TABLE OF CONTENTS

2
CHAPTER 1

Functions

3
CHAPTER 2

Quadratic Functions

3
CHAPTER 3

Equations, Inequalities and Graphs

4 Indices & Surds

CHAPTER 4

4 Factors of Polynomials
CHAPTER 5

4 Simultaneous Equations
CHAPTER 6

4 Logarithmic & Exponential Functions

CHAPTER 7

4 Straight Line Graphs

CHAPTER 8

5
CHAPTER 9

Circular Measure

5
CHAPTER 10

Trigonometry
6
CHAPTER 11

Permutations & Combinations

6
CHAPTER 12

Series

6
CHAPTER 13

Vectors in 2 Dimensions

7
CHAPTER 14

Differentiation & Integration

 CIE IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS//0606
o Use the turning point
1. FUNCTIONS Express 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 as 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 by
• One-to-one functions: each 𝑥 value maps to one distinct completing the square
𝑦 value (check using vertical line test) 𝑛 2 𝑛 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 ⟺ (𝑥 + ) − ( )
e.g. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1 2 2
• Many-to-one functions: there are some 𝑓(𝑥) values 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑛)2 + 𝑘
which are generated by more than one 𝑥 value Where the vertex is (−𝑛, 𝑘)
e.g. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 • Find the 𝒚-intercept:
Domain = 𝑥 values Range = 𝑦 values o Substitute 𝑥 as 0 to get 𝑦 intercept
• Notation: 𝑓(𝑥) can also be written as 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ • Find the 𝒙-intercept:
• To find range: o Factorize or use formula
o Complete the square • Type of root by calculating discriminant 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 ⇒ (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2 o If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0, real and equal roots
o Work out min/max point o If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0, real and distinct roots
Minimum point = (1,2) o If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, no real roots
∴ all 𝑦 values are greater than or equal to 2. 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 2 • Intersections of a line and a curve: if the equations of
One-to-many functions do not exist the line and curve leads to a quadratic equation then:
• Domain of 𝑔(𝑥) = Range of 𝑔−1 (𝑥) o If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0, line is tangent to the curve
• Solving functions: o If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0, line meets curve in two points
o 𝑓(2): substitute 𝑥 = 2 and solve for 𝑓(𝑥) o If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, line does not meet curve
o 𝑓𝑔(𝑥): substitute 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥) • Quadratic inequality:
o𝑓 −1 (𝑥):
let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and make 𝑥 the subject o (𝑥 − 𝑑)(𝑥 − 𝛽) < 0 ⟹ 𝑑 < 𝑥 < 𝛽
• Composite Functions: o (𝑥 − 𝑑)(𝑥 − 𝛽) > 0 ⟹ 𝑥 < 𝑑 or 𝑥 > 𝛽
o 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)
o Substitute all instances of x in f(x) with g(x)
3. EQUATIONS, INEQUALITIES AND GRAPHS
o Simplify • Transformation of graphs:
o 𝑓(−𝑥): reflection in the 𝑦-axis
o If it is 𝑓 2 (𝑥), 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)), then for every x in f(x)
o −𝑓(𝑥): reflection in the 𝑥-axis
substitute f(x)’s contents
o 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑎: translation of 𝑎 units parallel to 𝑦-axis
• Inverse Functions
o 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎): translation of – 𝑎 units parallel to 𝑥-axis
o 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 1 𝑡𝑜 1 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑠 1
o If f(x) is a function, equate f(x) to y o 𝑓(𝑎𝑥): stretch, scale factor 𝑎 parallel to 𝑥-axis
o Replace all occurrences of x in f(x) with y o 𝑎𝑓(𝑥): stretch, scale factor 𝑎 parallel to 𝑦-axis
o Try to make x the subject of the function again • Modulus function:
o That is the 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) o Denoted by |𝑓(𝑥)|
• Transformation of graphs: o Modulus of a number is its absolute value
o 𝑓(−𝑥): reflection in the 𝑦-axis o Never goes below 𝑥-axis
o −𝑓(𝑥): reflection in the 𝑥-axis o Makes negative graph into positive by reflecting
o 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑎: translation of 𝑎 units parallel to 𝑦-axis negative part into 𝑥-axis
o 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎): translation of – 𝑎 units parallel to 𝑥-axis • Solving modulus function:
o Sketch graphs and find points of intersection
2. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS o Square the equation and solve quadratic
• To sketch 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ; 𝑎 ≠ 0 • Relationship of a function and its inverse:
o Determine the shape o The graph of the inverse of a function is the reflection
▪ 𝑎 > 0 – u-shaped ∴ minimum point of a graph of the function in 𝑦=𝑥
▪ 𝑎 < 0 – n-shaped ∴ maximum point

