Timber - Physical Properties

Modulus of Modulus of
Common Botanical Density Density
Rupture Elasticity
Name Name (kN/m3 (lbs/ft3
(MPa) (MPa)

Alder 3.73 23.7

Applewood
Pyrus malus 7.31 46.51 87.9 8770.14
or wild apple

Fraxinus
Ash / black 5.16 32.84 88 11046.06
nigra
quadrangula
Ash / blue 5.92 37.65 96.33 9653.04
ta

Fraxinus
Ash / green pennsylvanic 5.98 38.08 98.49 11477.7
a lanceolata

Fraxinus
Ash / white 6.26 39.83 108.01 12252.69
americana

Populus
Aspen 3.93 25.03 59.25 8220.78
tremuloides

PopuIus
Aspen /
grandidentat 4.04 25.72 62.59 9770.76
large tooth
a
Balsa
(Tropical Ochroma 1.52 9.675
America)

Tilia glabra
Basswood or Tilia 3.9 24.85 60.14 10094.49
americanus

Fagus
grandifolia
Beech 6.43 40.89 100.55 11575.8
or Fagus
americana
Carpinus
Beech / blue 7.03 44.76 83.19 7377.12
caroliniana
Betula
Birch / gray 5.42 34.46 67.49 7818.57
populifolia
Betula
Birch / paper 5.89 37.46 86.23 10977.39
papyrifera
Birch /
Betula lenta 7 44.58 115.86 14911.2
sweet
Birch /
Betula lutea 6.55 41.7 116.54
yellow
Buxus
Boxwood/Bui
semperviren 10.06 63.95
s
s
Buckeye / Aesculus
3.76 23.91 52.58 8132.49
yellow octandra
Juglans
Butternut 3.96 25.22 56.11 8142.3
cinerea

Cedar / Juniperus
4.83 30.72 59.55 6003.72
eastern red virginiana

Cedar /
Thuja
northern 3.09 19.67 44.73 5572.08
occidentalis
white
Cedar /
Chamaecypa
southern 3.45 21.98 46.79 6425.55
ris thvoides
white
Cedar /
Cedrela
(Tropical 5.25 33.4
odorata
American)

Cedar /
Thuja plicata 3.37 21.48 52.78 8034.39
western red

Cherry / Prunus
5.24 33.34 86.43 10261.26
black serotina
 Prunus
Cherry / wild
pennsylvanic 4.17 26.53 59.84 8750.52
red
a
Castanea
Chestnut 4.45 28.34 60.43 8534.7
dentata
Dalbergia
Cocobolo 10.79 68.6
retusa
Guilbourtia
Coralwood 10.79 68.6
spp.
Leitneria
Corkwood 2.03 12.92
floridana
Cottonwood Populus
4.25 27.03 60.23 9535.32
/ eastern deltoides
Cypress / Taxodium
4.73 30.09 72.99 9908.1
southern distichum
Dogwood Cornus
7.81 49.69 105.16 10643.85
(flowering) florida

Douglas fir Pseudotsuga

5.02 31.96 82.8 13312.17
(coast type) taxifolia

Douglas fir
Pseudotsuga
(mountain 4.38 27.84 65.92 9623.61
taxifolia
type)

Ebony /
Andaman Diospyros
9.59 61.06 76.52 12458.7
marble- kursii
wood (India)

Ebony /
Ebene
Diospyros
marbre 7.53 47.95 54.45 9878.67
melanida
(Maritius / E.
Africa)
Elm / Ulmus
5.43 34.59 82.8 9299.88
American americana
Ulmus
racemosa or
Elm / rock 6.45 41.08 103.5 10653.66
Ulmus
thomasi
Ulmus fulva
Elm /
or 5.57 35.46 91.13 10300.5
slippery
pubescens
Eucalyptus /
Eucalyptus
Karri (W. 8.13 51.75 119.29 18491.85
diversicolor
Australia)

Eucalyptus /
Mahogany Eucalyptus
10.38 66.05 112.82 15774.48
(New South hemilampra
Wales)

Eucalyptus /
West Eucalyptus
7.72 49.13 103.4 14342.22
Australian marginata
mahogany
Abies
Fir / balsam 4.06 25.85 53.17 8622.99
balsamea

Fir / Douglas
(See
Douglas Fir).

