Carpark Manual First Edition PDF

Car Park Ventilation Manual
1th edition Date 08-01-2003
Page 1
Introduction
“Learning by doing” was the title of my first

English book at school. In fact this should be
the title of this manual as well.
Since Novenco B.V. started early 1995 with

the Car Park Ventilation System, we learned
a lot only by doing.
In the meantime Novenco B.V. developed

several calculation methods and
spreadsheets to design a proper working
ventilation system. Thanks to the input of
several cold smoke tests, an extensive Fire
test carried out in Amsterdam and not to be
forgotten extensive research from loyal
employees.
The result of all this is entailed in this manual,

which will help you to learn about the system.
You can also use it as a guide during your
daily work, engineering & selling these
systems.
Good Luck
Ruud van Beek
Page 2
How to use this manual
This concept manual is our first start in education Car Park Ventilation Systems. Although some
chapters have to be done, the reader is sure of finding the answers he or she needs in basic
design and engineering of Car Park ventilation. We have tried to be as objective as possible so the
manual can be used in each country. However examples are given and standards and regulations
are used which may not be applicable in your country. So be careful and check the standards and
regulations for your country first.
This manual is confidential. Don’t let other readers outside

Novenco use this manual
I want to thank Jos Wissink, Leif Rasmussen and Anne-Marie Rietveld for there effort to make this
manual to what it is now. I wouldn’t know what to do without them. Especially Leif for giving
direction and advise to keep things simple.
We have spend much time to complete this manual and we will continue to improve the quality.
Therefor we need the help of the reader. Please let me know if you have any questions or remarks.
Don’t hesitate to call or send an E-mail. You can reach me at: tvw@novenco.nl
Succes with Engineering
Toine van der Wielen
Authors:
Jos Wissink
Leif Rasmussen
Toine van der Wielen
Mario Jansen
Ruud van Beek
Page 3
Index Manual
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................2
How to use this manual ...................................................................................................................................3
1. Properties of air ............................................................................................................................................6
1.1 Basic definitions ...................................................................................................................................6
1.2 Principles of airflow ..............................................................................................................................7
1.3 Pressures in a Ducted Fan System......................................................................................................8
1.4. Fan laws ..............................................................................................................................................9
2. Calculating Sound Levels in Ventilation Systems ..................................................................................10
2.1 General fundamentals of sound .............................................................................................................10
2.1.1. Physical properties of sound ..........................................................................................................10
2.1.2. Octave bands .................................................................................................................................10
2.1.3. Summation of sound ......................................................................................................................11
2.2. Sound correction for the human hearing..............................................................................................12
2.3. Free field conditions ...............................................................................................................................13
2.4. Sound in a room ......................................................................................................................................14
2.4.1 Sound in a small room.....................................................................................................................14
2.4.3 Sound in large room (car park) .......................................................................................................14
2.5. Standardized noise criteria (NR-values) ...............................................................................................17
2.5. Standardized noise criteria (NR-values) ...............................................................................................17
2.6 Sound conditions in- and outside a car park ........................................................................................18
2.7 Sound insulation of a partition ...............................................................................................................19
3. Introduction to smoke Ventilation ............................................................................................................21
3.1 The hazards of smoke..............................................................................................................................21
3.2. The regulatory background ...............................................................................................................21
3.3 The role of smoke and heat exhaust ventilation ................................................................................21
3.4 Smoke and heat exhaust ventilation as a part of fire safety engineering ..........................................22
3.5 Active control of the fire......................................................................................................................26
3.6 Implementation of a smoke and heat exhaust system in a building ..................................................26
4. Car park ventilation principles ..................................................................................................................27
4.1 Car Park Categories .................................................................................................................................27
4.1.1 Open Car Parks...............................................................................................................................27
4.1.2 Enclosed Car Parks.........................................................................................................................28
4.2 The principle of thrust ventilation ..........................................................................................................30
4.2.1. Thrust ventilation application..........................................................................................................31
4.3 Advantages of the Novenco Car Park Ventilation System...................................................................33
4.4 Contamination ventilation .......................................................................................................................34
4.5. Smoke extraction / Smoke control ........................................................................................................35
4.6. Operation..................................................................................................................................................35
5 General Principles for Electro motors and their Connections ...............................................................37
5.1 Basics. .......................................................................................................................................................37
5.1.1 Rotary current..................................................................................................................................37
5.1.2 Alternating current ...........................................................................................................................37
5.1.3 Single Speed Electric Motors ..........................................................................................................38
5.1.4 Dual Speed Electric Motors.............................................................................................................39
5.1.4.1 Dahlander-Windings.....................................................................................................................39
5.1.4.2 Separate Windings .......................................................................................................................39
5.2. Starting .....................................................................................................................................................40
5.3. Cabling .....................................................................................................................................................41
5.4 Frequency inverters .................................................................................................................................42
5.5. Basic know-how for creating a switching diagram (smoke situation): .............................................44
6. Detection .....................................................................................................................................................46
6.1 Gas detection ............................................................................................................................................46
6.1.1 CO-detection ...................................................................................................................................46
Page 4
6.1.2 LPG detection..................................................................................................................................46

6.2 Evacuation Installation ............................................................................................................................48
6.2.1. Transparent text boards. ................................................................................................................48
6.2.2. Signal lamps...................................................................................................................................48
6.2.3. Acoustical warnings........................................................................................................................48
6.2.4. Emergency batteries ......................................................................................................................48
6.3 Smoke or fire detection............................................................................................................................49
7. Calculating air volumes .............................................................................................................................51
7.1. Regarding pollution ...........................................................................................................................51
7.2 Projecting a system..................................................................................................................................54
7.2.1 Positioning exhaust and supply shafts ............................................................................................54
7.2.2 Positioning of jet fans ......................................................................................................................54
8. Pressure loss calculation ..........................................................................................................................57
Objective...................................................................................................................................................57
8.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................57
8.1.1. Pressure loss basics ......................................................................................................................57
8.1.2. Common pressure losses ..............................................................................................................58
8.1.3 Pressure loss factors.......................................................................................................................58
8.1.4 System effects.................................................................................................................................61
8.1.5 Other pressure loss factors .............................................................................................................61
8.1.6. Example shaft calculation ..............................................................................................................62
8.2 Selection of components.........................................................................................................................63
8.2.1. Fan / motor and technical room .....................................................................................................63
8.2.2. Grill Selection .................................................................................................................................64
8.2.3. Back-draught-shutter......................................................................................................................64
8.2.4. Dampers.........................................................................................................................................64
8.2.5. Silencer ..........................................................................................................................................64
8.2.6. Pressure plate ................................................................................................................................65
8.3. Use of example drawings .......................................................................................................................66
8.4 Designing a shaft......................................................................................................................................67
8.5 Reversible systems ..................................................................................................................................68
9. Computational Fluid Dynamics.................................................................................................................69
9.1. What is CFD ? ..........................................................................................................................................69
9.2. Why do we need CFD Simulation ? .......................................................................................................69
9.3. How reliable is CFD?...............................................................................................................................69
9.4. Independent CFD simulation..................................................................................................................69
9.5. Example CFD simulation. .......................................................................................................................70
10 Testing, Installation and maintenance ....................................................................................................72
10.1 Product tests and certification according European standard Cen-EN 12101-3 .............................72
10.2 Installation testing and commissioning...............................................................................................73
10.2.1 Testing and commissioning...........................................................................................................73
10.2.2 Hot-smoke tests ............................................................................................................................75
10.2.3 Cold smoke test.............................................................................................................................75
10.3 Maintenance, management and re-testing ..........................................................................................76
11 Full scale fire test TNO..............................................................................................................................78
11.1.Summary .................................................................................................................................................78
11.2. Introduction............................................................................................................................................78
11.3. Final conclusions ..................................................................................................................................79
11.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................80
12 Literature list ..............................................................................................................................................82
Appendix A Test certificates .........................................................................................................................83
Appendix B Sound attenuation of round silencers YAH ............................................................................90
Appendix C Sound insulation of materials ..................................................................................................91
Appendix D Absorption of materials ............................................................................................................92
Page 5
1. Properties of air
o
The basis of the manual is to provide a For example, the density of dry air at 120 C would
preliminary introduction to the general principles be:
of ventilation with particular emphasis on its
application in car parks but it does not set out to 293
be a study on the subject, nor is it any substitute = 1,204 = 0,898kg / m 3 (E 1.3)
273 + 120
for practical experience.
The volumetric flow rate often referred to as
There are many standard textbooks for those who “volume” is defined as the volume or quantity of
wish to extend their knowledge further and a air that passes a given location per unit of time. It
number of these are listed for your consideration is related to the average velocity and the cross
to follow.. sectional area of flow by the equation :-
1.1 Basic definitions Q=VA

The following are basic definitions fundamental to
the concept of air flow and they will therefore Where :-
reappear in any context where the principles of Q = Volumetric flow rate in m³/s
ventilation are being considered. V = average air velocity in m/s
Units: m³/s = m/s x m²
Gas Laws A = cross sectional area in m²
The perfect gas equation of state relating
pressure, density and temperature: Given any two of these three quantities, the third
can readily be determined.
p= RT (E 1.1) Air or any other fluid will always flow from a region
of higher total pressure to a region of lower total
Symbols :- pressure in the absence of work addition (a fan).
= Density defined as the mass per unit volume There are three different but mathematically
normally expressed in kilograms per cubic metre related pressures associated with a moving air
and for air it is convenient to work in terms of a stream.
standard density value of 1.204 kg/m³. Static pressure (Ps) is defined as the pressure in
This is calculated from the gas laws equation the duct that tends to burst or collapse the duct
above based upon dry air without any moisture and is expressed in Pascal’s. Ps can be positive or
content at standard atmospheric pressure of negative with respect to the local atmospheric
101.3 kPa & normal room temperature of 20°C. pressure.
Velocity pressure (Pd) is defined as that pressure
p = The Absolute Pressure in atmospheres. (p.at) required to accelerate air from zero velocity to
some velocity (V) and is proportional to the kinetic
R = The Gas Constant which for air is 0.00285 energy of the air stream. The relationship between
atmospheres per degree Kelvin. (p.at./°K) V and Pd is given by
T = The Absolute Temperature of the air in °K. Pd= ½ρV

2
(E 1.4)
(Kelvin = Degrees Celsius + 173)
V = velocity, m/s
From the above equation, density varies inversely Pd = dynamic pressure or velocity pressure, Pa
with temperature when pressure is held constant.
Therefore, for any dry air situation. Pd will only be exerted in the direction of air flow
and is always positive. Figure 1-1 shows
The atmospheric pressure is almost constant and graphically the difference between Ps and Pd.
has little influence on the density
Only at great height differences it has some Total pressure (Pt) is defined as the algebraic sum
influence (More than 50 meters). Normally we of the static and velocity pressures or
don’t calculate with height differences that why we
say that the density of dry air depends on it’s Pt= Ps + Pd (E 1.5)
temperature.
Total pressure can be positive or negative with
ρT=(ρT)S respect to atmospheric pressure and is a measure
of the energy content of the air stream, always
or dropping as the flow proceeds.
TS 293
= S = 1,204 (E 1.2)
T T
Page 6
• If water vapour is present in the air stream then it

will alter the air density and hence the volumetric
flow so the air is assumed to be dry.
• If there are high concentrations of solids or

significant amounts of other gases besides air in
the air stream then this should be taken into
account but for typical exhaust ventilation
applications the extent of contaminants can be
tolerated so their weight and volume is ignored.
Conservation of Mass requires that the resultant

changes in mass flow rate throughout the system
must equate to zero.
Figure 1.1 Ps, Pd and Pt at a point
1.2 Principles of airflow

Fluid Mechanics is not in the purview of this
manual but its derivation can be read in any
standard textbook. However, there are two basic
principles appertaining to the flow of air that are
important in the understanding of industrial
ventilation.
These laws relate to the conservation of mass and

Figure 1.2
the conservation of energy by stating that all mass
& all energy must be completely accounted for
throughout any process. If the above itemized effects are considered as
described then the air density will remain constant
In order to meet these requirements for our and the net change of volumetric flow rate (Q) will
purposes we therefore apply the following:- be zero.
• If the temperature inside a duct is significantly Therefore, the flow rate that enters a section of
different from the surrounding temperature then the system, such as the hood in the example to
heat transfer will occur which will change the air follow, must be the same as the flow rate that
temperature in the duct and hence the volumetric exits.
flow rate will also alter. The possible effects of
heat transfer are therefore neglected. Similarly, the sum of the flow rates entering or
leaving a converging or diverging Y piece is equal
• If the overall pressure drop from the start of the to the air volume in the combined inlet or outlet as
system to the fan is greater than some 5kPa then illustrated in Figure 1.2 below.
this will alter the air density by approximately 5%
and hence the volumetric flow rate will also Conservation of Energy means that all energy
change. The possible effects of compressibility changes must be accounted for as air flows from
are therefore neglected. one point to another through the system.
Page 7
figure 1.3 pressures in a ducted fan system
1.3 Pressures in a Ducted Fan System energy loss which in fact occurs. Ps will rise
sharply, bath nominally and actually as measured
Fig. 6.2 illustrates most ot the definitions of by the wall pressure. This, "static pressure regain"
pressure which have just been discussed. The arises because the whole of the drop in kinetic
heavy lines S and T follow the changes of static energy from e to g is not lost.
pressure and total pressure respective from inlet h. The drop in Pt here represents "useful
to outlet. Po is the atmospheric pressure and p the work" done in overcoming the flow resistance of a
absolute pressure in the duct, both measured necessary element in the system. For example a
from an absolute zero far below the bottom of the heater battery. Ps drops by the same amount
page. The other quantities can be identified by the because Vg has the same, low, value both
arrows on the diagram as: approaching and leaving the battery .
j. The air is accelerated with little loss of Pt
PS = P –pO but with a large fall In Ps, corresponding to the
2 2
Pd = ½ pV large rise in Pd to ½ pV .
Pt = PS + pd k. Pt and Ps fall with pressure gradient
corresponding to the velocity in duct k-which is
Following the lettered stages through the system greater than that in duct C.
with reference to the fig. numbers where I. The gradual increase of duct area is
numerical data wilt be found : accompanied by a moderate energy loss and drop
a. Air velocity increases from zero in the free in Pt together with a substantial "static pressure
atmosphere towards the duct entry. There is no regain" in Ps associated with the large drop in V.
loss, so Pt is constant at its free atmosphere zero This is an example of a diffuser deliberately
2
value. As V increases Ps falls with ½ pV . inserted to improve the efficiency of the system.
b. Small drop in Pt corresponding to entry m. At any system outlet to the free
loss. atmosphere, the whole of the kinetic energy of the
c, e. Pt falls gradually at friction gradient. flow will be lost. Thus, in contradistinction to the
Pd is constant and Ps = Pt – Pd. inlet a, where Ps fell and Pt remained zero, at an
d. Pt rises by the fan total pressure. In the outlet Pt will fait from its value just before the
diagram Ps rises by the same amount, but this is outlet to zero while Ps will reach zero before
only because inlet and outlet areas are equal in discharge at m, and remain zero.
the case illustrated. Note that the change in Ps is The broken line again distinguishes the actual
never equal to the "fan static pressure”. loss of energy along the outlet jet from the sharp
f. When the duct area is suddenly enlarged, fall in nominal Pt at m.
Pt will fall corresponding to the loss of energy. The
nominal fall is sharp, as shown by the full line. The
broken line illustrates the lengthwise distribution of
Page 8
1.4. Fan laws Q × Pt

Like we saw described in the chapters above the = (E 1.8)
Pwr
pressure relates to the square of the rotation
speed if the size and type of ventilator is the Q=
3
Air volume in m /s
same. For the power consumption there is a triple Pt= total pressure (Pd +Ps)
relation to the rotation speed. Pwr= Power requirement
For pressure the expression is as follows:
2
RPM 2 Acceleration of air and hood entry losses
P2 = P1 (E 1.6)
RPM1
Figure 1-4 illustrates the fundamental difference
between fan discharge and suction to provide the
and for power consumption most effective means of airflow but, in either case,
3 to offer the best air distribution patterns, it is also
RPM 2
Pwr 2 = Pwr1 (E 1.7) important to select the correct supply or extract
RPM1 grilles for the particular application.
Together with the power and total pressure the This effect also shows how supply or replacement
efficiency of the fan can be calculated as follows: air discharge grilles can influence an exhaust
system. If care is not taken, the discharge pattern
from a supply grille could seriously affect the flow
pattern in front of an exhaust hood.
figure 1.4
Relevance of above Airflow Principles to Novenco System
The Novenco jet fan’s success is based upon the above described difference, between
instigating an airflow using positive forward thrust compared to the negative effect of air
suction for extract ventilation purposes.
The primary reason for any ventilation system on a day to day basis is to improve the air condition in
the space concerned and it is hoped, of course, that this is the requirement for one hundred percent
of the time and that smoke extract is never needed.
To achieve this fresher air condition in a car park during every day operation it is necessary to
prevent build up of localized high concentrations of contaminants or so called “dead spots” and this
is precisely the application where the creation of positive forward air motion, as provided by the
Novenco jet fans, to search out stagnant air pockets and encompass the largest area possible, is far
more efficient than relying upon fan suction and the movement of air under its own evolution.”
Page 9
2. Calculating Sound Levels in Ventilation increases. At a certain distance no decrease

Systems occurs and the sound pressure level remains fairly
The objective of this part of the manual is to constant.
provide you with some general fundamentals of
sound related to ventilation systems in car parks. 2.1.2. Octave bands
Most noises are broad-band sounds. It is very
2.1 General fundamentals of sound useful to know the individual sound pressures for
For a basic understanding of the nature of sound, each tone or partial bandwidth. Such a statement
it is essential to understand the physical nature of of individual pressures and frequencies is called a
sound. Sound is a very broad conception. sound spectrum. The sum of these individual
Everything which we perceive with our sense of pressures is also known as the sound pressure.
hearing is sound. Certain characteristics
distinguish one sound from another. Sounds also The sound spectrum has been divided into eight
have different characteristics under different (8) octave bands to define the distribution of the
environmental conditions. sound. The mean frequencies for these bands
are:
For instance, rooms are described as live or dead,
hard or soft. A very dead (soft) room nearly Frequency [Hz] 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
duplicates outdoor conditions. Increased distance Table 5.1 The mean frequencies
between a sound source and a listener decreases
the loudness in such a "free field". However in a Both sound power- and sound pressure level are
very live (hard) room, loudness does not change expressed in decibels (dB). Decibels are
with distance except very near the source. The dimensionless units for conveniently measuring
sound at any point in a hard room consists of both power (or some other property that is proportional
direct and reflected sound. In the near field, direct to power) whenever the range of values is very
sound predominates; in the reverberant field, large. For instance, the sound power of a whisper
reflected sound prevails. In a dead room, the walls may be 0.000 000 001 watts and that of a jet
"absorb" most of the sound energy instead of airplane 100.000 watts.
reflecting it, through which the direct sound
-12
predominates at any point in this room. With a reference power of 1 pW (1 x 10 Watt),
A car park is generally a hard room these sound levels can be stated as 30 dB and
170 dB respectively. Although more convenient as
Noise is sound that is unwanted or disturbing. a numerical expression, using the decibel does
Noise control can be accomplished by reducing make it more difficult to perceive the difference
the amount of noise generated, by altering its between to sound power levels.
characteristics or by protecting the receiver. Both
the quantity and the quality are important in Table 5.2 shows the sound power and the sound
determining the undesirability of sound. power level for several typical sources:
It is necessary to understand these physical

properties, how they are measured and how they
can be controlled in a car park ventilation system.
2.1.1. Physical properties of sound

Sound travels in waves through any elastic
medium, such as air. In air, sound can be
described and measured in terms of pressure
change. That' s why we normally speak in terms of
"sound pressure level" to describe the sound level
at that particular point. The closer the listener is to
the sound source, the higher the pressure level at
that point and thus the sound pressure level.
The sound level of a source (for example a fan) is

normally described as the "sound power level".
The sound power level cannot be measured.
Sound power level (Lw) is the theoretical sound
power of a source. At a certain distance from this
source you can measure the sound pressure
level. The sound pressure level decreases if the
distance between the source and the listener
Page 10
Power level and pressure level can both be

expressed in decibels simply because they are
Power (watts) Power Level Source
(dB ref. 1 pW) both levels. Each is a logarithmical expression of
the ratio of the quantity in question to a particular
100.000 170 reference quantity.
10.000 160 Jet airplane
1.000 150 2.1.3. Summation of sound
100 140 The total sound level is the logarithmical
10 130 Large orchestra summation of the sound level per octave band.
1 120
0,1 110 Blaring radio Summation of sound levels per octave band is
0,01 100
logarithmical.
0,001 90 Shouting
0,0001 80 Driving car Lw1/10 Lw2/10 Lwn/10
0,00001 70 Conversational speech Lw1+2+..+n = 10 log (10 + 10 + .. + 10 )
0,000001 60 (E 5.1)
0,0000001 50 Small electric clock
0,00000001 40 Take for example the following sound source:
0,000000001 30 Soft whisper
Table 5.2. Typical sound powers and sound power Frequency [Hz] 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
levels Lw [dB] 93 97 100 102 105 90 87 85
Table 5.4 example of sound spectrum
For most broad-band sounds, the square of the
sound pressure at any listener location changes
The total sound power level for this source then
directly with the sound power. Sound pressures in
becomes:
the audible range vary from 0,00002 to 20 Pa.
The corresponding range of sound pressure (93/10) (97/10) (100/10)
Lw = 10 * log (10 + 10 + 10 +
levels, with a reference pressure of 20 Pa, is 0 (102/10) (105/10) (90/10) (87/10) (85/10)
10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 )
dB to 120 dB.
= 108 dB
-12
Lw : Sound power level (ref. 1 x 10 Watt)
-5 Also the summation of two sources is calculated
Lp : Sound pressure level (ref 2 x 10 Pa)
logarithmical, which means that for two sources
with the same sound level, the overall sound level
Table 5.3 lists the sound pressure and sound
will be 3 dB higher than the sound level of the
pressure level for several typical sound situations.
source standalone.
Note that the distances are specified where
applicable. In the near or free field of a localized
Note: this also means that if the difference in
source, sound pressure varies with distance.
sound level between two sources is more than 10
Sound pressure may be relatively constant
dB, the lowest sound source will not add any
throughout an area having multiple sources of
sound to the total sound of the two sources
sound or in an area having highly reflective
together.
surfaces (hard room).
With this summation, we can also calculate the
Pressure Power Level Source Distance effect of for example an attenuator on the sound
(Pa) (dB ref. 20 Pa) (if applicable) level. In the following example we have two equal
sound sources (fans) running in a system with
200 140 Threshold of pain -- silencer baffles:
130
20 120 Threshold of discomfort --
Frequency [Hz] 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
110
2 100 Automobile horn 6m
Lw [dB] 93 97 100 102 105 90 87 85
90
0,2 80 Automobile (65 km/u) Inside
2nd Source [dB] +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
70
0,02 60 Conversational speech 1 m Sum [dB] 96 100 103 105 108 93 90 88
50
0,002 40 Quiet residence Inside Silencer attenuation [dB] -5 -8 -19 -34 -42 -31 -18 -11
30
0,0002 20 Whisper 1,5 m Lw Result [dB] 91 92 84 71 66 62 72 77
10
0,00002 0 Threshold of hearing -- Table 5.5 example of summation in dB
Table 5.3 Typical overall sound pressures and
sound pressure levels The total sound power level for this attenuated
source then becomes:
Page 11
bands are 500 Hz – 4000 Hz and these are also