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 CIE IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS//0606
4. INDICES & SURDS • The points of intersection of two graphs are given by the
solution of their simultaneous equations
4.1 Indices
• Definitions: 7. LOGARITHMIC & EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
o for 𝑎 > 0 and positive integers 𝑝 and 𝑞 • Definition
1 o for 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑎0 = 1 𝑎−𝑝 = 𝑝
𝑝
𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑦
1 𝑝
𝑝
𝑎𝑝 = √𝑎
𝑞
𝑎 𝑞 = ( √𝑎) • For log 𝑎 𝑦 to be defined
• Rules: 𝑦 > 0 and 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
o for 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0 and rational numbers 𝑚 and 𝑛 • When the logarithms are defined
𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 𝑎𝑛 × 𝑏 𝑛 = (𝑎𝑏)𝑛 log 𝑎 1 = 0 log 𝑎 𝑏 + log 𝑎 𝑐 ≡ log 𝑎 𝑏𝑐
𝑏
𝑎𝑚 𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 log 𝑎 𝑏 − log 𝑎 𝑐 ≡ log 𝑎
= 𝑎 = ( ) 𝑐
𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 𝑏 log 𝑏
𝑚 𝑛
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑏 ≡ log 𝑎 log 𝑎 𝑏 𝑛 ≡ 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑏
• When solving logarithmic equations, check solution with
4.2 Surds original equation and discard any solutions that causes
Definition logarithm to be undefined
An irrational root is a surd, not all roots are surds • Solution of 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏 where 𝑎 ≠ −1, 0, 1
Rationalizing the Denominator • If 𝑏 can be easily written as 𝑎𝑛 , then
When the denominator is a surd, we can simplify by 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑛
multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by • Otherwise take logarithms on both sides,
the rationalization factor to rationalize log 𝑏
i.e. log 𝑎 𝑥 = log 𝑏 and so 𝑥 = log 𝑎
• log ⇒ log10
• ln ⇒ log 𝑒
5. FACTORS OF POLYNOMIALS • Change of base rule:
• To find unknowns in a given identity 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (𝑥)
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥) =
o Substitute suitable values of 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥)
OR Logarithmic & Exponential Graphs
o Equalize the given coefficients of like powers of x
Factor Theorem:
• If (𝑥 − 𝑡) is a factor of the function 𝑝(𝑥) then 𝑝(𝑡) = 0
Remainder Theorem:
• If a function 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 − 𝑡) then:
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑓(𝑡)
• The formula for remainder theorem:
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 × 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

6. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
• Simultaneous linear equations can be solved either by
substitution or elimination
• Simultaneous linear and non-linear equations are 8. STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS
generally solved by substitution as follows: • Equation of a straight line:
o Step 1: obtain an equation in one unknown & solve it 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
o Step 2: substitute the results from step 1 into the 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
linear equation to find the other unknown

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 CIE IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS//0606
• Gradient: • Area of a sector:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 1
𝑚= 𝐴 = 𝑟2𝜃
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2
• Length of a line segment:
Length = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 10. TRIGONOMETRY
• Trigonometric ratio of special angles:
• Midpoint of a line segment:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
( , )
2 2

• Point on line segment with ratio m:n

𝑛𝑥1 + 𝑚𝑥2 𝑛𝑦1 + 𝑚𝑦2
( , )
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
• Parallelogram:
o ABCD is a parallelogram ⟺ diagonals AC and BD have
a common midpoint
o Special parallelograms = rhombuses, squares, SINE CURVE COSINE CURVE
rectangles
• Special gradients:
o Parallel lines: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
o Perpendicular lines: 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1
• Perpendicular bisector: line passes through midpoint
• To work out point of intersection of two lines/curves,
solve equations simultaneously
• Find Tangent: Once the gradient is obtained, substitute
the point into the slope-intercept form to get c and the
TANGENT CURVE CAST DIAGRAM
equation.
• Find normal: Obtain the gradient by taking the negative
reciprocal (see perpendicular gradients). Once the
gradient is obtained, substitute the point (original point)
into the slope-intercept form to get c and the equation.
• Find Area, using two methods
• Straight Line graphs: find variables when an equation
that does not involve x and y but rather other forms of x
and y example: (𝑥 3 ) or ln (𝑦) . This is represented as a
straight line.
Mostly in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 or 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑛 , that
must be converted to the form y = mx+c.
• Trigonometric ratios:
1 1 1
9. CIRCULAR MEASURE sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
cosec 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
cot 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃
• Radian measure: • Trigonometric identities:
𝜋 = 180° 2𝜋 = 360° sin 𝜃
𝜋 180 tan 𝜃 = sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
Degree to Rad =× 180
Rad to Degree =× 𝜋
cos 𝜃
• Arc length: cot 2 𝜃 + 1 = cosec 2 𝜃 tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃

