Frame Relay

 An example of packet-switched technology

 High-performance WAN protocol.
 Typical speeds range from 56 kbps up to 2 Mbps, although
higher speeds are possible. (Up to 45 Mbps)
 Operates at the physical and data link layers
 Originally designed for use across ISDN interfaces
 Described as a streamlined version of X.25
 ATM
 ATM is Asynchronous Transfer Mode.
 ATM is a connection-oriented, high-speed, low-delay
switching and transmission technology that uses short and
fixed-size packets, called cells, to transport information.
 ATM is originally the transfer mode for implementing
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) but it is also implemented in
non-ISDN environments where very high data rates are
required
 ATM- Cell Format
 Used in both WAN and LAN settings
 Packets are called cells (53 bytes) 5-byte header + 48-byte
payload
 Commonly transmitted over SONET, other physical layers
possible
 Connections can be switched (SVC), or permanent (PVC).
 ATM guarantees that cells will not be disordered.

5 octets 48 octets

Header Information

53 octets
ATM - Identifier
 ATM Growth
 Results for backbone
technologies adopted obtained
from studies by Infonetics
Research.
 IP and ATM are prevalent
networks
 MPLS Growing Fast
 Suggests Multi-service
networks.
 What is MPLS?
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a mechanism in high-performance
telecommunications networks that directs data from one network node to the next
based on short path labels rather than long network addresses, avoiding complex
lookups in a routing table. The labels identify virtual links (paths) between distant
nodes rather than endpoints. MPLS can encapsulate packets of various network
protocols. MPLS supports a range of access technologies, including Ethernet, ATM,
Frame Relay, and DSL.
Multi Multi-Protocol: The ability to carry any payload.

Have:IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet, ATM, FR.

Could do IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet, etc etc.
Protocol
Label Uses Labels to tell a node what to do with a
packet; separates forwarding (hop by hop
behavior) from routing (control plane)

Switching Routing == IPv4 or IPv6 lookup.

Then forwarding is based on label Switching.

105
 What is MPLS?

Internet

V3PN
Internet
VPN IPSEC

ATM/FR TDM

SDH

MPLS
Wireless
Multi-Pto

Cable METRO
Head-End Ethernet

HFC
HFC TDM/FO
PSTN HDSL
Wireless DSL
Class 5 Pto-Pto ATM
MPLS Technology Framework
 VSAT

 Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) provide

communication between two nodes through a
powerful Earth station called a Hub.
 If two terminals want to communicate, they send their
messages to the satellite, which sends it to the Hub
and the Hub then broadcasts the message through the
satellite.
 VSAT is used for both broadcast & interactive
applications of effective data, voice and video
transfer.
 Typical Bandwidth offered is
9.6/19.2/32/64/128/256/512 Kbps.
 Multiple Access Techniques are: TDMA, SCPC(Single
Channel Per Carrier) PAMA & DAMA
 VSAT
Each satellite sends and receives over two bands
Uplink: From the earth to the satellite
Downlink: From the satellite to the earth
Satellite frequency bands
Band Downlink Uplink
C 3.7-4.2 GHz 5.925-6.425 GHz
Ku 11.7-12.2 GHz 14-14.5 GHz
Ku-band based networks, are used primarily in Europe and North America and
utilize the smaller sizes of VSAT antennas.
C-band, used extensively in Asia, Africa and Latin America, require larger antenna.
VSAT Components
 VSAT Products
Comparison of various VSAT Network Characteristics

Supplier Hardware Type Inbound Data Outbound Data Modulation

Rate (kb/s) Rate (kb/s)
Gilat/Spacenet Skystar TDM/TDMA 9.6, 19.2, 38.4, 64, 128, 256, DPSK or MSK
Advantage 56, 64, 76.8, 512, 1024, 2048
128
Hughes ISBN/PES TDM/TDMA 64, 128, 256 128, 512 BPSK