Abies
Fir / silver 4.07 25.91 65.63 10555.56
amabilis
Concalco
9.42 60
Alves
Greenheart
Nectandra
(British 11.24 71.485
rodioei
Guiana)

Grenadilla Dalbergia
12.02 76.45
(Mpingo) melanoxylon

Nyssa
Gum / black 5.42 34.46 66.9 8230.59
sylvatica
 Eucalyptus
Gum / blue 7.81 49.69 115.27 16510.23
globulus

Liquidambar
Gum / red 5.2 33.09 82.4 10251.45
styraciflua

Gum / Nyssa
5.14 32.71 67.2 8721.09
tupelo aquatica
Hemlock Tsuga
4.23 26.91 59.45 8299.26
eastern canadensis

Hemlock / Tsuga
4.71 29.97 68.18 7818.57
mountain martensiana

Hemlock / Tsuga
4.24 26.97 63.86 9957.15
western heterophylla

Hickory /
Hicoria
bigleaf 50.53 126.65 13096.35
laciniosa
shagbark
Hickory /
Hicoria alba 51.21 133.02 15401.7
mockernut
Hickory / Hicoria
51.21 139.79 15725.43
pignut glabra
Hickory /
Hicoria ovata 52.17 141.17 14960.25
shagbark
Ostrya
Hornbeam 7.48 47.57 100.26 11762.19
virginiana
Ironwood / Rhamnidium
11.66 74.17 177.56 20601
black ferreum
Jacaranda /
Dalbergia
Brazilian 8.34 53.07
nigra
rosewood

Larch / Larix
5.76 36.65 80.83 11654.28
western occidentalis

Guaiacum
officinale
Lignum
and 12.66 80.5
Vitae
Guaiacum
sanctum
Locust /
Robinia
black or 6.95 44.2 133.71 14204.88
pseudacacia
yellow
Locust Gleditsia
6.53 41.58 103.89 11428.65
honey triacanthos
Magnolia / Magnolia
5.06 32.21 87.41 12517.56
cucumber acuminata
Mahogany Khaya
6.55 41.7 121.45 10584.99
(W. Africa) ivorensis

Mahogany Swietenia
5.3 33.71 66.02 8014.77
(E. India) macrophylla

Mahogany Swietenia
5.3 33.71 69.65 8730.9
(E. India) mahogani
Maple /
Acer nigrum 6.08 38.71 91.92 11193.21
black

Maple / red Acer rubrum 5.36 34.09 91.72 11330.55

Maple / Acer
4.96 31.59 62.2 7897.05
silver saccharinum

Maple / Acer
6.63 42.2 107.62 12654.9
sugar saccharum

Mpingo Dalbergia
12.02 76.45
(Grenadilla) melanoxylon

Quercus
Oak / black 6.56 41.77 94.76 11310.93
velutina

Quercus
Oak / bur 6.58 41.89 70.73 7092.63
macrocarpa

Oak / Quercus
8.22 52.32 90.84 11271.69
canyon live chrysolepis
Quercus
Oak / laurel 6.61 42.08 92.7 10928.34
montana
 Quercus
Oak / live 9.58 60.99 127.04 13547.61
virginiana
Quercus
Oak / pin 6.64 42.27
pallustris
Quercus
stellata or
Oak / post 7.24 46.07 91.23 10428.03
Quercus
minor
Quercus
Oak / red 6.45 41.02 98.3 12497.94
borealis

Oak / scarlet coccinea 6.96 44.26

Quercus
Oak /
montana
swamp 7.42 47.2 95.45 12233.07
(Quercus
chestnut
prinus)

