LR 07 English l3 Using Images PDF

English
Communication
ACSF Level 5
Learning Resource 7
Using Images
Excellence in skills development
USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Contents
Image and Display Pages 2 - 7
Presenting Statistics Pages 8 - 25
©West Nottinghamshire College 1

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Information and Examples Image and Display
Purposes of using images and display techniques
1) For mass communication - e.g. fire/safety.
2) For selective interest - e.g. about a social event.
Information Preparation of Visual Communication
Display Techniques:
1) consider the location or transmission of your communication with regard to the

potential audience: e.g. is it easily accessible to the people to whom it is relevant or
is it in a central/much frequented location;
2) a key element is space:
 the use of space within the communication will help to make it eye catching or
to make certain parts stand out;
 the use of space around it must be considered to ensure that the citing of the
communication is as effective as possible.
3) the reader’s attention has to be drawn by:
 the colour(s) - use a few primary colours boldly to pick out important points;
 the size of the lettering and the style - adjust these for impact and to pick out
important details;
 the heading on the communication - it must stand out and make the reader
want to read the rest of the communication;
 the impact of the first phrase, it is vital to make the reader want to read further.
In some instances, it might be appropriate to consider the use of slogans;
 any pictures/diagrams used should be eye-catching and help to illustrate any

written material;
 the effective use of space, form and design;
 the information included - be selective and include only what is relevant but be
sure to include everything which is essential;
 the use of punctuation, underlining, emboldening or italics; these are valuable

tools to use for emphasising points.

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Information and Examples Bulletins
These give internal information to some or to all employees and may be issued on a
regular basis, e.g. weekly or when there is something specific to be communicated. They
can be issued to individuals (several copies required) or placed on notice boards. They
can vary from a few lines to a document of several pages and usually cover several topics.
Whether you are involved in the production stage or only have responsibility for collecting
or organising material, there should be a routine. All material should be submitted by a
specific day and follow a strict timetable for typing/printing/photocopying and distribution.
As with all written communication, it is important that the material is organised in a logical
manner and that the wording is clear and not ambiguous. The style too must be clear and
easy to read as otherwise it may be misread or not read at all!
Posters
If the message is a simple one, a poster will probably convey it more effectively than a
notice. However, the poster has to be very eye-catching if it is to succeed and attract the
interest of the target audience.
Notices
Notices can serve the same purpose as memos but there are differences!
Notices are a means of mass communication and are placed on notice boards. They are
often used by ‘higher’ and ‘middle’ levels of management to communicate with all
employees.
There is only indirect feedback from a notice eg if anyone attended the meeting, the notice
succeeded in its purpose.

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Points to consider when producing effective notices
1) Notices are less capable of conveying complex messages than memos so be

ruthlessly selective when choosing the contents. Long wordy notices do not attract
attention.
2) Notices should not be used for providing information which must be responded to
and which is essential to some, or all, people. e.g. details of a business meeting or
changes to safety procedures. These require a memo.
3) Avoid complicated language. Use short sentences and phrases, single out individual
words. Set them out clearly so they are easy to read.
4) Each notice should cover one topic only. Use an appropriate tone.
5) Use bold lettering and other devices to stimulate curiosity.
6) The NOTICEBOARD should be carefully organised, well sited and regularly cleared.
It may be marked off in areas for specific topics and/or departments and thus look
neater and make identification and reading easier.
Look at the two examples given on pages 5 and 6 and note the different techniques
used.
1) Both examples make good use of space. The words are more densely packed in
example a) but the sentences are simple and the amount of information offered has
been deliberately limited. A notice should always be short and simple since there
are no individual copies for readers to take away to check on details.
2) Example b) is informal and the tone is friendly. Although example a) is more formal
and, like many notices, is from the management, care is taken to make a necessarily
short piece of writing less abrupt by stressing that using the X-ray unit would be an
‘advantage’.
3) All the necessary details appear on both communications; all unnecessary details
are avoided.
4) Both communications are dated. The date shows the reader how urgent the notice is
and also allows the clearing of notice boards once the relevant date has passed. In
example b) the date also gives the theme to the communication. The meeting is on
the same day. Thus the information could be sited on a special URGENT part of the
notice board if the board is split into sections, e.g. Union, Welfare etc.
5) In example b) colours, and various letter sizes and fonts can be used to make the
message stand out as well as the May 1st and Spring theme. In example a) where
the message is more formal, the date has been highlighted by the use of
emboldening.