Indra Espacio Arcanet CDMA

NEC Nextar V TDM/TDMA 64, 128, 256 64, 128, 256, BPSK/QPSK
512, 768, 1536,
2048
STM X.Star TDM/TDMA 96, 192, 384 64, 128, 256, BPSK
512, 1024, 1544
TSAT TSAT 2000 TDM/TDMA 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 4FSK, 2-
2.4, 4.8 2.4, 4.8 4PSK
TSAT TSAT 2100 TDM/TDMA 2.4 - 9.6, 14.4, 2.4 - 9.6, 14.4, QPSK
16.8 16.8
ViaSat Sky Relay TDM/TDMA
 VSAT Ecuador
Service availability: Ku-99.5% monthly band.
 Ethernet WAN
EWAN service is defined as E-LAN service in MEF terms
whereas it is known as VPLS - Virtual Private LAN Services
(VPLS) in IETF terms.
VPLS is an L2VPN technology based on MPLS and
Ethernet technologies. VPLS can provide the multipoint-to-
multipoint VPN services
 xDSL
 xDSL is a collective term for transmission technologies
for the access / local loop / last mile
 The traditional access network looks as follows:

 Digital modem (modulation / demodulation) technique is

used to put bits onto traditional telephone wire lines (2
wires, 4 wires).
 xDSL is on OSI layer 1 (physical medium).
 xDSL Technology

 ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line suited for home users (asymmetric
traffic pattern).
 G.SHDSL Symmetrical High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line is suited for
businesses with higher and symmetric bandwidth demand.
 VDSL Very High Datarate Digitial Subscriber Line is popular for very high
bandwidth over short distances demands (connections between/within
buildings).
 Bandwidth division
in ADSL

• The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the
telephone central office(CO).
• The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to
the end user.
• The existing local loops can handle bandwidths up to 1.1 MHz.
 Discrete multitone
technique

DMT expands the usable bandwidth of existing copper telephone lines,

delivering high-speed data communications
 xDSL Components
 DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer)
 Indoor/Outdoor
 Distribute bandwidth to the separate customers
 Assign customers DSL Modem an IP via DHCP
xDSL Components
xDSL Market
xDSL Market
 Cable Modems
The cable modem connects a computer to the cable company network
through the same coaxial cabling that feeds cable TV (CATV) signals to a
television set.
Uses Cable Modem at Home End and CMTS (Cable Modem Termination
System) at Head End.
Characteristics:
Shared bandwidth technology
10 Mbps to 30 Mbps downstream
128Kbps-3 Mbps upstream
Maximum Distance from provider to customer site: 30 miles (48,28 Kms)
Cable Modems
 WIMAX
 WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

 WiMAX refers to broadband wireless networks that are based on the IEEE 802.16
standard, which ensures compatibility and interoperability between broadband
wireless access equipment

 WiMAX, which will have a range of up to 31 miles, is primarily aimed at making

broadband network access widely available without the expense of stringing wires
(as in cable-access broadband) or the distance limitations of Digital Subscriber
Line.
WIMAX WAN
 3G/4G Networks
 First Generation Mobile Systems (1G)
 Voice Signals Only
 Analogue Cellular Phones
 NMT, AMPS
 Second Generation Mobile Systems (2G)
 Voice & Data Signals
 Digital Fidelity Cellular Phones
 GSM, CDMA, TDMA
 Third Generation Mobile System (2.5G)
 Enhance 2G
 Higher Data Rates
 GPRS, EGDE
 Third Generation Mobile System (3G)
 Voice, Data & Video Signals
 Video Telephony/ Internet Surfing
 3G, W-CDMA, UMTS
 Fourth Generation Mobile System (4G)
 Enhanced 3G/ Interoperability Protocol
 High Speed & IP-based
 4G, Mobile IP
 3G/4G Networks
Technology 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
Design Began 1970 1980 1985 1190 2000

Implementation 1984 1991 1999 2002 2010

Higher Higher Capacity

Analog Voice, Digital Voice, Capacity, completely IP-
Higher Capacity,
Service Synchronous Short broadband Oriented,
Packetized Data
Data to 9.6kbps Massages data unto Multimedia
2Mbps Data

AMPS, TACS, TDMA, CDMA, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA,

Standards Single Standard
NMT GSM, PDC 1XRTT CDMA2000

Data Bandwidth 1.9 kbps 14.4 kbps 384 kbps 2 Mbps 2000Mbps

Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, CDMA TDMA, SDMA CDMA CDMA

PSTN, Packet
Core Network PSTN PSTN Packet Network Internet
Network
5G Networks
Connections types
Ecuador 2017
 VPN

Virtual Private Network, is a type of private

network that uses public telecommunication,
such as the Internet, instead of leased lines to
communicate
VPN Types