Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DD 9
DD 9
Gerichtssitz und -bezirkKomandoh (MDK) for their 1983 12" single "Berlin", released
on the sixth international label.
The German/Austrian Marxist organization Gruppen gegen Kapital und Nation uses a
simplified version of the poster as its logo.
Franz Ferdinand used the image as inspiration for the cover of their single "This
Fire".
The logo and the name was used by a socialist music and arts organisation in the
UK, Red Wedge, which campaigned against the Thatcher government in the lead up to
the 1987 general election.
References
orn in the former Russian Empire, such as Wassily Kandinsky and Marc Chagall.[1]
Upon his return to Moscow, Lissitzky attended the Polytechnic Institute of Riga,
which had been evacuated to Moscow because of the war,[7] and worked for the
architectural firms of Boris Velikovsky and Roman Klein.[6] During this work, he
took an active and passionate interest in Jewish culture which, after the downfall
of the openly antisemitic Tsarist regime, was experiencing a renaissance. The new
Provisional Government repealed a decree that prohibited the printing of Hebrew
letters and that barred Jews from citizenship. Thus Lissitzky soon devoted himself
to Jewish art, exhibiting works by local Jewish artists, traveling to Mahilyow to
study the traditional architecture and ornaments of old synagogues, and
illustrating many Yiddish children's books. These books were Lissitzky's first
major foray in book design, a field that he would greatly influence over the course
of his career.
Lissitzky's The Constructor, 1924, London, Victoria & Albert Museum
His first designs appeared in the 1917 book, Sihas hulin: Eyne fun di geshikhten
(An Everyday Conversation), where he incorporated Hebrew letters with a distinctly
art nouveau flair. His next book was a visual retelling of the traditional Jewish
Passover song Had gadya (One Goat), in which Lissitzky showcased a typographic
device that he would often return to in later designs. In the book, he integrated
letters with images through a system that matched the color of the characters in
the story with the
deadline. Weeks of development were wasted after Stolar rescinded STI's access to
Sonic Team's Nights into Dreams engine following an ultimatum by Nights programmer
Yuji Naka.[116][117][118] After programmer Ofer Alon quit and designers Chris Senn
and Chris Coffin became ill, Sonic X-Treme was cancelled in early 1997.[116][117]
[118] Sonic Team started work on an original 3D Sonic game for the Saturn, but
development was shifted to the Dreamcast and the game became Sonic Adventure.[119]
[120] STI was disbanded in 1996 as a result of changes in management at Sega of
America.[115]
Journalists and fans have speculated about the impact a completed X-treme might
have had on the market. David Houghton of GamesRadar described the prospect of "a
good 3D Sonic game" on the Saturn as "a 'What if...' situation on a par with the
dinosaurs not becoming extinct".[117] IGN's Travis Fahs called X-treme "the turning
point not only for Sega's mascot and their 32-bit console, but for the entire
company", but noted that the game served as "an empty vessel for Sega's ambitions
and the hopes of their fans".[116] Dave Zdyrko, who operated a prominent Saturn fan
website during the system's lifespan, said: "I don't know if [X-treme] could've
saved the Saturn, but ... Sonic helped make the Genesis and it made absolutely no
sense why there wasn't a great new Sonic title ready at or near the launch of the
[Saturn]".[22] In a 2007 retrospective, producer Mike Wallis maintained that X-
treme "definitely would have been competitive" with Nintendo's Super Mario 64.[118]
Next Generation reported in late 1996 that X-treme would have harmed Sega's
reputation if it did not compare well to contemporary competition.[121] Naka said
he had been relieved by the cancellation, feeling that the game was not promising.
[120]
Decline
From 1993 to ea
However, the Saturn failed to take the lead. After the launch of the Nintendo 64 in
1996, sales of the Saturn and its games were sharply reduced,[105] while the
PlayStation outsold the Saturn by three-to-one in the U.S. in 1997.[62] The 1997
release of Final Fantasy VII significantly increased the PlayStation's popularity
in Japan.[126][127] As of August 1997, Sony controlled 47% of the console market,
Nintendo 40%, and Sega only 12%. Neither price cuts nor high-profile game releases
proved helpful.[105] Reflecting decreased demand for the system, worldwide Saturn
shipments during March to September 1997 declined from 2.35 million to 600,000
versus the same period in 1996; shipments in North America declined from 800,000 to
50,000.[128] Due to the Saturn's poor performance in North America, 60 of Sega of
America's 200 employees were laid off in the fall of 1997.[101]
"I thought the Saturn was a mistake as far as hardware was concerned. The games
were obviously terrific, but the hardware just wasn't there."
—Bernie Stolar, former president of Sega of America giving his assessment of the
Saturn, in 2009.[37]
Shortly before announcing its financial losses, Sega announced that it was
discontinuing the Saturn in North America to prepare for the launch of its
successor.[101][105] Only 12 Saturn games were released in North America in 1998
(Magic Knight Rayearth was the final official release), compared to 119 in 1996.
[132][133] The Saturn would last longer in Japan.[102] Rumors about the upcoming
Dreamcast—spread mainly by Sega itself—were leaked to the public before the last
Saturn games were released.[102] The Dreamcast was released on November 27, 1998 in
Japan and on September 9, 1999 in North America.[134] The decision to abandon the
Saturn effectively left the Western market without Sega games for over one year.
[135] Sega suffered an additional ¥42.881 billion consolidated net loss in the
fiscal year ending March 1999, and announced plans to eliminate 1,000 jobs, nearly
a quarter of its workforce.[136][137]
Worldwide Saturn sales include at least the following amounts in each territory:
5.75 million in Japan (surpassing the Genesis' sales of 3.58 million there[138]),
1.8 million in the United States, 1 million in Europe, and 530,000 elsewhere.[139]
With lifetime sales of 9.26 million units,[140] the Saturn is considered a
commercial failure,[141] although its install base in Japan surpassed the Nintendo
64's 5.54 million.[142] Lack of distribution has been cited as a significant factor
contributing to the Saturn's failure, as the system's surprise launch damaged
Sega's reputation with key retailers.[52] Conversely, Nintendo's long delay in
releasing a 3D console and damage caused to Sega's reputation by poorly supported
add-ons for the Genesis are considered major factors allowing Sony to gain a
foothold in the market.[62][143]
Technical specifications
Hitachi SH-2
Motorola 68EC000
Hitachi SH-2
Motorola 68EC000
Video display processor 1
Saturn motherboard
Video Display Processor 1 (VDP1)
Saturn motherboard
Featuring eight processors,[144] the Saturn's main central processing units are two
Hitachi SH-2 microprocessors clocked at 28.6 MHz and capable of 56 MIPS.[18][52] It
uses a Motorola 68EC000 running at 11.3 MHz as a sound controller; a custom sound
processor with an integrated Yamaha FH1[145] DSP