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
a)
NOTICE
The management wishes to announce that a mobile chest X-ray unit is visiting the
factory on Thursday 4th and Friday 5th July during working hours.
Employees may take advantage of this service after consultation with their
supervisors.
The mobile unit will be parked to the side of the canteen.
30/4/20.. M Smith
Personnel

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
b)
1st May
SPRING into SPRING
MEETING
1 pm Recreation Hall
TODAY May 1st
about
PROPOSED TRAMPOLINING CLUB
Details
June Atkins Ext. 247

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Exercise 1 Posters
1) List the reasons people give for not looking at posters or notices.
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) What could improve the efficiency of these types of visual communications?
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
 …...……………………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 2 Posters
Produce a poster to advertise the Social Club annual disco, at 8 pm on 15 December.
Exercise 3 Notices
What would you do if the fire alarm sounded? Examine college/workplace safety notices
and think how they might be improved.
Exercise 4 Notices
Devise a safety notice to prevent accidents on a busy central stairway.
Exercise 5 Visual Communication
Display the structure and workings of an organisation you are familiar with.
Exercise 6 Visual Communication
Choose a process or technique you use in your work area and use any image techniques
you can to illustrate and explain this process in such a way that it can be understood by
someone with no knowledge of the subject at all.

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Information and Examples Presenting Statistics
A high percentage of working situations require the compilation and display of statistics of
many different kinds.
There are several different types of graphs and charts which are used to display statistics -
line graphs; bar graphs; pie charts; scatter graphs; Gantt charts and pictographs (or
pictograms), and each is used for a particular purpose.
This set of information will help you to identify which type of chart or graph should be used
to display different types of information.
Line Graphs
Line graphs are used to show how something changes in value, usually over a period of
time. They can be used to show trends.
e.g. Weekly profits made by a shop or business.

The Government’s monthly inflation figures.
Noon temperatures at a weather station over the course of a year.
A patient’s temperature taken hourly throughout a day.
TABLE SHOWING PROFITS AT THE MARKET CAFÉ DURING

JANUARY and FEBRUARY
January February
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8
Profits
160 80 60 95 110 50 65 120
in $
Table showing Profits at the Market Cafe during

January and February
180
160
140
Profits in $
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weeks in January and February

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Bar Graphs
Bar graphs are used to show absolute data, that is figures which are now a matter of
historical record. Bar graphs are particularly useful for showing comparisons.
e.g. Numbers of students taking particular classes.

Profits made by different restaurants in a chain (such as McDonald’s) over a
particular period of time.
Population figures for all the countries of the European Union in a particular year.
Table Showing the Population Figures for the 27 Countries of the European Union
Country Population
Austria 8.4
Belgium 10.5
Bulgaria 7.6
Cyprus 0.9
Czech Republic 10.2
Denmark 5.4
Estonia 1.3
Finland 5.3
France 61.6
Germany 82.5
Greece 11.1
Hungary 10.0
Ireland 4.3
Italy 58.9
Latvia 2.3
Lithuania 3.4
Luxembourg 0.5
Malta 0.5
Netherlands 16.4
Poland 38.1
Portugal 10.6
Romania 21.4
Slovakia 5.4
Slovenia 2.0
Spain 44.2
Sweden 9.1
United Kingdom 60.7
Bar graphs are most usually drawn vertically and are sometimes called column graphs.
(See Graph 1)
The same data can also be displayed in horizontal bars. (See Graph 2)

Population in Millions
0
Graph 1
0
60
20
40
80
100
Austria
©West Nottinghamshire College

Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
European Union Countries
for the 27 Countries of the European Union
Poland
Portugal
Vertical Bar Graph to Show the Population Figures
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
ACSF LEVEL 5
USING IMAGES
United Kingdom
10
7
USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Graph 2
Horizontal Bar Graph to Show the Population Figures

for the 27 Countries of the European Union
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
European Union Countries
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
0 20 40 60 80 100
Population in Millions

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Pie Charts
Pie charts are also used for showing comparisons, and are especially useful for
comparing percentages.
e.g. Percentages of students achieving Distinction, Merit, Pass, or Fail within any course.
Percentages of customers booking with a holiday company, who go to Spain,

France, Greece, USA etc.
TABLE TO SHOW
THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS
ACHIEVING THE HIGHER NATIONAL
CERTIFICATE IN 2008
Grades Numbers of Students
Distinction 18
Merit 25
Pass 34
Referral 8
Fail 5
Total 90
The pie chart can show either actual numbers or percentage values.