Quercus
Oak swamp bicolor or
7.77 49.44 121.25 14185.26
white Quercus
platanoides

Oak / white Quercus alba 6.97 44.33 104.77 12272.31

Diospyros
Persimmon 7.61 48.45 124.78 14155.83
virginiana
Pine /
Pinus
eastern 3.66 23.29 61.41 8809.38
strobus
white
Pinus
banksiana or
Pine / jack 4.52 28.78 55.92 8515.08
Pinus
divericata
Pine /
Pinus taeda 5.82 37.02 89.17 13282.74
loblolly
Pine / Pinus
6.26 39.83 106.93 14175.45
longleaf palustris

Pine / pitch Pinus rigida 5.32 33.84 72.59 9466.65

Pinus
Pine / red 4.97 31.65 86.43 12399.84
resinosa
Pine / Pinus
5.73 36.45 91.63 13194.45
shortleaf echinata

Populus
Poplar / balsamifera
3.25 20.66 46.7 7023.96
balsam or Populus
candicans

Poplar / Liriodendron
4.19 26.66 63.96 10378.98
yellow tulipifera
Sequoia
Redwood semperviren 4.28 27.22 74.16 9397.98
s
Rosewood /
6.97 44.3
Bolivian
Rosewood /
7.65 48.7
E. Indian
Sassafras
Sassafras 4.64 29.53 63.08 7749.9
uariafolium

Satinwood Chloroxylon
10.11 64.37 94.96 10800.81
(Ceylon) swietenia

Oxydendrum
Sourwood 5.82 37.02 80.83 10624.23
arboreum

Spruce / Picea
4.2 26.72 71.02 10486.89
black mariana
Picea rubra
Spruce / red or Picea 4.05 25.78 70.14 10506.51
rubens
Spruce /
Picea glauca 4.23 26.91 62.59 9819.81
white

Platanus
Sycamore 5.29 33.65 69.85 9829.62
occidentalis
 Larix laricina
Tamarack or Larix 5.47 34.84 80.74 11320.74
americana

Tectona
Teak (India) 5.78 36.33 88.68 11722.95
grandis
Walnut / Juglans
5.51 35.09 102.22 11624.85
black nigra
Willow /
Salix nigra 4 25.47 43.36 5032.53
black
 Material Combinations Coefficient of Friction μs

Material #1 Material #2 min. max.

Clean Sound
Concrete 0.6 0.7
Rock

Concrete Clean Gravel 0.55 0.6

Sandy
Concrete 0.55 0.6
Gravel

Concrete Coarse Sand 0.55 0.6

Clean Fine to
Concrete Medium 0.45 0.55
Sand

Silty Medium
Concrete to Coarse 0.45 0.55
Sand

Silty or
Concrete Clayey 0.45 0.55
Gravel
Clean Fine
Concrete 0.35 0.45
Sand
Silty Fine to
Concrete Medium 0.35 0.45
Sand
Clayey Fine
Concrete to Medium 0.35 0.45
Sand
Fine Sandy
Concrete 0.4 0.5
Silt
Non-Plastic
Concrete 0.4 0.5
Silt
Very Stiff
Concrete and Hard 0.4 0.5
Clay

Medium Stiff
Concrete 0.3 0.35
to Stiff Clay

Concrete Silty Clay 0.3 0.35

Dressed Soft Dressed Soft
0.7 0.7
Rock Rock
Dressed Dressed Soft
0.65 0.65
Hard Rock Rock
Dressed Dressed
0.55 0.55
Hard Rock Hard Rock

Static
Fricti
on
Coeffi
cient
s
Page last
modified
on:
01/05/202
0 19:34:11

The friction coefficients considered below are for static friction cases where two solid surfaces in contact with each ot

Amontons's Laws of Dry Friction

First Law: The force of friction is directly proportional to the applied load.
Second Law: The force of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact.
Third Law: Kinetic friction is independent of the sliding velocity.

