener Gypsum Panels
    ing finishing. Use minimum 7/16 to the intersection between the side Type Type Location in. mm

    crown staples with 1-1/8 legs for of the framing member and the back Single Layer— nails ceilings 7 178
    Mechanically Attached sidewalls 8 203
    1/2 and 3/8 gypsum board, and of the gypsum panel. Immediately
    with 1-1/4 legs for 5/8 board. after spraying, the urethane foams in screws ceilings 12 305

    Space staples 7 o.c. for walls place to create a fillet-type of bond. sidewalls 16 406

    and ceilings. Mechanical fasteners are not typi- Single Layer— nails/ ceilings 16 or 406 mm o.c. at ends,
    Adhesively Attached screws (perpendicular) edges—1 field fastener per
    cally required when using this frame member at mid-width
    method. Take precautions to avoid of board
    framing displacement during the ceilings 16 or 406 mm o.c. along each
    (parallel) edge and 24 or 610 mm o.c.
    foaming process. Contact the adhe- along intermediate framing
    sive manufacturer for equipment walls 16 or 406 mm o.c. at ends,
    requirements and installation (perpendicular) edges—1 field fastener per
    instructions. frame member at mid-width of
    board

    6 Adhesive Attachment Gypsum Wallboard – If metal trim is to be installed

    .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    The use of adhesive to attach Installation around edges, doors, or windows,
    gypsum panels to wood framing General recommendations for determine if trim is to be installed
    can reduce, or, in some cases, gypsum panels applied to wood before panel application.
    eliminate the number of mechani- framing: – Do not anchor panel surfaces
    cal fasteners required. The table – Cut boards so that they touch across the flat grain of wide
    below provides general guidelines but are not forced into position. dimensional lumber such as floor
    for the spacing of mechanical fas- Select the proper adhesive for spe- Butt all joints loosely. joists and headers. Float panels
    teners used in conjunction with cific job requirements. Make sure – Whenever possible, place over these members or provide a
    adhesives. The recommendations that framing is clean, sound and free tapered or wrapped edges next control joint to compensate for
    of the adhesive manufacturer from oil, dirt or contamination. Apply to one another. wood shrinkage.
    must be followed. adhesive and fasteners per instruc- – Whenever possible, apply
    tions on adhesive cartridge. Do not boards perpendicular to framing Measurements—All measurements
    Caution: Certain wall and ceiling use adhesive alone to secure panels and in lengths that will span must be accurate. Make two mea-
    assemblies in a manufactured unless specifically recommended by ceilings and walls without creat- surements as a check. Measure
    home are designed to resist wind the adhesive manufacturer. ing end (butt) joints. If butt joints across the diagonal corners of wall
    and transportation loads. These do occur, stagger and locate and ceiling framing laid out on the
    assemblies must be constructed them as far from the center of assembly fixture. This procedure will
    in accordance with the specifica- walls and ceilings as possible. usually warn of assemblies that are
    tions outlined in the test report – Support all ends and edges of out of square. Then, framing correc-
    chosen by the design engineer. gypsum board on framing, tions can be made before the board
    General guidelines do not apply to except long edges at right is attached.
    these assemblies. angles to framing and where
    end joints are to be floated Cutting—Make straight-line cuts
    between frame members and across full width or length of board by
    back-blocked. scoring the face paper, snapping the
    – When fastening, apply hand board core, and then cutting the back
    pressure on panel next to fas- paper.The common tool used to
    tener being driven to ensure score and cut gypsum board is a util-
    panel is in tight contact with ity knife with replaceable blade.
    framing member. Regardless of the type of knife used,

    12 13
    ceramic tile, DUROCK Brand Cement

    .................................................................................................................................................
    its blade should be kept sharp so may be installed parallel if ade- b For boards installed with the
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    that the score will be made through Board is recommended. quate measures are taken to pre- walls in the unit (back panel-
    the paper and into the gypsum core vent board sag. Board sag is ing)—if applied horizontally,
    without tearing or rolling up the 7 Ceilings caused by exposure to moisture install top row first. Position
    paper. Ensure that the ceiling assembly from finishing products, high first panel tight against the
    fixture is clean, flat, and square. ambient humidity, and insulation installed ceiling panel and fas-
    SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels Lay out the gypsum panels in loading on the back of the board. ten to studs. Space nails or sta-
    should not be exposed to exces- accordance with the design of the Humidity/moisture control ples maximum 8 apart along
    sive or continuous moisture or home. Take precautions to avoid requires adequate ventilation in framing, screws 16 apart,
    extreme temperature (maximum damaging the face, edges, and the plant to remove moisture starting at the restrained edge
    continuous temperature less than ends of the gypsum panel during introduced during finishing. or end of the panel and working
    125 °F). Specially formulated layout. Supplemental heat and dehumid- outward toward the free end.
    SHEETROCK Brand Panels, Water- ifiers may be required to remove Cut panels accurately so that
    Resistant, are recommended for The Gypsum Industry generally moisture. they do not have to be forced
    areas periodically exposed to high recommends perpendicular into place.
    moisture. For areas subject to installation for ceiling board. Assemble the roof structure over
    direct or continuous exposure to However, at the discretion of the the gypsum panels and attach the
    moisture, and as a base for home manufacturer, ceiling board gypsum panels to the framing
    using the specified mechanical or
    Maximum Support (Studs, Joists, Channels, Furring) Spacing adhesive fastening schedule.
    for Gypsum Panels:
    Max. Support
    Spacing o.c. (in.) Do not extend the gypsum ceiling
    Panel
    Thickness(1) Location Application Method (2) in. mm board between the roof end rail
    Single-layer application—TUF-BASE or Regular Gypsum Panels and the perimeter bearing walls. Apply lower row of panels so
    3/8 ceilings(3) perpendicular (4) 16 406 Use a wood compression strip to that tapered edges meet with
    (9.5 mm) sidewalls parallel or perpendicular 16 406 carry the load. those of top row. Vertical joints
    1/2 ceilings parallel 16 406 should be staggered. Avoid ver-
    (12.7 mm) perpendicular 24(5)(6) 610
    8 Walls tical joints directly above or
    sidewalls parallel or perpendicular 24 610
    Apply panels horizontally or verti- below the corner of a window,
    5/8 ceilings(6) parallel 16 406
    cally to framing so as to minimize door, or other opening for best
    (15.9 mm) perpendicular 24 610
    the amount of joint work required. decorating results.
    sidewalls parallel or perpendicular 24 610
    Single-layer application—1/2 SHEETROCK MH Brand Gypsum
    a For gypsum board attached on
    Ceiling Board, ULTRA-BASE the assembly table, take pre-
    1/2 ceilings( parallel or perpendicular 24 610 cautions to avoid wiping adhe-
    (12.7 mm) sidewalls parallel or perpendicular 24 610 sive off the framing as panels
    (1) A 5/8 thickness is recommended for the finest single-layer construction, providing increased resistance to fire and are slid into place. Do not allow
    transmission of sound; 1/2 is standard for single-layer application in new residential construction. (2) Long-edge
    position relative to framing. (3) Not recommended below unheated spaces. (4) Not recommended if water-based tex- the gypsum board to extend
    turing material is to be applied. (5) Max. spacing 16 if water-based texturing material to be applied. (6) If 1/2 beyond the plates or wall ends.
    SHEETROCK MH Brand Gypsum Ceiling Board (ULTRA-BASE) is used, max. spacing is 24 o.c. for parallel application with
    weight of unsupported insulation not exceeding 2.2 psf. When water-based texturing materials are used, environmen-
    tal controls must be in place to adequately dry interior finishes and reduce high ambient humidity.
    Application method: “Parallel” and “perpendicular” refer to the position of the paper-wrapped edge of the gypsum
    panel.
    Limitations on 3/8 panels: 3/8 gypsum panels shall not be used for ceilings below unheated spaces or as a sub-
    strate for water-based finishes.
    Limitations on regular 1/2 panels: 1/2 gypsum panels shall not be used in ceiling applications when truss spac-
    ing exceeds 16 in. o.c. and water-based finishes are applied.
    ULTRA-BASE Ceiling Board: 1/2 SHEETROCK MH Brand Gypsum Ceiling Board (ULTRA-BASE) is recommended for ceiling
    applications when water-based finishes are specified.
    CAUTION: Continuous film poly-vapor barriers used in conjunction with wet-textur-
    ing will increase the tendency of the board to sag.Alternative vapor barriers should
    be used when texturing is specified.

    14 15
    Tips Make sure that your fasteners are 10 Corner Bead and Metal Trim
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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    To join panels at an inside cor- properly seated by drawing a SHEETROCK™ BRAND Paper Faced Metal
    Bead and Trim
    ner, butt the second panel clean knife over each fastener. If
    against the first and fasten the you hear a metallic ring, drive the Apply compound to both sides of
    end of the second to a stud. fastener below the surface. Be corner, extending 2 on each
    careful not to break the face side. Cut bead to desired length.
    paper. Align tightly, pressing firmly to set
    bead. Be careful not to bend. Use
    taping knife to embed bead firmly
    If regular right-angle bead is to be
    into the joint compound by run-
    used for an outside corner, the
    ning the knife at a 45° angle over
    boards should overlap as usual.
    the corner with even pressure.
    Remove excess compound using
    the knife to eliminate any air bub-
    To join panels at an outside cor-
    bles under the paper. Allow to dry.
    ner, lap the end of the second
    Keep the nose of the bead clean
    board over the end of the first, Remove any loose paper, and cut
    with a slightly damp sponge.
    and fasten both panel ends to out any soft spots or bulges in the
    their common stud. board.

    Application of paper-faced metal


    bead will be quicker and easier if
    you apply compound to the bead
    using a hopper. This is a simple
    piece of equipment that spreads
    compound on the bead as you
    pull it through the hopper’s spe-
    9 Drywall Inspection and Butt joints, where cut board edges cially designed openings or
    Preparation meet, should be cut with a “V” gates. For best results, you
    After drywall installation, inspect groove to remove fuzzed paper. should place the hopper on a
    the surface you are going to fin- plastic pail to collect any excess
    ish. Drywall panels must be firmly compound. Cut “V” shapes out of
    attached to the framing, properly the pail on both sides so that the
    lined up, butted together, and not bead can enter and exit smoothly
    damaged. Remove any drywall Tips as you push it through the hop-
    dust or other particles from the When bullnose bead is to be per.
    wall. Tape and joint compound will applied to an outside corner, the
    not adhere well to dusty surfaces. drywall panels forming the corner The hopper has two differently
    This can result in joint cracking, should not be overlapped. This shaped gates. One is for right-
    Deep holes and gaps larger than
    and may cause the tape to sepa- will permit the rounded bead to fit angle bead, and one is for bull-
    1/8 should be prefilled with joint
    rate from the joint. snugly around the corner. (For nose bead.
    compound before finishing.
    inside corners, no special align-
    1/8"
    ment of panels is necessary to
    accommodate bullnose bead.)

