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Table of Contents
Questions Page
no.
1.Examine how gender concern in stakeholder analysis helps to minimize the 3
potential risk during project implementation.

2.Give short introduction of GRB. Develop its qualitative indicators and 4

quantitative weightage in a tabulate form.

3.Differentiate between conventional and participatory monitoring and 6

evaluation. Assess how participatory monitoring and evaluation approach helps
to promote gender equality.

4.Critically assess the necessity to integrate gender in monitoring and 7

evaluation.

5.Briefly introduce BPFA. Critically assess Nepalese activity performance on 9

BPFA’s critical areas.

6.Critically examine the historical context of first, second, third and fourth 16
world conferences on women.

7.Critically assess the rise of gender based violence in quarantine sectors in the 18
world.

8.Critically examine the impact of covid-19 on gender. Argument how covid-19 20

worsen gender inequality in Nepal.

9.Discuss on the role of federal and local level government on implementing 23

gender responsive budgeting in Nepal.

10.Nepal’s political scenario puts women from margin to center. Critically 25

examine it.

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1.Examine how gender concern in stakeholder analysis helps to
minimize the potential risk during project implementation.
Gender Concern in Stakeholder analysis is a tool to assess which gender i.e. men
or women are likely to support or oppose the given strategy to address a problem
and which gender i.e. men or women are going to be benefitted or affected by the
project.

Elements of Stakeholder Analysis:

i. Identifying the groups that are directly or indirectly involved or affected by the
problem and its possible situation.

ii. Clarifying the interests of each group in relation to the problems or issues being
addressed.

iii. Outlining the perceived problems

iv. Identifying the resources

Gender concern in stakeholder analysis helps to minimize the potential risk during
project implementation by the following ways:

a.Identification of the Interests and Specific needs of women and men

Men and Women both have different needs either it is practical or strategic.
Gender concern in stakeholder analysis helps to identify gender gaps which
highlights the unequal access of men and women in existing resources and the
benefits of development. This type of identification require clarification of
differences in :
1.Roles and Responsibilities
2.Access to resources, information and income
3.decision making position at home
4.Access to policy benefits
b.Clarification of Role and Responsibilities
Gender differences in roles and responsibilities are often not considered in the
design of policies. Women are generally policy takers not policy makers. Their
roles in the domestic sphere and the services sector are often not considered
seriously in the economic planning. They are often marginalized and not viewed as
productive members of the society. Gender concern in stakeholder analysis

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clarifies the roles and responsibilities of women as policy makers and their views
are also considered which helps to minimize the potential risk during project
implementation.
c. Identification of differences in influence and decision making power in domestic
and public life
Policies, programmes or projects especially those that focus on the family unit
must consider the different decision making position in the household. There is
generally an assumption that family members have preferences, needs and interests
that the head of the household always acts in the family’s interest; that family
resources are efficiently distributed; there are no conflicts in the decision making
and the benefits are shared equitably among family members. Therefore, if the
head of the family member is a beneficiary of the policy, it is assumed that the
benefits are share equitably among all the family members. Gender concern in
stakeholder analysis destroys this fake assumptions. It tries to engage every
members of the family either of their gender. This is how, gender concern in
stakeholder analysis helps to minimize the potential risk during the project
implementation.
In a nutshell, gender concern in stakeholder analysis helps to minimize the
potential risk during the implementation of the project by the following ways:
1. It helps to identify the needs and interests of both men and women.
2. It helps to identify the gender gaps between men and women.
3. It helps in identification of:
a) roles and responsibilities
b) access to resources, information and income
c) decision making position at home
d) access to the policy benefits
4. It helps in the identification of differences in influence and decision-making
power in domestic and public life.

2.Give short introduction of GRB. Develop its qualitative indicators

and quantitative weightage in a tabulate form.
Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB)

Gender Responsive Budgeting means preparing budgeting or analyzing them from

a gender perspective. It is a strategy of achieving gender equality between men and
women by focusing on how public resources are allocated and spent. It is not

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 creating separate budget for women. It seeks that need and interests of women and
men from different groups are addressed in the government projects.

Quantitative Weightage of GRB:

Qualitative Indicators Quantitative Weightage

1. Increase in women's efficiency/capacity 20%
2.Women's participation in plan/programme implementation and 20%
formulation
3. Women's share of the benefit 20%
4. Support for women's employment and income generation. 20%

5. Qualitative improvement in women's time use and reduction of 20%

workload
Total 100%
1. If the quantitative weightage aggregate is 50% or > 50%, it is directly gender
responsive.