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 CIE IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS//0606
• Sketching trigonometric graphs: • Where n is the number of the term, a (𝑈1 ) is the first
term and d is the common difference
• Formula for the sum of the first n terms between
𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 to 𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑑
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 + 𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑑 )
2
• Example:
Sequence: 1,2,3,4,5,6
11. PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS
Sum: 21
• Basic counting principle: to find the number of ways of
Geometric Progression
performing several tasks in succession, multiply the
• A sequence made by multiplying by the same value each
number of ways in which each task can be performed:
time.
e.g. 5 × 4 × 3 × 2
• A common ration r is multiplied or divided (n-1) times
• Factorial: 𝑛! = 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) × (𝑛 − 2) … × 3 × 2 × 1
• General form: 𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
o NOTE: 0! = 1
• Where n is the number of the term, a is the first term
• Permutations:
and r is the common ratio
o The number of ordered arrangements of r objects
Example:
taken from n unlike objects is:
𝑛! Sequence: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
𝑛
𝑃𝑟 = Sum: 62
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!
o Order matters • Formula for the sum of the first n numbers of a
• Combinations: geometric series
o The number of ways of selecting 𝑟 objects from 𝑛 1 − 𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 ×
unlike objects is: 1−𝑟
𝑛! Sum to infinity
𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = • Where the common ratio satisfies the condition:
𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!
−1 < 𝑟 < 1, it is an infinite geometric progression
• Order does not matter
(convergent progression)
1
12. SERIES 𝑆∞ = 𝑎1 ×
1−𝑟
12.1 Binomial Expansion
13. VECTORS IN 2 DIMENSIONS
• The binomial theorem allows expansion of any
expression in the form (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 • Position vector: position of point relative to origin, 𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑦 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑦 𝑛 • Forms of vector:
𝑎
• e.g. Expand (2𝑥 − 1)4 ( ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝑝 𝑎𝐢 − 𝑏𝐣
𝑏
(2𝑥 − 1)4 = 4𝐶0 (2𝑥)4 + 4𝐶1 (2𝑥)3 (−1) • Parallel vectors: same direction but different magnitude
+ 4𝐶2 (2𝑥)2 (−1)2 + 4𝐶3 (2𝑥) (−1)3 + 4𝐶4 (−1)4 • Generally, 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 1(2𝑥)4 + 4(2𝑥)3 (−1) +6(2𝑥)2 (−1)2 +
• Magnitude = √i2 + j2
4(2𝑥) (−1)3 + 1(−1)4
= 16𝑥 4 − 32𝑥 3 + 24𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 1 • Unit vectors: vectors of magnitude 1
o Examples: consider vector 𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
• The powers of 𝑥 are in descending order
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐢 + 3𝐣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √13
|𝐴𝐵
12.2 Sequences & Series 1
∴ 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (2𝒊 + 3𝒋)
Arithmetic Progression √13
• A sequence made by adding the same value each time. • Collinear vectors: vectors that lie on the same line
• A common difference d is added or subtracted (n-1) • Velocity Vector:
times 𝑎
( )
• General form: 𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑏

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 CIE IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS//0606
• Getting velocity from speed: Find k to get velocity based 𝑑𝑦 1
(ln 𝑥) =
on speed 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑦 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑘 × |( )| = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 (ln(𝑓(𝑥)) =
𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
• Point of intersection:
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑥 𝑎
Object 1 = (
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑦
) + 𝑡 (
𝑏
) • Related rates of change:
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑥 𝑐 o If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by the equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then
Object 2 = ( ) + 𝑡 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑦 𝑑 the rates of change 𝑑𝑡 and 𝑑𝑡 are related by:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Object 1 = Object 2 at time t. If both x and y are not same = ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
at intersection time then they will never meet. • Small changes:
o If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and small change 𝛿𝑥 in 𝑥 causes a small
14. DIFFERENTIATION & INTEGRATION change 𝛿𝑦 in 𝑦, then
𝑑𝑦
14.1 Differentiation 𝛿𝑦 ≈ ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑘
× 𝛿𝑥
FUNCTION 1ST DERIVATIVE 2ND DERIVATIVE
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 14.2 Integration
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎 +𝑐
(𝑛 + 1)
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛+1
INCREASING FUNCTION DECREASING FUNCTION ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 = +𝑐
𝑎(𝑛 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
>0 <0 • Definite integral: substitute coordinates/values & find 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• Indefinite integral: has c (constant of integration)
• Stationary point: equate first derivative to zero
𝑑𝑦 • Integrating by parts:
=0 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
• 2nd Derivative: finds nature of the stationary point 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 o What to make 𝑢: LATE
o If > 0 → minimum stationary point Logs Algebra Trig 𝒆
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
o If < 0 →maximum stationary point
𝑑𝑥 2
• To find area under the graph (curve and 𝒙-axis):
• Chain rule:
o Integrate curve
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= × o Substitute boundaries of 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
• Product rule: o Subtract one from another (ignore c)
𝑏
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
• Quotient rule: • To find area between curve and 𝒚-axis:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 o Make 𝑥 subject of the formula
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= o Follow above method using 𝑦-values instead of 𝑥-
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
Special Differentials values
𝑑𝑦 Special Integrals
(sin 𝑎𝑥) = 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 ∫ sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
(cos 𝑎𝑥) = −𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 ∫ cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
(tan 𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑎 sec 2 𝑎𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 ∫ sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
( 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 ) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑑𝑥
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 CIE IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS//0606
1 1
∫ = ln|𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| + 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑎

14.3 Kinematics

• Particle at instantaneous rest, 𝑣 = 0

• Maximum displacement from origin, 𝑣 = 0
• Maximum velocity, 𝑎 = 0

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