(91/10) (92/10) (84/10)
Lw = 10 * log (10 + 10 + 10 + the frequencies for which our hearing had been
(71/10) (66/10) (62/10) (72/10) (77/10)
10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 ) “optimised”. The lowest frequency which can be
= 95 dB identified as sound by a person is 20 Hz. The
highest frequency is different for each person, but
2.2. Sound correction for the human in general the limit seems to be around 16 – 18
hearing kHz. Figure 2.6 shows us sound pressure levels
The human hearing is more sensitive to certain contours of equal loudness. As you can see the
frequencies than to others. The speech frequency dashed line is the A correction values.
figure 5.1 Equal loudness contours
As already said, the human ear is very frequency Example:

sensitive. With 1000 Hz as a reference frequency,
an envelop of corrections can be determined for Frequency [Hz] 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
other frequencies. These corrections give a Lw for fan 1 [dB] 93 97 100 102 105 90 87 85
weighting to the level of sound at a certain
Extra fan 2 [dB] +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
frequency. So if we want to know how a person
will judge the sound, we somehow have to Sum 2 fans [dB] 96 100 103 105 108 93 90 88
translate our objective measured units of sound Silencer [dB] -5 -8 -19 -34 -42 -31 -18 -11
pressure level and frequency content into attenuation
subjective units of loudness. Lw Result [dB] 91 92 84 71 66 62 72 77
A-weighting [dB] -26.2 -16.1 -8.6 -3.2 0 +1.2 +1.0 -1.1
The A-scale correction values for weighting the
Lw Result [dB(A)] 65 76 75 68 66 63 73 76
sound are as follows:
Table 5.7 Example of summation in dB(A)
Frequency [Hz] 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
The total A-weighted sound power level for this
A-weighting [dB] -26.2 -16.1 -8.6 -3.2 0 +1.2 +1.0 -1.1 attenuated source then becomes:
Table 5.6 A-correction values (65/10) (76/10) (75/10)

Lw(A) = 10 * log (10 + 10 + 10 +
(68/10) (66/10) (63/10) (73/10) (76/10)
10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 )
After correcting the sound with these correction = 82 dB(A)
values the unit is changed from dB into dB(A)
showing that he sound has been A-weighted.
Page 12
2.3. Free field conditions

The sound pressure level at any point in space
depends on the distance to the source, the power
and directivity of the source, and the nature of the
sound field. When a non-directional point source
radiates in a free field (= field without any
obstructions), the sound will radiate equally in all
directions, diverging as it goes with a spherical
wave front.
A fan or supply / exhaust chimney is not a point

source, since there is a certain directivity with the
airflow and the sound cannot radiate freely in all
directions. Therefore the energy will not be spread
over an entire sphere, but only part thereof.
The sound pressure level at a certain distance “r”

from the source can be defined as:
Q
L P = L w + 10 log (E 5.2)
4 r2
Where:
LP Sound pressure level
LW Sound power level
Q Directivity factor (also see sound in a
room)
r Distance from the sound source
Take for example the two fans with attenuators

above. If we assume that the sound radiates free
from the source, than the sound pressure level at
10 meters from this attenuated source under free
field conditions will be approx.:
1
LP(A) = 82 + 10 log = 51 dB(A)
4 10 2
At 5 meters it will be approx. 57 dB(A) and at 1

meters approx. 71 dB(A).
Suppose this sound cannot radiate free, but has a

directivity because it comes out of a chimney. In
that case, we can assume a half spherical
propagation of the sound and have to use a
directivity factor Q=2.
In that case the sound pressure level under free

field conditions at 10 meters under 45° with the
chimney will be approx.:
2
LP(A) = 82 + 10 log = 54 dB(A)
4 10 2
At 5 meters it will be approx. 60 dB(A) and at 1

meters approx. 74 dB(A).
Page 13
2.4. Sound in a room

Sound waves may be reflected by rigid surfaces,
such as concrete walls and ceilings. The sound
absorption of these surfaces depends on the type
of surface, such as the hardness, the
smoothness, etc. When sound is generated in a
room, the waves radiate as in a free field, until
they strike an obstruction. They are then reflected
from one obstruction to another, each reflection
taking place at reduced strength.
2.4.1 Sound in a small room

Position 1: Q=1
This calculation method can be used for rooms Position 2: Q=2
when the relative difference in length, width and Position 3: Q=4
height will be less than factor two. This means Position 4: Q=8
that this calculation is appropriate for rooms Figure 5.2 Directivity factors
3
(with a height of 2,5 metre) till 300m . If we take the example of the two fans, which are
attenuated on both sides, then we can calculate
the expected sound pressure level in a car park of
The sound at any point in a room is a combination 3
5000 m by using this formula. For the directivity
of direct and reverberated sound. For the factor we take 4, because the shaft is situated in
calculation of the sound pressure level inside a or near the corner of the car park.
room, the following calculation can be used:
With this info, the expected average sound
Q 4 pressure level in the car park (at least 5 metre
L P = L W + 10 log + (E.5.3)
4 r2 R away from the shaft) with the fans and attenuators
Where: as specified above will approx. be:
Lp Sound pressure level
Lw Sound power level 4 4
Lp(A) = 82 + 10 log + = 70 dB(A)
Q Directivity factor (Q=1 near centre of 4 52 80
room, Q=2 in centre of one wall, Q=4 in corner at
centre of two walls, Q=8 in corner formed by three Note that it is very difficult to guarantee sound
walls. See figure 5.2) values because of the amount of unknown and
r Distance from the sound source uncertain factors. The above calculation method
2
R room constant, m Sabine can therefore be used indicative only.
For a very hard room, the following can be taken 2.4.3 Sound in large room (car park)
as a starting point for the room constant R:
The formula of Sabine we used in chapter 5.4.2.
Cubic content of the room [m3] 1000 2000 5000 10.000 can not be used for a car park. If you calculate for
R [m2 Sabine] 30 50 80 100 example a car park of say 50 x 25 x 2,5 meters
3
(12.500 m ) the diffuse sound will take place after
Table 5.8 3-5 meters. After that the formula indicates that
the attenuation won’t decrease anymore and the
sound will have a constant level. But this is not
Note to table 5.8: true in practice.
The given square meters Sabine are indicative and
appropriate for hard rooms like car parks. Other Therefore another calculation method is used
amounts are possible. which is based on Behaviour of sound in open
plan offices. This method is rather complicated to
explain. If the first reflected sound wave reaches
the receiver this can be replaced by the direct
sound wave, radiated by an imaginary source
situated on the other side of the reflecting surface
as an image of the real source. The second
reflected sound wave, can be replaced by the
direct sound wave of the second image and so on.
Figure 5.3 shows a picture of this behaviour.
Page 14
figure 5.3 Behaviour of sound in a large open space
The sound attenuation on a certain distance can dispersion bodies

be calculated with the following formulas q Amount of dispersion m-1
V Volume of the rooml m3
Ss Ss Surface of the dispersion m2
q= (E 5.4) bodies
4V
If distance r is smaller than h/ than the sound
pressure level can be calculated with : Approximately s is about 0,1 and q about 0,015
-1
Lp(r1)= Lw – 20logr – 8 (E 5.5) m
h
If the distance r is valid between: < r < 4h than If distance r is more than 4h the following
attenuation is valid
the following expression is used: room with no absorption
r
L P = Lp( r 1) − 10log r − 4,3 − q(1 + s )r (E 5.6)
h Empty room Lp = 4,3 dB per doubling of
distance
Lp Sound pressure level dB Filled room Lp = 6,2 dB per doubling of
r Distance between source M distance
and receiver
h Height of the ceiling M Normally we select the attenuators on the basis of
Absorption coëfficient [-] an average sound pressure in the garage of 65
ceiling dB(A). This means that the currently selected
s Absorption coëfficient of [-]
Page 15
attenuators are not sufficient to attenuate the

fan(s) noise to the required level.
The attenuation level can be increased by using

longer silencer baffles or placing the silencer
baffles closer together. Normally the silencers
should be selected on a minimum free space
between the baffles so that the air velocity will not
exceed 12 m/s. Please note that if the free space
between the baffles is reduced, the pressure drop
over the attenuator is raised to the square of the
air velocity between the baffles.
Page 16
2.5. Standardized noise criteria (NR- corresponds to the speech interference level at
values) 1000 Hz in dB. The sound pressure levels per
To check the noise production against octave band should not exceed the recommended
recommended noise criteria, NR (Noise Rating) levels as given in the NR curves.
curves are often used. The NR number
figure 5.4 NR curves
Page 17
2.6 Sound conditions in- and outside a car convenient to know what locations, in- and
park outside the building, the sound requirements are.
Although the sound requirements for a car park
can be different in each country it is wise to give 1. In the car park
some examples on where these conditions matter For CO-ventilation 65-70 dB(A).
For instance a technical room in the garage or on In case of Smoke ventilation the ventilation
top of the roof has much influence on the system should not be higher than 92 dB(A),
surroundings. It is not always possible to situate otherwise noise of the fans will drown out any
the exhaust on the spot you want. Most of the sound alarm and the fire fighters can not
time the architect points out a certain location and communicate
sets the dimensions for the shaft and technical 2. Sound near the shaft
room as well. Sometimes it will be necessary to When the shaft is part of a mansion the sound in
explain the persons involved the need for of a the nearest dwelling should not exceed 30-
larger shaft or technical room. If the room is to 35dB(A)
small you have to improvise. A solution could be a 3. Sound outside
fan with higher rotation speed. This rotation speed Normal CO-ventilation situation the sound should
can increase the sound pressure. It is therefore not exceed 40 dB(A) on the border premises
40 dB(A()
35 dB(A() 40 dB(A()
building
35 dB(A()
35 dB(A()
65 dB(A) normal conditions

Max 92 dB(A) in case of calamities
figure 5.5 Sound conditions inside- and around a car park
Page 18
2.7 Sound insulation of a partition R= Sound insulation dB

This chapter describes the behaviour of sound Lt= Sound level in the transmitting room dB
through a partition wall between two rooms. We Lr= Sound level in the receiving room dB
2
call the room with the sound source the S= Surface area of partition m
2
transmitting room (Lt) and the other side of the Ar= Total absorption in the receiving m
wall the receiving room (Lr). room
A sound source called Lt with a certain sound
pressure level forces a part of the sound through Assuming a given sound power level from the
the partition wall and into the room next to it equipment in the technical room the sound level in
(receiving room). This transfer of sound is taking the transmitting room (the reverberant field) will
place trough the direct and flanking sides. The become:
sound pressure level in the receiving room finds
it’s origin in the transmitting room because of the 4
sound source in that room. L t = L w + 10 log
At
The insulation of sound can be described as the
difference expressed in dB between Lt and Lr :
The combination of the formula’s will give the
Lt - Lr.
expression:
The greater the difference between both levels the
better the insulation will be. The sound insulation
is in depended of the sound level in the 4 S
L r = L w + 10 log − R + 10 log (E 5.7)
transmitting room. If Lt becomes 10 dB more than At Ar
Lr will also be 10 dB higher so the difference is
constant. The obtained insulation remains Lr= Sound level in the receiving room dB
depending from the following factors : Lw= Sound power level of the source dB
2
At= Total absorption of the transmitting m
room
• The sound absorption in the receiving room R= Sound insulation (see appendix E) dB
2
• The surface of the partition wall S= Surface area of partition m
2
Ar= Total absorption in the receiving room m
So the sound level in the receiving room can be

influenced by:
S increasing the sound insulation (R).
increasing the amount of absorptive material in
Lt Lr the transmitting room (At).
increasing the amount of absorptive material in
the receiving room (Ar).
At Ar
Recommendations
Figure 5.6 Top view transmitting and receiving The best place for a technical room depends
room among other factors on purpose of the building. If
the technical room is situated in an office building
Sound absorption in the receiving area. or a mansion try to avoid the locations directly
Previous we saw that the sound pressure level in near an (office) room. The most convenient place
a room depends on the amount of absorptive would be near the passage hall.
material in the room. The more sound absorbed
the lower Lr will become Of course a technical room in the car park it self is
recommended.
Surface of the partition wall
To determine the sound insulation of a partition
like a wall or floor it is important to know that the
surface area of this wall can be of influence. After
all, presuming that only direct sound is of
importance, a twice as large wall surface area will
transmit twice as much sound energy. This means
that sound pressure level in the adjacent room will
become 10log2 = 3dB more The expression
becomes
S
R = L t − L r + 10 log
Ar
Page 19
Page 20
3. Introduction to smoke Ventilation but the principal objective of them all is to

It is an advantage in the understanding of smoke safeguard life by :-
ventilation to have a basic knowledge of the
smoke’s physical properties and an appreciation Reducing the potential for fire initiation
of the dangers that it creates.
Containing fire propagation and spread.
The spread or directional movement of smoke
through or out of a building are entirely The provision of adequate means of escape for
unpredictable so that it is essential to take occupants
precautions to warn of its occurrence and to have
a series of the necessary follow up procedures Historically, the prevention of fire growth or spread
already in place. has been achieved by containing or separating
the fire and its products of mainly smoke within
The following sections therefore cover these structured empirically designed compartments.
aspects.
However, this concept is continually being
3.1 The hazards of smoke reviewed because the emphasis of the regulations
In the context of a fire the term “smoke” is used to is on life safety which might be jeopardized if the
describe liquid and/or solid particles produced by structure enclosing the fire restricts the means of
combustion of fuel suspended in a mixture of air escape.
and gaseous products, including water vapour.
It is therefore necessary to consider four major
Certain of the gaseous combustion products are aspects of buildings to promote safe design which
toxic, with the most common usually being carbon are namely purpose, size, separation and
monoxide but others such as hydrogen cyanide resistance to fire.
might also be present to a lesser degree and
there are other relatively less harmful ingredients Several countries extend their regulations to cover
including water and carbon dioxide. protection of property in case of fire, especially
taking into account the building contents but they
Even minor exposure to smoke particles can be also cover the effect of a fire on the environment
harmful to those who suffer from asthma or with regard to air pollution and/or contamination of
respiratory problems but in many more ways water or soil if a fire should reach unmanageable
smoke can prove to be lethal by suffocating proportions
trapped victims or by immersing them in heat if
the temperature is sufficiently high. 3.3 The role of smoke and heat exhaust
ventilation
To avoid these consequences it is crucial to As already mentioned, to dilute the combustion
maintain visibility in the space for as long as products of a fire may require a quantity of clean
possible so that those present can see their way air up to a thousand times the volume of smoke
and escape to safety. concerned before safe visibility can be reached.
With this in mind, outside mechanical influences Physical separation of smoke from people is
should not be introduced unless it is certain that conventionally achieved by the use of walls,
the above priority is known to be satisfied first. shutters or doors and is specified in the
regulations of most countries, although in different
It is not a practical proposition to maintain safe forms.
visibility by dilution of the smoke because it takes
a volume of fresh air up to a thousand times that This approach cannot be considered, of course,
of the smoke to achieve. by definition, if the people and escape routes that
need protecting are in the same undivided space
However, if there is sufficient visibility through the as the fire, so that it is in this situation where
smoke to see an escape route or identify the smoke and heat exhaust ventilation is of value.
emergency exits then the toxic products alone
should not stop any occupants from reaching This ventilation method is generally abbreviated
safety. using the acronym SHEVS and it refers to the
very simple concept whereby hot buoyant gases
3.2. The regulatory background from a fire rise to form a stable layer at high level
Each country has its own approach to the creation below the ceiling in a reservoir and a cooler clear
and enforcement of regulations with regard to fire layer of air develops underneath which may last
safety which have evolved over time according to long enough and be sufficiently deep to allow the
circumstances in the particular country concerned occupants time to see their way out in safety.
Page 21
It is then usually arranged for the reservoir of segregation which also means protection of the
smoke at high level to be vented to atmosphere structure together with its contents, etc.
by mechanical or natural means.
These relationships are illustrated in Figure 1.5.
In the instance of a car park the above method with the large arrows representing those
cannot be properly applied because there isn’t influences which reduce the production of smoke
enough height to incorporate a smoke reservoir, & heat or those influences that keep the
although the floor area may often be large. dangerous products of combustion separate from
the people and the facilities that require protection
for safety to be maintained.
Nevertheless, in the event of a vehicle fire in a car
park, the natural phenomenon of the hot gases The single line arrows show the interactions
stratifying at ceiling level needs to be taken into between the different activities which produce the
account because it is essential to maintain visibility above influences.
for as long as possible and there is still a period
when the occupants can see below the smoke
layer, even if the depth of clear space is reduced.
After this initial time of visibility it is then possible

with a correctly engineered Novenco Jet Fan
Ventilation System to contain the smoke within
pre-determined compartments without the need
for physical separation, providing that the car park
is of a suitable size and configuration.
In this way the system complies with all the

accepted standards to meet regulation
requirements but at the same time alleviates the
concern that walls or shutters might restrict the
occupants escape route. Further, without the
physical barriers, it also offers easier access for
the fire brigade to reach the seat of the fire so that
they can extinguish the flames quicker and thereby
reduce damage to the building.
3.4 Smoke and heat exhaust ventilation as a

part of fire safety engineering
Every fire is a chemical and physical process
producing energy mostly in the form of heat
together with gases termed as smoke and other
less hazardous products.
Consequently, every fire prevention concept has

the same set of main objectives previously
outlined with the foremost being to avoid ignition
in the first place but then immediately followed by
protecting people’s lives, protecting the building
structure together with its contents and protecting
the environment; all from the hazardous effects of
combustion, including heat and smoke for as long
as the fire exists until the final objective is
achieved of extinguishing the fire.
Fire prevention should be a composite of well

selected measures interacting between each
other to hamper and/or eventually stop the
production of heat & smoke but in the first place
their primary purpose is to protect people by
page22
figure 1.5
Page 23
Automatic fire detection systems, such as smoke

Figure 1.5. illustrates that SHEVS exists within a detectors in the particular case of a car park,
much more comprehensive fire prevention provide an alarm to warn occupants of danger and
concept simultaneously alert the Fire Service so that they
can reach the scene of the fire at an early stage.
Structural (passive) fire precautions use structural The smoke detection system also triggers the
means to separate people and the facilities that SHEVS, where applicable, to provide support by
effect their safety away from the dangerous whatever method is included, which might be a
products of combustion including heat & smoke. smoke reservoir with a clear layer underneath, or
zoned separation of the smoke, but in either case
Therefore, in most cases, the structure used to it offers additional precious vision time for
form the separation must be fire resistant and escapees and smoke-free access for combating
everything within a fire compartment is usually the fire.
considered lost, unless it is possible to introduce
active measures to extinguish the fire which would Therefore, as described above, SHEVS interact
particularly include the actions of the fire service. with technical fire precautions and fire fighting
operations so that together they have the potential
It is obviously essential that people are able to exit to influence the ‘effective fire size’.
the compartment where the fire is taking place
and reach either a structurally protected safe However, the effectiveness of all the precautions
place or the exterior of the building in the shortest and operations mentioned will be enhanced by
possible time. proper training of those concerned, to be aware of
procedures in the event of a fire and to have a
The method of SHEVS that is employed depends knowledge of the techniques employed to deal
upon the type of building concerned but with with the fire in a particular building in order to
sufficient height it may involve creating a layer of minimise the danger.
clear air beneath a purpose made smoke
reservoir at ceiling or roof level from which there is The benefit of SHEVS should nevertheless be an
a means of mechanical or natural exhaust to integral component of the overall fire prevention
atmosphere. strategy, if the circumstances allow, because of its
role in being capable of creating a smoke-free
Alternatively, SHEVS might be operated as a zone at an early stage of a fire.
direct mechanical smoke extract in the case of a
car park, perhaps confined to exhausting from the
particular zone with the fire if the overall space is
of an adequate size and configuration to be
divided into separate sections for segregating the
products of combustion.
This option then leaves the remainder of the car

park smoke-free, to enable fire fighting operations
to be performed more adequately by the fire
service so that the fire can be brought under
control quicker to lessen the danger and reduce
the damage caused.
It follows from this that there is a close correlation

between SHEVS and the particular fire fighting
method being considered which enables their
combined forces to reduce the ‘effective fire size’.
Technical fire precautions are measures to affect

the response time between ignition and
implementation of the method to manage or
contain/extinguish the fire, including:
Automatic fire suppression or extinguishing

systems that attack the fire directly, such as a
sprinkler installation.
Page 24
Figure 1-6
Notes to figure 1.6
• Upon discovery of a fire by the smoke detection system, the jet fans would all automatically be
shut down and the smoke extraction would be operated at maximum. Both visual and audio
alarms (with a sound level of 102 dBA) would be activated to warn occupants.
• If smoke control or containment is part of the system operation, then the applicable jet fans
would only be reactivated after a preset time delay of some five minutes. This delay is
necessary because visibility is the most important factor to maintain for as long as possible in
a smoke situation. It is well known that hot smoke will first stratify at ceiling level for a period
before it begins to cool and fall so that it is essential not to interfere with this natural
occurrence by dispersing the smoke to a lower level whilst occupants may still be able to see.
Also during this initial crucial period the fire is still in its infancy and the toxic products alone
will not be sufficient to prevent occupants reaching safety, providing that there is still visibility
for people to escape before the smoke and heat intensifies causing panic and disorientation.
• The arrival of the Fire Service is an estimated variable.
• The peak of the fire is an estimated variable.
• Smoke extract after the fire is a requirement to enable the Fire Service to undertake a safety
check of the building.
• The ventilation system cannot be put back into operation until a full re-commissioning has
been undertaken.
page25
3.5 Active control of the fire

