Occupational stress

Main article: Occupational stress

There are number of ways to characterize occupational stress. One way of characterizing it is to term it
an imbalance between job demands (aspects of the job that require mental or physical effort) and
resources that help manage the demands.[56]

Work-family

Main article: Work-family conflict

Chester Barnard recognized that individuals behave differently when acting in their work role than when
acting in roles outside their work role.[3] Work-family conflict occurs when the demands of family and
work roles are incompatible, and the demands of at least one role interfere with the discharge of the
demands of the other.[57]

Organization theory

Main article: Organizational theory

Organization theory is concerned with explaining the workings of an organization as a whole or of many
organizations. The focus of organizational theory is to understand the structure and processes of
organizations and how organizations interact with each other and the larger society.[citation needed]

Bureaucracy

Main article: Bureaucracy

Max Weber argued that bureaucracy involved the application of rational-legal authority to the
organization of work, making bureaucracy the most technically efficient form of organization.[8] Weber
enumerated a number of principles of bureaucratic organization including: a formal organizational
hierarchy, management by rules, organization by functional specialty, selecting people based on their
skills and technical qualifications, an "up-focused" (to organization's board or shareholders) or "in-
focused" (to the organization itself) mission, and a purposefully impersonal environment (e.g., applying
the same rules and structures to all members of the organization). These rules reflect Weberian "ideal
types," and how they are enacted in organizations varies according to local conditions. Charles Perrow
extended Weber's work, arguing that all organizations can be understood in terms of bureaucracy and
that organizational failures are more often a result of insufficient application of bureaucratic principles.
[58]

Economic theories of organization

At least three theories are relevant here, theory of the firm, transaction cost economics, and agency
theory.

Theories pertaining to organizational structures

Theories pertaining to organizational structures and dynamics include complexity theory, French and
Raven's five bases of power,[59] hybrid organization theory, informal organizational theory, resource
dependence theory, and Mintzberg's organigraph.

Institutional theory

Main article: Institutional theory