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Pie Chart to Show the Percentage of Students Achieving the
Higher National Certificate in 2008
6%
9% 20%
Distinction
Merit
Pass
Referral
Fail
37% 28%
Pie Chart to Show the Number of Students Achieving the Higher

National Certificate in 2008
Higher
5
8 18
Distinction
Merit
Pass
Referral
Fail
34 25

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Scatter Graphs
Scatter graphs are used to compare two sets of data to see if there is any correlation (or
relationship) between them.
When the scatter graph is plotted, the line of best fit is drawn to see whether there is a
correlation. If the line slopes upwards to the right, it is a positive correlation. If the line
slopes downwards to the right, it is a negative correlation. If the plotted points are
scattered randomly across the graph, there is no correlation.
e.g. To see if increases in the price of cinema tickets affect attendances.

To see if the time students go to bed affect their examination results.
This technique was first used in London during the 1840’s to identify which water pump in
an area of poor housing was a source of cholera, which is a fatal disease. A doctor
plotted where his patients who were suffering from cholera lived, and which water pump
they were using to obtain all their water supplies. Those patients living closer to one
particular pump were contracting the disease and were dying in very large numbers,
whereas those living further away from this pump, and so were more likely to use other
pumps, were showing no or fewer signs of the disease. The further they lived from the
pump, the healthier they were. There was, therefore, a strong positive correlation being
shown and the water pump was shut down. No new victims of the disease were reported.
TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF

ICE CREAM SUNDAES SOLD PER WEEK
SUNDAE PRICE NUMBER SOLD PER WEEK
Ice cream and cream $2.40 30
Peach Melba $2.80 20
Banana Split $3.20 35
Fudge Delight $3.60 40
Chocolate Heaven $3.20 45
Knickerbocker Glory $4.60 15
Fruit cup $4.00 25

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
This scatter graph shows that there is no correlation between prices and the number of
sundaes sold.
Scatter graph to investigate whether there is any

correlation between the price of Ice Cream
Sundaes and the number sold per week
$5.00
$4.00
$3.00
Price
$2.00
$1.00
$0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50
Number sold per week
TABLE TO SHOW THE TIME STUDENTS GO TO BED

AND THEIR RESULTS IN THE MATHS EXAM
TIME RESULTS IN %
8.00 pm 80
9.00 pm 85
10.00 pm 85
11.00 pm 70
12.00 pm 55
1.00 am 40
2.00 am 35
3.00 am 20
The graph on the next page shows a negative correlation – after a certain time, the later
the students went to bed, the worse they did in the examination.

7
USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5
SCATTERGRAPH TO SHOW THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TIMES THAT

STUDENTS GO TO BED AND THEIR RESULTS IN THE MATHS EXAM
90
80
70
60
Exam results
50
40
30
20
10
0
8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
Time in hours)

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Gantt Charts
Gantt charts are very useful in business where they are sometimes called organisational
charts.
They are used to plan a job, which has several different parts to it, over a specific period
of time.
e.g. Reorganising an office.

Refurbishing a shop.
Building an extension.
This type of chart is especially useful as it shows which jobs can be overlapped. It also
helps to ensure that everything has been considered and sufficient time has been allowed.
Gantt Chart to show the refurbishment of a shop over a one month period.
April
Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
Closing down sale
Stocktaking
Packing remaining stock
Redecorating
New shelves put in
New refrigerators installed
Restocking
Time

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Pictographs (Or Pictograms)
Pictographs are used to show simple data in a pictorially attractive way.
This is not a very accurate method and should not be used when precision is needed.
e.g. To show the number of houses built in a year

To show the number of cream teas sold in a café in a week
TABLE TO SHOW NUMBER OF HOUSES BUILT

IN THE COUNTRY IN A YEAR
MONTH HOUSES
January 10
February 15
March 25
April 30
May 40
June 100
July 150
August 120
September 80
October 50
November 45
December 20

