Professional Documents
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Collage of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
By
Mr. HUSAM K. MOHSIN
18/10/2014 1
Introduction
• Strength is a property or characteristic of a mechanical element.
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• Static load– a stationary load that is gradually applied
having an unchanging magnitude and direction.
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• Under any load combination, there is always a combination of
normal and shearing stresses in the material.
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• The limiting strength of ductile materials is the stress at yield
point.
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Tensile test diagrams of ductile and brittle materials
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F.S.= failure stress/allowable stress
or F.S.= failure load/working load
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Static failure theories
• Predicting failure in members subjected to uni-axial stress is
both simple and straight-forward. But, predicating the failure
stresses for members subjected to bi-axial or tri-axial stresses is
much more complicated.
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Maximum shear stress theory (Guest’s theory)
According to this theory, the failure or yielding of mechanical
component subjected to bi-axial or tri-axial stress occurs when
the maximum shear stress at any point in the component becomes
equal to the shear stress at yield point in a simple tension test.
Mathematically,
yt
Max
F .S
Where, : Maximum shear stress in an axial stress system.
Max
yt: Shear stress at yield point from simple tension test.
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For a general state of stress, three principal stresses can
be determined and ordered such that 1 2 3 .
≥ yt
1 3
Max
2 or 1 3 y
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Case 1: A B 0 . For this case, 1 A and 3 0 . it
reduces to a yield condition of,
A y
A B y
B
y
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Note , y is same S y .
The maximum-shear-stress (MSS) theory yield envelope for plane stress, where
σA and σB are the two nonzero principal stresses.
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Example 1: The load on a bolt consists of an axial pull of 10 kN
together with a transverse shear force of 5 kN. Find the diameter
of bolt required according to Maximum shear stress theory
(MSS). Take permissible tensile stress at elastic limit = 100 MPa.
A d 0.7854 d
2
mm
2
P t1
10
2
12.73
2
kN mm
2
1
A 0.7854 d d
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and transverse shear stress,
P s
5
2
6.365
2
kN mm
2
A 0.7854 d d
We know that maximum shear stress,
1
( 1 3)
2
4
2
Max
2
1 , 2 0
( 1)
2
4
2
Max
2
2 2
1 12.73 6.365
( ) 4( )
2 2 2
d d
1 6.365
2
* 2
44
d
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9
2
2
kN mm
d
9000
2
Max 2
N mm
d
9000 100
50
y ( el )
Max 2
d 2 2
9000
d 50 180 mm d 13.42mm
2 2
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The distortion-energy theory or (Von Mises theory)
predicts that yielding occurs when the distortion strain
energy per unit volume reaches or exceeds the
distortion strain energy per unit volume for yield in
simple tension or compression of the same material.
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u : the distortive strain energy (pure angular distortion
d
1d
2d
3d
0
1 2 3
av
3
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Since,
1 2 3
av
3
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So for the general state of stress is given, yield is predicted if,
This effective stress is usually called the Von Mises stress (σˊ ).
for yield, can be written as ,
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For plane stress, the von Mises stress can be represented
by the principal stresses A , B , and zero.
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Using xyz components of three-dimensional stress, the
von Mises stress can be written as
Sy
′
'
F .S
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Example 2: A hot-rolled steel has a yield strength
s yt s yc 100 kpsi and a true strain at fracture of ε = 0.55.
Estimate the factor of safety (F.S) for the following
principal stress states:
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Solution:
Since ε > 0.05 and Syt and Syc are equal, the material is
ductile and both the distortion-energy (DE) theory and
maximum-shear-stress (MSS) theory apply. Both will
be used for comparison. Note that cases a to d are plane
stress states.
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DE
σ′ = [702 − 70(70) + 702]1/2
= 70 kpsi
F.S = Sy/σ′
= 100/70= 1.43
MSS
Noting that the two nonzero principal stresses are equal,
τmax will be from the largest Mohr’s circle, which will
incorporate the third principal stress at zero.
τmax = (σ1 − σ3)/2
= (70 − 0)/2
= 35 kpsi
F.S = (Sy/2τmax)
= 100/70= 1.43
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(b) the nonzero principal stresses are
σA, σB = (60 + 40)/2 ± [((60 − 40)/2)2+ (−15)2 ]0.5
= 68.0, 32.0 kpsi
DE
σ′ = (682 − 68(32) + 322)1/2
= 59.0 kpsi
F.S = Sy/σ′
= 100/59.0
= 1.70
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MSS
Noting that the two nonzero principal stresses are both
positive, τmax will be from the largest Mohr’s circle
which will incorporate the third principle stress at zero.