1. Armstrong, Richard C. Engineering And Design: Revision Of Thrust Block Criteria In TM 5-813-5/AFM 88-10, Vol 5
2. Foundations And Earth Structures. Alexandria, VA.: Dept. of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 198
3. Potyondy, J. G. "Skin Friction Between Various Soils And Construction Materials". Géotechnique 11.4 (1961): 33
4. Author Unknown. (n.d.). Coefficient of friction. Retrieved from http://www.supercivilcd.com/FRICTION.htm
5. Fine Software. (n.d.). Table of ultimate friction factors for dissimilar materials. Retrieved from https://www.fine
6. J. Gao, W.D. Luedtke, D. Gourdon, M. Ruths, J.N. Israelachvili, U. Landman. Frictional Forces and Amontons' Law:
7. J.R. Barber. Multiscale Surfaces and Amontons' Law of Friction. New York. 2012. Original Paper.
8. Scribd. (n.d.). Friction coefficients-slab on grade [uploaded by Jason Toralde]. Retrieved from https://www.sc
 Material Combinations Coefficient of Friction μs

Material #1 Material #2 min. max.

Clean Sound
Concrete 0.6 0.7
Rock

Concrete Clean Gravel 0.55 0.6

Sandy
Concrete 0.55 0.6
Gravel

Concrete Coarse Sand 0.55 0.6

Clean Fine to
Concrete Medium 0.45 0.55
Sand

Silty Medium
Concrete to Coarse 0.45 0.55
Sand

Silty or
Concrete Clayey 0.45 0.55
Gravel
Clean Fine
Concrete 0.35 0.45
Sand
Silty Fine to
Concrete Medium 0.35 0.45
Sand
Clayey Fine
Concrete to Medium 0.35 0.45
Sand
Fine Sandy
Concrete 0.4 0.5
Silt
Non-Plastic
Concrete 0.4 0.5
Silt
Very Stiff
Concrete and Hard 0.4 0.5
Clay

Medium Stiff
Concrete 0.3 0.35
to Stiff Clay

Concrete Silty Clay 0.3 0.35

Dressed Soft Dressed Soft
0.7 0.7
Rock Rock
Dressed Dressed Soft
0.65 0.65
Hard Rock Rock
Dressed Dressed
0.55 0.55
Hard Rock Hard Rock

Static
Fricti
on
Coeffi
cient
s
Page last
modified
on:
01/05/202
0 19:34:11

ces in contact with each ot The friction coefficients considered below are for static friction cases where two solid surfaces in contact with each other are

Amontons's Laws of Dry Friction

 First Law: The force of friction is directly proportional to the applied load.
Second Law: The force of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact.
Third Law: Kinetic friction is independent of the sliding velocity.

5-813-5/AFM 88-10, Vol 5 1. Armstrong, Richard C. Engineering And Design: Revision Of Thrust Block Criteria In TM 5-813-5/AFM 88-10, Vol 5 Appen
ngineering Command, 198 2. Foundations And Earth Structures. Alexandria, VA.: Dept. of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1982. Prin
chnique 11.4 (1961): 33 3. Potyondy, J. G. "Skin Friction Between Various Soils And Construction Materials". Géotechnique 11.4 (1961): 339-353. W
om/FRICTION.htm 4. Author Unknown. (n.d.). Coefficient of friction. Retrieved from http://www.supercivilcd.com/FRICTION.htm
from https://www.fine 5. Fine Software. (n.d.). Table of ultimate friction factors for dissimilar materials. Retrieved from https://www.finesoftware.
orces and Amontons' Law: 6. J. Gao, W.D. Luedtke, D. Gourdon, M. Ruths, J.N. Israelachvili, U. Landman. Frictional Forces and Amontons' Law: From t
7. J.R. Barber. Multiscale Surfaces and Amontons' Law of Friction. New York. 2012. Original Paper.
from https://www.sc 8. Scribd. (n.d.). Friction coefficients-slab on grade [uploaded by Jason Toralde]. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/do
 Material Combinations Coefficient of Friction μs

Material #1 Material #2 min. max.