2. If the quantitative weightage is 20% < > 50% then it is indirectly gender
responsive.

Qualitative Indicators Condition Quanti

Weig
1. Increase in women's If capacity development were to happen 10
efficiency/capacity equally ( 50:50) for women and men.
2.Women's participation in If plan/programme formulation and 20
plan/programme implementation and implementation were to engage 100%
formulation women.
3. Women's share of the benefit If 60% of the benefit were to accurate to 12
women.
4. Support for women's employment If only 25% of employment opportunity 5%
and income generation. were to go for women.
5. Qualitative improvement in women's If there is no qualitative improvement in 0
time use and reduction of workload women's time use.
Total Indirectly Gender Responsive 47

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3.Differentiate between conventional and participatory monitoring
and evaluation. Assess how participatory monitoring and evaluation
approach helps to promote gender equality.
Difference between Participatory and Conventional Monitoring and Evaluation

Participatory Monitoring and Conventional Monitoring and

Evaluation Evaluation
1. Stakeholders of various levels a. Project management or outside
engage in monitoring and evaluating experts ae engaged in monitoring and
of particular project. evaluating of project.
2. The role of stakeholder is to design b. The role of stakeholder is to just
and adopt the methodology, collect provide information.
and analyse data, share findings and
link them to action.
3. It is initiated by both donor and c. It is initiated by the donor.
stakeholder.
4. It's main purpose is capacity d. It's main purpose is donor
building, increase ownership over accountability.
results and multi-stakeholder
accountability.
5. It is evaluated by project e. It is evaluated by external
stakeholder assisted by facilitator. evaluator.
6. It is designed by stakeholders. f. It is designed by donor with limited
input from project.
7. The methods used are participatory g. The method used are:
learning and action, appreciative Questionnaire, semi-structured
inquiry and testimonial. interviewing and focus group
discussion.
8. The final report is better h. The final report is circulated within
understanding of local realities, the donor institution with copies to
stakeholders involved in analysis and project management.
decision making.
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation

It is a process through which stakeholders at various level : engage in monitoring

or evaluating a particular project, program or policy; share control over the conten,
the process and the results of the monitoring and evaluation activity and engage in
taking or identifying correcting actions. It focuses on the active engagement of

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primary stakeholders. Since it engages both male and female rather than donor , it
is very fruitful in making gender equality.

Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation helps to promote gender equality by the

following ways:

a. Improving capacity buildings of both male and female.

b. Increasing efficiency and effectiveness of the project.
c. Combines quantitative and qualitative methods.
d. Fosters decentralization.
e. Encourages coordination of data collection and supervision.
f. Creates new partnership
g. Leads to empowerment.
h. Promotes sustainability
i. Furthers social inclusion
j. Increases public accountability
k. Understanding and negotiating stakeholder perspectives
l. Project, management and re-planning
m. Helps in impact assessment like early warnings and unintended
effects
n. Helps in institutional learning like improving client focus and
performance orientation.
4.Critically assess the necessity to integrate gender in monitoring
and evaluation.
Gender Sensitive Monitoring- It is a continuous, systematic and objective
assessment of the design and planning, the implementation and results of an
ongoing activity, project or policy from a gender perspective.

Gender Sensitive Evaluation: It is an annual, systematic and objective

assessment of the design and planning, the implementation and results of
completed activity, project or policy from a gender perspective.

The reason to integrate gender in monitoring and evaluation are given

below:

1. To learn and make adjustments

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 The first reason to integrate gender in monitoring and evaluation is to learn
and make adjustments through the lens of gender. Through gender sensitive
monitoring and evaluation, we can:
-assess the extent to which programmes and projects (or have met) their
gender equality objectives
-on the basis of this information, we can identify the necessary adjustments
to the project activities.
2. For institutional reasons
Another important reason to include gender in monitoring and evaluation is
the institutional dimension. Most national governments and international
donors consider gender to be a cross cutting issue within their development
interventions and policies. Specifically, CEDAW and its protocol ask the
state parties to monitor progress on gender at the national level to be able to
report back to the relevant international authority or treaty body.
3.For human rights issues and development with social justice
It helps to foster human rights. The right to adequate food is a basic human
right however a large number of people are still hungry in the world
especially women. Gender Sensitive Monitoring and Evaluation can help to
monitor the reduction of the gender gap which prevents all men and women
from enjoying rights and improving their well-being.
In a Conclusion, the need of gender in monitoring and evaluation are;

1. It assess the extent to which the programmes or policy are meeting or

have met in their gender equality objectives.