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
= 20 Houses
PICTOGRAPH TO SHOW THE NUMBER OF HOUSES BUILT IN A YEAR.
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
PICTOGRAPH TO SHOW NUMBER OF CREAM TEAS SOLD IN A CAFÉ IN A WEEK.
Day Number of
Cream Teas
Monday 10
Tuesday 15
= 10 Cream Teas
Wednesday 25
Thursday 20
Friday 30
Saturday 45
Sunday 50
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Exercise 7
For each of the following, state what would be the most appropriate type of graph or chart
to use:
1) A nurse is taking a patient’s temperature four times a day for a week and needs to
record it.
2) A person with a weekly income of $500 wants to work out what proportion of their
income they spend on their various expenses e.g. food, petrol, rent.
3) Three friends need to work out how long it will take them, working together, to clean
out and redecorate a room in their youth club.
4) A newsagent needs to record how many of 10 different newspapers he sells per

month.
5) A teacher has to teach a class of 5-6 year olds how to record the most popular pet
kept by the members of the class.
The following exercises give you sets of statistics and data. You have to select
which is the most appropriate way of displaying them and then to produce the
appropriate graph or chart.
You can do your graphs and charts by hand or electronically.
Exercise 8
You have been given the midday temperatures for a number of world cities recorded on 1
February 2008. Use these figures to produce a suitable graph or chart.
WORLD CITY TEMPERATURE DEGREES C TEMPERATURE DEGREES F

Athens 10 50
Beijing 0 32
Berlin -2 28
Cairo 22 72
Cape Town 33 91
Geneva 1 34
Hong Kong 22 72
London 2 36
Los Angeles 16 61
Melbourne 20 68
Miami 22 72
Moscow -18 0
New Delhi 24 75
New York 6 43
Paris 5 41
Singapore 29 84
Sydney 30 86
Vancouver 7 45

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Exercise 9
Petra has made a New Year’s resolution to lose some weight. She wants to record her
weekly weight loss (or gain). Her weight is recorded in the following table. Use these
figures to produce a suitable graph or chart.
WEEK BEGINNING WEIGHT IN KILOS

2.1.08 108
9.1.08 105.5
16.1.08 104
23.1.08 104
30.1.08 101.5
6.2.08 99.5
13.2.08 99
20.2.08 97
27.2.08 95.5
6.3.08 93
13.3.08 91.5
22.3.08 90
27.3.08 85
3.4.08 83.5
10.4.08 81
17.4.08 81.5
24.4.08 76
1.5.08 76
8.5.08 78.5
15.5.08 75
22.5.08 70
29.5.08 68.5
5.6.08 66
12.6.08 68
19.6.08 67
26.6.08 65
3.7.08 67
10.7.08 69
17.7.08 67
24.7.08 67

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Exercise 10
Petra then wants to take a typical day’s menu and work out in what proportions she is now
eating from the main food groups – protein, carbohydrates, fats, dairy produce, fruit and
vegetables. Use these figures to produce a suitable graph or chart.
FOOD CALORIES
BREAKFAST
1 bowl of muesli + chopped banana + milk 332 + 98 + 80
1 slice wholemeal toast + low fat spread 224 + 36
1 small glass orange juice 132
2 cups black tea 0
MID MORNING SNACK

1 apple 49
1 cup of herbal tea 0
LUNCH
1 bowl carrot and coriander soup – 400 g 140
1 granary roll 145
1 mixed salad with chopped nuts 65 + 120
1 piece of grilled chicken – 250 g 500
1 bowl fresh fruit salad 126
2 cups of black tea 0
MID AFTERNOON SNACK

1 crispbread with cottage cheese 20 + 20
1 small bunch of grapes 63
DINNER
1 piece of grilled salmon – 350 g 750
1 portion boiled brown rice 146
1 portion broccoli 25
2 tablespoons peas 83
1 tablespoon sweetcorn 105
1 stewed apple with a handful of dried fruits 33 + 115 + 220
and a scoop of ice cream
2 cups herbal tea 0
Note: You will have to find out which foods come within which food groups and
calculate the total number of calories consumed within each food group,
before you can produce your graph or chart.
Students may prefer to keep their own food diaries for a typical day, research the number
of calories they have consumed and produce their own table and graph or chart.