    16 17
    Interior Finishes/
    Mixing and Application

    Always be sure to place the hop- Install USG Metal Trim where gyp- Tips 11 Mixing Dry Powder Joint
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    per so that the gate on the exit sum panels butt window or con- The easiest way to trim a corner Compounds and Texture
    side (where the bead, with com- crete block. Nail trim every 9 bead to the correct length is to Products
    pound applied, will leave the hop- through small holes in flange. cut through the flanges with tin Always add powder to drinkable
    per) matches the profile of the Make sure that nails penetrate snips one flange at a time, bend, water at room temperature (about
    bead. framing members. and snap at the nose of the bead. 55-70 °F). Make sure that your
    tools and mixing equipment are
    Mitering clean. Refer to package instruc-
    To miter corner bead for trimming tions for exact proportions of
    around windows or skylights, begin powder and water.
    with a bead section approximately 3”
    longer than the section being cov-
    ered. Starting at one end, using tin
    snips, cut the outside flange at a 45°
    For more information on the many angle down to the nose of the bead. When pushing the bead onto the
    sizes and styles of SHEETROCK From this point on the nose, cut the corner, be careful that the flanges
    Brand Paper Faced Metal Bead inside flange at 90°. Hold the bead do not spread beyond a 90°
    and Trim, please refer to publica- against the section of wall and mark angle; this will make it hard to
    tion J996. For additional instruc- the length on the inside flange. Cut cover them with joint compound. Mix thoroughly by hand or using
    tions on installation, see publica- the inside flange at 90° up to the a power mixer, as indicated on
    tion J1124. nose of the bead. Cut the outside packaging. If you are power-mix-
    flange at 45° down to this point on ing, use a mixing paddle
    DUR-A-BEAD Corner Reinforcement the nose. The outside flanges should designed for joint treatment and
    Apply DUR-A-BEAD Corner Rein- be longer than the inside. Repeat this textures, and use a drill with a
    forcement to all exterior corners process for the remaining sections. maximum speed of 450 rpm.
    of walls, soffits, and window
    returns. Hold bead firmly against
    corner and nail bead through The steps that follow are general
    small holes every 9 on each guidelines for mixing joint com-
    flange. Start at the midpoint of the pounds and texture products. For
    bead and work out toward the two detailed information concerning pro-
    ends. The fasteners on the portions, mixing methods, and cau-
    flanges should be directly oppo- tions, please refer to product pack-
    site one another, not staggered. Crosstaping of mitered corners aging. Scrape unmixed material from
    Make sure that nails penetrate (diagonal application of tape, as sides of container and mix again.
    framing members. Drive all nails shown above) is recommended.
    below nose of corner bead and this prevents cracking that can be
    tightly into flange so that joint caused by movement of the two
    compound will cover smoothly sections of bead.
    and evenly. Be careful not to dent
    the metal. Screw attachment is
    not recommended.

    18 19
    Finishing Panels

    Permit to soak for the time indi- The amount of finishing work Butt joints occur where the cut
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    cated on the product package. required depends on the skill of the edges of two panels butt together.
    applicator and the desired appear- Because there are no tapers at butt
    ance of the final unit. Textured sur- joints, the tape and compound will
    faces typically require fewer joint automatically lie on top of the sur-
    treatment coats. Smooth drywall fin- face of the board. This means that
    ish requires more steps, higher butt joints are always naturally
    applicator skills, and special primers. crowned, and will require a slightly
    different finishing procedure. Center and lightly press tape into
    It is also important that you under- wet joint compound with fingers.
    Remix thoroughly to an even con- stand the differences among the Draw 6 knife firmly along joint to
    sistency. three main types of joints you will be tightly embed tape. Be sure there
    treating. Corners, also called angles, is sufficient joint compound under
    are easy to identify. These are the tape to prevent blistering of the
    joints that occur where two panels tape.
    meet at an angle, as in the corner of
    a room. Joints that occur where two
    panels meet in the same plane are We recommend using a fiberglass
    known as flats. There are two kinds mesh tape, such as TUF-TAPE, for fin-
    of flats: tapered joints and butt joints. ishing flat, tapered joints, and a paper
    tape, such as SHEETROCK Brand Joint
    Tapered joints occur where the fin- Tape, for butt joints and corners.
    ished edges of two boards meet. The
    tapers pressed into the boards pro- 12 First Coat, Flat Joints While embedding the tape,
    vide a depression so that the tape Fiberglass Mesh Tape (such as remove excess joint compound
    SHEETROCK MH Brand Joint Tape—
    and joint compound won’t create a TUF-TAPE)
    from edge and apply as a thin
    bump—known as a crown—above Apply tape centered over the coat over the tape.
    the surface of the board. joints and press in place using a
    6 joint knife. Apply SHEETROCK MH
    Brand Setting-Type Joint
    Compound over the tape using
    sufficient pressure to force the
    compound through the tape into
    firm contact with the gypsum
    board.
    To finish tapered joints, follow
    same procedure. Tape should
    overlap tape applied to butt joints.

    Paper Tape (such as SHEETROCK


    Brand Joint Tape)
    Start with butt joints. Apply an
    even, thin coat of Setting-type
    joint compound for the length of
    the joint with a 6 finishing knife.
    20 21
    Tips Setting compounds (except for Using Paper Tape makes this closed side easier to
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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    For best result apply medium TUF-SET Lite and EASY SAND) are Use a 6 joint finishing knife to finish. On the open side, in con-
    pressure and hold knife at a 45° extremely hard after curing and apply a thin layer of SHEETROCK MH trast, your knife will tend to slip
    angle to panel. cannot be sanded. Brand Setting-Type Joint Com- into the crack between the two
    pound on both sides of corner. boards. This means that there is a
    Extend compound slightly beyond danger of cutting through the
    area to be covered by tape. tape and compound on the open
    side during finishing. For this rea-
    son, it helps to follow a special
    45 sequence of steps for finishing
    the two sides of an inside corner.

    To apply joint compound neatly, 13 First Coat, Inside Corners Once you have applied the tape to
    dip the knife and strike excess Using Fiberglass Tape an inside corner and embedded it
    compound from the sides of the Fold the tape in half lengthwise firmly, go back and apply a coat of
    knife to keep the material cen- and push the tape into the corner; Fold tape along center crease and compound only over the closed
    tered. unfold against the drywall and lightly press into position with side of the joint. Remember that
    press in place using an inside- your fingers. you are using a nonsandable
    corner trowel. Apply compound compound, so that it is important
    with a joint knife using sufficient to finish the closed side of the
    pressure to force the compound corner as smoothly as possible.
    through the tape into firm contact (Applying a coat of compound to
    with the board. the closed side at this point gives
    it time to set before you return to
    work on the open side. This will
    Keep the blade clean, especially help prevent the marring of tape
    of dried bits of compound, to Tightly embed tape as with other and compound that can occur at
    avoid leaving scratches in the wet joints. the gap between the two boards.)
    joint compound as you draw the
    knife over it. Discard any com-
    pound containing dried bits of
    material. Clean blade by drawing
    it over edge of pan.

    Tip 14 First Coat, Fasteners


    When you are finishing an inside For each fastener depression,
    corner with tape, it is helpful to apply SHEETROCK MH Brand
    CAUTION: It is difficult to fold identify the closed and open sides Setting-Type Joint Compound
    fiberglass tape to achieve a of the corner, and to treat them with 6 knife. Holding the blade
    While embedding tape, draw the straight interior corner. In addi- differently. At an inside corner, the almost flush with the panel, draw
    knife slowly along the length of tion, the use of fiberglass tape edge of one board butts up the joint compound across a fas-
    the tape to provide an even distri- can cause a buildup of compound against the face of the other tener head and the dimple sur-
    bution of joint compound. If addi- in the corner that will result in board, leaving a narrow opening. rounding it.
    tional coats of compound will be cracking later on. Therefore, the When you run your taping knife
    applied, small scratches and use of paper tape in corners is down the butted board, the blade
    streaks need not be smoothed recommended. As an alternative, can be aligned firmly against the
    out. Do not crown the joints. paper-faced metal bead can also face of the other panel. That
    be used for corner reinforcement.
    22 23
    similar manner, except that only 16 Second Coat, Flat Joints and
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    one side is finished. Fasteners
    Tips
    At this stage of finishing, tapered
    joints and butt joints need to be
    treated differently. Because
    tapered joints provide a depres-
    sion for the tape and compound,
    Then raise the knife blade to a there is a danger that the depres- The tapered joint should then be
    more upright position and scrape sion will remain incompletely feathered, with the compound
    off excess with a second stroke at a Other Types Metal Corner filled, resulting in a starved joint. spread out very thin at the edges.
    Bead and Trim
    right angle to the first stroke. To feather, press down on the
    Compound should be level with Apply SHEETROCK MH Brand edge of the knife that is furthest
    panel surface. Setting-Type Joint Compound from the joint, and lift the other
    with 8 knife onto one flange of edge very slightly.
    the corner bead. Work down the
    entire length of the bead. Hold When treating a butt joint, the goal
    knife at 45° angle and smooth is to make the joint’s natural
    compound—one edge of knife crown as invisible as possible.
    riding the metal, the other on the Butt joints, on the other hand, are This is accomplished by finishing
    surface of the panel. Compound naturally crowned, because the the sides of the joint so that the
    should extend onto panel a mini- tape and compound have to be slope from the center of the joint
    Tip mum of 4. Repeat application for placed above the surface of the down to the level of the board is
    To determine if fasteners are other flange. Use same applica- board. Excess compound will extremely gradual.The technique
    properly seated prior to finishing, tion method for metal trim. result in a crowned joint. used to achieve this effect is
    draw clean knife over each fas- known as “splitting the joint,”
    tener. If metallic ring occurs, drive because you treat the sides first,
    fastener below surface, being then wipe down the middle. On
    careful not to break paper. each side, use the feathering
    technique to make sure that the
    thickness of the compound
    changes as gradually as possible.