It is apparent that efficient and early separation or The equipment therefore should be tested and
removal of smoke will offer the Fire Service the confirmed suitable for the application and the
most assistance in their difficult and dangerous operation of the plant should take into account all
task of overcoming a fire, providing that every the factors with regard to its location inside or
possible means of safeguarding life has been outside the building together with other influences
given first priority, which may not necessarily be that might prevail such as the effect of the
the immediate application of the same elements or the possibility of short circuiting back
requirements; despite the aim still being the need into the contaminated space via another source
for maximum visibility and keeping access ways which is a serious hazard that should not be
clear, both for escaping to safety and for entry by overlooked.
the Fire Service.
To summarize, the correct selection of equipment
Smoke control or containment measures therefore and system design in themselves can never be a
extend beyond the time it takes for the escapees substitute for proven experience in the
to reach safety, so that upon arrival of the Fire undertaking of successful installations over an
Service they are able to combat the fire more extensive period of time.
effectively.
The Novenco system is always tested in case of a
Smoke control or containment design also needs smoke ventilation with a special designed smoke
to take into account the maximum affective size of machine. This machine produces “cold smoke”
the fire and perhaps whether this includes smoke which shows us the airstreams in the car park. A
ventilation on its own or with a sprinkler system. “cold smoke test” is not fully presentable for a
However, there is considerable debate over the SHEV-system. Because smoke finds it’s way in
affects of the interaction between the two as to every direction. For the future a “hot smoke test”
whether smoke ventilation should be operated via has to be investigated if it is suitable to
smoke detection at the same time, before, or after comprehend in a car park. One thing we know is
the sprinkler system. As previously described, that a “hot smoke test” will give a better
hot smoke will rise and this natural occurrence is presentation of what will happen in a fire situation
utilised in SHEVS because it creates a clear layer
of air below the smoke but the activation of the
sprinkler system might oppose this concept by
immediately cooling the smoke so that it falls and
accumulates causing loss of visibility to the
occupants. In addition there would be increased
anxiety to the occupants as a result of the shock
caused by the sudden onset of cold water.
If the alternative of heat sensing, as opposed to

smoke detection, is utilised for the activation of
the sprinkler system then it is difficult to predict
the stage of the fire when the temperature
element will be broken because a vehicle fire
usually starts within the vehicle itself, possibly as
a result of a short circuit in the wiring in the
dashboard. This being the case, smoke has
generally already been emitted from the vehicle
before a temperature is reached that will activate
the sprinkler system. The sprinkler system will not
extinguish the fire immediately because it will still
be contained inside the metal casing of the
vehicle but it should not intensify further after
actuation of the sprinkler system.
3.6 Implementation of a smoke and heat

exhaust system in a building
Whatever SHEVS design method is determined
for a particular building application, it will not work
in reality unless the components that make up the Figure 1-7 Hot smoke test
finished product will function in the conditions that
apply in the case concerned, especially with
regard to a fire.
page26
4. Car park ventilation principles The Dutch standard requires that an enclosed car
park has a mechanical ventilation system.
4.1 Car Park Categories The implementation of the mechanical ventilation
According the Dutch standards there are 2 system depends on the layout and construction of
categories. the car park.
Category I : Open car parks
Category 2: Enclosed Car Parks
Theoretically it is possible that an above ground

car park belongs to category 2: Enclosed car
parks.
It is for this reason that we do not use the term
above ground car park.
4.1.1 Open Car Parks

Based on the Dutch rules a car park will be
acceptable as an "open" car park when it
complies with the following criteria. Figure 2-1
indicates in which cases a car park is recognized
as a category I car park.
Figure 2.1: Open car park
1) Natural ventilation has to be

guaranteed.
2) At least two opposite standing outside
walls shall have unlockable openings.
3) The free area opening In the outside walls
shall at least be 1/3 of the total area of the wall (all
walls added together), or the free areas of the
opening in the outside walls shall be minimum
2,5% of the gross floor area of the car park
compartment.
The distance between these two outside walls
shall not exceed 54 meters.
4) The outside walls with the openings shall
have a minimum of 5 meters distance to the
nearest building.
5) The lowest floor of the car park shall
nowhere be more than 1,3 meter under the zero
ground level.
6) Inside constructions in the car park shall
not be an obstruction for the natural ventilation.
If one of the demands in figure 2-1 cannot be met

then the car park is a category 2 car park.
So in these cases we are dealing with an
enclosed car park
Page 27
4.1.2 Enclosed Car Parks

1) The distance between the outside walls is Example:
100 meters, so it exceeds the maximum distance The ventilation amount for a car park is 36.000
3
of 54 meters. m /h.
2) There is only one outside wall with The needed free area of openings in each wall will
2
openings. be 36000/3600/0,4= 25m .
3) The openings in the outside wall are too There are two opposite walls so together the
2
small. surface will be 50m .
4) There are no open outside walls at all.
(figure 2-3) Note that the method mentioned above is
5) Any combination of points 1 to 4. based on Dutch regulations and therefore
based on wind speeds that are appropriate for
Existing car park ventilation methods. the Dutch weather.
To show which car park ventilation methods are
used in practice today. we mention 4 methods.
* The natural method * Semi natural method
This is the ventilation method of the open car In this case the supply air will enter the car park
parks. naturally and the air will be exhausted
mechanically.
There are two methods of natural ventilating for The opposite is also possible. The air will be
an open car park. The first one is based on the supplied mechanically and the exhaust air will
rules as described under 2.1.1. This method leave the car park by overpressure. With this
results in open surfaces in the surrounding walls method ducts are generally not necessary.
and needs no mechanical support. The other one
is a system where the surrounding walls, or at
least two opposite walls, are fitted with grills or
openings but the distance between these walls is
more than 54 metres. According the rules in 2.1.1.
one should ventilate the car park mechanical. If
this is the case than it is not possible to control the
air streams in the room. This because of the poor
mixing in the room. You can say that the
concentration of polluted air is not guaranteed at
any point and therefore there is no guarantee of Figure 2.2: semi natural method
an efficient ventilation system.
The only way to ensure an efficient ventilation
system for this type of buildings is to support the * Semi mechanical method (mechanical
natural ventilation established by the openings unducted method)
with the thrust ventilation system. The method is
based on the fact that the air supply through the The supply air will be provided mechanically and
openings is guaranteed and the thrust ventilation the air will be exhausted mechanically. With this
system supports this by transporting the fresh air semi mechanical method ducts are not used in
through the building. general. (figure 2.3)
To guarantee the natural supply of air through the

openings one has to know how natural ventilation
works.
According physics natural ventilation is based on
temperature difference and wind. We can only use
wind because natural ventilation based on
temperature difference will only work on high
buildings. So the only thing we can depend on is
wind. In Dutch regulations there is a calculation
method to determine the needed free surface of
openings in a building. This rule is based on a Figure 2.3 : Semi mechanical method
wind speed of 2m/s that will there for 85% of the * Mechanical method
time. The other 15 % the wind speed will be less Here the air is mechanically supplied and
than 2m/s. The maximum air velocity trough the mechanically exhausted. This mechanical method
grill is than 0,4 m/s if there are two walls in requires the use of ductwork and is recognized as
opposite of each other. If there is only one wall the "conventional method" (figure 2-4).
with openings the maximum air velocity through In practice several problems arise by using these
the grills is 0,1m/s. existing methods.
page28
Same of these problems are listed below:

A) The available space for the air supply
and/or air exhaust points is limited or there is no
space at all. The position of these points can be a
problem for the layout of the compartments.
B) The air movement and air mixing in the
car park are not efficient enough to avoid local
high-level pollution.
C) Blind spots with no air movement at all will
appear.
D) There is limited space available to install

ductwork.
E) How to ventilate correctly if the pollution
varies because of fluctuating capacity in the car
park.
F) How to ventilate in case of fire?
In the following the virtues of Jet Fan Ventilation

will be explained and it will be apparent that all the
above problems will be eliminated.
Figure 2 Semi natural method
Figure 3 Semi mechanical method
Figure 4 Mechanical method
Figure 2.4 A) supply shaft
Figure 2.4B) exhaust shaft conventional

system with ductwork
page29
4.2 The principle of thrust ventilation The nominal thrust of a Jet fan is calculated by
multiplying the volume times rho times the fan
The concept of Jet ventilation requires some outlet velocity.
explanation. Imagine a football filled with air, you Jet fans will give a constant airflow, that is a
can move this ball in two ways. First you can constant pulse and because the pulse is constant
place the ball in your hand and move the ball by we call it thrust.
moving your hand. You then move, with a With this thrust the fan is pushing the surrounding
constant speed. The quantity of air that is in the air and, as the fan is fixed to the ceiling, the
ball together with the ball itself. This you can surrounding air will be moved forward.
compare with moving air by fans i.e. replacing all Furthermore the fan also induces turbulence in
the air via the fan. Secondly you can move the the surrounding air.
ball by kicking it with your feet. In this case you It is important to realize that the total replaced air
move the air by a pulse force. The ball with the air quantity will move along and around the fan
inside will accelerate and move over a certain instead of through the fan, which happens
distance. This physical phenomenon is called normally. The way to install a fan in the car park is
impulse. very important because of the installation factor.
With thrust ventilation we use this principle. The installation factor depends on the Coanda
From a small surface we blow air with a relatively effect, the air inlet condition and the air outlet
high velocity. From this small surface, air flows condition of the fan.
continuously with a velocity of, for example 20 m/s The Coanda effect always appears in practice
and this primary air stream will produce a because the Jet fans are directly installed to the
secondary air stream in the area. The exact air ceiling and also against the wall.
velocity and the number of impulse fans depend When a Jet fan is installed the nominal thrust is
on the thrust calculations, which must be made for not 100% as soon as the fan is installed.
each car park. Due to internal losses the thrust measured is less
Figures 2.5a and 2.5b give an idea of thrust than the nominal thrust.
ventilation in practice if we consider the
longitudinal section. The impulse, which is the The difference between the thrust measured and
performance of the fans, will be expressed in the thrust available is the installation factor, this
Newton. can be translated as a percentage of the thrust
So a Jet fan delivers a certain amount of Newton. measured.
Figure 2-6: Installation of Jet fan
Figure 2.5a: Jet ventilation in practice, side view The installation factor has to be determined per
situation, because it depends on the way in which
the fan is installed in the car park. Figure 2.6 gives
an impression of the installation in a car park in a
space-saving situation. Please notice the distance
in front and behind the fan, as this is important for
the installation factor. The concept of thrust
ventilation has now been explained briefly and the
next step is to see how this ventilation principle
performs as a system in a car park.
Figure 2.5b: Jet ventilation in practice, top view
Newton’s 2nd law tells us something about the

physics of the impulse and Newton proved that an
impulse is mass times velocity.
page30
4.2.1. Thrust ventilation application Here we look at a car park with a supply shaft on
To explain the system with Jet fans in a car park the right side and an exhaust shaft on the left
we consider some practical situations. side. It is not allowed to use extra airshafts for
better distribution of the air and consequently
First: there is no space available for supply and airflow arises that does not fully cover the car
exhaust shafts park. In this situation we can use the thrust fans to
transport air all over the car park area.
At the same time the air will be excellently mixed
and distributed all over the car park area.
Third: Preventing dead spots.
Figure 2.9 indicates a car park that is partly

situated below a main building. The semi natural
ventilation method is used, one exhaust point is
available and the air supply is achieved in the
Figure 2- 7: No space for supply and exhaust shafts natural war by two open walls.
It is obvious that dead spots arise below the main
Figure 2.7 shows a car park with two open walls. building.
The distance between these walls is more than 54 By using Jet fans, the air will be blown to the dead
meters. So this is an enclosed car park and here spots.
we face the problem that no space is available for The Jet fans also move the air out of the corner
the mechanical supply and exhaust points. into the direction of the exhaust point.
If the Jet fans are installed in the car park the air
will be transported between the open walls. The
two open walls will function as supply and exhaust
points without changing any- thing in the car park.
For this example a second possibility can be
mentioned for the operation of the Jet fans.
If the wind in the wall openings coincides with the
direction of ventilation in the car park the wind
helps to ventilate the car park. Consequently the
direction of the ventilation shall always be in the
same direction as the wind and this is the reason
why Novenco Jet fans are 100% reversible.
By reversing the direction of rotation of the Figure 2-9: Preventing dead spots
impeller, the fan gives the same thrust in bath
directions. Fourth: Supply of the air by Jet fans
It is important to see that by using this very simple It is possible to lead the air from outside into the
method we can meet the demands for ventilation. car park by using Jet fans. Installing Jet fans in
There is no need for separate supply and exhaust the entrance/exit of the car park can do this.
points or shafts. The air can also be supplied through openings in
Second: sufficient air mixing and air movement is the walls and the same principle can be used to
not guaranteed exhaust the air.
In some situations, for example at totally enclosed
underground car parks, the air has to be moved
through the exhaust shaft. In these cases, axial
flow fans located parallel in the exhaust shaft, can
exhaust the air. The Jet fans will move and
distribute the air all over the car park floors and
transport the air to the exhaust shaft.
Fifth: How to ventilate in case of fire?
This item has many aspects. Rules are given in

the CEN standards or by local authorities and also
the fire brigade has recommendations for these
situations.
Figure 2- 8 : Mixing and moving of the air Figure 2-10 gives an example of an enclosed car
park with mechanical supply and exhaust of the
page31
air and where Jet fans take care of the distribution developed a calculation method to judge when
and the transport of air all over the car park floor. and how smoke can be controlled in a car park.
In a fire situation there are two possible options. It is also possible to judge this by using
A) Shut off the Jet fans and start the exhaust Computational Fluid Dynamics to simulate a fire in
fans. a car park.
The supply fans must supply the air. The reliability of bath the calculation method and
the CFD simulation was checked in practice by a
full-scale fire test. Which was performed in May
1998.
TNO, an independent scientific body of the Dutch
Government, was responsible for the test.
Novenco was co-financier and will be involved in
the practical aspects. A report of the test will be
available around September 1998.
Figure 2-10 : Fire safety with Jet fans
Theoretically a balance arises between the

produced quantity of smoke and the exhausted
volume and this will give a theoretical smoke
layer. In a car park with an average height of 2,5
meters a smoke layer will not be formed and the
total height/cross sectional area of the car park
will probably be filled with smoke.
B) By switching on the Jet fans the smoke

can be controlled. Under the condition that
enough smoke will be exhausted and enough air
will be supplied, the smoke in a particular area
("Smoke compartment") can be controlled. This
situation gives horizontal smoke control instead of
vertical smoke control, which is normal in
buildings.
Please note: During tests in car parks with cold

smoke we learned that the number of Jet fans that
should be switched on in case of a fire shall
carefully be considered.
To use Jet fans for this application a precise
analysis of the possible fire situations and escape
modes is necessary.
Hereby different aspects are very important:

1) What are the escape routes possibilities?
2) What will be the development of smoke
and what will be the smoke temperature?
3) What is the time schedule for the fire
brigade to be present?
4) What is the fire brigade's plan of
approaching a fire in this building?
5) Where are the smoke exhaust points?
6) How much smoke spread is allowed and
within what period of time?
The above mentioned aspects clearly show that

strict consultation with the fire brigade is
necessary and for this purpose Novenco has
page32
4.3 Advantages of the Novenco Car Park 6. Cost reduction

Ventilation System
If air ducts are not used, a fair cost reduction will
The Novenco Car Park Ventilation System is be realized. The second cost reduction factor is
based on ventilating with thrust. that the exhaust fans can be selected at lower
As stated earlier in this article, thrust ventilation static pressure because the resistance of the air
gives the solution for many practical problems that duct system does not exist. This results in a
are caused by existing ventilation methods for car smaller fan or a fan with a lower speed, which
parks. The most important advantages can be gives a sound reduction. We have to realize that
summarized as follows: the system with Jet fans needs more cabling and
a larger control panel. But in spite of these extra
1. Space saving costs the saving aspects are in many cases,
certainly with larger car parks, very realistic.
Space saving is realized because the function of This advantage is more important as the size of
the air ducts in the car park will be taken over by the car park is increasing. Please note that the
the Jet fans. cost comparison is valid for a car park with
The Jet fans efficiently spread and transport the ductwork.
air all over the car park floor from the air supply
point to the air exhaust point. No air ducts are 7. Easy commissioning
necessary, which gives fair space, saving.
There are no adjustable dampers needed to get
2. Installation flexibility the right exhaust volume per grill. The Jet fans are
provided with a deflector and the deflectors guide
Various tests have shown that the position of the the air stream in the required direction. The
Jet Fans is very flexible. The positions of the Jet deflector can be adjusted after the mounting of the
Fans vary within a radius from 3-4 meters without Jet fan and this shall only be done once.
influencing the function of the system. Variation with regard to the volume and required
air movement is realized by switching fans on/off
3. Perfect mixing of the air or using 2-speed motors (1-2).
By only using exhaust there will be no mixing of 8. Smoke control possibilities

air at all. The Dutch directives according to NVN
2443 confirm that! The directives require exhaust Theoretically it is possible to control smoke in a
grills at 1/3 of the height of the car park, so the air particular area of the car park by Jet fans. The
above "1,5 meters height" is relatively clean. By full-scale fire test, which was completed in May
using Jet fans the air on the car park floor will be 1998, will prove whether this theory is reliable. For
completely mixed and the air in the upper part of the moment the only practical tests carried out in
the parking floor will now also be used, as a result car parks are performed with cold smoke and in
of which the pollution will be much lower in these tests the theory is working well. If the full-
comparison with a ducted system. scale test is positive, it gives the opportunity to
avoid concrete smoke barriers, which will satisfy
4. Better air movement all over the car park the architects. A third cast saving aspect is
apparent.
To avoid local high concentrated pollution, an
extensive duct system will often be used. With the One fact is certain:
Jet fans it is possible to create an air movement in It is impossible to control the smoke with the
every part of the car park. (See the third example existing ducted system.
with the associated figure 2-9.) No "dead spots" These are some general advantages.
will arise. The advantages do not occur all together. They
have to be considered separately for each car
5. Possibility of energy saving park.
Considering that in a ducted system the air

velocity through the ducts is higher, the resistance
including absorbed power will also be high. With
the Jet fan system the car park itself will be used
as an air duct, the air velocity is low and the
required power is low as well.
Please note that this conclusion is only valid for a
comparison of systems with ductwork.
page33
4.4 Contamination ventilation

Contamination ventilation is needed to ensure the The minimum requirement for when to start
users of a car park of a healthy environment. A ventilating can be as low as 25 ppm and the
contamination ventilation system must be capable maximum requirement for full ventilation can be
of exhausting polluted air and supplying fresh air as high as 200 ppm
into the car park. Our Jet ventilation system has World Health Organization (1987), recommends
proven to be most effective in this situation. for persons with light work maximum average
concentration during 8 hours as 25 ppm
Although the users are present at a short time Maximum average concentration during 1 hour as
(mostly 1-10 minutes), the risk of breathing 75 ppm
polluted air can be hazardous for any human. It should be remembered that the time people
When no ventilation system (or poor ventilation) is normally are in a car park only is minutes.
installed, gasses emitted by traffic in the car park
can develop high concentrations of pollution when
air is not moving. Therefore a Jet ventilation
system which will take action on command of a
detection system is the best way to ensure the
polluted air is exhausted, no dead corners occur
because of the Jet fans and fresh air is distributed
there when and where its needed.
The pollution produced by a car consist of

different substances:
Nitrogen dioxide NO2
Carbon monoxide CO
Benzene C6H6
Benzapyrene BaP
Sulphur dioxide SO2
Lead
Soot
Ozone
Every substance has his maximum acceptable
threshold limit but Carbon monoxide is the
normative substance for designing a
Contamination Ventilation System. This threshold
limit can be different for each country or region but
the average value will be around 120ppm.
Regarding pollution
Each country has different rules for which
pollutants are determinants for the ventilation,
what are the maximum allowed content of the
pollutant and how the ventilation rate should be
for a given pollution level. Novenco poses rules
and spreadsheets for calculating the required
ventilation rates for a number of countries.
The most common pollutant for which to ventilate

for is carbon monoxide (CO) and we will use this
as the determinable pollutant in the rest of this
chapter, but Lpg, benzene and NO2 can also be
the determinants for the amount of ventilation.
In most countries the demands to the ventilation
system is that it should runs in two steps based on
the measured CO-concentration
For example for a CO-concentration between 50-
1
100 ppm ppm means part per million meaning
mg of pollution per m³ of air the ventilation system
is running in half speed and for concentrations
over 100 ppm the system is running in full speed.
1
ppm means part per million meaning mg of pollution per m³ of
air
page34
4.5. Smoke extraction / Smoke control is able to clear the Car Park in half the time,
The first purpose of smoke extraction or smoke related to conventional ventilation systems.
control is to save lives of people that are present
in the car park. The main advantages of smoke Requirements smoke clearance.
extraction are created in the first minutes of In many countries the building regulations require
operation of the system. In this first minutes of a that the ventilation system is able to make smoke
car fire it is very important that the ventilation clearance. In many countries the requirement is
system follows a certain procedure to full fill its 10 air changes per hour. It can also be required
main goal: Save the lives of the people inside the that the ventilation system inside a certain time
car park. Other advantages of the Jet-system are: limit is able to empty the car park from smoke
after the fire is extinguished.
Visibility
By extracting the needed (is to be calculated) Requirements smoke control
volume of smoke from the car park, the centre of The requirement of air velocity and ventilation rate
the fire will be visible for the fire men. So when must be calculated for each individual car park.
they are entering the car park they can put out the In general the car park should be bigger than
fire rapidly. 1.500 m² before smoke control is possible and
People inside the car park will keep an overview there shall not be to many obstacles - An
of the escape routes in the car park exception is when the car park is long and narrow.
Temperature Smoke from a fire is in principle air that is heated.