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Exercise 11
Two friends have decided to go on holiday together and need to organise their
preparations in a sensible order, making sure they have allowed sufficient time to
complete everything in comfortable time for the holiday. Produce a suitable graph or chart
to show them how they could organise their time.
The factors they (and you) will have to consider could include:
 gathering brochures;
 selecting a holiday;
 renewing or applying for passports;
 organising vaccinations;
 researching the destination;
 buying clothes;
 packing;
 organising travel to the airport;
 travelling to the airport.
Note: Students can do this exercise to show how they would prepare for any
appropriate activity of their choice.

USING IMAGES
ACSF LEVEL 5 7
Exercise 12
Charlotte’s supermarket bill shows that she has bought a variety of goods from many
different departments of the store. She wants to display the amount she has spent at the
supermarket on the different items. Use the figures to produce a suitable graph or chart.
Item Cost $
1 dozen large free range eggs $2.90
1 packet oven chips - 2 kg $2.00
1 cauliflower $1.30
1 bottle washing up liquid $1.45
2 mangoes $3.00
1 pineapple $1.80
1 bottle bleach 1 litre $2.40
1 small granary loaf $1.40
1 cream sponge $2.70
2 litres semi-skimmed milk $1.30
1 bottle extra virgin olive oil $3.45
1 small tin baked beans $0.55
1 carton orange juice $1.80
1 bottle lemonade $1.10
1 large tin mushroom soup $1.05
1 vegetable quiche $2.50
1 packet frozen peas - 1 kg $1.65
1 small carton single cream $0.55
1 packet goat’s cheese $2.70
1 frozen pizza medium sized $2.20
Exercise 13
Charlotte then wants to work out in what proportions she has bought goods from the
following departments:
 fresh foods;
 frozen foods;
 tinned/bottled foods;
 cleaning materials;
 drinks.
Use the figures in exercise 12 to produce the appropriate graph or chart.
Note – You will have to rearrange the figures first.
Exercise 14
Present data on a modern issue about which you feel very strongly - this can be of a
sensitive nature.

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English

Image and Display Pages 2 - 7

Presenting Statistics Pages 8 - 25

©West Nottinghamshire College 1

Purposes of using images and display techniques

1) For mass communication - e.g. fire/safety.

2) For selective interest - e.g. about a social event.

Information Preparation of Visual Communication

1) consider the location or transmission of your communication with regard to the

2) a key element is space:

3) the reader’s attention has to be drawn by:

 any pictures/diagrams used should be eye-catching and help to illustrate any

 the effective use of space, form and design;

 the use of punctuation, underlining, emboldening or italics; these are valuable

©West Nottinghamshire College 2

©West Nottinghamshire College 3

1) Notices are less capable of conveying complex messages than memos so be

5) Use bold lettering and other devices to stimulate curiosity.

©West Nottinghamshire College 4

The mobile unit will be parked to the side of the canteen.

©West Nottinghamshire College 5

SPRING into SPRING

TODAY May 1st

©West Nottinghamshire College 6

2) What could improve the efficiency of these types of visual communications?

Produce a poster to advertise the Social Club annual disco, at 8 pm on 15 December.

Devise a safety notice to prevent accidents on a busy central stairway.

Exercise 5 Visual Communication

Exercise 6 Visual Communication

©West Nottinghamshire College 7

e.g. Weekly profits made by a shop or business.

TABLE SHOWING PROFITS AT THE MARKET CAFÉ DURING

Table showing Profits at the Market Cafe during

©West Nottinghamshire College 8

e.g. Numbers of students taking particular classes.

©West Nottinghamshire College 9

©West Nottinghamshire College

Horizontal Bar Graph to Show the Population Figures

©West Nottinghamshire College 11

Percentages of customers booking with a holiday company, who go to Spain,

Grades Numbers of Students

©West Nottinghamshire College 12

Pie Chart to Show the Number of Students Achieving the Higher

©West Nottinghamshire College 13

e.g. To see if increases in the price of cinema tickets affect attendances.

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF

Peach Melba $2.80 20

Banana Split $3.20 35

Fudge Delight $3.60 40

Chocolate Heaven $3.20 45

Knickerbocker Glory $4.60 15

Fruit cup $4.00 25

©West Nottinghamshire College 14

Scatter graph to investigate whether there is any

TABLE TO SHOW THE TIME STUDENTS GO TO BED

©West Nottinghamshire College 15

SCATTERGRAPH TO SHOW THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TIMES THAT

©West Nottinghamshire College 16

e.g. Reorganising an office.

Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

Closing down sale

Packing remaining stock

New shelves put in