    Tip To prevent starved and crowned


    After filling first flange, the metal joints, two different techniques of
    corner edge may have some applying joint compound are
    lumps of joint compound.To used. These are known as “cen-
    15 First Coat—Bead and Trim remove, run 8 blade up the bead tering” and “splitting.” You should
    Paper-Faced Metal Corner Bead and while also moving it to the side. In center a tapered joint by first run-
    Trim (Tape On) this way, the compound is contin- ning the knife down the center,
    Using a 6-8 taping knife, apply a uously moved aside as it is then up one side, then down the
    coat of SHEETROCK MH Brand scraped off. other, then down the middle
    Setting-Type Joint Compound to again. This will ensure that the
    both sides of the corner. Keep this depression created by the tapers
    coat as smooth as possible, will be filled.
    feathering it out 5-6 on each
    side. Let dry. Sand sides lightly
    where necessary. L-Trim and
    Reveal Trim are finished in a

    24 25
    Textures

    Flat Joints as TUF-SET Lite or EASY SAND Joint The instructions that follow describe
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    Allow the first coat to set com- Compound) as well as touching various methods of creating textured
    pletely and to dry as much as up the closed side as needed. Be finishes on walls and ceilings. If you
    possible before proceeding. sure to feather out the edges of are using a smooth finish for your
    Scrape off bumps, ridges, and the compound (away from the drywall surfaces, please skip ahead
    other imperfections with knife. Be corner). to the section entitled “Smooth
    careful not to damage surface of Drywall Finishing.”
    the gypsum board.
    Fasteners 19 Preparation
    Apply a second coat to fasteners For best results, apply a prime
    in same manner as first coat. coat of SHEETROCK Brand First Coat
    after joint compound has set.
    Allow prime coat to dry before
    applying texture.
    18 Second Coat, Outside Corners
    and Metal Trim
    Apply SHEETROCK MH Brand Allow the first coat to set com-
    Lightweight Setting-Type Joint pletely and to dry as much as pos-
    Compound (TUF-SET Lite) or sible before proceeding.Apply
    SHEETROCK Brand Lightweight second coat of SHEETROCK MH
    17 Second Coat, Inside Corners
    Setting-Type Joint Compound Brand Lightweight Setting-Type
    Allow the first coat to set com-
    (EASY SAND) to tapered joints using Joint Compound (TUF-SET Lite) with
    pletely and to dry as much as
    an 8-10 knife the length of the 8-10 knife, feathering slightly 20 Choosing a Texture Product
    possible before proceeding. Apply
    joint. beyond first coat. Texture products are available in
    SHEETROCK MH Brand Lightweight
    machine-applied and hand-
    Setting-Type Joint Compound applied types.
    (TUF-SET Lite) on one side using a
    6 knife for the length of the cor- Machine-Applied Types
    ner. Scrape off any compound Aggregated powder textures are
    that laps onto the second side. spray-applied to an even thick-
    Feather out beyond first coat and ness for fast, complete coverage.
    allow to dry. After first side is dry, Textures are obtained with vari-
    apply compound on other side ous aggregates in suitable
    Apply pressure to knife edge far- If you do not intend to texture the
    and feather. binders. They are used to produce
    thest from the joint and lift the panels you are finishing, skip
    other edge just slightly above sur- steps 19-24. Go to the “Smooth fine to bold, heavy, acoustical-
    face. Draw knife down joint. Drywall Finishing” section and look finishes. Unaggregated
    Repeat for opposite edge.This begin with step 25 for instruc- types, also spray-applied, pro-
    technique is called feathering. tions on applying a third coat. duce finer textures, ranging from
    Joint compound should extend light spatter and fog-and-spatter
    beyond first coat for a total width to medium-light finishes such as
    of 7 or 8. Apply a 7-8 coat of orange peel or flat. Heavier
    joint compound to each side of designs such as spatter and spat-
    Tip ter/knockdown may also be pro-
    butt joints and feather. Compound
    If you followed the tip for the first duced.
    should extend beyond first coat for
    coat on inside corners, you have
    a total width of 14-16.
    already finished the closed side of Hand-Applied Types
    the corner with a nonsandable These include topping and all-pur-
    setting-type compound. At this pose compounds, plus multipur-
    point, you can finish the open side pose and ready-mixed textures.
    with a sandable compound (such Offer a good range of texture
    26 27
    appearances, including crowsfoot Tips CAUTION obtain preferred spraying charac-
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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    and stipple designs. – For mixing, use a clean mixing Do not use hot water for mixing. teristics.
    vessel equipped with a vari- Hot water will cause lumping in
    CAUTION able-speed agitator. the mix, and will not provide any These adjustments should be
    Heavy water-based textures may – Do not overthin texture materi- benefit to the texturing operation. made while spraying material
    result in sagging of gypsum board als as poor adhesion, lack of back into the mixing tank and not
    ceilings under the following con- hide, and texture pattern varia- To thin a paste product—that is, onto the surface to be textured.
    ditions: high humidity, improper tion may result. ready-mixed texture—use a When starting to spray, always
    ventilation, and/or board applica- – Intermixing with other com- heavy-duty electric drill fitted with take care to have atomization air
    tion to framing and insufficient pounds is not recommended a suitable mixing paddle. Operate pressure “on” before turning on
    board thickness for span between unless specified. at not over 450 rpm with drill pad- material feeds. To activate pump,
    supports. – Provide minimum 55 °F air, dles completely submerged at all turn on “mechanical man.”
    water, package, material, and times. Mix until compound has a
    Heavy-texture finish has two detri- substrate temperature during creamy texture, then add water to At this point, you can tell if the
    mental effects. It not only wets the and after application. obtain proper consistency for tex- material is pumping normally and
    face paper, but adds to the dead – Avoid drafts while applying, ture effect desired.Add water in has good atomization. If no
    load that must be borne by the but provide ventilation after 1/2-pint increments and stir after adjustments are necessary, spray
    gypsum panel.A heavy texture, application to aid drying. each addition. the surface. Keep air pressure as
    when wet, weighs as much as 1/4 – For comfort, use a respira- low as possible while maintaining
    lb. per sq. ft. Even more important tor and protect eyes while 23 Application good spray pattern. Do not exceed
    is the added moisture provided by spraying. On piston pumps, the larger the recommended coverage, since
    application of this material. – Do not use unvented gas or oil pump, the easier the pumping. It color differences may show
    Complete drying of texture prod- heaters. is difficult to give hard and fast through, or a lighter texture may
    ucts should normally occur within – Application in high-humidity rules for pumping pressures since result. When spraying is com-
    a 24-hour period. In hot-humid or areas is not recommended. there are many variables. pleted or temporarily interrupted,
    cold-humid conditions, or in areas Consistency of the texturing always turn off “mechanical man”
    with insufficient ventilation, com- 22 Mixing material, length and size of hose, (pump), then close material feed,
    plete drying could take 2 to 3 Inspect mixing tanks and clean condition of hose and pump, and and, finally, turn off atomization
    days. Note:Application of primer is out any rust or soured material. pumping height all determine the pressure.
    to equalize the surface porosity Mix spray texture first, since it air pressure.
    and to provide a uniform color. requires more mixing time to be Pumping Precautions
    Primers are not intended to lump-free. On a Roto-Stator, the motor Material flow in both single- and
    reduce sag potential. should be running at about half- multi-piston pumps is controlled by
    To mix powder texture products, speed, with the machine in sec- poppet or ball valves.The valves
    21 Checking Equipment start with slightly less water than ond gear. The variables listed are made of steel, rubber, or plas-
    Spraying with a pole gun usually recommended on bag and slowly above determine the speed and tic, the pistons of rubber or plas-
    involves three hoses: (1) material- add material to water while agi- gear setting. tic—both parts are subject to wear
    feed hose (supplies material to tating. Do not overload mixing and possible damage.Whenever
    nozzle); (2) atomization hose motor (causing it to slow). Nozzle size of the material-feed pumping problems such as a pres-
    (supplies air pressure to gun and Disperse all ingredients com- orifice for QT spray texture fin- sure loss occur, it is advisable to
    to “mechanical man”); (3) pletely; add remaining water ishes should never be over 1/2 in. check the valves and pistons for
    “mechanical man,” a manual according to bag directions, and diameter, preferably 3/8 in. or wear or damage before altering the
    valve for controlling feed pump. allow mix to stand 20 minutes even 5/16 in. texture mix.
    Taping the hoses together eases before use. Textures should be
    handling. Hoses usually are avail- mixed at a heavier consistency At start of spraying, make adjust- CAUTION
    able in 50 ft. lengths and should than needed for spraying, then ments to mix consistency accord- With all types of pumping equip-
    be checked periodically and thinned to spraying consistency. ing to bag directions. When proper ment, material having either ver-
    repaired as required, since dam- mix consistency has been deter- miculite or perlite aggregate has a
    aged hoses can cause poor mined, adjust air and material tendency to stiffen while being
    results in application. feed pressures as needed to
    28 29
    pumped. Both aggregates have a The guidelines that follow will Knockdown Pattern uniform coating across the sub-
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    tendency to absorb extra mix help you to create some of the Application—Spray. strate or use the texture brush to
    water when under pressure. If most popular texture patterns. Equipment—Pole gun, hopper, or “stomp” a base coat of texture
    stiffening occurs, extra water— Binks 18D gun with plunger. over the surface.Allow material to
    but not in excess of recom- Fog and Spatter Pattern Knockdown Procedure—Apply as partially dry to a dull, wet, finish;
    mended amounts—should be Application—Spray. spatter, but use material at heavy then “stomp” the surface with the
    added to the mix until the desired Equipment—Binks 18D gun or latex-paint consistency.After spat- texture brush to create the
    consistency is obtained at the equivalent, equipped with a #53 tering surface, wait about 10 to 15 desired crowsfoot or stippled fin-
    hose discharge. There is no stiff- fluid nozzle and R-21 fan cap. minutes, then very lightly flatten ish. For best results, prewet the
    ening under pressure with sand Procedure—Mix products to a only tops of spatters with flat blade texture brush with texture.
    aggregate. thin, latex-paint consistency. For a or flat hand trowel.Again, size of
    good fog coat, which is always the spatters depends upon pressures Roller Patterns
    first application, atomizing air used. Application—Roller.
    should be approximately 60 psi Equipment—Long nap roller or
    and material feed pressure Skip-Trowel Pattern special roller covers.
    approximately half the atomizing Application—Hand. Procedure—Mix texture to a con-
    pressure.When spraying, apply in Equipment—Wide hand trowel. sistency thicker than that of latex
    long even strokes with no wrist Procedure—Use slightly thicker paint but thinner than that of joint
    action, holding gun perpendicular texture consistency than for compound. Spray- or roll-apply
    24 Patterning to and approximately 36 in. from knockdown. For ease of skip desired texture to surface.While
    General surface.Apply material as uni- troweling, add grade 30 sand into the texture is wet, use a specialty
    Certain texture products can be formly as possible, avoiding lap the mix. Dip trowel into mud pan roller to impart the desired pattern
    hand textured following initial appli- marks.After fog coat has been filled with texture. Lightly run the to the surface (a variety of spe-
    cation with spray equipment, brush, applied, allow about 10 to 15 min- trowel across wallboard, allowing cialty rollers for creating different
    roller, or trowel. For high productiv- utes for surface to partially dry, the texture to “skip” across the texture patterns is commercially
    ity, spray-apply the texture material; then apply spattering by removing surface. The silica sand works as available). Flattening raised por-
    then, while it is still wet, use the the R-21 fan cap and reducing a screed guide. Rerun the trowel tions of the wet material provides
    appropriate hand tools to create the atomizing air to approximately 15 across the surface to even. further variation.
    desired pattern. psi and material feed to approxi- Alternatively, spray-apply a
    mately 10 psi.While applying spatter coat, using material Swirl Pattern
    spatter coat, move spray gun in a thinned to spray-application con- Application—Spray or roller.
    rapid random fashion, standing sistency and mixed with sand as Equipment—4 to 8 inch wallpa-
    about 6 ft. from surface.The size above. Reduce the atomizing per brush.
    of the spatters depends upon per- pressure; do not cover as heavily Procedure—Mix texture to a con-
    sonal preference. as for spatter/knockdown pat- sistency similar to that of moder-
    tern. Wait approximately 10 to 15 ately thick latex paint. Apply a
    Orange Peel Pattern minutes, then use a blade as in uniform coating of texture to the
    A string-wrapped roller produces Application—Spray. the knockdown procedure, but surface. Use wallpaper brush to
    an attractive striated-stone Equipment—Same as for fog coat. applying more pressure. generate a series of circular
    effect, while cross-rolling gives Procedure—Same as for fog coat, “swirls” in a row across the sur-
    an additional interesting squared except that atomizing air pressure Crowsfoot Pattern face. Apply the next row of swirls
    pattern. For finer designs and should be 40 psi and material feed Application—Spray or roll or so that it partially overlaps the
    textures use a small brush, roller- pressure approximately 20 psi. hand stomp. preceding set of swirls.
    stipple, whisk broom, crumpled When applying, follow same pro- Equipment—Single-round or
    paper, comb, sponge, or similar cedure as for fog coat, but use double-round texturing brush.
    item. Flattening raised portions of slightly more material to give a Procedure—Mix texture to a con-
    wet material provides further good orange peel pattern.The sistency thicker than that of latex
    variations. Texture products may degree of orange peel pattern paint but thinner than that of joint
    also be scored to represent block, depends upon the amount of compound. Spray- or roll-apply a
    tile, or cut stone outlines. material applied to the surface.
    30 31
    Smooth Drywall
    Finishing