The temperature near the fire can build up to Because of the heating the smoke expands in all
more than 1000oC in less than 15 minutes. By directions by a certain velocity, which depends on
using the Novenco Jet-system the temperature the size of the fire and the dimensions of the car
will reduce to 400oC because of the efficient park. It is possible to control which direction the
mixing produced by the jet fans. This will reduce smoke is moving by blowing on it with a higher
the flashover to another car. velocity than expansion is taking place.
By blowing cold air into the hot smoke, the smoke

Definitions is cooled down and the expansion is thereby
slowed down, and less air velocity is therefore
Traditional Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation necessary to stop the expansion.
Systems in buildings with high ceilings create a
smoke free layer above the floor by removing
smoke and thus improve the conditions for safe 4.6. Operation
escape and/or rescue of people and the protection The ventilation system in the Car Park consist of:
of property and permit the fire to be fought while A supply system
still in its early stages. This is not possible in Car An exhaust system
Parks because of the general limited ceiling A Jet Fan system for longitudinal ventilation and
heights. (see chapter 1.2) smoke control.
Smoke Clearance: Depending of the size and the shape of the Car
Conventional ventilation systems for Car Parks Park it can, if required, be divided into smoke
normally offer Smoke Clearance, which means compartments by use of the Jet Fans as
that the ventilation system is able to clear the Car illustrated in figure 2.11.
Park for smoke after the fire is extinguished.
Smoke Control:
The Novenco Smoke Control Ventilation System
creates an “air wall” close to the fire which
restricts the expansion of the smoke to the area
between the fire and the exhaust points and thus
improves the conditions for safe escape and/or
rescue of people and the protection of property
and permit the fire fighters easy to locate the fire
in all its stages and fight it. Figure 2.11: Simple Car Park divided into two
smoke compartments by help of the Jet Fans
The supply and exhaust systems consists of one

It is not always possible to make smoke Control in
or more shafts.
a Car Park, but smoke clearance can normally
To ensure at least 50% function in case of
always be achieved The Novenco Jet Fan system
breakdown the shafts should as standard be
equipped with two Axial Flow Fans.
page35
one of the smoke / heat detectors within 30

Part of the air can be supplied via natural seconds.
openings as entrances. The signal for a fire alarm will at once be
It is preferable to make the system reversible, but submitted to the switchboard and the Car Park
for smaller parks or odd shapes the system can ventilation will change into Smoke Ventilation
be kept unidirectional. Mode.
Depending on the place of the fire, the Axial Flow
By running the Jet Fans the smoke can be kept Fans and the Jet Fans will be connected and
inside an approx. 60 meters wide zone. disconnected according to the switching diagram
for smoke ventilation.
In case of fire alarm or an unacceptable high

concentration of CO in the Car Park, it is possible
to install an optical- (stop the engine/leave the Car
Park) and acoustic alarm.
When this sign is switched on it is not allowed to
be in or drive with cars in the Car Park.
The fire alarm will be followed by a signal for
smoke ventilation.
Figure 2.12: Smoke spread when Jet Fan system The procedure for smoke ventilation is:
are used All the fans will be disconnected
The exhaust fans will be connected in high speed
The ventilation-layout in the Car Park has a The supply fans will be connected (if available)
double function: Approx. 5-8 minutes (to be determined based on
Standard ventilation (CO-ventilation) test in the Car Park) from the time of the smoke
Smoke exhaust and smoke control in case of a alarm, the Jet Fans will be started according to
fire the switching diagram.
Contamination ventilation
When the Car Park is closed, the ventilation Central Fire Control Switchboard
system can be switched off or alternatively let a We do recommend a fully automatically
few Jet Fans work in order to secure a certain air switchboard.
movement in the Car Park.
When the Car Park is open, a complete
independent CO-detection system will register the
concentration of pollution and send a signal to the
switchboard for the Car Park ventilation system.
The Axial Flow Fans and the Jet Fans in the
affected area will be connected and disconnected
according to the needed ventilation for 50 ppm
and 100 ppm depending on the CO-concentration
in the air.
Fire/smoke ventilation
An independent smoke detection system will send
a signal to the switchboard.
In case of a fire in the Car Park smoke
development will take place and shall approach
Figure 2.13 The interior of a switchboard
page36
5 General Principles for Electro motors In a motor, we do just the opposite and constantly
and their Connections shift the position of the magnetic field. As a result,
the rotor (simplified: the axle) will try to follow this
5.1 Basics. movement. It therefore turns. The turning
Electricity is a flow of energy. Of course it has movement is created by the opposing magnetic
patterns and characteristics we can describe and fields. Try to imagine the two magnets pushing
calculate. The fact that we have no special each other away when opposed.
sensors to feel, see or touch it, like we have for
light & sound & heat and such, is merely a 5.1.1 Rotary current
difficulty to us. It is possible to sense it however, Rotary current (better known as three-phase
only indirect. current) is generated in generators and supplied
to the consuming device using cables. The main
Some elementary descriptions will hopefully make connection is built up out of three electricity mains
things clear to you. We will leave the full details L1, L2 and L3, and a neutral mains N.
for what they are and limit it to understanding
electricity. A three phase current net with 400V at a
Nature wants to keep situations stable. A frequency of 50 Hz (commonly used in Europe) is
counteraction to any change will be generated as described as 400V 3/N ~ 50Hz. In this net there is
compensation. a voltage of 400V between the L1-L2, L2-L3 and
L3-L1 mains. Between the L1-N, L2-N and L3-N
Magnetism and electricity are bound together. If a mains, there is a voltage of 230V (figure 6.1.1).
current of electricity flows through a single We call this a “single phase” supply net.
wire(conductor), the movement will generate
magnetism. Equally, a conductor (wire) that
moves through a magnetic field will generate
electricity. It is however of no significance which
one moves, as long as the balance between them
is changed, compensation will be sought.
Imagine a compass. You move the outside (upset

the previous balance) and the inside will
compensate by moving the needle (counter act
the movement). figure 6.1.1
An electric motor works because of a moving 5.1.2 Alternating current

magnetic field, which movement it will try to follow Alternating current (or one-phase current) is one
to compensate for the change in the internal of the mains from the rotary current and the
balance. In principal a transformer and a neutral mains N that goes together with it. Which
generator are no different, except they are trying of the mains (L1, L2 or L3) is used, is insignificant.
to compensate by changing the electricity. From figure 6.1.1 it is clear that if a three-phase
current net of 400V with neutral mains N is
In a transformer, we have two opposing windings. available, an alternating current net of 230V is
The one uses electricity to generate magnetism, also available at the same time. The relation of
whilst the other winding will compensate the the mains voltage (phase to phase) to the line
change by creating an equal magnetic field, but voltage (phase to neutral) can be calculated with
directed opposite to try and neutralise the change. a simple factor.
This results in electricity as an effect. The
transformer has no moving parts. The energy in
the compensation is approximately equal in This factor can be calculated from:
proportion. Voltage between
2 phases 400 V
In a generator, the first winding is attached to the = = 1,73 = 3
rotor and placed inside of the second winding. Voltage between 230 V
Movement of the rotor causes the change in 1 phase and N
position of the magnetic field, this in turn causes
the second winding to try and compensate the This factor 1,73 = 3 is valid for all rotary currents
change. Because the second winding is fixed, the (3-phase currents with neutral mains N,
only compensation possible is to generate an independent of the voltage between the mains).
equal, but opposite directed, magnetic field that
follows the movement. For ventilation systems, normally 3-phase electric
motors are used.
page37
5.1.3 Single Speed Electric Motors

Before selecting an (three phase) electric motor,
we need to know what type of electric supply will
be available, such as the supply voltage and
frequency. E.g.: if the motor data states a supply
voltage of 230V/400V, then that motor can be
connected to either a supply voltage of 230V or
400V. The same applies to 400V/690V or other
values.
Normally the supply voltage is determined by the

clients location, or rather by his power net. It
would be very costly and practically impossible to
change it. Fortunately, the common three phase
motor is suitable for dual voltages. This means the
electrical connection of the motor can be
changed. In a 230V/400V motor, each winding is
designed for 230V. By using a star- or delta
connection however, the motor can be used for a
supply voltages of either 230V or 400V,
depending on how we arrange the winding Figure 6.1.2. Figure 6.1.3.
connections.
When comparing the star-connection with the
In a star-connection, the windings are connected delta-connection, it is clear that in cases of a
as shown in the upper diagram of figure 6.1.2 voltage supply of 400V, the motor windings must
Looking at this diagram it is clear why this be connected in star and in cases of a supply
connection is called as a star-connection, whilst voltage of 230V it should be a delta connection.
the right-hand (upper) figure of 6.1.3 shows the This to achieve a winding voltage of 230V at all
terminal arrangement in the terminal box. This times during operation.
diagram shows where the power supply cables
should be connected and which terminals must be Note that this means that a motor suitable for dual
connected with each other to create the star- voltages, a star-connection should be used at the
connection. Note that the typical winding higher supply voltage and a delta-connection at
indications are U, V and W. These are common the lower supply voltage.
letters to indicate the windings/phases.
Due to the particular distribution of the magnetic
The ratio of the supply voltage (400V) and the field within a three phase motor, interchanging two
winding voltage (230V) is 1,73 ( 3), which means supply phases will result in a change of the
that for a star-connection, the supply voltage must rotational direction of the motor.
always be a factor 3 larger than the required
winding voltage.
In cases with a delta connection (lower diagram of

figure 6.1.2), the terminals are connected as
shown in the lower part of figure 6.1.3. From
figure 6.1.2, the delta form is clearly visible and
figure 6.1.3 demonstrates how the windings are
connected to each other in the terminal box.
page38
5.1.4 Dual Speed Electric Motors 5.1.4.2 Separate Windings

Dual speed can be achieved with: A motor fitted with separate windings, has
Pole-changeable electric motors with Dahlander separate windings and is actually two motors in
windings. Speed ratio: 1:2 one casing. In theory they do not interact. You can
Pole-changeable electric motors (PAM wound, therefore use the one or the other. By applying
other speed ratios) different windings, you have a motor with different
with separate windings. Other speed ratios and independent speeds. In this case you may
possible. never use the windings simultaneously, they are
separate!
Note that in most cases the supply voltage and
main voltage of the motor have to be the same. At low speed the supply mains L1, L2 and L3 are
connected to the terminals 1U, 1V and 1W
The terminal designations are related to the motor respectively (figure 6.1.6).
speed. This means that terminals U1, V1 and W1
are designated for low speed and U2, V2 and W2 For high speed the supply mains are connected to
for high speed. the terminals 2U, 2V and 2W.
In figures 6.1.4 - 6.1.7 the different diagrams and Note that the other terminals are not connected,
terminal connections are shown. otherwise the windings will be destroyed.
5.1.4.1 Dahlander-Windings When comparing this connection with the

With Dahlander windings, the motor is fitted with Dahlander windings, it becomes clear that when
two sets of identical windings. They can be used selecting the switches for the motors, the type of
as a single(series) windings or windings in connection should be carefully considered.
parallel, thus creating single or double amounts of
windings.
Note that you should never use a Dahlander
At low speed the supply mains L1, L2 and L3 are switch for switching a motor with separate
connected to the 1U, 1V and 1W, whilst the windings, because that will most certainly destroy
terminals 2U, 2V and 2W remain unused. the motor. This of course is also applicable the
other way around.
For high speed, the supply mains are connected
with the terminals 2U, 2V and 2W. Note that the For changing the direction of rotation, again two
terminals 1U, 1V and 1W are interconnected. supply phases are interchanged. When a phase-
changer is used, it is recommended to take into
Without these interconnections, the windings will account the possible phase interchange already in
be destroyed. the supply to the switchgear.
figure 6.1.4 figure 6.1.5 figure 6.1.6 figure 6.1.7
page39
5.2. Starting start them by starting in low speed first, using a

When starting a three-phase motor, some D.O.L. (direct on line) start.
difficulties could arise. Upon start, the internal If this causes to high a peak, other options are
magnetic field is not yet fully developed and the chosen to limit the starting current. These could
electrical resistance is therefore very low be so called “soft-starters” or even frequency
compared to a turning motor. inverters. Multi speed motors could also be an
option, but they are usually to expensive in
If you would connect a motor and switch it on, the comparison.
current thru the motor will be very high until the
normal rotational speed is reached. Typically this Three speed motors are possible, but VERY
will be in the region of 4 to 9 times the full load expensive. You would then use a motor with two
current of the motor. The starting time will be separate windings of which one is fitted as a
determined by the inertia of the rotating mass. dahlander. Even a motor with three separate
Although the Starting current is independent of the windings is possible, but only a few manufacturers
mass, it will decay very fast. The mass will are able to wind them. They are also exceptionally
determine the decay time (starting time). The expensive and used seldom.
extra energy is used to accelerate the motor to its
running speed. On large motors, “soft starters” tend to be no
better than star/delta starting. They can however
The starting current is usually a problem for the be very effective on smaller motors.
supply net. This net is designed for the load, but
large (loaded) motors will cause an unacceptable Frequency inverters are very effective in limiting
peak in this supply. Usually motors larger than 2.2 the starting current and add a lot of possibilities.
kW approx. output power are a problem to this We will cover them separately in this document.
net. Regulations therefore stipulate that these
motors have to be fitted with starting current
limiters.
A very common way to limit the starting current is

to use the “Star / Delta starting” method. You
need a motor suitable for the (high) supply voltage
directly on the winding (delta connection). E.g.: a
motor suitable for 400V/690V on a 230V/400V
supply. By connecting the motor in star
connection instead, the winding voltage is lowered
to 230V although it is suitable for 400V. This lower
voltage will result in a lower current during start.
Of course the lower current will cause a lower

magnetic force and therefore a less powerful start.
As soon as the motor has reached a constant
speed we can disconnect the supply and
reconnect the motor in delta connection. This will
cause the normal running mode. A second
starting peak will of course precede the normal
running as the normal speed of the motor was not
fully reached yet. Typically this procedure will
bring the starting current down by approx. 30% to
40%.
Of course we would automate this procedure. We

will then need to bring the connections of both
sides of the windings out of the motor to the
control panel. A single speed motor will then have
six leads coming out of the motor, whilst a two
speed separate winding motor will have twelve
leads. In case of a dahlander winding, you would
have nine or twelve leads depending on the
design. Dahlanders however, require very
complicated and expensive star/delta switches.
They are usually not started this way. We tend to
page40
5.3. Cabling regulations show all details and allowable

Cabling provides the channel to transport energy exceptions. We usually call these cables EMC-
from the power producer (generator/battery etc) to cables.
the consumer (motor/light bulb/television etc.). It is unfortunately very hard, to find EMC-cables
We are usually only involved in the cables that are suitable for high temperature application.
between the control panel and the motors (fans). Furthermore, they need to be produced and
Every fan has it own cable for its connection to the certified to prove they meet our requirements in
switchboard/control panel. It is important to select regard to the regulations.
the right cable that is appropriate for the task. Special filters are available, but they are very
expensive and require specialist knowledge for
Although regulations are different in each country, their application. Your supplier is usually the
on what kind of cable may be installed and what specialist to consult on the subject.
diameter may be used, it is also determined by In general it is good practise to locate the
the duties performed by the ventilation system frequency inverter as close as possible to the
what determines what kind of cable could/should fan/motor.
be used.
When the ventilation system is intended for CO
ventilation only, the cabling has no special
requirements above the standard regulations
applicable in that specific region. In cases where a
smoke extract system (safety system) is to be
installed, the cabling has to keep on functioning
even under the extreme conditions of fire.
Therefore it has to be able to withstand high
temperatures for a period of time.
Because cable is very impractical when it lies

about, we usually fix it protected and out of sight.
The most common way of mounting a cable is to
work a hollow pipe in the concrete of the building
during construction.
Alternatively we use cable trays and cable ducts.
In cases of CO-ventilation systems piping in (or
on) the concrete is the easiest and also the
cheapest way to install the cabling. To be able to
pull the cable thru the hollow pipe, connection
boxes are needed at least at every 25 meters of
tube. Equally sharp bends in the tube must be
avoided. Obviously the connection boxes should
also be installed together with the pipe.
Cabling for a smoke extract system require some

special points of attention to be taken into
consideration. High temperature resistant cable
should be applied for those fans that need to
continue operation during/after a fire. Of course
the fixings should also be able to resist these high
temperatures. This also applies to the
accessories, like cable tray connection boxes etc.
This makes the system more expensive but is
necessary to ensure the operation of the system
when it is needed.
For cabling used for connection of a fan(motor) to

a frequency inverter, extra specifications apply
due to the common regulations. A frequency
inverter generates non-common frequencies and
could therefore generate interference with other
appliances. The cabling could easily adopt the
characteristics of an antenna . To avoid this, the
cable should be shielded and appropriately
connected to earth connections. The covering
page41
5.4 Frequency inverters Running a fan at speeds exceeding a (correct)

selection will therefore usually overload the motor.
Frequency inverted motors for application with Furthermore, the fan design limits you to a
axial flow fans. maximum rotational speed. Exceeding this speed
Frequency inverted motors on fans are used to might cause mechanical failure of the rotating
handle variable air volume flow or pressure parts and is therefore not allowed and extremely
demands. In some cases we need to lower the dangerous!. Motors also have a maximum
rotational speed of the fans to meet the required allowable speed (depending on the size).
duty point. The same considerations have to be made when
The most common reason for Novenco to apply a speeds are brought down. The mechanical
frequency inverter is to lower the starting current characteristics of the motor dictate a minimum
of the motors. An inverter can usually bring the speed. The minimum speed has to be kept in
starting current down to approximately twice the mind, as the lubrication of the bearings will
full load current. otherwise fail. At very low speeds the cooling of
the motor might also become insufficient as the
Application of a frequency inverter will usually motor is cooled by the fan airflow. The motor
cause extra energy losses inside the motor, which manufacturer will usually allow speeds down to
will result in an extra temperature increase of the 2.5 Hz supply frequency. We recommend to keep
motor. The motor temperature is the determining a minimum of 6 Hz.
factor for its power output (load). This being the
case, you will understand that the maximum
power output must be lowered to compensate for
the increase in heat generation. Increased motor
temperatures will shorten the motor lifecycle, as
well as of the grease, bearings and insulation.
The most important thing to understand is that the

output side of the frequency inverter is a very
different and separate power supply net. This net
has (potentially) very different characteristics from
your power supply feeding the inverter. The
specifications for the motor connected to it,
therefore also deviates from the usual
specifications.
Motors are specially designed for the load (output

power) and electric supply (input power).
European manufacturers design their motors for
the most common power supplies, supplying 400V
and 50 Hz. This means the motor perform at an
optimum in this region. Of course designs for 60
Hz are also quite common, as 60 Hz is standard
for ships and eastern/American countries.
Generally we have to keep in mind that you

should not load an inverter controlled motor
higher than 90%. In case of a high quality inverter,
you may load it 95%. Higher loading (up to 100%)
of the motor is not recommended without
checking with the supplier. Figure 6.5.1 Frequency inverters in switch board
Keep in mind that the full load current (F.L.C.) of With the non-standard frequency of supply, high
the motor may never be exceeded. peak voltages (“spikes”) may occur in the motor
At supply frequencies higher than the design due to self induction. This will wear the insulation
frequency of the motor, the load will soon cause down if the quality is insufficient.
the current to exceed this value. If the inverter is
correctly programmed, it will automatically cut the Special consideration must be given to the
power supply off. Fan laws show that the power balance of the rotating unit. All fans and motor
required by the fan has a third power relation to its have a certain frequency where they will violently
speed. If you increase the speed of a fan by 10%, vibrate. This vibration is called the resonant
you need (100%+10%)³ = 133% power to drive vibration.
the fan at this new speed.
page42
Somewhere along the range of allowable

frequencies, you will meet the critical frequency of
the fan that induces resonant vibration. This
frequency should be avoided to prevent excessive
vibrations and possible damages. All modern
frequency inverters have a setting to make it jump
across this frequency.
The selection of a frequency inverter is mainly

determined by the full load current of the motor,
rather than the output power.
For the motor, you should keep to the smallest
deviation from its normal rotational speed.
Overheating the motor can best be prevented by a

correct selection of the motor and the inverter. To
avoid damages we usually fit the motors with
thermistors (they work like a thermometer) or
clixon switches. The thermistors can usually be
directly connected to the inverter. In both cases
extra wiring is required.
Some typical inverter features (without

explanation):
direct link to PLC’s possible
direct link to other inverters available
a variety of control sensors can be fitted
Step and stepless control available
Usually 0 to 100 Hz control
Multiple display possibilities
Overload protection available
Motor braking available
Reversing available
Frequency lockout available
Control of starting time
Torque enhancement possible
page43
5.5. Basic know-how for creating a

switching diagram (smoke situation):
Be sure that there’s a delay between switching on

the axial flow fans and the jet fans. Always the
axials first, to start up the air stream towards the
exhaust shaft. This gives time for people to
escape the car park. Generally about 5 minutes.
If it’s not possible to switch on all Jet fans at once

or in groups be sure to tell the switchboard
supplier in what order to switch on the jet fans.
Absolutely not RANDOM
A jet fan running does not only move air away it

also attracts air, therefore remember to:
Be careful with selecting the order of switching the
Jet fans on, remember that when there is one jet
fan switched on while the others are switched off
the smoke is attracted by the one, which is
switched on.
With cold smoke (never tested with hot smoke) if

a situation appears where a jet fan is running in
high speed next to a jet fan is running in low
speed, the smoke will be attracted to the jet fan,
which runs in high speed.
- When there are jet fans on a (internal

between to floor) ramp they should be switched Figure 6.5.1. Switch board interior
on among the first! Think of this situation: If a jet
fan near a ramp is blowing in the direction of the If there’s a two-floor car park including one
ramp and the jet fan on the ramp is not yet common supply fan for the two floors you can
switched on, there’s a possibility for the smoke to consider to open both damper sections to create
go up the ramp into another compartment. overpressure on the floor where there is no
smoke. Off course you must be sure that you
When switching on the Jet fans, the cold smoke is have enough supply air on the floor where there is
attracted until behind the fan, which is closest to a fire.
downstream side of the fire. So be careful with the
smoke-zones contra detection zones. A smoke A jet fan blowing towards an exhaust grill will
zone will NEVER be the exact the same as the disturb the exhaust when the jet fan is too close to
detection zone. the exhaust grill. The result will be less exhaust
air. Sometimes it’s better to run the jet fan in low
speed or even switch it off.
page44
Figure 6.5.2 Example of a switch diagram

Switching diagram
Fan Ventilator type CO<50 ppm 50<CO<100

-- -- CO>100 ppm Firezone 1 Firezone 2 Firezone 3 Firezone 4
no. ppm
1 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
2 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
3 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
4 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
5 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
6 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
7 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
8 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
9 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
10 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
11 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
12 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
13 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
14 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
15 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
16 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
17 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
18 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
19 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
20 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
21 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
22 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
23 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
24 PGF-ARC-380-15/50
25 ACN-1600
26 ACN-1600
27 ACN-1600
28 ACN-1600
Damper Damper
no. type
29 SJD-20-20-SZ
30 SJD-20-20-SZ
31 SJD-20-20-SZ
32 SJD-20-20-SZ
33 SJD-20-20-SZ
page45
34 SJD-20-20-SZ
35 SJD-20-20-SZ
36 SJD-20-20-SZ
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7