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(c) This time, we will obtain the factors of safety directly
from the xy components of stress.
DE
σ′= [σx2− σxσy + σy2+ 3τxy2]1/2
= [(40)2 + 3(45)2]1/2
= 87.6 kpsi
F.S = Sy/σ′
= 100/87.6
= 1.14
NOTE. For comparison purposes later in this problem, the nonzero
principal stresses can be obtained to be 70.0 kpsi and −30 kpsi.
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MSS
Taking care to note from a quick sketch of Mohr’s
circle that one nonzero principal stress will be positive
while the other one will be negative, τmax can be
obtained from the extreme-value shear stress without
finding the principal stresses.
DE
σ′= [(−32)2 − (−32)(−68) + (−68)2]1/2
= 59.0 kpsi
n = Sy/σ′
= 10059.0
= 1.70
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MSS
τmax = (σ1 − σ3)/2
= (0 +68.0)/2
= 34.0 kpsi
F.S = Sy/2τmax
= 100/68.0
= 1.47
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Since the MSS theory is on or within the boundary of
the DE theory, it will always predict a factor of safety
equal to or less than the DE theory, as can be seen in
the table.
For each case, the coordinates and load lines in the σA,
σB plane are shown in figure below.
Note that the load line for case (a) is the only plane
stress case given in which the two theories agree, thus
giving the same factor of safety.
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Maximum principal (or normal) stress theory
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where S ut and S uc are the ultimate tensile and compressive
strengths, respectively, given as positive quantities.
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As before, the failure criteria equations can be converted
to design equations. We can consider two sets of equations
where A B as
S S uc
A F .S
ut
or B F.S
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Solution:
d = Diameter of the bolt in mm.
∴ Cross-sectional area of the bolt,
2
A d 0.7854 d
2 2
mm
4
We know that axial tensile stress,
P
A 0.7854
t110
12.73
kN mm
2 2
2
1
d d
and transverse shear stress,
P
A 0.7854
s 5
6.365
2
kN mm 2
2
d d
We know that maximum principal stress,
σt1 = (σx + σy )/2 + [((σx - σy )/2)2+ (τ)2 ]0.5
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= (12.73/d2+ 0)/2 + [((12.73/d2 - 0)/2)2+ (6.365/d2 )2 ]0.5
= (6.365/d2)[1+0.5(4+4)0.5]
σt1 = (15.365/d2) kN/mm2
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Mathematical analysis and
experimental measurement
show that in a loaded structural
member, near changes in the
section, distributions of stress
occur in which the peak stress
reaches much larger magnitudes
than does the average stress
over the section. This increase
in peak stress near holes, grooves,
notches, sharp corners, cracks,
and other changes in section is called stress concentration.
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A theoretical, or geometric, stress-concentration factor Kt or
Kts is used to relate the actual maximum stress at the
discontinuity to the nominal stress. The factors are defined by
the equations
Kt Max
K ts Max
where Kt is used for normal stresses and Kts for shear stresses.
The nominal stress σ0 or τ0 is the stress calculated by using
the elementary stress equations and the net area, or net cross
section.
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The stress-concentration factor depends for its value only on the
geometry of the part.
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Chart of Thin plate in tension or simple compression with a
transverse central hole. The net tensile force is F = σwt.
Where,
t is the thickness of the plate.
The nominal stress is given
by
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Example 4: The 2-mm-thick bar shown in figure below
is loaded axially with a constant force of 10 kN. The
bar material has been heat treated and quenched to raise
its strength, but as a consequence it has lost most of its
ductility. It is desired to drill a hole through the center
of the 40-mm face of the plate to allow a cable to pass
through it. A 4-mm hole is sufficient for the cable to fit,
but an 8-mm drill is readily available. Will a crack be
more likely to initiate at the larger hole or the smaller
hole?
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Solution:
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A. Similarly, for an 8-mm hole,
F F 10000
A ( w d )t (40 8)2
156Mpa
Max
K t 2.5(156) 390Mpa
∴ The crack will most likely occur with the 8-mm hole
and next likely would be the 4-mm hole.
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