    Glitter Effects were not a problem. However, do (#200 grade or finer mesh cloth)
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    Sparkle, particularly under artificial not leave any during the applica- when sanding conventional-
    light, can be added to ceilings for tion of this final coat or they will weight all-purpose joint com-
    unusual and interesting effects mar the finished surface. pounds. For topping and light-
    with the use of glitter. Glitter comes weight joint compounds, use
    in 1/32 to 1/16 in. cuts in silver, #150-grade or finer sandpaper
    gold, blue, red, fuschia, or green, (#220-grade or finer mesh cloth).
    and is applied with hand-cranked Avoid roughening the surface
    or air-powered guns.Application Tips paper when sanding. If you do
    usually consists of embedding glit- Do not sand unless it is necessary. roughen it by accident, repair the
    ter in the freshly applied ceiling If you do sand, use fine-grit sand- damage by applying a little joint
    texture while surface is still wet. paper on fully dry compound, and compound with a 6 knife.
    Depending on effect desired, fig- be careful not to scuff the gypsum 26 Third Coat, Outside Corners
    ure 1 lb. of glitter per 500 sq. ft. of panel paper to minimize surface and Metal Trim Wet Sanding
    ceiling. touch-up requirements. Allow second coat to dry as com- When only minimal sanding is
    If you have applied texture to your pletely as possible. Sand lightly if needed, try wet sanding with a
    panels, skip the following instruc- necessary.Apply third coat of sponge. It eliminates dust and
    tions for completing a smooth fin- SHEETROCK MH Brand Lightweight does not scuff the surface paper.
    ish. Go to step 28 for storage and Setting-Type Joint Compound (TUF- Use a small-celled polyurethane
    cleanup information. SET Lite) with 10 knife, feathering sponge similar in appearance to
    slightly beyond second coat. carpet padding. Saturate sponge
    Smooth Drywall Finishing and wring to prevent dripping. Rub
    If you have skipped the Texturing joints to remove high spots, using
    section because you wish to create a as few strokes as possible. Clean
    Before applying the final coat,
    smooth drywall finish, the steps that the sponge frequently during use.
    check to see if tapered joints are
    follow will guide you through the
    level with surface. Hold the 10
    completion of the smooth-finishing
    blade across the joint, straight out
    process.
    from the wall. If the blade can be
    rocked across the joint, the joint is
    25 Third Coat, Flat Joints and 27 Sanding
    Fasteners crowned. It must be hidden by
    feathering the final coat out as far Allow third coat to dry. Lightly
    Allow second coat to dry as com- sand imperfections in finished
    pletely as possible. If necessary, as possible.
    joints, corners and over fastener
    remove imperfections with knife heads. Carefully remove sanding 28 Storage and Cleanup
    or sandpaper. Apply a thin finish- Use the “splitting” technique
    (described in the section on sec- dust with damp sponge. Before storing unused drying-
    ing coat of SHEETROCK MH Brand type joint compound, clean sides
    Lightweight Setting-Type Joint ond coats) to make the slope of
    the compound from the crown to and lid of container so no dried
    Compound (TUF-SET Lite) or compound falls into the mixture.
    SHEETROCK Brand Lightweight the surface of the board as grad-
    ual as possible. Level drying-type joint compound
    Setting-Type Joint Compound surface with knife and cover con-
    (EASY SAND) with a 12 knife to the tainer tightly. If storing for a long
    flat joints and a 6 knife to the time, cover surface of joint com-
    fastener heads. Press knife firmly pound with approximately 1/2 of
    so joint compound fills depres- clean water and cover container.
    sions but does not significantly Tip
    Use a fine-grit sandpaper in a Do not store in direct sunlight or
    add to thickness. Feather edges where freezing conditions may
    at least 2 beyond second coat. tool designed for drywall sanding
    so you don’t dig into the joint occur. Pour off water before
    When applying earlier coats, compound. For best results, use using stored joint compound.
    minor depressions and grooves #120-grade or finer sandpaper Clean tools with warm, soapy
    water.
    32 33
    Decorating Using Mechanical
    Finishing Tools