6. Detection However, one can expect, that in a shorter time

scale gases and fumes are less harmful, the value
Detection is of major importance in life safety of exposure determined time average maximum
operation. Without detection the people can not acceptable concentration of 15 minutes and can
be alarmed in case of exceeding concentrations of be much higher than the 25 ppm we described
Carbon-monoxide or they can be trapped in earlier.
smoke in case of a fire. This chapter describes
what kind of detection can be apprehended in CO detectors are placed at a height of 1,5 meters
case of a mechanical ventilated car park. above floor level and may guard a maximum area
2
of 400m . The height of 1,5 meters is regarded as
6.1 Gas detection the breathing zone and therefore the height to
When we discus gas detection in car parks it measure the concentration.
usually involves underground car parks but in any
case enclosed buildings. Even not fully enclosed Carbon monoxide has a relative vapour density of
car park are often considered for applying Carbon 0,97 with regard to air (= 1,0) and so a fraction
monoxide (CO) detection and in some countries less heavy than air. From experience we know that
LPG detection. Applying gas detection is for every gasses with this amount of concentrations will
situation advisable when mechanical ventilation is behave like air. This is not what one would expect
necessary because there is not enough natural according the theory and such concentrations will
ventilation. mix to a homogenous mixture which can only be
influenced by the ventilation pattern.
Ventilation is necessary because of the production
of mainly carbon monoxide (CO), hydro
carbon, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), lead- and
sulphur compounds, benzene
benzapyrene (BaP), Soot and Ozone
Every substance has his maximum
acceptable threshold limit but carbon
monoxide is the normative substance for
designing a contamination ventilation
system. This limit can be different for each
country or region.
6.1.1 CO-detection
Main goal of CO-detection is to secure
and protect the occupants in the building
from a high level of CO. This because CO
is a toxic gas. Concentrations expressed
in threshold limits have to be monitored,
and relate to the length of stay of persons
in the room. The maximum acceptable
threshold limit according the WHO for
carbon monoxide is 25 ppm.
Figure 7.1
The maximum acceptable concentration is a time 6.1.2 LPG detection
average depended maximum acceptable
Other than with guarding CO, where a
concentration based on exposure up to 8 hours
background concentration is almost unavoidable,
a day and not more than 40 hours per week
without harming the health of the involved LPG may not occur in a car park. If this is the
persons as even the persons offspring case the ventilation should be switched to
maximum volume without a time delay. And if
necessary the persons in the car park should be
The maximum acceptable concentration is evacuated.
appropriate for long term working conditions and
not applicable for threshold limits in car parks. This has to be done at the following LPG
concentrations:
The unity ppm is short for Parts Per Million (parts
3
per million parts of air) en is equal to 1ml/m or
0,0001 vol. % of air. Or so to say; 1 vol. % is equal >10% LEL : maximum ventilation
to 10.000 ppm. This is the unity mostly used for >20% LEL : evacuate and close entrance
toxic materials. All threshold limits are expressed in
3
a volume-unity or as a weight-unity in mg/m . LPG-detectors are placed at a height of 150 mm
above floor level and guard a maximum area of
page46
2
400 m . De mention height is determined by the
vapour density of LPG which is 1,8 and much
heavier than air and therefore measured just
above floor level.
LPG is not an unambiguous compound and in the

summer mainly consists of butane (C4H10), while
in the cold season the main element is propane
(C3H8). The proportions are typical for propane /
butane in the winter 60/40% and in the summer
40/60%. Butane has a lowest explosion limit (LEL)
of 1,3 vol.% while propane needs 1,7 vol.% in air
to form a explosive mixture. In general we
presume an average of 1,5 vol.%.
The unity % LEL is used for gasses and vapours

which can explode like all combustibles. LEL
means Lowest Explosion Level and is the
minimum explosion limit. In Germany UEG is used
which stands for “Untere Explosions Grenze”. In
American literature LFL is used which stands for
Lower Flammable Limit.
Figure 7.2 Example of CO- and LPG detector

mounted on pillar
page47
6.2 Evacuation Installation connected. Be sure if t is necessary to put all the

warning equipment on the emergency supply.
When the maximum threshold limit is exceeded
evacuation must take place. An Evacuation
installation consists of optical and acoustical
warning signs. These signs are switched on in
case of a calamity when the maximum threshold
limit is exceeded.
6.2.1. Transparent text boards.

Transparent text boards are controlled by the gas
detection. Text boards consist of a transparent
fibre plate with the text in red characters and a
casing with one or more light bulbs. The height of
the characters is 80mm and character thickness is
10mm on a black background. The dimension of
the fibre plate is at least 750mm x 200mm or
1500mm x 100mm. The text is under normal safe
circumstances poor to read but the light will be
switched on in case of a evacuation alarm. The
text must be: “TURN OFF ENGINE, LEAVE CAR
PARK”.
figure 7.3 Dutch version of a text board with slow-

whoop and signal lamp mounted
6.2.2. Signal lamps

Are blazing red and give a pulsating light pattern.
The signal lamp wiring can be connected to the
Transparent text board.
6.2.3. Acoustical warnings

Are producing a so called “slow whoop” signal of
102 dB(A) which have to be synchronised when
several “slow whops are used. This
synchronisation can be achieved by connecting
the “slow whoops” to one another with a cable.
Remark:
Visual and acoustical warnings have a clear
perceptibility of maximum 30 meters.
6.2.4. Emergency batteries

Detection has to continue to function even with a
power cut off. So detection installation has to be
fitted with a no-break emergency battery which
can support the system for at least one hour. If no
emergency supply is used and a power is cut off
than the car park should be evacuated.
How large the choice of batteries must be
depends on the amount of equipment which is
page48
6.3 Smoke or fire detection different detectors. Smoke-, heat- and flame
The purpose of smoke detection is to detect detectors. Because flame detectors are used for
smoke or heat at an early stage of the fire so that typical situations we only describe smoke and
occupants can be warned and find an escape heat detectors in figure 7.4.
route to a safe place. Secondly the detection can
give a signal to the ventilation system to work on Modern detectors can combine two or more type
highest exhaust volume (smoke ventilation control of detectors in one housing. So called multi
mode). This can be done for each smoke zone. sensor detectors. Some detectors even clam that
Thirdly the fire brigade can be automatically they can identify what sort of fire is burning by
warned by a telephone connection (modem) so analysing the smoke pattern. This new features
the fire fighting operation can begin. reduce the unwanted false alarms drastically and
gives the user more guarantee of safety. These
There are many Smoke detectors with many type of detectors are of course more expensive
different features. In general there are three major than the detectors with only one sensor.
heat Smoke Smoke

Type detector Thermal detector Ionization detector Optical detector
Used for -Storage of liquids -Storage, -dwellings

-Rooms with lots of smoke, -factories -offices
like welding cabinets -other normally furnished
-Public rooms where it is rooms
allowed to smoke, like
canteens, offices
property Responds to temperature Responds to visible and Only responds to visible

differences invisible combustion fumes combustion fumes
Advantages Adjustable temperatures Cheap Fast response with

from -10 till 60 degrees. smolder fires
Celsius
Disadvantages Doesn’t respond to smoke Consists of radio active More expensive

material
Table 7.1 Description of different detectors
page49
Figure 7.4 Diagram of connected installations

Flash light
Air exhaust thrust
Slowwhoop fans fans
for example control of:
- Elevators
Text - Fences and doors
board - acces barrier / traffic light
Evacuation equipment is also
controlled by fire detection
Emergency
230 Vac
battery
Switch
board
Fire detection 230 Vac
CO/LPG ventilation switch board
switch board Emergency
L1 L2 L3 N A battery
Emergency Firemans
standby
Junction
generator panel
box
Fire-
Ground
detection
N
Electrical supply 400 Volt 230 Vac
LPG CO
page50
7. Calculating air volumes Where

The first step in designing the ventilation system Es CO emission by start / running idle = 0,55
for a car park is to calculate the necessary air m³/h per passenger car
volumes for exhaust of pollution and the exhaust ts Time to start the car ca. 20 s
of smoke from a fire. Ed CO emission by driving the car = 0,60
m³/h per passenger car at 10 km/h
Dd Distance driven to get out of the car park
7.1. Regarding pollution [km]
Each country has different rules for which Dd-n Distance driven on current floor to get to
pollutants that are the determinants for the next floor [km]
ventilation rate, what are the maximum allowed Sf Part of the total amount of cars to move
content of the pollutants and how the ventilation within an hour (the rush hour)
rate should be for a given pollution level.
Novenco poses rules and spreadsheets for Type of Car park SF [%]
calculating the required ventilation rates for a Mansions 20 - 30
number of countries. See also chapter 2.4. Shopping Centres 70 - 150
Offices 50 - 70
To determinate the necessary ventilation rate Sport events 100
many countries use a calculation method where Theatre 100
necessary ventilation rate due to CO is calculated Table 3-1: Estimated percentage of cars in the
based on number of cars, driving patterns and the garage to move each hour
dimensions of the car park. But because driving
patterns mostly only are rough estimates there
normally also is a requirement for a minimum
ventilation rate based on the area of the car park. 3.1.2 Smoke exhaust / smoke control
In Germany this requirement is for example 12
m³/h each m² for shopping centres. Definitions
Necessary ventilation each floor VCO [m³/h] Traditional Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation
because of CO can be calculated as (based on Systems in buildings with high ceilings create a
the German VDI 2053): smoke free layer above the floor by removing
smoke and thus improve the conditions for safe
N1⋅ q1−CO + N n ⋅ q n −CO escape and/or rescue of people and the protection
VCO = (E 3.1) of property and permit the fire to be fought while
COlim − COamb
still in its early stages. This is not possible in Car
Parks because of the general limited ceiling
Where heights.
N1 Number of cars on current floor [-]
Nn Number of cars on another floor [-] Smoke Clearance:
qco Amount of CO relished each car Conventional ventilation systems for Car Parks
[m³/h] normally offer Smoke Clearance, which means
COlim Permitted CO-level [ppm] that the ventilation system is able to clear the Car
COamb CO concentration of outside air [ppm] Park for smoke after the fire is extinguished.
Smoke Control:
the amount of CO produced by a car qCO on The Novenco Smoke Control Ventilation System
current floor creates an “air wall” close to the fire which
restricts the expansion of the smoke to the area
between the fire and the exhaust points and thus
S f E s ⋅ t s E d ⋅ Dd improves the conditions for safe escape and/or
q1−CO = + (E 3.2)
100 3.600 10.000 rescue of people and the protection of property
and permit the fire fighters easy to locate the fire
the amount of CO produced by a car qCO passing in all its stages and fight it.
the current floor on its way to another floor
It is not always possible to make smoke Control in
a Car Park, but smoke clearance can normally
always be achieved The Novenco Jet fan system
E d − n ⋅ Dd − n is able to clear the Car Park in half the time,
q n −CO =S f (E 3.3) related to conventional ventilation systems.
10.000
Page 51
Requirements smoke clearance. shown that the Froude number may not be above
1
The building regulations for most countries require a certain value. The range 4 /2 to 6 can be seen
1
that the ventilation systems are able to make as this margin, for safety reasons Fr = 4 /2 should
smoke clearance. Often this requirement is 10 air be used
changes per hour. It can also be required that the Approximately formula for air density ρa
ventilation system before a certain time limit is (Density upstream of fire)
able to empty the car park from smoke after a fire
is extinguished. ρa = 101325
3
(287,1 x (ta + 273)) [kg/m ] (E 3.5)
Requirements smoke control
The requirement of air velocity and ventilation rate ta Ambient temperature [°C]
must be calculated for each individual car park. In
general the car park should be bigger than 1.500
m² before smoke control is possible and there Density downstream of fire
shall not be to many obstacles - An exception is Approximately formula for ρds
when the car park is long and narrow (a tunnel). ρds = 101325 / (287,1 x (tds + 273))
3
[kg/m ] (E
3.6)
Smoke from a fire is in principle air that is heated.
Because of the heating the smoke expands in all
directions by a certain velocity, which depends on Temperature downstream of fire (tds)
the size of the fire and the dimensions of the car
park. It is possible to control which direction the tds = (Ve x (ta+ 273) x ρa/Me) - 273 [°C]
smoke is moving by blowing on it with a higher (E 3.7)
velocity than expansion is taking place.
The total mass to exhaust (Me)
By blowing cold air into the hot smoke, the smoke Me = Ma + Mg [kg/s]
is cooled down and the expansion is thereby Ma Mass of air [kg/s]
slowed down, and less air velocity is therefore Mg Mass of smoke [kg/s]
required to stop the expansion.
Novenco bases our estimate on a Froude Total volume of air and smoke exhaust for the
calculation. given velocity
Ve = w x h x vcr [m³/s] (E 3.8)
Air velocity according to Froude number
Determination of the critical air velocity in the car w Width of car park [m]
park to prevent
backflow of smoky gases.
Mass of (not mixed) air
0,5 Ma = (Ve - Vg) x ρa [kg/s] (E 3.9)
vcr = (ρa - ρds) x g x h [m/s] (E 3.4)
(ρa x Fr) Smoke production
3
Vg = (Mg/ ρa) x (273+tg) / (273+ta) [m /s] (E 3.10)
3
ρds Density of air downstream [kg/m ]
for fire Plume temperature of smoky gases in degrees
(= mix of air and smoke) Celsius (tg)
3
ρa Density of air upstream for [kg/m ] tg = ta +[(E x 0,01 x (100 - Ewc)) [°C] (E 3.11)
fire (= ambient air) (Mg x Cp)
g Acceleration of gravity [m/s²] ta Ambient temperature [°C]
(temperature upstream fire)
h Height of car park [m]
(under the beam if present) E Power released of the fire
Fr Froude number [-] [kW]
Ewc Heat loss to walls & ceiling [%]

The calculation (of the air speed) is based on
iterations because more of the variables in the Cp Spec. heat of smoke [kJ/(Kg.K]
formula change with the airspeed.
Froude number
Theoretical and experimental research regarding
the possibilities for flow back of hot smoke have
page52
Released mass of smoky gases per second Nomenclature

(Mg).
1,5 Cp Spec. heat capacity [kJ/(kg.K]
Mg = 0,188 x P x hg [kg/s] (E 3.12)
E Power of the fire source [kW]
P Plan-perimeter of fire [m]
Ewc Heat loss to walls and ceiling [%]
hg Height of layer of smoky [m]
gases (from fire to ceiling) Fr Froude number [-]
The recommended values for heat release and g Acceleration of gravity [m/s²]
the perimeter of the fire for a given number of cars
are based on the table (Germany) given below. h Height from floor to ceiling [m]
Please note that some countries recommend
different values. hf The height where the fire takes [m]
place
Number of cars P E
on fire [m] [kW] hg Height of layer with smoky [m]
1 15 4000 gases
2 20 6000 Ma Mass flow rate ambient air [kg/s]
3 25 8000 (upstream of fire)
4 30 10000 Me Mass flow rate air to extract [kg/s]
5 35 12000
Table 3.2 Passenger car fire model - 'Variante
Institut von Schneider (D)' (Literature: vfdb 4 / 94) Mg Mass flow rate smoky gases [kg/s]
P Plan-perimeter of fire [m]

Height of the smoke layer
The height of the smoke layer can either be from ta Ambient temperature [°C]
the floor to the ceiling or from the altitude where (temperature upstream from the
the fire takes place (= the motor) to the ceiling. fire)
Novenco uses the last assumption. tds Temperature downstream [°C]
gases
hg = h – hf [m] (E tg Plume temperature smokey [°C]
3.13) gases
vcr Minimum air velocity in car park [m/s]
h Height from floor to ceiling [m] upstream of fire to
prevent smoke flowback
hf Height where the fire [m] 3
Ve Needed volumetric flow rate [m /s]
takes place
exhaust of gases
3
Approximately formula for specific heat, Cp Vg Volumetric rate or released [m /s]
smoky gases
For t = 20 -120°C w Width of car park [m]
=> Cp = 0,0077 x t + 1,0053 kJ/(Kg.K] (E 3.14) ρds Density of air downstream of [kg/m ]
3
For t > 120°C fire

=> Cp =0,0002 x t + 0,99 kJ/(Kg.K] (E 3.15) 3
ρa Density of the ambient air [kg/m ]
(upstream of fire)
Necessary volume of air and smoke to extract per

second
Ve = w x h x vcr [m³/s] (E 3.16)
page53
7.2 Projecting a system 7.2.2 Positioning of jet fans
7.2.1 Positioning exhaust and supply shafts CO Smoke

In car parks where there only is mechanical Air speed Normally low - at High more than
exhaust and no mechanical supply, it is important least 0,35 is 0,6 m/s
that the position of the shafts is as far as possible recommendable
Ventilation Mixing fresh and Piston effect
away from any openings to the outside like an
principle polluted air
entrance ramp otherwise we risk that it is not Be sure of -The jet fans create -The jet fans
polluted air or smoke from within the car park the air movement in create the
shaft extract but just fresh air which is sucked in “every corner” of imaginary zones
via the opening. the car-park in the car park
which boundaries
In general supply shafts and exhaust shafts smoke cannot
should be placed as far as possible from each transverse.
other.
Type of car -Almost all types -Length minimum
park -No special 60 m
Instead of a shaft with mechanical supply fresh air
requirements for -Air supply and
can be supplied naturally via entrances and position of air exhaust in
openings in the walls. The possibilities to design supply and air opposite ends of
the system without mechanical supply depend on exhaust car-park
the position of the exhaust shaft versus the - -The flow inside
positions of supply openings, the air speed smoke zones
through the openings and if the system needs to should be in one
be reversible. straight line from
supply to exhaust
(preferably no 90
For the smoke situation the following points must
degree turns)
be taken into consideration -Area > 2500m²
Exhaust shafts should not be close to staircases Number of No requirements At least two rows
and escape doors jet fans but three rows are
There must be at least one staircase / escape recommended
door free in the smoke free area for people to Price Up to 50% savings Often more
escape. compared to expensive than
The fire brigade must be able to access the traditional traditional ducted
smoke free area behind fire ventilation systems ventilation
systems, but can
also do more.
This means there
can be savings on
sprinklers and
number of fire
doors.
Air supply Possible Possible
only with jet
fans
Air exhaust Can be done, but Is not
only with jet not for all types of recommended!
fans car-parks - Please Please confirm
confirm with centre with centre of
of excellence excellence
Table 3.3 Distinction between ventilation for CO and
figure 3.1 cold smoke test for smoke
Distances before jet fans between supply shafts
are necessary
page54
General Illustrations of air behaviour
Distance from suction side to wall minimum 0,5 m The theoretical behaviour of air stream from a jet
Distance from parallel wall 0,4 m to side of jet fan fan such as length of throw, the horizontal spread
(= mounting space) and the air speed a certain distance from the fan
If distance between ground and the bottom side of can be calculated based on the geometric data for
the jet fan is less than 2,1 m then place the jet fan the Jet Fans. But in reality the performance of the
out of the driveway air stream will be subject to a number of factors
For Jet fans situated between beams in the ceiling such as installation conditions, room dimensions,
the distance from jet fan to beam must be at least room air movements crossing the air stream,
2 m (for a 0,4 m high beam) position of jet fans, the supply and exhaust fans
With guide vanes it is possible to bend the air etc.
beam down maximum 7 degrees.
With guide vanes we can bend the centre of the The theoretical performance of a jet fan can be
air beam maximum 7 degrees to the side. calculated according to the below mentioned
Even small obstructions like a lamp close to the formulas
mouth of the jet fan will deflect the air beam - For x = 4*d*vo/vx -//- y = 2*tan(α/2) *x (E 3.17)
CO-ventilation the distance to any obstruction Where:
should be at least 1,5 m - for smoke considerably x is the length of throw [m]
more d is the diameter of Jet Fan [m]
There are differences between theory and vo is the start velocity of air steam [m/s]
practise. Therefore remember, when making the vx is the velocity of the air stream at the
switching diagram, that only after commissioning distance x from the jet fan [m/s]
(= test on site), we actually know which fans to run y is the horizontal spread [m]
in high and which to run in low speed - Therefore α is the angle of spread for the air stream [°]
a PLC should always be included when the
switching diagram is for smoke (if not then it is
very complicated to change settings). For the size 290 and the size 380 the theoretical
Air velocity within the car park is a combination of performance of the airstreams are illustrated in
exhaust fans and jet fans. figure 3-2 and 3-3.
For smoke
2
8
4
0
8
6
,3
,3
,6
,9
,4
,9
Air Speed:
/0
/0
/0
/1
/0
/0
The end velocity of the air stream should not be
]
/s
(High / Low)
16
19
32
95
24
48
[m
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
much higher than the average velocity in the car

park
Spread of thorw [m]

Example for a size 380 Jet Fan:
Low speed: minimum 21 m before throw hits a 290
13
21
17
26
4
wall (end velocity of throw 0,7 m/s)

High speed: minimum 43 m before throw hits a
wall (end velocity of throw 0,7 m/s)
Length of throw: 10 20 30 40 50 60 [m]
The best airflow is obtained by keeping the throw Figure 3.2 theoretical performance of the airstreams
of all the jet fans in the same direction parallel, jet fan size 290
0
0
0
0
4
0
,0
,5
,6
Air Speed:
,5
,7
,0
/3
/0
/0
/1
/0
/1
(High / Low)
/s
50
25
30
75
37
50
[m
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
Spread of thorw [m]
380
13
21
17
26
4
Length of throw: 10 20 30 40 50 60 [m]

Figure 3.3 theoretical performance of the airstreams
jet fan size 380
page55
It is difficult to predict how and where an air park - We can therefore of course not guarantee a
stream will flow. Below are some basic rules for certain velocity inside the appendix, but we can
what we should be aware off. guarantee that the air get mixed.
If the length of the appendix is more than 20 m
Remember that the air velocity caused by a jet fan (low speed), then it is necessary to also position
in high speed is the same as for a jet fan in low jet fans to blow air into the appendix.
speed if the jet fan in high speed is twice as far
away!
The lower the air velocity gets the easier it is to
deflect or even stop it.
Obstacles will deflect the air stream
Air streams will take the route with least
resistance
Air streams has a tendency to “stick” to walls
Figure 3-6: Appendix without air supply
(also known as the Coanda effect), which means
we can have a high velocity close to the wall or
the ceiling but almost none in the middle of the
room - to avoid this we use the guide vanes)
Two air streams meeting