Clean Sound
Concrete 0.6 0.7
Rock

Concrete Clean Gravel 0.55 0.6

Sandy
Concrete 0.55 0.6
Gravel

Concrete Coarse Sand 0.55 0.6

Clean Fine to
Concrete Medium 0.45 0.55
Sand

Silty Medium
Concrete to Coarse 0.45 0.55
Sand

Silty or
Concrete Clayey 0.45 0.55
Gravel
Clean Fine
Concrete 0.35 0.45
Sand
Silty Fine to
Concrete Medium 0.35 0.45
Sand
Clayey Fine
Concrete to Medium 0.35 0.45
Sand
Fine Sandy
Concrete 0.4 0.5
Silt
Non-Plastic
Concrete 0.4 0.5
Silt
Very Stiff
Concrete and Hard 0.4 0.5
Clay

Medium Stiff
Concrete 0.3 0.35
to Stiff Clay

Concrete Silty Clay 0.3 0.35

Dressed Soft Dressed Soft
0.7 0.7
Rock Rock
Dressed Dressed Soft
0.65 0.65
Hard Rock Rock
Dressed Dressed
0.55 0.55
Hard Rock Hard Rock

Static
Fricti
on
Coeffi
cient
s
Page last
modified
on:
01/05/202
0 19:34:11

ces in contact with each other are resisting relativ The friction coefficients considered below are for static friction cases where two solid surfaces in con

Amontons's Laws of Dry Friction


5-813-5/AFM 88-10, Vol 5 Appendix C. Ft. Belvoir
ngineering Command, 1982. Print.
chnique 11.4 (1961): 339-353. Web.
om/FRICTION.htm
from https://www.finesoftware.eu/help/geo5/en
orces and Amontons' Law: From the Molecular to t
from https://www.scribd.com/document/36075
First Law: The force of friction is directly proportional to the applied load.
Second Law: The force of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact.
Third Law: Kinetic friction is independent of the sliding velocity.
1. Armstrong, Richard C. Engineering And Design: Revision Of Thrust Block Criteria In TM 5-813-5/A
2. Foundations And Earth Structures. Alexandria, VA.: Dept. of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineerin
3. Potyondy, J. G. "Skin Friction Between Various Soils And Construction Materials". Géotechnique 1
4. Author Unknown. (n.d.). Coefficient of friction. Retrieved from http://www.supercivilcd.com/FRIC
5. Fine Software. (n.d.). Table of ultimate friction factors for dissimilar materials. Retrieved from htt
6. J. Gao, W.D. Luedtke, D. Gourdon, M. Ruths, J.N. Israelachvili, U. Landman. Frictional Forces and
7. J.R. Barber. Multiscale Surfaces and Amontons' Law of Friction. New York. 2012. Original Paper.
8. Scribd. (n.d.). Friction coefficients-slab on grade [uploaded by Jason Toralde]. Retrieved from htt
s where two solid surfaces in contact with each other are resisting relative lateral motion. It should be noted that there can be significant differences be
 ea of contact.

st Block Criteria In TM 5-813-5/AFM 88-10, Vol 5 Appendix C. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center, 1992. Print.
Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1982. Print.
uction Materials". Géotechnique 11.4 (1961): 339-353. Web.
ttp://www.supercivilcd.com/FRICTION.htm
ilar materials. Retrieved from https://www.finesoftware.eu/help/geo5/en/table-of-ultimate-friction-factors-for-dissimilar-materials-01/
U. Landman. Frictional Forces and Amontons' Law: From the Molecular to the Macroscopic Scale. Atlanta, Georgia. 2003. Feature Article, Print.
New York. 2012. Original Paper.
ason Toralde]. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/360755586/Friction-Coefficients-Slab-on-Grade
can be significant differences between static friction (typically higher) and kinetic (sliding) friction
r-materials-01/
. Feature Article, Print.