    29 Priming Manual methods of joint finishing are the closed position. Pump material
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    Prior to painting, apply SHEETROCK easy and reliable, and can be used in until compound exits the nozzle.
    Brand First Coat or a flat latex paint any situation. Learning these meth- Place the automatic taping tool on
    as a prime coat. Follow the manu- ods is also the best way to gain an the gooseneck, seating it firmly.
    facturer’s recommendations. For understanding of the art of finishing, Move the pump handle to transfer
    best results, use airless spray and to develop a feeling for finishing compound from the pail to the auto-
    equipment. Closely follow equip- tools and materials. matic taping tool.
    ment manufacturer’s instructions
    and all safety precautions. If you tape and finish large areas of Tips
    Preparation
    drywall, however, it may be to your When filling a taping tool with com-
    To use an automatic taping tool, you
    advantage to learn how to use pound, keep the mud pail full to
    must first install the drywall tape and
    mechanical drywall tools. These tools avoid pumping air into the tool. To
    fill the taping tool with compound.
    help to increase productivity, and can avoid overfilling the taping tool, place
    also make your work more consis- your fingers in the open end of the
    Generally, a standard-width paper
    tent. (They remain only part of the tube while filling it. Stop pumping
    tape like SHEETROCK Brand Joint Tape
    solution, however; hand tools still when the piston reaches your fingers
    should be used in automatic taping
    pick up where mechanical tools leave (this will be about 9 pumps for an
    tools. If the tape is too wide, it will not
    30 Painting off.) empty taping tool).
    fit properly into the tool; if it is too
    After prime coat is dry, apply a narrow, it may cause jamming.
    good quality interior paint. Follow Mechanical drywall tools are avail- When the taping tool is filled with
    the recommendations on the able from a variety of manufacturers. compound, remove it from the
    To install the tape, remove the retain-
    container. Each version operates a little differ- gooseneck. Stand the taping tool on
    ing wire and place the roll of tape on
    ently, and applicators have their own end and move the gate valve control
    the spindle. Feed the tape through
    preferences. The explanations that lever to engage the drive mecha-
    the tape guide, with the back side of
    follow are general guidelines for dif- nism. Turn the key, located on the
    the tape facing down, so that the tape
    ferent tool types; for more detailed drive gear sprocket, until compound
    curls over the drive wheel.
    information on the use, mainte- covers the leading edge of the joint
    nance, and cleaning of a specific tape. (This step is required after each
    You can fill the taping tool with com-
    tool, you should refer to the instruc- loading of the taping tool.)
    pound using a hand pump with a
    tions provided by the manufacturer.
    gooseneck attachment. Attach the
    gooseneck to the pump by placing a General Operation
    The section below describes the To use the taping tool, push it along
    pump gasket on the pump housing,
    design and use of the most popular the joint you wish to tape. Hold the
    over the protruding studs. Place the
    mechanical finishing tools. Following tool with one hand on the control
    gooseneck over the studs and
    this overview are some sample pro- tube, and the other at the bottom of
    tighten the hex nuts firmly to prevent
    cedures that show how you can the compound tube. The taping tool
    leaking.
    combine different tools to accom- will dispense compound onto the
    plish a finishing task. tape and paste the tape to the wall.
    The hand pump should be placed in a
    standard five-gallon pail containing
    Automatic Taping Tool At the end of the joint, you must
    joint compound that is well mixed
    An automatic taping tool is used to come to a complete stop and pull a
    and lump-free. If the pump is new or
    apply tape to joints mechanically. The handle—connected to a built-in
    freshly cleaned, prime the pump by
    taping tool places a measured blade—that will cut the tape to the
    pouring 1/2 cup of water into the out-
    amount of compound on the tape; appropriate length. Then, advance
    let (once the pump is full of com-
    applies the tape to the wall; and cuts the taping tool with the wheel
    pound, no further priming is needed).
    the tape to the correct length. against the wall until the tape and
    Before attaching the taping tool to compound appear.
    the gooseneck, make sure that the
    taping tool’s gate control lever is in
    34 35
    Always run the taping tool at a slight the wall until about 3 from the top. To smooth compound over the tape,
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    angle, with only one wheel resting on Stop completely, cut the tape, and seat the tool at the beginning of the
    the surface. If both wheels contact roll to the end of the joint on both joint. Applying firm pressure, move
    the surface, compound will drip from wheels. the tool along the joint. Make sure
    the sides of the tape. that the open end is pointing in the
    To start the next joint, move the drive direction of movement, and that the
    After applying tape and compound wheels against the surface of the handle leads the corner finisher.
    with an automatic taping tool, always wall, starting the compound flow,
    wipe down the joint manually using while advancing the tape with the Avoid twisting the taping tool.As After using the corner finisher, you
    the appropriate drywall knife. This control tube. soon as possible, begin operating the should detail corner and ceiling angle
    will ensure that the tape is flat and tool at a 45° angle to the joint.This intersections using a drywall knife.
    securely embedded. Horizontal Joints will help prevent tape “creeping.”
    To tape horizontal joints, advance the The corner finisher or angle head is
    joint compound and about 1-1/2 of Corner Roller also used in conjunction with the cor-
    tape by pushing forward on the con- After joint tape and compound have ner pump or angle applicator to apply
    trol tube while rolling the drive been applied to an inside angle (cor- a finishing coat over the angles.
    wheels on the wall. ner), the corner roller is used to
    Banjo
    embed the tape firmly into the com-
    Roll along the joint, stopping about 2- pound. The rollers in the tool embed This tool offers an alternative method
    1/2 from the end of the joint; cut the and smooth the tape while forming a of applying tape and compound. It is
    Tips tape. Roll out the last 2-1/2 of tape sharp corner. simpler to use and less expensive
    To get the feel of the automatic tap- while feeding tape with the control than the automatic taping tool.
    ing tool, run it first without com- tube. This will apply compound to the For best results, start in the middle of
    pound. This makes the tool lighter, beginning of the tape for the next the joint and work toward both ends,
    and allows you to practice the cutting joint. using light pressure. Then repeat the
    operation. It is important to stop procedure using firm pressure. This
    movement of the taping tool com- Ceilings will force the excess compound from
    pletely during cutting (if you don’t For ceilings, use both drive wheels for under the tape, preparing the angle
    stop completely during both strokes, the first 4-6 of tape to secure it to for the corner finisher.
    the blade will jam the tape). If a tape the ceiling.Then tilt the automatic tap-
    jam does occur, it will be much sim- ing tool toward you at a slight angle, Corner Finisher or Angle Head (With The banjo has a hinged side panel
    pler to remove without compound. leaving only one drive wheel on the Pole Handle) for hand-loading compound into the
    Practicing the unjamming process drywall surface.Walk backwards, The corner finisher, also known as an tool, and an adjusting slide to control
    without compound will make it easier leading with the head of the tool. angle head, is used to smooth the the amount of compound dispensed
    for you to unjam the tape during reg- compound in a corner, leaving a uni- onto the tape.
    ular operation. Inside Corners form finish. This tool is designed to
    To tape inside angle joints, position wipe down and feather both sides of To apply tape, hold the banjo with
    It is best to tape the butt joints first, the taping tool so that it bisects the an angle in one pass. It is used after one hand while pulling tape through
    then the tapered joints, and finally angle, with both wheels running in the corner roller to wipe down the the tool with the other hand.
    the inside corners. contact with the adjacent wall sur- excess compound left when the tape
    faces. Move the taping tool in a is embedded. As the tape emerges from the banjo,
    Vertical Joints straight line with the creaser wheel compound will adhere to one side.
    To tape a vertical joint, place the tap- extended (use the trigger located To use the corner finisher, you must Lay the compound-covered side
    ing tool at the bottom of the joint, near the trailing end of the automatic first attach it to the detachable pole against the joint while continuing to
    parallel to and slightly above the taping tool). The extended creaser handle. If necessary, set the fin- pull tape through the banjo as you
    floor. Lead with the head of the tap- wheel pushes the tape securely into isher’s spring tension. move the tool along the wall.
    ing tool as soon as possible to make the angle.
    tracking easier. Remember to roll
    with only one wheel in contact with
    36 37
    At the end of the joint, you must cut along the joint while applying even joint compound over the previous Turn the angle applicator around and
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    the tape against an attached blade. pressure with the handle. This will coat in an inside corner. This combi- position the corner finisher in the top
    dispense the compound at a steady nation of tools allows you to apply a of the angle. Pull it down through the
    Flat (Box) Finishers rate. The handle should lead the box, consistent finishing coat to both top of the compound applied in the
    Finishing boxes are used to apply except at the ends of joints. sides of the angle at once. first stroke, and sweep it away from
    joint compound to flat taped joints. the angle.
    They come in a variety of widths, up Near the middle of the joint, lock the
    to 12, to serve a variety of purposes. angle of the box by pulling on the Horizontal Angles
    (For instance, a 7 box might be used lever, and gradually decrease pres- For a horizontal angle, position the
    to apply a bedding coat, a 10 box to sure while moving the box from the corner finisher (attached to the angle
    apply a finish coat, and a 12 box to surface in a sweeping motion. applicator) in one corner of the
    apply a skim coat.) angle. Apply even pressure to the
    Reversing position, begin again at applicator and pull it toward the
    the other end of the joint. Draw the Attach the corner finisher to the opposite corner. Near the end of the
    box along until you have passed the angle applicator, then fill the angle opposite corner, sweep the corner
    previous stopping point. To achieve a applicator using a hand pump finisher away from the angle.
    smooth joint, a double pass is some- attached to a box-filler adapter.
    times necessary. Keeping the corner finisher head Turn the angle applicator around,
    over the edge of the joint compound position it in the opposite corner,
    Again, decrease pressure and sweep bucket, pump until the applicator is apply even pressure, and pull it
    The box is controlled with specially the box away from the surface. full. through the end of the compound
    designed handles available in various applied in the first stroke. Sweep the
    lengths (including long handles suit- Vertical Wall Joints Because the angle applicator is a angle applicator away from the angle.
    able for working overhead on ceiling To finish a vertical wall joint, start pressure-controlled tool, it is impor-
    joints). As you apply pressure to the from the bottom and move upward, tant that you apply even pressure Nail Spotter
    box handle, compound is pushed covering the joint as high as is com- when using it. Hold the applicator The nail spotter is a small box that is
    onto the wall. The lever on the handle fortable, to a height of about 30. with both hands, one near the end of used for filling fastener depressions.
    end will lock the box at the desired the handle and the other close to the It works best when all fasteners are
    angle. The box may also have an Lock and sweep the box from the applicator. When the corner finisher set at the correct depth. As the box is
    adjustment wheel to control the surface and begin again at the top of is placed in the corner, all blades dragged down a row of fasteners, a
    amount of crown left by the box; you the joint. Draw the box down the joint should be flush with the sides of the thin layer of compound fills the
    may need to experiment with the until you reach the previous stopping angle. The applicator and corner fin- holes. The attached blade smoothes
    adjustment wheel to find the opti- point. Lock and sweep the box from isher should be centered in the angle the compound.
    mum setting for a particular task. the surface, joining the two finished being finished, with no tilt to either
    sections. side.
    Load the box with joint compound
    through the opening behind the Door and Window Openings For easiest operation, keep the han-
    blade, using a hand pump and a box For door and window openings, dle at a 45° angle, and the corner
    adapter or “nipple.” always work from the corner, moving finisher set flush in the angle.
    toward the opening. Just before the
    Ceiling Joints and Horizontal wheels reach the opening, lock the Vertical Angles
    Wall Joints box, lift the wheels, and sweep the To finish a vertical angle, position the The nail spotter can be filled with
    To apply compound, position the flat box away from the wall. corner finisher (attached to the angle compound using a pump and
    box at the end of the joint being fin- applicator) near the bottom of the adapter.
    ished and apply pressure with the Angle Applicator or Corner Pump (With
    vertical angle, with the blade end
    Corner Finisher)
    handle to start the flow of compound. closest to the floor. Applying even To finish a row of fasteners, set the
    The tool should be positioned so that An angle applicator or corner pump
    pressure, pull up about 3-4 and box at the desired angle to the han-
    the wheels are leading and the blade is used in conjunction with a corner
    sweep the corner finisher away from dle, and position the nail spotter
    trailing. Draw the flat box steadily finisher to apply a uniform layer of
    the angle. against the wallboard at the begin-
    38 39
    ning of the row. Draw the spotter sized potato masher, is especially removed from the working area, 4 Prefill
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    smoothly along the entire row, apply- handy for making slight adjustments along with any other material or Prefill all gaps over 1/8 wide.
    ing moderate pressure to force the to the thickness of a mix. It is also tools that may have been left on
    compound onto the wallboard sur- useful for scraping down compound the floor. It is easy to trip over Prefilling makes for stronger
    face. The blades of the nail spotter from the sides of the bucket, and for something while you are concen- joints and a better finished sur-
    will skim off excess compound, leav- moving compound to the bottom of trating on the wall or ceiling you face. The time spent on prefilling
    ing a slight crown directly over each the bucket so that air is not sucked are finishing. will be made up during later
    dimple. into the intake of the pump. A long- stages, because wiping down will
    handled stomper may also be used 3 Mixing be easier, and finish coats will dry
    After passing over the last dimple, to move compound from the bucket Mix the chosen joint compound in more quickly.
    gradually break contact with the sur- into a banjo or pan. accordance with the manufac-
    face using a sweeping motion. This turer’s instructions. Be sure to 5 Taping (Automatic Taping
    will result in properly filled dimples Procedures for Joint Finishing use the amounts of water and Tool Method)
    without leaving excess compound to Using Mechanical Tools compound indicated on the joint Make sure that the prefill material
    be removed by hand. 1 Choosing Materials compound package. has set. Check the consistency of
    When choosing joint tape and your compound to ensure that it
    Hand Pump compound for use in mechanical Tips will pump easily into the auto-
    A hand-operated pump is used to drywall tools, always consult the Always give ready-mixed com- matic taping tool. Thin with water
    transfer compound into mechanical tool manufacturer’s recommen- pound a quick initial mix before if needed. Pump compound into
    tools from the pail. It comes with dif- dations. If you decide to use a set- adding water; compound varies in the automatic taping tool from the
    ferent attachments to fit the various ting-type joint compound, bear in its initial thickness. pail using a hand pump and
    types of tools that may be used. You mind that this type of compound gooseneck attachment.
    may also wish to fill your pan using sets fairly quickly, and will cause For fill coats on corner bead, add
    the pump when doing handwork. clogging if allowed to harden only a small amount of water. Apply joint tape and compound to
    inside of your tools. Prompt and the butt joints first. Wipe down
    A screen in the intake opening of the frequent cleaning is required For taping or finish coats with with a flexible 8 knife, removing
    pump filters particles in the com- when setting-type compounds mechanical tools, the compound excess compound.
    pound. Use a coarse screen with tap- are used with mechanical taping should be very thin. Add almost a
    ing compound, and a fine screen tools. quart of water per bucket. Apply tape to the tapered joints
    with finish compound. If pumping next.
    becomes difficult, scrape off the par- 2 Drywall Inspection and Always add your water gradually,
    ticles that have accumulated on the Preparation in half-pint increments, until the Last, apply tape to the inside cor-
    screen. Inspect and prepare surface as desired thickness is reached. ners. The creaser wheel on the
    described in the section on hand automatic taping tool folds tape
    Drill with Figure 8 Drywall Mixing Bit finishing. That is: set fasteners Check viscosity by lifting the mixer into the corner.
    For mixing compound, a 7 amp, 450 below surface of panels; ensure from the compound and watching
    max. rpm drill with a figure-8-type that panels are tightly attached to the mixture drip from the tool. For When the inside corners have
    drywall mixer bit is effective. The framing; cut away any soft spots a final viscosity determination, been taped, use the corner roller
    heavier amp drill does not wear out or bulges; remove torn or loose pass a knife blade through the mix to press the tape into the corner.
    as quickly as lesser amp drills, and face paper; cut butt joints in a “V” and observe how the compound Then, pass a 2-3 corner fin-
    the figure 8 paddle mixes quickly and groove. Brush away all dust and flows back together. isher (attached to its pole handle)
    thoroughly. Faster drills may whip other foreign materials. over the corner, leaving a uniform
    more air into the mix, resulting in When mixing powder com- coat of compound over the tape
    craters in the compound when it is Tip pounds, sift powder into the water (except at the ends).
    applied. Mechanical tools operate more while agitating with the mixer. A
    smoothly when you move quickly. thick initial mix will provide shear Remove any excess compound
    Hand Stomper Be sure to eliminate any potential to break down lumps. After a using a hand knife.
    This tool provides an alternative to obstacles that may slow your short soak time, adjust the mix to
    electric drills for mixing. The hand progress or create dangerous sit- the desired consistency.
    stomper, which looks like an over- uations. Drywall scrap should be
    40 41
    Repairing Damaged Panels