We can generally not predict what happens if
two air streams encounter each other: They
can pass, they can mix, they can stall, they
Crossing air streams
can stop.
An air stream crossing another stream will be
deflected, but it will also deflect and disturb
the flow of the larger stream.
Figure 3.7: An air stream crossing another larger

stream
Position of air supply and pillars influence airflow

Figure 3.4: Two air streams meeting If air is supplied for instance via an entrance ramp
at one side of the compartment then the major
flow could take place at this side - This effect will
Air supply for jet fan be even more pronounced if the compartment is
To produce an air stream, the jet fan needs supply divided by for example by a row of pillars (see
(and exhaust) possibilities otherwise it will just below). The factors to be considered are air
recycle its own air. velocity, effective area, coanda effect etc.
Figure 3.8: Influence of position of air supply and

Figure 3.5: Jet fan without air supplies behind it pillars
Appendix
In case of an appendix without air supply the jet
fans will suck the necessary supply air partly from
the appendix itself partly from the rest of the car
page56
8. Pressure loss calculation

Pressure losses are proportional to the dynamic
Objective pressure pd at a certain obstacle and thus in a
The objective of this part of the manual is to square relation with the air volume or air velocity,
provide you with some basic knowledge since:
concerning pressure losses in ventilation systems,
especially ventilation shafts for car park ventilation Q
2
systems. pd = 1 × × v 2 = 1 × × (E 4.1)
2 2 A
8.1. Introduction In which:
In a car park, where mechanical ventilation is Symbol Unit
necessary, normally one or more exhaust shafts pd Dynamic pressure [Pa]
are required to exhaust the polluted air from the 3
car park. Dependent on the amount, size and ρ Air density (1,2 [kg/m ]
3
position of natural supply openings, it may also be kg/m )
necessary also to include one or more mechanical v Air velocity [m/s]
3
supply shafts. Q Volumetric Flow [m /s]
Rate
2
For "normal" (CO) ventilation, the polluted air is A Cross Sectional [m ]
normally exhausted through a chimney either Area
above roof level or located somewhere near the
building. The pressure loss of a component can then be
This means that the exhaust air has to be written as:
transported from the car park towards the grille of
the exhaust shaft, and from thereon through the ∆p component = component × p d _ component (E 4.2)
shaft and obstacles such as dampers, attenuator
baffles, bends and evt. ductwork to the fan room. In which:
Using the exhaust fans in the fan room, the air is Symbol Unit
transported through the fans, eventual diffusers ∆p Pressure loss [Pa]
and fan isolation dampers and from thereon
through the exhaust shaft and obstacles such as ζ Zeta value [-]
attenuator baffles, bends and an exhaust grille or - (pressure loss
hood. factor)
pd Dynamic [Pa]
For smoke extract or smoke control the smoke-air pressure
exhaust mixture is also transported through the
exhaust shaft. Because of the larger air volumes As such this pressure loss highly depends on the
with smoke extract / control, it may be necessary air velocity through and the shape of the different
to include a separate smoke exhaust shaft / sections and components of the shaft. As a
opening depending on the size of the exhaust guideline, we normally use air velocities through
chimney. the shaft of 2-3 m/s for CO (fans at low speed)
and 6-7 m/s for smoke ventilation (fans at high
Supply shafts can either be used only for smoke speed).
extract or for CO ventilation and smoke extract. In
case the supply shaft is only used in case of an To determine the total pressure loss the following
emergency, attenuators are normally not required. elements may be classified as follows.
All these items of course influence the system
pressure loss and thus the fan selection. Losses at entry to the system from atmosphere
Losses due to friction in duct lengths
8.1.1. Pressure loss basics Losses at changes of duct area and shape.
In chapter 1 we already discussed the difference Losses at bends and changes of direction
between static, dynamic (velocity) and total Losses at division of flow into branches.
pressure. In chapter 3 we have determined the air Losses caused by obstructions, grilles and
volume required for different ventilation scenarios. louvres.
On the basis of this air volume and a given shaft, Losses in components like back draught shutters
we can calculate the system pressure loss and dampers and other “useful” elements.
thus the fan static pressure for that particular Losses at discharge from the system to
system. It is important to calculate with the total atmosphere.
static pressure loss for a system. Therefore we Change in atmospheric pressure from inlet to
not only have to calculate the pressure loss of the outlet
components but also the inlet and outlet losses of
the system.
page57
The last one will only be of some significance if one can consider to use a radius less than half the
the difference in height is more than 50 metres. width of the duct.
Wind pressure must be taken in account
8.1.2. Common pressure losses especially with high buildings. Air taken in on the
leeward side and forced out on the windward side
Inlets. A plain intake should always be avoided will encounter an adverse pressure difference
unless the velocity is very low which should be included as an item of total
Outlet. Always remember to include one times the pressure drop.
velocity pressure for the final discharge to the
atmosphere, whether from duct or fan. This A very common pressure loss factor is the
pressure loss for outlet is already included in "impulse loss"..
outlet louvre and roof cowls.
Sudden expansion create a so called impulse 8.1.3 Pressure loss factors
loss. The impulse loss can be described best as a For a number of components, the pressure drop
loss of kinetic energy (and thus a loss of air as a function of the air velocity through the
velocity or impulse). If we have for example a duct component is given in technical brochures or
with an air velocity of 10 m/s which is connected selection programs (such as the KSD Program to
with a larger duct with only 5 m/s with a sudden select attenuators).
expansion between the two, the pressure loss will
be the loss in kinetic energy and can be described Table 1 lists the majority of the components often
as: used in car park ventilation systems, including
∆p impuls = 1 × × (v in − v out ) their resistance factor (zeta values).
2
(E4.3)
2
In which:
∆ pimpuls Impulse loss [Pa]
3
ρ Air density [kg/m ]
vin Inlet air velocity [m/s]
vout Outlet air velocity [m/s]
This impulse loss can be minimized by using a

diffuser or transition piece. Sudden expansion
should be avoided and upon area ratios above 1.3
a diffusor should be considered.
Sudden contraction does not produce loss but
can generate some noise and particularly at the
inlet of a fan.
Components. The supplier should provide
pressure loss data. Some components can have a
pressure loss factor which increases when the
velocity increases Therefore always check the
data from your supplier. The pressure loss factors
in manual are save to use.
Diffusers at the outlet of a fan save energy by
reducing the velocity at which the air is discharged
and by regaining static pressure. A diffuser is a
round transition piece from one inlet diameter to
another (larger) outlet diameter. As long as the
angle is less than 10°, the air will "stick" to the
walls, creating a uniform transition to the lower air
velocity and thus a lower dynamic pressure.
By mounting a diffuser on the fan outlet, the
dynamic pressure at the diffuser outlet is much
smaller resulting in a lower total pressure for the
fan and thus a lower power consumption For
calculating a diffuser it is recommended to read
Novenco’s “Ventilating Practice”. In the Winnovax
computer program this calculation is included.
Bends we use are mostly with a sharp radius.
This because of relative the low velocity in the
duct . If the velocity becomes at 6 m/s or more
page58
Component Recommended maximum Pressure loss factor

air velocity (m/s) ζ) value
Zeta (ζ
Straight shaft / duct Cylindrical n/a 0,02 L/D
Straight shaft / duct Rectangular n/a 0,01 L(A+B

AB
90° Bend 10 m/s 1,0 - 1,5
Mesh grille 4 m/s (CO), 10 m/s (Smoke) 0,32 (for rain protection in outdoor use
louvre grilles should be used)
Louvre grille 2 m/s (CO), 4 m/s (Smoke) 5,6
Damper sections 4 m/s (CO), 10 m/s (Smoke) 0,25 (open)

(max = 12m/s with a blade length of 1200mm)
Attenuator baffles 10 m/s (between baffles, for Q < 10.000 Depends on space between baffles.
3
m /h) Use the KSD program to determine p.
Max 12 m/s (between baffles)
Round attenuator (YAH without Max 12 m/s Negligible
core)
Round attenuator (YAH with core) Max 12 m/s 0,2 (depends on hub- and core
diameter)
Diffuser type attenuator (YAD Max 12 m/s Select as diffuser in fan selection
without core) program
Back draught shutter n/a 0,5 (preferable for use in horizontal fan
arrangements)
2
Pressure smoothening plate n/a [1/(0,63 X P/100)-1] Where P is the
percentage (%) of free area.
Exhaust opening 10 m/s 1,0
Hood 5 m/s 4,0 – 9,5
Table 4.1 - Ventilation system components
Figure 4.1 pressure loss factors for

expansions and contractions Figure 4.2 pressure loss factors for
inlets and outlets
page59
figure 4.3 pressure loss factors for bends
Which components are used depends on a variety 150 .000

of factors, such as the sound requirements and v= 3.600 = 7,1 m / s
customer & architect requirements and wishes. 2 × 1,5 × 1,95
See also chapter 4 for selection of components.
Please note that the pressure loss factors in the

list above is just an indication, which can be used With this air velocity over the component area, the
for quick selections. If catalogues are available for dynamic pressure at this point is calculated as:
p dyn = 1 × ρ × v 2 = 1 × 1,20 × (7,1) = ca. 30 Pa
2
specific components, then please use the
2 2
pressure loss values mentioned therein.
There are of course a number of other obstacles
which are not mentioned in this list, such as The pressure loss factor zeta (ζ) is 0,32 for the
expansions, contractions, converging, forks, grille and 0,25 for the damper section resulting in
branches and pressure loss reduction items, such a pressure drop over this combination of:
as for example guide vanes. ∆p = ζ grille × p d _ grille + ζ damper × p d _ damper
Example: Since the air velocity over the grille is equal to the
The air intake in a car park has an area of approx. air velocity over the damper, this formula can also
2 3
6 m . The exhaust air volume is 200.000 m /h. be written as:
The air intake in divided into two sections of
1500mm (width) x 1950mm (height). In the air ∆p = ( grille + )× pdyn = (0,32+ 0,25) × 30 = ca. 17Pa
damper
intake opening a standard mesh grille is mounted,
and after that a damper section.
The air velocity over the grille/damper

combination is approx.
Page 60
8.1.4 System effects

In case obstacles and bends are situated very
close to another, the pressure drop over the
second obstacle will increase due to the turbulent
entry air velocity profile. And the sound generated
because of this can easily add up 10dB.These
common effects are described as "system
effects".
Depending on the situation we have to take into
account 10-35% pressure increase as a result of
these system effects, since sufficient space for fan
equipment is rare. As a rule of thumb a distance
of 1x the fan diameter can be used between
components.
This rule of thumb cannot be used everywhere. It

can only be used with limited difference between
the velocity profiles of the components. This
means for example that the distance between the
fan outlet and other components such as
attenuator baffles should normally be more than
this distance. This because of the high fan outlet
velocity profile and the fact that the attenuation
values (attenuation levels and pressure drop) are
based on an equal velocity profile over the
complete area.
8.1.5 Other pressure loss factors

Besides the shaft, also inside the car park there
are components which create pressure losses.
Normally these pressure losses are negligible,
since the average air velocity through the car park
is low (<1 m/s).
High local air velocities have to be prevented or

should otherwise be taken into account in the
pressure loss calculation for the exhaust fans.
This is also applicable for the natural supply
openings in the car park. These should be
designed for a air velocity of maximum 1 m/s (CO
ventilation) or 2 m/s (smoke exhaust).
If the air velocities in these supply openings are

higher, either the additional pressure losses
should be taken into account or mechanical air
supply (supply fans) should be used.
page61
8.1.6. Example shaft calculation
PRESSURE DROP CALCULATION
SMOKE VENTILATION
3
∆p based on total airflow at one level Total airflow 288.000 m /h
3
Air intake grill section = W x H Air density 1,20 kg/m
Number of fans in parallel 2-
Item Description Q W H Dia A v pdyn ζitem ∆pitem Comments

3 2
[m /h] [m] [m] [m] [m ] [m/s] [Pa] [-] [Pa]
1 Air intake grill 288.000 5,50 1,80 9,90 8,1 39 1,00 39 at 100% exhaust from one level
2 Air intake damper 288.000 5,50 1,80 9,90 8,1 39 0,25 10 at 100% exhaust from one level
3 90 degree bend 288.000 4,40 2,20 9,68 8,3 41 1,00 41
4 288.000 4,50 2,20 9,90 8,1 39
5 288.000 4,50 2,20 9,90 8,1 39
6 Fan assembly incl. short diffuser 144.000 1,60 2,01 19,9 237 included in fan selection
7 Damper 144.000 1,80 2,54 15,7 148 0,25 37
8 Expansion into fan room 288.000 4,50 2,20 9,90 8,1 39 35 fan selection on basis ducted outlet
9 288.000 4,50 2,20 9,90 8,1 39
10 90 degree bend into shafts 288.000 4,50 2,20 9,90 8,1 39 1,00 39
11 Exhaust out of shaft 288.000 3,50 9,62 8,3 41 1,00 41
FAN STATIC PRESSURE 243 Pa

INCL. 10% 267 Pa
page62
8.2 Selection of components For a horizontal mounted fan the same

dimensions do in principle apply, but then
8.2.1. Fan / motor and technical room obviously rotated 90 degrees.
The purpose of the fan is to overcome the
pressure loss of the shaft and entry losses as A special case is a horizontal mount where the
described in chapter???. The fans we use are ventilators are mounted parallel one above the
mostly axial fans because of the needed volume other. The lowest ventilator will be placed on the
and low pressure. To make a Selection we use floor and the top ventilator will be mounted on a
the Winnovax program. A full explanation of how construction. For such mounting extra space is
to use this program is beyond the scope of this required for the construction.
manual. We refer to the manual of the Winnovax Another solution for this situation can be to use of
program. However it is useful to have some a detachable wall or door at the site of the
guidelines in selection. Sound conditions in the ventilators. This wall or door must be large
building determine the rotation speed and enough to enable easy access to both ventilators
therefore the size of a fan. With pressure loss and and to ensure the possibility of removal of the
sound conditions in mind the rotation speed of an ventilators. Extra attention should be paid to the
axial flow fan will have its best performance at existence of noise through this detachable wall or
high speed between 900 and 1500 rpm. In low door.
speed this will be between 450 and 750 rpm. So Note that the size of the room should be big
we can to use a motor with dahllander windings in enough for mounting and maintenance. If the
4/8-pole or 6/12-pole. sizes of the technical room are to small it is
So for example if a sound condition of 70 dB(A) is possible that the components in the room are due
required at the suction side of the fan in low speed to high air velocities and therefore unnecessary
we need in high speed 85 dB(A), about 15 dB pressure loss. The economical costs of
more. implementation of the system can go up
drastically and will be impossible to calculate with
Technical room at forehand. Note that the door in a technical room
The size of the inlet cone of a fan determines the is exposed to fan noise and in some cases hot
size of the technical room and therefore also the smoke, so the construction of the door must be
size of most components in the technical room. capable of attenuating sound and be fire resistant
The minimum size of the room is explained in at high temperatures. The seams and eventual
figure 4.4.for vertical shafts. openings must be properly closed.
DOOR w x h
y D Z D Y Y D Y
D= diameter inletcone
Y= 300-500 mm (preferable 500mm)
Z= minimum 500mm
Door dimensions
d < 710mm w x h = 945 x 2200mm
d > 630mm w x h = 1945 x 2200 mm
Type door: Trox MF 51 or equal
Figure 4.4 Dimensions technical room
page63
8.2.2. Grill Selection coupled and can handle a momentum for the
2
In chapter 4.1. we have seen that air velocity has maximum surface of 2.25m .
an important part in determining the pressure loss When a damper takes over the function of the
of a component. Air velocity also has a part in a back draught-shutter one must take account for
another phenomenon, namely, sound. Every the higher air velocities that occur when the
obstacle which is exposed to the air flow damper is placed with a distance of 1D behind the
generates noise. The turbulent flow that occurs, fan or diffuser. The air velocity should not exceed
depends on the size and shape of that obstacle in 12 m/s with a blade length of 1200mm. If a wider
relation to a certain air velocity. You can imagine damper is needed you can put two damper
a sharp edged square obstacle will generate more sections in one frame. This for preventing the
sound than a streamlined obstacle with the same damper to be exposed to turbulences that can
surface exposed to the same air velocity. So it is cause vibrations and damage the damper. It is
important to select a component with a low recommended to use one motor for one damper
pressure loss factor and an air velocity that so when there is a failure one is sure there is a
doesn’t generate noise that will add up to the total damper which blades are open.
sound pressure. E.g. When it is written that the
sound pressure level in the parking should not A servo motor has a certain running time before it
exceed 65 dB(A) than you have to select a is fully open or closed. If the damper is not open
component that doesn’t influence this condition. for 100% the blades will be exposed to high forces
To be on the save side, the sound generated by besides the higher velocity pressure. A solution
the component should be 10 dB less. So 65-10 = can be found in adjusting the control equipment
55 dB(A). The given air velocities in chapter 4.1 so the fan can only switched to a higher speed
are safe to use. when the running time of the servo motor is taken
The noise generated by a component is mostly in account. The temporary higher pressure that
given in the documentation of that component. occurs can cause the fan be unstable and
Note that some suppliers give you data for 10 damage it mechanical or electrical.
meters distance than the usual 3 meters. So be
careful! Note that the damper blades should be placed
The size of a grill in a surface is also of influence horizontal. If it necessary to place them vertically
on the direct sound pressure level. When a grill is the dampers should be fitted with special bearings
2
bigger than 1 m a correction should not be on the bottom side of the dampers.
forgotten. This is +3dB for every square meter the
2
surface increases. A grill with a surface of 4 m 8.2.5. Silencer
2
will increase with +6dB (10*log*S ) A Silencer can be produced with a round shape in
relation to the diameter of the fan, or can consist
The material of a Grills should be in steel because of several baffles. A so called splitter silencer. The
of temperature conditions and in some cases, round silencer is bolted together with the fan. A
vandalism. silencer with a core should only be used at
pressure side and not at suction side because of
8.2.3. Back-draught-shutter the unpredictable air movements that takes place.
This is used in a line up with two fans. The To get around this a distance of 3 times the
function of a back-draught-shutter is to prevent diameter of the fan between the fan and silencer
the air of flowing back the wrong direction when should be calculated. In practice it will not be used
only one fan is working. This could be the case because of the lost space. Only round silencers
when the ventilation system is working in a lowest with a special designed core (e.g. tunnel fans)can
ventilation step(see chapter 2.6). And in case of be used at suction side of a fan.
mal function of a fan the other fan should take At pressure side you can use both type of round
over. silencers, with or without core. Novenco produces
A problem can occur in some cases if the fan is round silencers with a length of one times the
working in the lowest ventilation step. The diameter of the fan.
pressure of the fan is to little to fully open the back
draught shutter. This problem occurs with fan For other sound reductions see appendix D or you
diameters of 630mm or less. can calculate the reduction by using the KSD
program from LBF IT isolier techniek GmbH.
8.2.4. Dampers
Dampers can have two function in an exhaust
system. As a damper for every layer of car park
with more than one layer or as a function instead
of a back draught-shutter behind the ventilator.
The most common used damper are contra
rotating and motor operated. The motor is direct
page64
figure 4.6 Dimensions pressure plate
Figure 4.5 Horizontal Line-up with attenuator

silencer
Splitter-silencers consist of several baffles. The

baffles we mostly use have a of 200mm thick
mineral absorptive material. The attenuation of
these baffles fit to the sound spectrum of the Axial
flow fan. The package is on the outside cased in
galvanized steel sheet. The sides who are in
contact with the air are covered with glass fleece.
Other dimensions are available. The thickness of
the baffles determines in what sound spectrum
the silencer absorbs sound. Baffle with a
thickness of 360 mm has a better attenuation in
the lower frequency area while baffles with a
thickness of 100mm perform better in the higher
frequency area.
8.2.6. Pressure plate

A pressure plate is made of a perforated thin steel
plate, and is usually mounted in front of the splitter
silencer. The effective area is put in a percentage.
The plate that is used has a effective area of 50-
70%. It is purpose of the pressure plate to
eliminate a unequal air velocity of a fan to an
equal air velocity on the silencer.
When a distance between the exhaust of the fan

and the silencer is equal or bigger than 1 D than a
pressure plate will be not necessary in most
cases. To be sure you have to calculate the air
velocity (Vw) at the pressure side of the fan at a
distance of 1D. This air velocity should not exceed
the average air velocity in the silencer between
the baffles. The dimension of the pressure plate
depend on the diameter of the fan. The height
and width of the plate is 1,5D of the fan.
page65
8.3. Use of example drawings

In appendix A different technical solutions are
drawn for shaft or technical rooms. The main goal
of the drawings is to help you designing a shaft or
technical room and calculate the needed
components. But they can also be used to show
your customer what are the dimensions needed
for the shaft / technical room.
The presented solutions are not on scale and

should be used with care. Which drawing you
should pick depends on :
the available dimensions for a shaft or technical
room;
size and number of fans, requirements for sound
protection (none, round- or baffle silencer);
the back draught –shutter, or damper;
Do yoy need a diffuser, back draught shutters,
dampers etc.
The above mentioned items depend on the

technical demands and terms of the project. For
example; When a certain sound pressure level is
needed your have to choose silencers which
meets the required demands for your design.
So first design and select the components which

are needed, then pick the right drawing, fill in the
dimensions of the selected components. And now
you have the necessary dimensions for the shaft
or technical room.
See 4.4 for how to select the necessary

components for the shaft / technical room
See appendix A for example drawings
page66
8.4 Designing a shaft
step steps tools remarks

numb
er
1 calculate air volume smoke 2.02 for smoke control
fan
VDI 2053 for CO ventilation and smoke extraction

2 Assume pressure drop of between 250- Take for example 300 Pa static
400 Pa static.
3 select a fan on high speed with a 6 or 4- winnovax When 2 fans are needed take the half of the calculated air
pole motor. volume.
4 Select the fan with a sound power level winnovax Take the power consumption and the fan size in
nearest to 85 dB. consideration.
5 Print out your selection winnovax