    Before applying subsequent 7 Maintenance and Cleanup 1 Patching Dents, Holes, 2 Patching Medium Holes
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    coats, fill fastener depressions Never permit setting-type com- Popped Nails and Cracks a Apply generous amounts of
    using a hand knife or nail spotter. pound to harden inside a tool; this a To repair a dent, sand and then lightweight setting-type joint
    will make the tool difficult or fill with lightweight setting-type compound around edges and
    6 Finishing impossible to clean. Water does joint compound. Let harden. coat the perimeter of hole.
    When the taping coat is dry, use a not prevent the chemical harden- Add second coat if necessary.
    7-10 box finisher to apply the ing of setting-type compounds. Sand and prime when dry.
    next coat of compound on flat For drying type compound, if you
    joints. Allow the compound to dry, will not be using a tool for more
    then sand lightly. than 5 minutes, place it in a
    bucket of water. Keeping tools
    Apply the finish coat, using a 12 clean is important, because dried
    box for flat joints, and a 2-3 cor- material built up on and inside
    ner finisher (attached to the cor- tools will hinder their operation. b Crisscross two or three strips of
    ner pump or angle applicator) for Keep moving parts on mechanical joint tape over opening and
    inside corners. tools lubricated with oil. Blades on b To repair a small hole or crack, embed tape in joint compound.
    these tools are replaceable, and wipe area clean. Fill with light- Let harden.
    Apply a finish coat to fasteners. need to be changed regularly. For weight setting-type joint com-
    specific instructions on mainte- pound, using a putty knife. Let
    Scrape away excess compound nance, consult the tool manufac- harden. Add second coat if nec-
    and fill in voids using a hand turer’s recommendations. essary. Sand and prime when
    knife. Sand as needed. dry.
    Use of cleaning station equipment
    Alternative Method (Banjo) makes the cleaning of mechanical
    The banjo offers an alternative finish- drywall tools quicker and easier,
    ing method that is especially good for particularly when setting-type
    c Apply coat of joint compound
    small jobs. compounds are used. USG offers PANEL 61
    over taped area. Let harden
    SHEETROCK™ Cleanser (available
    and apply second coat; sand
    First, apply tape and compound to through the cleaning station man-
    and prime when dry.
    joints using the banjo. ufacturer) to aid in the cleansing
    process.
    c To repair a popped nail, drive
    Before applying subsequent coats,
    and dimple new nail 1-1/2
    fill fastener depressions using hand
    from popped nail. Drive and
    knife or nail spotter.
    dimple popped nail. Cover with
    lightweight setting-type joint
    When the taping coat has dried, apply
    compound. Sand and prime
    a fill coat of compound using hand
    when dry.
    tools.Allow to dry and sand lightly.

    Apply a final coat of compound using


    a 12 box for flat joints and a 3 cor-
    ner finisher (attached to corner pump
    or angle applicator) for inside cor-
    ners.

    Scrape away excess compound and


    fill in voids using a hand knife. When
    compound is dry, sand lightly as
    needed.

    42 43
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    pound with a joint-finishing knife
    to damaged area and feather to
    get a smooth finish. Let dry and
    apply second coat if necessary.
    Apply a skim coat of joint com-
    Peel and remove loose face
    6 Torn Gypsum Panel Face

    Sand and prime when dry.


    Paper

    paper.

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    45
    e Remove tabs from each drywall

    Apply second and third coats of


    screw opposite the screw hold-
    d Place new piece of drywall into

    coat to harden before applying


    place and hold it firmly against

    joint compound, allowing each

    from previous coats. Sand and


    through new drywall into each

    ing the clip in place and about


    drywall repair clip, positioning

    next coat and feathering out


    repair clip. Apply compound

    sides. Do not overlap tape.


    and tape to all four section
    the drywall clips. Screw

    prime when dry.


    3⁄4 from edge.

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    2) or Water-Damaged Areas

    ment section of drywall over the

    c Slip drywall repair clips onto the

    up the screws with perforations


    5 Repairing Large Holes (over

    b Cut out damaged panel section

    in the clips. Screw through wall


    a Cut a piece of new drywall that

    traced. Use a utility knife along

    between the tabs. This will line


    is slightly larger than the dam-
    a Clean the loose material from

    Position screws about 3/4 in


    area to be repaired and trace
    aged area. Hold this replace-

    the studs and a keyhole saw

    into each drywall repair clip.


    from the edge and centered
    between the studs. Remove

    remove old screws or nails.


    section with a hammer and

    edge of the damaged wall.


    using the outline you have
    b Fill with SHEETROCK Brand

    around it with a pencil.


    c Retexture and repaint.
    Acoustical Sealant.
    the stress crack.

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    44
    the use of a flexible sealant (such
    cracks generally radiate out from

    joint compound. In this situation,

    as SHEETROCK® Brand Acoustical


    c Apply compound over tape with

    times, such cracks will reoccur


    bridge crack. Draw knife firmly

    after they have been filled with


    a Apply compound to crack with

    door and window openings. At


    Cracks in drywall are usually
    tape. Let compound harden.
    b Embed tape in compound to

    second coat of compound if

    caused by movement in the


    underlying structure. These
    4 Repairing Stress Cracks
    necessary. Sand and prime
    knife. Let harden and apply
    over crack to tightly embed
    3 Repairing Large Cracks

    Sealant) is recommended.
    5 finishing knife.
    (approx. 1⁄8)

    when dry.
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    Tips for Successful Finishing Problems and Remedies

    – Drywall should be clean of foreign – Joint compound should be allowed Joints—Center Cracking Cause: Joint compound not pushed
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    material (such as drywall dust) to set prior to force drying with Cause: Abnormal stress buildup through mesh tape; compound not
    prior to application of tape and joint fans or heaters. Force drying of the resulting from structural deflection in contact with drywall.
    compound. Tape and joint com- joint compound prior to set will or racking. Remedy: Remove tape and loose
    pound applied over dusty surfaces result in strength loss, delayed Remedy: Relieve stress. Provide compound if necessary. Retape
    will not adhere adequately to the shrinkage, and starved appear- adequate isolation and retape, area, feathering joint compound
    drywall paper. This can result in ance at the joint. feathering joint compound over over a broad area to disguise
    joint cracking and tape delamina- broad area to disguise buildup. buildup.
    tion. – Allow the joint compound to set Prevention: Provide proper isolation Prevention: Make sure compound
    prior to application of vapor barrier from structure to prevent stress pushes through mesh tape and is
    – Mix joint compound according to and texture. Application of the buildup. Use a setting compound in contact with drywall. Overlap
    bag directions. Joint compound vapor barrier prior to setting of the that hardens before the assembly runs when boxing to ensure con-
    consistency greatly affects the joint joint compound will retard the set- is moved from the finishing sta- tact of compound with drywall.
    strength of the finished system. ting of the joint compound and tion.
    Overthinning of the joint compound contribute to joint cracking. Cause: Setting-type joint compound
    can cause joint cracking. Cause: Joint compound applied over force dried prior to setting.
    – Keep application tools clean. Small dusty surfaces. Remedy: Remove tape and loose
    – The set time of the joint compound pieces of dry compound or texture Remedy: Remove loose tape and compound if necessary. Retape
    is affected by mix consistency, can dislodge from the tools and compound. Retape area, feather- area, feathering joint compound
    mixing time, and water tempera- prevent smooth application of the ing joint compound over broad over a broad area to disguise
    ture. A loose initial mix of the joint compound. area to disguise buildup. buildup.
    compound and/or the use of cold Prevention: Clean drywall of foreign Prevention: Allow joint compound to
    water will lengthen set time. A – Keep mixing equipment clean. Set material (such as drywall dust) set prior to force drying with fans
    heavier initial mix and/or the use of compound from previous batches prior to application of tape and or heaters. Force drying of the joint
    hot water will shorten the joint of material will cause the new joint compound. Tape and joint compound prior to set will result in
    compound set time. Excessive batch to set more quickly. This will compound applied over dusty sur- strength loss.
    drill-mixing of setting-type joint reduce working time available and faces will not adhere adequately to
    compounds will also cause com- can lead to wasted material. drywall paper. Joint cracking and Cause: Joint compound not allowed
    pound to set more quickly. tape delamination may result. to set prior to application of vapor
    barrier and texture. Application of
    – Push joint compound through Cause: Joint compound over- vapor barrier prior to setting action
    mesh tape. Inadequate contact of thinned. of joint compound can retard the
    the compound to the drywall sur- Remedy: Retape area, feathering set of the compound dramatically.
    face will result in cracking of the joint compound over a broad area Remedy: Scrape off any unset joint
    joint or delamination of tape from to disguise buildup. compound. Retape area, feather-
    the drywall. Prevention: Mix joint compound ing joint compound over a broad
    according to bag directions. Joint area to disguise buildup.
    compound consistency greatly Prevention: Allow joint compound to
    affects the joint strength of the fin- set prior to application of vapor
    ished system. Overthinning of the barrier and texture.This will ensure
    joint compound can cause joint the highest possible wet strength.
    cracking.

    46 47
    Problems and Remedies

    Joints—Corner Cracking process. Check tools for excessive Problem: Mix wet or too thin. water as directed on bag. Use cor-
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    Cause: Too much compound applied bowing or knife edge wear. Leave Cause: Overdilution and/or exces- rect spray gun pressures and
    over tape at apex of angle. compound flush with the board sive water used during the initial application technique to ensure
    Remedy: After compound is com- surface. mix. Also, insufficient soak time in uniform texture with optimum cov-
    pletely dry, smooth out excess cold water (this can delay thicken- erage.
    compound at apex. Fill only hairline Cause: Thin line of compound ing, giving the user a false impres-
    cracks with compound. Do not bulging out over the center of the sion of low viscosity). Problem: Poor hide.
    apply additional compound, which joint (narrow shadow to one side of Prevention: Use recommended Cause: Overdilution of mix, causing
    will build up. joint centerline). amount of water to ensure proper reduction in wet and dry hiding
    Prevention: Keep excess compound Remedy: Remove texture (try to consistency. Allow materials to power. Insufficient water in spray
    from corner, leaving only a small scrape down the high spot if possi- soak for an extended period when finishes causes poor material
    amount of compound—or none— ble) and feather out the ridge over using cold water. atomization, resulting in surface
    in apex. 10. Retexture and repaint. show-through. Also can be caused
    Prevention: This condition is called Texture Finishes—Application by overextending material, choos-
    Cause: Slitting or scoring reinforcing “hydraulic ridging,” and results Problem: Excessive aggregate fall- ing incorrect spray pressures, or
    tape during application. May result when the applicator tries to fill the out. moving the spray gun too fast.
    from use of improper tool. board taper in one pass when there Cause: Excessive air pressure at Prevention: Use the proper amount
    Remedy: If crack extends through is a gap between the underlying nozzle and/or holding spray gun of water as directed on bag. Use
    tape, retape and finish. panels.The ridge forms behind the too close to surface being sprayed. correct spray gun pressures and
    Prevention: Use proper tool for cor- taping tool during application. If Prevention: Use proper spray pres- application technique to ensure
    ner treatment. gaps occur between gypsum panels sure for type of material to be uniform texture. Crosshatch the
    during assembly, prefill these gaps sprayed. Hold spray gun at a spray pattern for an even appear-
    Joints—Shadowing with quick-setting compound.Allow proper distance (4 ft. minimum) ance, and to fill in all voids.
    Cause: Underfilled joint during appli- the compound to harden before fill- from the surface to prevent exces-
    cation or delayed shrinkage ing the board taper. sive bounce and fallout of aggre- Problem: Poor bond or hardness.
    (shadow on the joint centerline). gate. Cause: Overdilution of job mix
    Remedy: Remove texture and fill Texture Finishes—Mixing results in thinning out of binder in
    joint flush with the board surface Problem: Lumping of wet mix. Problem: Flotation of aggregate. the texture. Contamination or
    with lightweight setting compound. Cause: Too much water added to ini- Cause: Overdilution of mix and/or intermixing with other materials
    Prime and retexture or repaint. tial mix, making lumps difficult to lack of mixing after water is added can destroy bond power.
    Prevention: Review application break up, and/or material that has to control consistency. Prevention: Add proper amount of
    process. Ensure that adequate remained unmixed below the level Prevention: Add the correct amount water as stated in the bag direc-
    compound is applied to make the of the mixer shaft. of water as directed on the bag to tions. Always use clean mixing
    joint flush with the board surface. Prevention: Initial mix should use 2 ensure the proper suspension of vessel and water. Never intermix
    Use a setting compound with a to 2-1/2 gallons of water per bag, materials in the mix. Make certain with other products or additives,
    shorter set time to eliminate less than the total water recom- that water is blended thoroughly except those recommended by the
    delayed shrinkage. mended. After mixing to a lump- into the mix. manufacturer.
    free consistency, let material soak
    Cause: Crowned joint—excessive for the recommended time, then Problem: Poor coverage (mileage) Problem: Unsatisfactory texture pat-
    compound application above the add remaining water. with spray finishes. tern.
    surface of the gypsum panel Cause: Not enough water being Cause: Improper spray pressures,
    (shadow to the side of the board Problem: Slow solution time. added to bring texture material to air/material mix, or worn spray
    taper). Cause: Insufficient soaking time proper spray viscosity and/or equipment (fluid or air nozzle).
    Remedy: Remove texture; apply set- and/or use of very cold water. improper application, such as Also, improper spray consistency
    ting-type joint compound to both Prevention: Allow materials to soak moving spray gun too slowly, over- of mix or improper spraying tech-
    sides of the joint to feather out the for an extended period after the loading spray surface, or using nique.
    bulge over 18 inches or more. initial mix, especially in cold water. incorrect spray pressures and/or Prevention: Use recommended
    Retexture and repaint. Always use drinkable, room tem- spray gun adjustment. amount of water to ensure proper
    Prevention: Review application perature water (at least 55 °F). Prevention: Add proper amount of spraying consistency. Check and

    48 49
    Basic Cautions

    adjust air/material mix and fluid walls with the same brand of finish – The hardening action of setting- – Do not intermix texture finishes
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    and air nozzles. Use proper equip- paint. type joint compounds cannot be with any products except those
    ment and application techniques to delayed or prevented by dilution approved by the manufacturer.
    achieve the best results. Make sure Finished Surface with water.
    equipment is in good working con- Problem: Joint show-through. – Application of texture products
    dition; replace when necessary. Cause: Overthinned or inadequate – Joint compounds and textures over unprimed, improperly pre-
    coverage with texturing material should not be applied over moist pared, or incompletely dried sur-
    Problem: Unsatisfactory pumping will not hide the normal contrast surfaces or surfaces likely to faces may cause discoloration
    properties. between the joint compound and become moist, on below-grade problems.
    Cause: Mix is too heavy; pumping the gypsum panel surface. surfaces, or on surfaces projecting
    equipment is worn, or of insuffi- Texturing over an unprimed sub- to the outside of the structure, – Unless texture finishes are applied
    cient size or power. strate can also result in joint show- unless protected from direct expo- at the recommended coverage
    Prevention: Use recommended through. sure to moisture. rate, check cracking from exces-
    amount of water to ensure proper Prevention: Use correct amount of sive thickness or poor hide from
    spraying consistency. Use equip- water when mixing texture material – SHEETROCK MH Brand Setting-Type too thin a coating can occur.
    ment recommended by the manu- and apply at recommended rate of Joint Compound (TUF-SET) is very
    facturer that is matched for the coverage until joint is concealed. difficult to sand smooth after dry- – When applying joint compounds
    area to be sprayed. Make sure Prior to texturing, prime entire sur- ing. Smooth it before it hardens, or and texture finishes, maintain
    equipment is in good working con- face with SHEETROCK Brand First while it is in a hardened but still- minimum air, water, mix, and sur-
    dition; replace when necessary. Coat or an interior flat latex paint damp state. Where better sanding face temperature of 55 °F (13 °C)
    having a high solids content. ability is required, use SHEETROCK until dry.
    Problem: Texture buildup. MH Brand Lightweight Setting-
    Cause: Texture applied over high Problem: White joint banding over Type Joint Compound (TUF-SET – Failure to protect stored joint com-
    suction joint (surface not primed); gypsum panel substrate. Lite). pounds and texture finishes from
    allowing too much time between Cause: High suction joint causes a temperature extremes, moisture,
    roller, brush, or spray application porosity variation, which often – Water-based finishes may result in and free water can cause material
    and hand-texturing operation. appears lighter in color than the sagging of gypsum board ceilings to become unusable.
    Overdiluted texture will produce gypsum panel surface. under these conditions: high heat
    texture buildup over a joint. Remedy: Allow texture to dry com- and humidity, cold damp condi- – Failure to rotate stock of joint com-
    Prevention: Prime the entire surface pletely, and paint entire surface. tions, improper ventilation and/or pounds and texture finishes causes
    with SHEETROCK Brand First Coat or Prevention: Prior to initial decorat- board application to framing, and material to age. Use of aged mater-
    an interior flat latex paint having a ing, prime the entire surface with insufficient board thickness for ial may produce erratic results.
    high solids content. Use the correct SHEETROCK Brand First Coat or an span between supports.
    amount of water when mixing the interior flat latex paint having a – Follow good safety and industrial
    texture material. In hand-texturing high solids content. – All finishing materials must be dry hygiene practices during handling
    operations, allow for time between prior to sealing the units, or, where and installing of all products and
    application and final texturing Problem: Joint darkening. required, prior to removing ventila- systems. Take necessary precau-
    steps. Cause: Application over damp joint tion and supplemental heat. tions and wear the appropriate
    compound, especially in cold, Failure to do this will result in personal protective equipment as
    Problem: Poor color match, ceiling humid conditions. board sag, surface defects, and needed. Read material safety data
    and sidewall. Remedy: Allow texture to dry com- weak joints. sheets and related literature on
    Cause: Overspray on ceilings when pletely, and paint entire surface. products before specification
    walls are sprayed with a different Prevention: Allow joint treatment to – Excessive water dilution of texture and/or application.
    texture or with paint products from dry completely, then prime the finishes causes check cracking,
    different manufacturers. entire surface with SHEETROCK poor bond, and lack of hide.
    Prevention: Be careful not to allow Brand First Coat or an interior flat
    overspray of paint products. In all latex paint having a high solids
    drywall homes, paint ceilings and content.