6 select the fan on low speed by using the winnovax Change the air volume and pressure drop and print out your
option " existing fan".( Winnovax will now selection. If low speed is half of high speed the pressure drop
automatically change the motor speed to is divided by 4.
"variable)"
7 determine the size of the technical room example: For two ACN 800 an width of 2 x 800 = 1600 mm
/ shaft and a length of 2 x 2 800 = 3200 mm are necessary.
for a vertical shaft:
width = approx 2 x fan diameter
length = approx. 2 x number of fans x
fan diameter (see chapter 4.2.1.)
8 determine sound power level with all sound 3.0 This is presentable for most situations. Do not calculate the
sound
fans running on low speed. sound with two fans on high speed because in most cases this
is a smoke- or CO high alarm. Only calculate it if regulations
require it. For example if a shaft is located near a dwelling or
a roof garden, many times a sound pressure level is required.
Sound can flow through the concrete wall to the room next to
the shaft. Check your local requirements
9 Select a silencer on suction side of the KSD Use a round silencer if the sound power level of two fans
fan, which can reduces the sound to 65- running on low speed is between 70 and 75 d(A). Use a
70 dB(A). splitter silencer if the sound power level is higher than 75
dB(A). Don' t select a silencer that generates noise because of
the air velocity. The noise generated by the silencer should be
10 dB less than the wanted sound pressure level at that point.
10 Put the attenuation values of the silencer sound 3.0

on suction side in the spreadsheet
11 Select a silencer on pressure side of the KSD Use a round silencer (with core) if the sound power level of
fan, which reduces the sound to 65dB(A) two fans running on low speed is between 67 and 72 dB(A).
and if it is near dwellings than 60 dB(A). Use a splitter silencer if the sound power level is higher. The
width of splitter is most cases the same as the length of the
technical room. Beware of the noise generated by the silencer.
12 Repeat step 9-11 until sound sound 3.0 / KSD
requirements is fulfilled
13 Draw the technical room / shaft or take standard Take the specifications of the selected and needed
pressure
the example drawing which best fits your drawings components in consideration, like kind of grill, back draught-
situation. shutter or damper. Are the technical room/shaft placed
vertical or horizontal? Is the technical room located in the
garage or placed on top of the building?
14 calculate the pressure drop again and
compare it to the pressure drop you
assumed in step 1. If there is difference
in the pressure drop then check your
selection of the fan and silencer. Make a
new selection if necessary. Start with
step 3
Table 4.2 Diagram for designing a technical room and shaft
page67
8.5 Reversible systems

Reversible systems are often needed for smoke
control. The Parking Garage Fans type PGF
ARR;ARO;ARC are 100% reversible. The blades
for this types have a special design. The efficiency
by reversible rotation is very close to 100% of
standard rotation speed.
The Axial fans (type ACN, ACA, ACG, ACP) are

not designed to work in reversible air direction.
The blades are designed for one air direction.
However in some cases it is convenient and
economical to use the same fan for air exhaust
and air supply. The efficiency of the fan in
reversible system is much less than in normal
situation.
The blade angle plays an important role. In normal

situation the best reverse efficiency is obtained, in
most cases, with a smallblade angle. In reversible
rotation the capacity of this fan is between 60 and
65% of the normal situation. With a blade angle of
50 degrees approx. 50%.
3
For example if you selected a fan of 50.000m /h
and a total pressure of 500Pa with a blade angle
of 50 degrees. The capacity in reversible situation
3
will be 25.000m /h and 125Pa.
If the blade angle is more than 50 degrees it is

possible that the fan will stall (fall out). So to be
safe, always select a blade angle less than 50
degrees.
The best type of fan to use for reversible systems

is the ACP.
The sound conditions for a fan in reversible

rotation are not measured. So be careful with
calculations.
If a reversible system is required please

contact your engineering- or support
department.
page68
9. Computational Fluid Dynamics ventilation strategy is correct or if it is necessary

to modify the positions of some jet fans or air
9.1. What is CFD ? intakes, change the exhaust volume etc.
CFD is short for Computational Fluid Dynamics. It
is an advanced computer calculation program 9.3. How reliable is CFD?
used in many different contexts for example to CFD is never 100% fool proof because it is
predict changes in thermodynamic properties of a dependant of the many factors involved and of the
flow during time or the stress in a construction. input data (sub-models). The more accurate the
For Car parks it can be used to predict the smoke sub-models are the more reliable the CFD
behaviour and temperatures during a fire, but it is simulation will be. But the more properties the
also possible to calculate how the pollution sub-models have the more calculation time are
concentrations are in different places of the car necessary and if the models have to many
during a normal day - The possibilities is almost properties the CFD-program will maybe even not
unlimited. be able to handle them. Therefore it is necessary
In a CFD simulation the car park will be divided to limit the properties of each model evaluate
into a number of volume cells (maybe more than which properties are important: Every CFD-model
100.000 - the more cells the more calculations) - is a balance between importance and calculation
The physical quantities (temperature, pressure time. Everybody will agree that the heat radiation
smoke concentration etc.) of each volume cell can from a fan motor is insignificant compared to the
be calculated by elementary thermal and heat output of the fire. But for example how
mechanical differential formulas It is calculated important are the pillars inside the car park for the
how a change in the thermal properties of one cell flow from the fire to the exhaust? Do they only
as a function of time will influence the properties have a local influence or do they alternate the
of the neighbouring cells and how the general flow pattern? Making an CFD-model is a
neighbouring cells influence back. choice, where it is necessary to modify reality and
sometimes these modification are to much.
A CFD is a model of reality. The model is made of It is therefore essential not only apply correct
many sub-models: models as possible, but also to be able to interpret
The model of an car park consists of sub-models the results correctly.
like: A CFD-calculation of 30 minutes of fire produces
• The fire millions of results and an inexperienced (or
• Each jet fan dishonest) person can easily select results, which
• Each exhaust/supply fan an experienced person would find suspicious.
• Walls and ceiling
• Cars, pillars etc. To simulated air movements in a car park with a
Each sub-model has its own properties. E.g. a jet jet fan ventilation system knowledge concerning
fan has its own shape, thrust, length of throw, it sub-models of jet fans an car fires are essential.
will be switched on after a certain time, if it is to Novenco has together with TNO tested and
close to fire it will maybe break down etc. A wall measured our jet fans with and without car fires to
will absorb heat, reflect radiation etc. get the right input data for such sub-models.
These sub-models are unique and are made
specific for Novenco jet fans. Only with the right
9.2. Why do we need CFD Simulation ?
sub models a reliable CFD simulation can be
When a Car fire takes place, the first 10 minutes
achieved.
are a matter of life and death. Within these first
minutes the development of the fire is so fast that
amount of smoke will surprise the present visitors 9.4. Independent CFD simulation
of the Car park. The search for a safe escape Most fire authorities and customers given some
route will be difficult or worse, even impossible. explanation can looking on the results from a CFD
At later stages of the fire it is important that the simulation judge if part of the car park is free of
fire fighters can identify the position of the fire to smoke. But very few persons are capable of
extinguish the fire (In a car park filled with smoke judge/interpret the validity of the results of an
they can see nothing). After the fire the time to CFD-simulation - Does the behaviour of the
empty the car park for smoke is important , the smoke and the other sub-models seem
faster the smoke is away the faster any victims convincing? Are the presented output data
can be found. (results) really the most important or should it be
output data from e.g. another height or time step?
Using CFD a worst case scenario can be In other words the fire authorities and customers
calculated which shows how big a part of the car are almost 100% dependent of the liability of the
park is under smoke during at all stages of the persons who have made the CFD-simulation. If a
fire. It can hereby be verified if the current competitor has presented convincing results from
page69
a CFD-simulation for your customer, you should way a jet fan ventilation system is an installation
inform your customer that only an independent to safe lives.
CFD advisor (from the customers view-point) is
reliable. If you with basic in your knowledge of Jet 9.5. Example CFD simulation.
fan ventilation suspect that the results of the CFD In this example we will compare two scenarios.
with the given amount of jet fans and air exhaust Scenario 1 is a conventional ducted ventilation
are not as expected. E.g. smoke control with system with 10 air-changes and sprinklers and
50.000 m³/h, then try to obtain a copy of the CFD- one car on fire
report. Several of your colleagues at Novenco
Holland have CFD-experience. Scenario 2 is carried out with a thrust ventilation
system, air exhaust according Novencos
In general Novenco advise customers to use recommendation and a three car fire.
independent advisors of CFD simulation. Novenco
has a good relationship to several institutes. Any
page70
Comparison of both scenarios at a height of

2.05 meters
Scenario 1 after 2 – 5 – 15 and 30 minutes Scenario 2 after 2 – 5 – 15 and 30 minutes
Because of the thrust ventilation system the

Within few minutes the whole floor is filled with
2 smoke is confined within an area of less than
smoke (about 4.200m ) 2
2.500 m . Even after 30 minutes the main part of
the garage is still free of smoke
page71
10 Testing, Installation and maintenance
10.1 Product tests and certification

according European standard Cen-EN
12101-3
All Novenco’s fans for car park ventilation are
tested for high temperature according EN 12101-
3. This means that our products are tested
including the motor, junction box and switch as
one unit.
In the standard the products are ranged in
functioning time according classification
Class Temperature Minimum

functioning
period
F200 200oC 120 min.
F300 300oC 60 min
F400 400oC 120 min
F600 600oC 60 min
F842 842oC 30
Not classified As specified by As specified by
sponsor sponsor
Table 9.1 test temperature and functioning time
according to classification
The table below is a list of the tests results. For a

copy of the results see appendix C.
Type F200 F300

ACN All types All types
ACP All types All types
ACG All types All types
PGF sizes 290-500 All types All types
Table 9.2 overview of tested fans according EN
12101-3
Figure 9.1 Testing a PGF in practice
page72
10.2 Installation testing and anemometer,

commissioning smoke machine.
Before handing over the installation to the final Except [or simple devices such as pitot-static
user, a file should be prepared by the installer tubes, inclined manometers, U-gauges and
containing all relevant technical documents, test similar, all instruments, meters, etc. used for
reports of the individual components, as-built testing purposes should:
plans, set points and an acceptance report. The • be provided in duplicate,
system cannot be commissioned without these • have a manufacturer-claimed accuracy of not
documents. more than plus or minus 2% of range,
The as-built plan should represent the whole • be manufactured to an appropriate standard
system, indicating quantity, size and location of or recognized equal international or national
the ventilators, air inlets and other SHEVS standards where appropriate and available.
elements, fixing of the main elements (e.g. • have been calibrated by a recognized testing
ductwork), location of the control panels, smoke or calibration laboratory not more than 2 years
dampers and their access, labelling of the whole prior to the date of test. The calibration
and eventually indicating the protective measures certificate provided by the laboratory should
to mechanical damage. An electrical wire plan be available during the test.
should be provided if an emergency power supply
unit is installed. It is an everyday experience that Design check
what is built is not always exactly what was The as-built layout should be checked against the
intended, and it will be necessary to carry out system designer' s approved plans.
commissioning tests of the system once it has
been installed. These tests should include the Mechanical check
following items. Check the results of the pressure test on the
• Reaction time of the SHEVS to open smoke- exhaust-system ductwork, which should
• Airflow measurements for powered ventilators have been carried out during construction.
• Simultaneous opening of ventilators and air Perform the mechanical check as per test
inlet devices procedure for fans and motorized dampers.
• Eventual pneumatic leakages where such Check smoke zone boundary and automatic
power supplies are used smoke curtain location according to approved
• Reaction of automatic and manual controls smoke control design layout.
• Start-up time of the emergency power supply Check motorized fire smoke dampers are
• Behaviour of the automatic smoke curtains correctly connected, and that the smoke and fire
damper blade and bearing rotate smoothly.
10.2.1 Testing and commissioning Check that smoke curtains drop down smoothly
It is recognized that requirements may vary from and the bottom bars stop at the correct position.
country to country, and that occasionally
circumstances might require ad-hoc deviations Control and actuation check
from the procedures. Hence the procedures in this Check that all systems automatically actuate and
section are intended to be a guide rather than a remain in operation until reset by the testers,
set of rigid requirements. In general, the checks either manually or by activation of a central reset
and tests given in the box below are control.
recommended. Check that when in ' fire'mode, alt other building
systems connected with the SHEVS are put into
the appropriate fire-operational state.
Testing and commissioning checks Check that multiplexed or similar devices do not
• Check design affect transmission of actuating signals from the
• Mechanical check automatic fire-alarm panel for the operation of the
• Control and actuation check smoke exhaust systems unless such devices
• Electrical check have the approval or certification of one of the
• Running check testing authorities.
Initial start Check that each system is provided with a manual
Functional test in control on/ off control switch and indicator light at the
Balancing and regulating of airflow master fire control panel.
Check that switches for all smoke
exhaust/removal systems are grouped in one area
of the panel
The following instruments and tools will very often together with those for staircase pressurization
be required: systems or similar.
clamp-on ammeter,(ampere) Check that all switches have the same
volt meter, method/ direction of operation.
page73
Check that a device that senses effective

operation of the relevant smoke/air handling Functional test in control check
system (e.g. a centrifugal switch or an air Check that interlock of fans and dampers function
pressure switch) actuates the indicator lights. properly.
Check that all switches and indicators are clearly Check the proper function of remote ON/OFF
labelled to show operating positions and systems operation.
served and stating that only authorized personnel
shall operate the controls. Balancing and regulating of airflow should be
checked.
Electrical check Any adjustments needed to achieve the design
Prior to the initial running of any electrically driven airflows should be made, and their effectiveness
fan, the following procedures will be adopted. confirmed by appropriate re-testing.
In a normal situation, all smoke and fire dampers
must be installed as per the design layout. This, however, does not guarantee that the control
For each simulated position of the fire recognized mechanisms, or the computer software, wilt
in the design scenario, the smoke and fire correctly operate everything in the correct
dampers in the extract and supply systems must sequences, or following the appropriate logic
either move into, or remain in (as appropriate), where devices may have more than one fire-
their design fire-operational positions. operational state depending, e.g. on the location
Should there be a failure of the supply make-up of the fire. It is desirable as part of the acceptance
fans (where included in the design) then only the test procedure to trigger operation of the SHEVS
supply system must shut down and all smoke and by initiating a realistic signal (for example by
fire dampers on the supply duct must return to the blowing a small quantity of smoke into a smoke
design position. The exhaust system shall detector) and then confirming that alt of the
continue to operate. desired actions have in fact occurred.
Should there be a failure of the power supply to
the smoke and fire dampers, these must move
into their fire-operational positions where these Items to include in a running check record
have been identified in the design scenario. Note • Records of pressure testing during construction
that in same designs there can be no fait-safe • Make serial no. type and owner off all
position. instruments used, together with a copy of the
Both audio and visual warnings must be provided calibration certificates
to indicate a fault detected on: • Actual measurements taken
the signalling wire connecting the control panel to • Resulting airflows, current, belt tensions, shaft
the smoke extraction system control panel, or speeds, etc.
the wiring of the detectors.
• Make, serial no. type and use of every device
AII equipment serving the smoke exhaust and
checked, including rotational speeds, pressure
complementary replacement air systems shall be
drops/generation, etc.
provided with an appropriate emergency power
• Date and time of tests
supply.
• Signature of operator/tester or supervisor and
Perform the electrical check as per test
any witness for each test
procedures for fan and motorized damper.
• Signature of designer confirming his/her
Running check acceptance
All systems must be completed and tested to
ensure that they are functioning correctly before Where different patterns of actions are required
the final full test and demonstration takes place. A for fires in different locations, all of these ought to
full set of test and functional operation check be checked by simulating detection of a fire in
records should be prepared, and may be required different locations or in different war (the latter
to be submitted to the authorities. It is also might include break-glass fire alarm points, or
recommended herein that the system designer simulated operation of sprinklers, instead of a
should observe the full test and attach to the smoke detector).
Report a signed comment confirming or otherwise
that he is satisfied that the installation(s) are
operating in accordance with his design.
Full and complete records must be kept of all tests
and the results thereof; typically including the
items listed in the Box below).
Initial start
Perform the test run as per test procedure for fan
and motorized damper.
page74
10.2.2 Hot-smoke tests

There is a more complicated option: the Hot-
Smoke Test. This uses real fires in controlled
conditions, in the building as close to completion
as possible, in order to provide a flow of buoyant
smoky gases which can test not only the
operation of separate components, but also to test
in a quantitative manner the proper functioning of
the design concept it self. In other words, to test
that the proper functioning of the total system has
been achieved. Variations on this technique have
been developed in Australia and in the UK and
Belgium. Both methods use alcohol fires in view of
their clean and predictable burning. The Figure 9.2 Cold smoke test in practice
Australian method is restricted to fires directly
beneath the final smoke reservoir, whereas the
BRE technique has also been used for fires in
side rooms where smoke can spill into a larger
mall or atrium. Both use artificial smokes to mark
the fire gases and to make them visible: the
Australian method uses pyrotechnic smoke
generators; the BRE method uses oil- mist
generators of the type widely used in theatres and
for fire-service training.
Hot-smoke tests are not needed where there is
confidence in the design scenario, and in the
design calculations. They are desirable wherever
it is not possible to reel such levels of confidence.
A summary of points to be considered by anyone
contemplating the use of hot-smoke tests can
contact one of the authors of this manual.
Where the commissioning of the installation is
checked by an independent body, details of the
testing body, the names of its representatives, the
test methods employed and the results of those
tests, as well as the engineering plan available to
that body, should all be mentioned in the
acceptance report.
10.2.3 Cold smoke test

Cold smoke test is a practical way of presenting
the air flow in a fully operational car park. The
disadvantage is that doesn’t show us the
behaviour of hot smoke in case of fire. Novenco
has developed a special tool for a cold smoke test
and this is used until a useful hot smoke test is
available. When a test is set up it is very important
that the fire brigade is involved. It is
recommended that different scenario’s for the cold
smoke tests are on paper. So the test is carried
out on different locations in the car park. The main
goal of the test is to convince the users (fire
brigade of a working system and that expectations
of the design is accomplished.
page75
10.3 Maintenance, management and re- appropriate for systems intended for property
testing protection to be tested once a year in some
cases. It can be expected that the Regulatory
Whatever the basic objective of the SHEVS, it will Authorities having responsibility for a building will
be intended to function properly when the fire have a strong interest in the frequency of
happens. Fires are essentially infrequent events, functional re-testing, especially if the SHEVS is
which can occur in a random way. It is very intended to protect the lives of the public.
unlikely that the fire will happen immediately after The building' s management will find their task
the system bas been installed and successfully much easier if they have been provided with full
demonstrated to work. Years might pass before documentation summarizing the design concepts,
the system is called upon to work, and then it is in alt the different scenarios considered, as well
critically important that the system does indeed as the ' Detailed engineering plans'and
work as designed. documentation recommended to be provided by
Buildings will not remain static in the intervening the installer in Charter 15. It is also important that
years, and the usual forces of corrosion and the key individual in the building' s management
decay can be expected to operate. It follows then, should be familiar with this documentation, and
that as with any other active system involving should understand the ideas involved. These
machinery, there is a need for the system to be documents, taken together, form the basis of a
maintained and serviced during these years. This 'log book'for the SHEVS, and could usefully be
places a major responsibility on the building' s widened to include all other aspects of fire safety,
management. Although ventilation systems will although that goes beyond the scope of the
function on a daily basis, the intensity of current report. The manager' s task will also be
application is highest during a fire or other eased if the installer has provided a ' maintenance
calamity. The system then has to work to his best file'as part of the log book in which the
ability. management can record all maintenance,
A regular check on the system is essential to modifications, tests and their results, etc., during
ensure that it will operate as designed, if needed. the building' s lifetime.
Also, intervention of trained staff is sometimes The maintenance programme can be subdivided
beneficial or even necessary to achieve in different sections, in direct relation to the
satisfactory evacuation of the occupants in the frequency of checking. Note that the frequencies
event of a fire. For example, calculations done at suggested here are intended to be universal, and
FRS have indicated that the presence of trained are certainly not intended to be universal for all
staff to help with evacuation is of great benefit in applications!
large single-storey buildings. It is difficult to
ensure that there is a continual training Basic functional check (once a month) .
programme, particularly when the ' ownership'of a The component parts of the SHEVS are operated
building changes. and people can see, hear or smelt malfunctioning
The best way to confirm that the SHEVS is parts: pressured air leakages are quite common, a
working as intended is to generate a fire-detection rusty spring can prevent natural ventilators from
signal (eg by blowing a small amount of smoke closing again.
into a smoke detector) and confirming that all the All defective parts must be repaired or replaced
devices supposed to operate actually have immediately.
operated satisfactorily. If this is done regularly it is Car park fans should be tested if they work
more likely that any mechanical or electrical properly by switching them on via the
failures will be identified in time for the fault to be switchboard. A visual check and listening to the
corrected. It is also more likely that any poor fan whilst in operation should be sufficient.
maintenance will be identified in time to be
corrected. Maintenance programme (one per 6 months)
The optimum extent and frequency of regular re- On the basis of a maintenance checklist, all
testing of the system will inevitably depend on moving parts of the installation will be looked at
circumstances. Systems having a crucial role in and replaced where necessary.
protecting lire safety ought to be tested much Special attention is given to corrosion, mechanical
more frequently than those which have no such damage penetrations activators, overheated
role. Even where lire safety is concerned, the electrical parts.
frequency of functional re-testing may vary. For All parts are cleaned and relabelled where
example, it would be desirable to check the necessary.
operation of a SHEVS in a large shop ping
complex at least once a week, whereas in an Full functional test (once per year)
office building it may be more appropriate to test it After the maintenance tour, a functional check
once a month. Car park ventilation systems are must be worked out, possibly attended by a
crucial safety tools and should be tested at least representative of the Regulatory Authorities, to
once a month by the owners. It may be more
page76
see whether the Installation still complies with the

acceptance report.
This test starts with the triggering of one or more
detectors in the tested zone and all subsequent
automatisms (ie the actions which follow
automatically without human intervention) are
checked out (reaction time, emergency power
supply unit coming up, opening or closing of
dampers, lowering of smoke curtains, ...).
For car park ventilation the yearly maintenance
consists of:
Visual inspection on pollution, preservation and
damage.
Internal and external cleaning of the fans and the
switchboard
The rotation direction has to be checked, as well
as the mounting bolts and other fixings.
A vibration measurement to determine the
condition of the bearings, the fan and other
moving parts.
Measurement of the engine-powers to determine
the condition of the ventilator engine.
A full test of the complete system including the
switchboard
This test shall be activated and the equipment

reset for every smoke control zone. Results
should be recorded in the log book.
Apart from the maintenance programme, a