    50 51
    Glossary of Terms

    Additive—Any substance added in Coverage—The amount of surface Drying Time—Period of time Feathering—Process of smoothing
    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    small quantities to improve the per- area covered by a particular product, required for all water to evaporate the outermost edge of the joint com-
    formance properties desired in joint usually described in square feet per from a product. pound during application.
    compound and texture products. pound. Also known as mileage or
    yield. Drying-Type—Refers to joint com- Flat Spots—Areas of an aggre-
    Adhesion—The bonding forces pounds that contain water. These gated surface having a lesser
    between two surfaces. Cracking—Generally, the splitting compounds must be used with paper amount of aggregate.
    of a film surface. The following terms joint tape, and allowed to dry com-
    Aggregate—Inert granular mater- are used to denote the nature and pletely for full strength to be Functional Filler—Inert material
    ial, such as polystyrene, perlite, extent of this defect: achieved. used as a bulking agent to add body
    pumice, or sand, used to create an in joint compound and texture prod-
    aesthetic effect in texture finishes. Hair Cracking: Very fine surface Dryness—Degree of change as a ucts.
    cracks that do not penetrate the top liquid-containing product becomes a
    All-Purpose Compound—A joint coat, and occur erratically and at solid material, due to the evaporation Halo—Texture pattern that leaves a
    compound that is suitable for use in random. of the liquid from the product. different color or appearance around
    all joint treatment applications. Various stages of drying are the perimeter of a ceiling.
    Check Cracking: Fine surface cracks described by the qualifying terms
    Atomization—Breaking up of mate- and breaks that do not penetrate to used below. Holidays—Also called “voids.”
    rial at the spray gun tip/orifice. the underlying surface, and are dis- Skipped or missed areas that are left
    tributed over the surface, giving the Dust Dry: When dust no longer uncoated.
    Banding—Also called “photograph- semblance of a fine pattern. adheres to the surface.
    ing,” “striping,” “tracking,” etc. When Latex—Originally a natural rubber
    dry, the area over the joint is a differ- Craze Cracking: resembles check Hard Dry: When drying has reached emulsion, the term “latex” now
    ent color from that of the field area. cracking, but the cracks and breaks the stage at which a subsequent applies to a stable dispersion of a
    Usually caused by a difference in are broader and deeper. coat of the same material can be polymer substance in an aqueous
    porosity between the joint compound applied. medium.
    and the gypsum board. Alligator/Crocodile Cracking: A dras-
    tic type of craze cracking that pro- Surface Dry: When a product is dry Melt Back—Shrinkage or soften-
    duces a pattern resembling the hide on the surface but is wet, soft, or
    Binders—Raw materials that bind, ing/rounding of a spray texture pat-
    of an alligator or crocodile. tacky underneath.
    cement, or hold a joint compound or tern.
    texture product together, while pro-
    Mud Cracking: A severe condition Touch Dry: When a very slight pres-
    moting adhesion of the product to Mix Life—Also “wet life” or “pot
    characterized by a broken network sure with the fingers does not leave
    the surface on which it is applied. life.” Length of time a powder-type
    throughout the surface, and which a mark or reveal stickiness.
    joint compound or texture product
    has penetrated to the substrate.
    Break Down—(1) How well a will be usable after being mixed.
    Tack Free: Free from stickiness, even
    material mixes into a homogeneous,
    Cratering—The formation of small under pressure.
    lump-free mixture. (2) Loss of con- Mixability—Ease of mixing of pow-
    bowl-shaped depressions in a tex-
    sistency or viscosity. der-type products.
    ture or paint film. Dry to Handle: When the product is
    sufficiently hardened to be handled
    Cohesion—Forces that bind the Powder-Type—Dry products that
    Drag—Also “ragging” or “tearing.” without damage.
    particles within a product or a sur- are mixed with water prior to use.
    When wiping material with a trowel
    face.
    or broad knife, the material pulls and Edge-Crack Resistance—
    sticks on the tool, leaving a torn, Ability of finished joint compound to Racking—Forcing out of plumb of
    Compatibility—Ability of one prod- structural components, usually by
    rough edge or surface. resist cracking along the edges of
    uct or surface to mix with or adhere wind, seismic stress, or thermal
    the reinforcing tape.
    properly to another. expansion/contraction.
    Dry Hide—Ability of material to
    visually hide a substrate when dry.

    52 53
    Glossary of Terms

    Ready-Mixed—Wet products (that Surging—Not pumping material at


    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    is, factory made) that are premixed a steady rate.
    and ready to use.
    Taping Compound—Special joint
    Sandability—Ease of sanding to a compound for embedding tape and
    smooth finish. for the first coat over the tape.

    Set Time—Period of time required Tear Drops—Spherical spray tex-


    for chemically setting-type com- ture droplets or spatters that have
    pounds to become hard/stiff. run slightly, resulting in a tear-drop
    appearance.
    Setting-Type—Refers to joint com-
    pounds that harden by chemical Topping Compound—Special joint
    action. These compounds permit compound for finishing coats over a
    faster finishing, and may be used taped joint.
    over self-adhesive fiberglass joint
    tape. Vapor Retarder—Material used to
    retard the flow of water vapor
    Shelf Life—Length of time a dry through walls and other spaces
    powder or ready-mixed product can where this vapor may condense at a
    be stored. lower temperature.

    Shrinkage—A depression in a sur- Volatile—Materials that will evapo-


    face caused by the evaporation of rate.
    the volatile portion of a product.
    Wet Hide—Ability of material to
    Slip—Ease of application having low visually hide a substrate when wet.
    resistance for tool drag.
    Wet Tack—Ability of wet joint com-
    Spray Rig—Term describing a pound to stay in place on surface and
    complete texture spray system, tools during application.
    including the mixer, pump, compres-
    sor, and spray gun.

    Stability—Uniformity of product
    over time and despite changes in
    environmental conditions.

    54
    Sales Offices

    Arizona: Trademarks
    Phoenix, 602 866-0795 The following trademarks used herein are
    California: owned by United States Gypsum Company
    Fremont, 510 792-4400 or a related company: DUR-A-BEAD,
    Ontario, 909 941-8850 DUROCK, EASY SAND, FIRECODE, PLUS 3,
    Florida: SHEETROCK, SHEETROCK MH, TUF-BASE, TUF-
    Boca Raton, 407 989-0035 SET, TUF-SET LITE, TUF-SPRAY, TUF-TAPE, TUF-
    Jacksonville, 904 764-3293 TEX, ULTRA-BASE, USG.
    Georgia:
    Atlanta, 770 393-0770 Note
    Hawaii: Products described here may not be avail-
    Honolulu, 808 591-8815 able in all geographic markets. Consult
    Illinois: your U.S. Gypsum Company sales office or
    Chicago, 312 606-5488 representative for information.
    Indiana:
    Indianapolis, 317 848-1513 Notice
    Louisiana: We shall not be liable for incidental and
    New Orleans, 504 241-2020 consequential damages, directly or indi-
    Maryland: rectly sustained, nor for any loss caused
    Baltimore, 410 355-0063 by application of these goods not in accor-
    Massachusetts: dance with current printed instructions or
    Charleston, 617 557-3200 for other than the intended use. Our liabil-
    Michigan: ity is expressly limited to replacement of
    Southfield, 248 569-1900 defective goods. Any claim shall be
    Minnesota: deemed waived unless made in writing to
    Bloomington, 612 854-4233 us within thirty (30) days from date it was
    Missouri: or reasonably should have been discov-
    Fenton, 314 349-0980 ered.
    New York:
    Albany, 518 458-7437 Safety First!
    Stony Point, 914 786-2820 Follow good safety and industrial hygiene
    North Carolina: practices during handling and installing of
    Charlotte, 704 552-7402 all products and systems. Take necessary
    Ohio: precautions and wear the appropriate
    Westlake, 216 899-7333 personal protective equipment
    Oregon: as needed. Read material safety data
    Beaverton, 503 626-8864 sheets and related literature on products
    Tennessee: before specification and/or installation.
    Brentwood, 615 371-6149
    Texas: To reach the nearest sales office call:
    Dallas, 972 490-0771 1-877-874-6655
    Houston, 713 868-9937 For technical information on USG
    Utah: products, call:
    Murray, 801 266-4975 1-800-874-4968 (USG-4YOU)
    Virginia:
    Richmond, 804 378-5961
    International Division:
    Chicago, 312 606 5840

    United States Gypsum Company (800) USG-4YOU (874-4968)


    125 South Franklin Street http://www.usg.com
    P.O. Box 806278
    Chicago, IL 60680-4124 MH1216/rev. 8-98 ©1998, United States
    A Subsidiary of USG Corporation Gypsum Company, Printed in U.S.A.

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