SHEVS management program needs to be set up.
This means that the user must verify through the
years whether the installed system is still capable
of dealing with a real-fire situation.
It is usually easy to recognize when a major
structural modification to a building will influence
the functioning of a SHEVS. For example,
changing a workshop into a high-rack warehouse
will have big implications for the design
parameters of the SHEVS. It is less often realized
that a succession of small modifications, each one
seemingly too trivial to matter, can cumulatively
affect the functioning of a SHEVS. It should also
be recognized that many buildings specialists with
no knowledge of fire can easily fait to distinguish
between what is major and what is minor. Where
as-built plans, test reports and maintenance
programs have been kept fully up-to-date, it is
more likely that changes will be correctly
identified, and that mistakes will be more readily
noticed and corrected. Consultation with the
several experts on the different safety equipment
is advised.
Note in this context that the building'
s managers
share with the Regulatory Authorities (in most
countries) the responsibility for commissioning a
new SHEVS analysis and re-design if the
building's modifications change the assumptions
and conditions which were appropriate to the
original design.
page77
11 Full scale fire test TNO purposes of the fire tests, generally 1 car was set
on fire, (with the spread of fire to other cars being
Novenco has put a lot of effort in research of prevented) while in one test the spread of fire to
thrust ventilation. In cooperation with TNO several two adjacently parked cars was examined.
tests were perform in a car park in Amsterdam. 18 During the tests, measurements of the following
cars were used for this test. Not the whole variables were carried out at various locations in
publication is in this manual but only some parts. the car park: air temperature, rate of heat release
(RHR), radiation, smoke density and air velocities.
11.1.Summary
In cooperation with the firm NOVENCO and the The research produced the following results:
Directorate General of Public Works and Water A "design fire" - a schematic representation of a
Management, the Centrum voor Brandveiligheid car fire in terms of RHR, fire burning time and
[TNO Fire Safety Centre] and the TNO BBI smoke product ion for the design and monitoring
department carried out research into the of ventilation systems using calculation models.
effectiveness of thrust fans in combination with A general description of the options and the
exhaust fans and inlet openings in car parks. The limitations of ventilation with thrust fans in
research consisted of the performance of 18 underground car parks.
large-scale fire tests, the carrying out of An assessment of the applicability of simple
measurements of individual ventilators (clearance, design models.
level ceiling, ceiling with cross beams), and the An assessment of the options for using field
simulating of these tests using simple and models (Computational Fluid Dynamics) to
advanced calculation models. simulate the situation in the event of fire and a
description of the required approach.
The objective of the research was to:
assess the effectiveness of thrust fans as fitted to 11.2. Introduction
influence the spread of smoke and heat in the In practice, ventilation systems using thrust fans
event of fire in the car park are being used more and more of ten in closed
investigate the possibilities for designing or car parks for the exhaust of burnt gas. Compared
checking a ventilation system with thrust fans to conventional systems with lateral ventilation,
using simple and advanced calculation models on systems with thrust fans have a number of
the basis of a design fire. considerable constructional advantages. For
compare the effectiveness, in the event of fire, of example, large outlet ducts that limit the clearance
ventilation systems using thrust fans and lateral in the car park become superfluous.
ventilation The systems which incorporate thrust fans are
also recommended for the war in
which they function under fire conditions, this
while there are serious doubts as to whether a
system incorporating lateral ventilation bas any
effect in the event of fire on limiting the spread of
smoke and heat in the car park.
The most important objectives of thrust fans in the

event of fire in car parks are assumed to be:
escape route safety and extension of the available
time for people fleeing by means of smoke
dispersion or smoke rarefaction
improved controllability of fire doe to improved
approach route for the fire service
limitation of temperature to prevent damage to the
building's construction.
limitation and/or retarding the spread of the fire to
other cars by mixing
In a lot of cases, the authorities are not clear what

ventilation systems can achieve in the event of
Figure 10.1 Initial test of car fire. Fleerde
fire, the requirements such systems have to fulfil
Amsterdam
and the war in which a design can be checked.
The fires tests were carried out in the Fleerde car
park in Amsterdam. During the tests 25% of the In practice, this will lead to the building
car park was filled with parked cars. For the applications, which include a ventilation system
page78
based on thrust fans, giving rise to lengthy and Ideally, both parts of the research project should
obscure discussions. The lack of know-how be executed in parallel, but given the limited
regarding the flow field associated with thrust fans period of time for which the Fleerde car park was
limited the options for TNO to analyse the effect of available, it was decided to carry out the fire tests
thrust fans using simulation techniques. TNO bas first. The simulations part of the project was
therefore, in cooperation with the firm NOVENCO performed after the fire tests.
and the Ministry of Economic Affairs, set up a 11.3. Final conclusions
research project the objective of which is the It has proven possible to set up a "design fire" as
assessment of the effectiveness of thrust fans in described in this report, on the basis of the
the event of fire in closed car parks. It transpired extensive series of fire tests. This curve is shown
that the Fleerde car park in Amsterdam, at which in Figure E. For smoke production, it is
TNO bas already carried out a previous fire test, recommended to assume a smoke potential of
-1 3
was still available for a test like this. This car park 400 [m .m /kg]. The following may be concluded
in the Bijlmer district of Amsterdam is largely from the research:
empty and is soon to be demolished. A similar diagram of a car fire (in terms of RHR
During the initial phase of the discussions, it was (Rate of Heat Release), burning time and smoke
emphasised that, in fact, a much more extensive production) was not available previously, and is
research structure was required, not only involving required for the design and inspection of
a number of tests but also attention to the design ventilation systems by means of calculation
and verification of the ventilation systems referred models.
to. As a result, TNO drew up a more extensive
project propos al which included the following , in With a properly dimensioned ventilation system
addition to the practical fire tests: (thrust + extraction), in many cases the smoke
an analysis of the flow field around a fan under spread against the ventilation direction can be
various conditions limited to a certain extent until a certain RHR is
the setting up of a sub-model for CFD simulation reached. The capacity of the system must be
the simulation of a fire test adjusted to the desired fire size, such that an
research info a design model for thrust fans acceptable level of back flow will occur at that fire
size. If the fire becomes even larger, the level of
Co-funding for the project bas been requested back flow will increase; this does not mean that
and acquired from NOVENCO and the Ministry of the ventilation will no longer have a function in
Economic Affairs. that situation. The temperature and smoke density
Interest in the project bas been voiced by those at will remain limited through the mixing and
the Construction Department of the Directorate exhaust. Downwind, this means that the spread of
General of Public Works and Water Management the fire by hot gases or radiation will be slowed
and financial support bas been offered for a down, while the system may be useful for a long
comparison of the operation of a system using period upwind - for fire- fighting by the fire
thrust fans and the operation of a conventional brigade.
system using lateral ventilation (as prescribed in The air flows in the car park during a fire differ
closed car parks). strongly from the flows in a cold situation. In most
cases a cold smoke test is not enough to assess
In addition, the Directorate General of Public whether the system can sufficiently limit the back
Works and Water Management also offered flow of smoke in the event of a car fire.
funding for the purchase of a reasonably new
Spacewagon (Renault Espace) to be used in a fire In the past, accepted design tools for thrust
test. This was intended to enable the effect of the ventilation were based on calculation models for
changed structure of newer, larger cars to be ventilation systems in tunnels. This project bas
studied from the point of view of RHR(rate of heat shown that these models cannot be used for the
release) and smoke production of a car fire. design of thrust ventilation systems in closed car
Following consultations with those involved, it was parks unless essential changes are made.
decided to expand the project as described. The However, the research bas provided sufficient
extra tests using a system for lateral ventilation new insights to justify the expectation that the
could be carried out in the same car park, necessary changes can be made.
following the tests using thrust fans.
It has been shown that the CFD method is able to
The definitive project consists of a practical part simulate the major characteristics of the flows,
(execution of the fire tests, fan measurements) in temperatures and smoke spread in a car park with
order to assess the effectiveness of thrust fans in a thrust ventilation system in the event of a car
a practical car park setting and a theoretical part fire. This has made it possible to assess the
with regard to the design and verification of the effectiveness of such a system beforehand. The
systems. advantage of this is that costly fire tests are no
longer required for each individual project.
page79
It is recommended that a rapid-detection system

The modelling of the local flow close to the outlet be installed for control of the system, combined
opening of the thrust fans is essential for the CFD with an alarm and evacuation system. In practice,
simulations. This modelling must be adjusted for the preference - also of the fire service - is for
the specific fan type, and the location compared to temperature detection rather than smoke
the ceiling, walls and obstructions in the car park. detection, in connection with the number of false
It has proven possible to carry out this modelling alarms and the amount of maintenance needed.
on the basis of measured velocity profiles in cold
state. 11.4 Recommendations
Improvement of the simple models for the design
It has been shown that a conventional lateral of thrust ventilation systems on the basis of new
ventilation system in a closed car park with 4-fold insights obtained during this project.
ventilation does not significantly affect the
conditions in the car park in the event of a fire. The results led to the idea that increasing the
Doubling the ventilation capacity also had no effectiveness of thrust ventilation is possible. First,
significant effect. by adjusting the flow pattern of the air jet from the
fan by applying a different extraction grille. and
It is recommended that only the extraction be secondly by limiting the exit velocity combined
switched on immediately after detection. This will with reducing the mutual distance between the
not break the stratification present, while some of fans. It is recommended that these ideas be
the smoke gasses will be expelled. It is developed further.
recommended that the thrust ventilation not be
switched on until those present have had the
opportunity to leave the scene of the fire.
11 7
1
1 3 5 13 15 17 19
12 9 2
2 4 6 14 16 18
3 20
10
Test case in underground car park “Fleerde”in Amsterdam.
A part of the floor-plan of the car park. The practice. Temperatures, visibility and CO gasses
exhaust fans are installed on axis A. At the right were measured on different places and different
natural supply of fresh air is present. heights in the car park. Also is according the
In may 1998 the reliability of the calculation radiant heat at a distance of 1 meter of the fire
method and a CFD-simulation were tested in
page80
source a diminishing of the weight is measured of

the emitted energy.
The temperature was measured behind the fire,

the ceiling and floor. A maximum temperature of
o
350 C is measured after 10 minute
Temperature at a distance of 14 meter from the

fire source at side where the air is exhausted. The
temperature at the ceiling and the floor are the
same. The smoke is cooled down to
approximately 95oC.
Temperature at a distance of 23 meter of the fire source

at the side where the air is exhausted.
page81
12 Literature list
No. Description Ref. number Date Authors
1 BRE 368 ISBN186081 2899 June 1999 HP morgan; BK Ghosh, G

Design methodologies for smoke and Garrad, R Pamlitschka, JC de
heat exhaust ventilation Smedt, LR Schoonbaert
2 IEA annex 26 ISSN 1395-7953 R9803 February P Heiselberg, S murakami, C

Ventilation of large spaces in buildings. 1998 Roulet
Analysis and prediction techniques
rd
3 23 edition Industrial Ventilation ISBN 1-882417-26-7 1998 American Conference of
Government Industrial Hygienists
4 Design of smoke management systems American Society of Heating,

Refrigeration and Air-conditioning
Engineers Inc.
JH Klote, JA Milke
5 Ventilation of Road Tunnels July 1991 KIVI Royal Institute of Engineers
6 Ventilating practice July 1990 Novenco
7 Geluid in installaties TVVL
8 Luchtbehandeling TVVL
9 Thomas
e
10 Polytechnisch zakboekje ISBN 90-6228-217-2 46 druk PBNA
11 Taschenbuch für Klima-anlagen Rechnagel
page82
Appendix A Test certificates
page83
page84
page85
page86
page87
page88
page89
Appendix B Sound attenuation of round silencers YAH
Attenuation Silencer YAH without core

YAH type L (mm) 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz
250 250 0 1 10 14 13 12 9 9 dB
500 0 2 15 21 20 19 13 13 dB
315 315 0 1 10 14 13 12 9 9 dB
630 0 2 15 21 20 19 13 13 dB
400 400 0 1 10 14 13 12 9 9 dB
800 0 2 15 21 20 19 13 13 dB
500 500 0 1 10 14 13 10 8 8 dB
1000 0 2 15 21 19 16 13 13 dB
560 560 0 1 10 14 12 10 8 8 dB
1120 0 2 15 21 19 14 12 12 dB
630 630 0 1 10 14 12 9 8 8 dB
1260 0 2 15 21 19 13 12 12 dB
710 710 0 1 10 13 11 8 7 7 dB
1420 1 2 15 20 17 12 11 10 dB
800 800 0 1 10 12 10 8 6 6 dB
1600 1 2 15 19 15 11 10 9 dB
900 900 0 1 10 12 9 7 6 5 dB
1800 1 2 15 17 14 10 9 7 dB
1000 1000 0 1 10 11 8 6 5 4 dB
2000 1 2 15 16 12 9 7 6 dB
1120 1120 0 1 10 10 7 5 4 3 dB
2240 1 2 15 15 10 8 6 4 dB
1250 1250 0 1 10 9 6 4 3 2 dB
1400 1400 0 1 10 8 5 3 2 1 dB
1600 1600 0 1 10 6 4 2 1 0 dB
Yellow = Based on R&D report from 1978-09-18/OR
Other values used in Winnovax
Attenuation Silencer YAH with core

YAH type L (mm) 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz
250 250 0 0 8 14 14 15 13 12 dB
500 1 0 14 21 21 22 18 18 dB
315 315 0 0 8 14 14 15 13 12 dB
630 1 0 14 21 21 22 18 18 dB
400 400 0 0 8 14 14 15 13 12 dB
800 1 0 14 21 21 22 18 18 dB
500 500 0 0 8 14 14 15 12 11 dB
1000 1 1 14 21 21 22 18 17 dB
560 560 0 0 8 14 14 15 12 11 dB
1120 1 1 14 21 21 22 18 17 dB
630 630 0 0 8 14 14 15 12 11 dB
1260 1 1 14 21 21 22 18 17 dB
710 710 0 0 9 15 15 15 12 11 dB
1420 1 1 15 22 22 22 18 17 dB
800 800 0 1 10 16 16 15 12 10 dB
1600 1 2 16 24 24 22 18 15 dB
900 900 0 1 11 17 17 15 12 10 dB
1800 1 2 16 25 25 22 18 15 dB
1000 1000 1 1 11 18 18 15 11 9 dB
2000 1 3 17 27 27 22 17 14 dB
1120 1120 1 2 12 19 18 15 10 8 dB
2240 1 3 18 28 27 22 15 12 dB
1250 1250 1 2 12 19 18 15 9 7 dB
1400 1400 1 2 12 19 18 15 8 6 dB
1600 1600 1 2 11 18 16 11 7 6 dB
Yellow = Based on R&D report from 1978-09-18/OR
Other = values used in Winnovax
Page 90
Appendix C Sound insulation of materials

Representative values of airborne sound reduction index for some common structures
superficial
material thickness weight 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
mm kg/m3
panels of sheet materials
1,5 mm lead sheet 1,5 17 22 28 32 33 32 32 33 36
3 mm lead sheet 3 34 25 30 31 27 38 44 33 38
20 g aluminium sheet stiffened 0,9 2,5 8 11 10 10 18 23 25 30
22 g galvanised sheet steel 0,55 6 3 8 14 20 23 26 27 35
18 g fluted steel panels stiffened at edges, joints sealed 1,2 39 25 30 20 22 30 28 31 31

chipboard sheets on wood framework 19 11 14 17 18 25 30 26 32 38
fibreboard sheets on wood framework 12 4 10 12 16 20 24 30 31 36
plasterboard sheets on wood framework 9 7 9 15 20 24 29 32 35 38
plywood sheets on wood framework 6 3,5 6 9 13 16 21 27 29 33
hardwood (mahogany) panels 50 25 15 19 23 25 30 37 42 46
woodwork slabs unplastered 25 19 0 0 2 6 6 8 8 10
woodwork slabs plastered (12mm on each side) 50 75 18 23 27 30 32 36 39 43
panels of sandwich construction

1,5mm lead between two sheets of 5mm plywood 11,5 25 19 26 30 34 38 42 44 47
single masonry walls

single leaf brick, plastered both sides 125 240 30 36 37 40 46 54 57 59
255 480 34 41 45 48 56 65 69 72
360 720 36 44 43 49 57 66 70 72
solid breeze or clinker blocks, plastered (12mm both
sides) 125 145 20 27 33 40 50 57 56 59
solid breeze or clinker blocks, unplastered 75 85 12 17 18 20 24 30 38 43
Hollow cinder concrete blocks, painted (cement base
paint) 100 75 22 30 34 40 50 50 52 53
Hollow cinder concrete blocks, unpainted 100 75 22 27 32 37 40 41 45 48
Thermalite blocks 100 125 20 27 31 39 45 53 38 62
Glass bricks 200 510 25 30 35 40 49 49 43 45
cellular concrete 90 75 25 30 30 32 37
150 120 30 30 32 37 45
double masonry walls

280mm brick, 56 mm cavity, strip ties, outer faces
plastered 12mm 300 380 28 34 34 40 56 73 76 78
280mm brick, 56 mm cavity, expanded metal ties, outer
faces plastered 12mm 300 380 27 27 43 55 66 77 85 85
Stud partitions
50mm x 100mm studs, 12mm insulating board both
sides 125 19 12 16 22 28 38 50 52 55
50mm x 100mm studs, 9mm plaster board and 12mm
plaster coat both sides 142 60 20 25 28 34 47 39 50 56
single glazed windows

single glass in heavy frame 6 15 17 11 24 28 32 27 35 39
8 20 17 18 25 31 32 28 36 39
9 22,5 18 22 26 31 30 32 39 43
16 40 20 25 28 33 30 38 45 48
25 62,5 25 27 31 30 33 43 48 53
double glazed windows
2,44mm panes, 7mm cavity 12 15 15 22 16 20 29 31 27 30
9mm glass panes in separate frames, 50mm cavity 62 34 18 25 29 34 41 45 53 50
6mm glass panes in separate frames, 100mm cavity 112 34 20 28 30 38 45 45 53 50
Page 91
Appendix D Absorption of materials

Approximate values of absorption coefficient for some common internal finishes
material thickness 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Normal wall finishes mm
Brickwork 0,05 0,05 0,04 0,02 0,04 0,05 0,05 0,05
Breeze cylinder block 0,1 0,2 0,45 0,6 0,4 0,45 0,4 0,4
Concrete 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,03 0,03
Up to 4mm thick glass pane about 1 m square 4 0,25 0,35 0,25 0,2 0,1 0,05 0,05 0,05
6 mm plate glass pane about 1 m square 6 0,08 0,15 0,06 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,02 0,02
marble or glazed tile 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05
plaster 12 0,04 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,08 0,04 0,06 0,05
Wall or ceiling treatments

Curtains hung in folds against solid wall 0,05 0,05 0,15 0,35 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,4
Acoustic plaster (typical values) 12 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,35
Glass or rockwool blanket typical values for medium
material 25 0,75 0,05 0,1 0,35 0,6 0,7 0,75 0,8
50 0,1 0,2 0,45 0,65 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,8
100 0,25 0,45 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,9 0,85
150 0,35 0,55 0,9 0,9 0,85 0,9 0,95 0,95
expanded polyurethane foam (open cell) 25 0,1 0,15 0,3 0,6 0,75 0,85 0,9 0,9
50 0,15 0,25 0,5 0,85 0,95 0,9 0,9 0,9
100 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,95 0,98 0,98 0,98 0,98
9mm plasterboard on battens at o,5m centres, 18mm
airspace filled with glass wool 27 0,25 0,3 0,2 0,15 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05
5mm plywood on battens at 1m centres, 50mm airspace
filled with glass wool 55 0,3 0,4 0,35 0,2 0,15 0,05 0,05 0,05
12mm plywood on battens at 1m centres, 59 mm
airspace filled with glass wool 71 0,25 0,3 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,15 0,1 0,05
3 mm hardboard with roofing felt stuck to back over
50mm airspace 53 0,5 0,9 0,45 0,25 0,15 0,1 0,1 0,05
suspended plaster or plasterboard ceiling (large
airspace) 0,2 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05
Fibre board on solid backing 12 0,05 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,25 0,3 0,3 0,25
floor coverings
composition flooring 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05
haircord carpet on felt underlay 6 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,45 0,65 0,65
medium pile carpet on sponge rubber underlay 10 0,05 0,05 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,65 0,7 0,65
thick pile carpet on sponge rubber underlay 15 0,05 0,15 0,25 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,65
rubber floor tiles 6 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,1 0,1 0,05 0,05 0,05
Page 92

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Car Park Ventilation Manual

1th edition Date 08-01-2003

“Learning by doing” was the title of my first

Since Novenco B.V. started early 1995 with

In the meantime Novenco B.V. developed

The result of all this is entailed in this manual,

Ruud van Beek

How to use this manual

This manual is confidential. Don’t let other readers outside

Succes with Engineering

Toine van der Wielen

6.1.2 LPG detection..................................................................................................................................46

1.1 Basic definitions Q=VA

T = The Absolute Temperature of the air in °K. Pd= ½ρV

• If water vapour is present in the air stream then it

• If there are high concentrations of solids or

Conservation of Mass requires that the resultant

1.2 Principles of airflow

These laws relate to the conservation of mass and

figure 1.3 pressures in a ducted fan system

1.4. Fan laws Q × Pt

Relevance of above Airflow Principles to Novenco System

2. Calculating Sound Levels in Ventilation increases. At a certain distance no decrease

It is necessary to understand these physical

2.1.1. Physical properties of sound

The sound level of a source (for example a fan) is

Power level and pressure level can both be

bands are 500 Hz – 4000 Hz and these are also

figure 5.1 Equal loudness contours

As already said, the human ear is very frequency Example:

Table 5.6 A-correction values (65/10) (76/10) (75/10)

2.3. Free field conditions

A fan or supply / exhaust chimney is not a point

The sound pressure level at a certain distance “r”

Take for example the two fans with attenuators

At 5 meters it will be approx. 57 dB(A) and at 1

Suppose this sound cannot radiate free, but has a

In that case the sound pressure level under free

At 5 meters it will be approx. 60 dB(A) and at 1

2.4. Sound in a room

2.4.1 Sound in a small room

figure 5.3 Behaviour of sound in a large open space

The sound attenuation on a certain distance can dispersion bodies

attenuators are not sufficient to attenuate the

The attenuation level can be increased by using

figure 5.4 NR curves

65 dB(A) normal conditions

figure 5.5 Sound conditions inside- and around a car park

2.7 Sound insulation of a partition R= Sound insulation dB

So the sound level in the receiving room can be

3. Introduction to smoke Ventilation but the principal objective of them all is to

After this initial time of visibility it is then possible

In this way the system complies with all the

3.4 Smoke and heat exhaust ventilation as a

Consequently, every fire prevention concept has

Fire prevention should be a composite of well

Automatic fire detection systems, such as smoke

This option then leaves the remainder of the car

It follows from this that there is a close correlation

Technical fire precautions are measures to affect

Automatic fire suppression or extinguishing

• The arrival of the Fire Service is an estimated variable.

• The peak of the fire is an estimated variable.