2. The information obtained from gender sensitive monitoring and

evaluation helps to make adjustments in the project activites.

3. It helps to foster human rights.

4. It helps to monitor the reduction of the gender gap.

5.Briefly introduce BPFA. Critically assess Nepalese activity

performance on BPFA’s critical areas.
Beijing Platform for Action (BPFA)
BPFA was adopted in 1995 AD as the Declaration of the Fourth World Conference
on Women held in Beijing. BPFA comprises of 12 Critical Areas of Concern of
Women rights which are mentioned below:

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Twelve Critical Areas of Concern:
Women and poverty .

 Strategic objective A.1. Review, adopt and maintain macroeconomic

policies and development strategies that address the needs and efforts of
women in poverty. ..
 Strategic objective A.2. Revise laws and administrative practices to ensure
women's equal rights and access to economic resources. ..
 Strategic objective A.3. Provide women with access to savings and credit
mechanisms and institutions. ..
 Strategic objective A.4. Develop gender-based methodologies and conduct
research to address the feminization of poverty. ..
Education and training of women .

 Strategic objective B.1. Ensure equal access to education. ..

 Strategic objective B.2. Eradicate illiteracy among women. ..
 Strategic objective B.3. Improve women's access to vocational training,
science and technology, and continuing education. ..
 Strategic objective B.4. Develop non-discriminatory education and training.
.
 Strategic objective B.5. Allocate sufficient resources for and monitor the
implementation of educational reforms. ..
 Strategic objective B.6. Promote lifelong education and training for girls
and women. ..
Women and health .

 Strategic objective C.1. Increase women's access throughout the life cycle

to appropriate, affordable and quality health care, information and related
services. ..
 Strategic objective C.2. Strengthen preventive programmes that promote
women's health. ..
 Strategic objective C.3. Undertake gender-sensitive initiatives that address
sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS, and sexual and reproductive health
issues. ..
 Strategic objective C.4. Promote research and disseminate information on
women's health. .

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 Strategic objective C.5. Increase resources and monitor follow-up for
women's health. ..
Violence against women .

 Strategic objective D.1. Take integrated measures to prevent and eliminate

violence against women. ..
 Strategic objective D.2. Study the causes and consequences of violence
against women and the effectiveness of preventive measures. ..
 Strategic objective D.3. Eliminate trafficking in women and assist victims
of violence due to prostitution and trafficking. ..
Women and armed conflict .

 Strategic objective E.1. Increase the participation of women in conflict

resolution at decision-making levels and protect women living in situations of
armed and other conflicts or under foreign occupation. ..
 Strategic objective E.2. Reduce excessive military expenditures and control
the availability of armaments. ..
 Strategic objective E.3. Promote non-violent forms of conflict resolution
and reduce the incidence of human rights abuse in conflict situations. ..
 Strategic objective E.4. Promote women's contribution to fostering a
culture of peace. ..
 Strategic objective E.5. Provide protection, assistance and training to
refugee women, other displaced women in need of international protection and
internally displaced women. ..
 Strategic objective E.6. Provide assistance to the women of the colonies
and non-self-governing territories. ..
Women and the economy .

 Strategic objective F.1. Promote women's economic rights and

independence, including access to employment, appropriate working conditions
and control over economic resources. ..
 Strategic objective F.2. Facilitate women's equal access to resources,
employment, markets and trade. ..
 Strategic objective F.3. Provide business services, training and access to
markets, information and technology, particularly to low-income women. ..
 Strategic objective F.4. Strengthen women's economic capacity and
commercial networks. ..

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 Strategic objective F.5. Eliminate occupational segregation and all forms of
employment discrimination. ..
 Strategic objective F.6. Promote harmonization of work and family
responsibilities for women and men. ..
Women in power and decision-making .

 Strategic objective G.1. Take measures to ensure women's equal access to

and full participation in power structures and decision-making. ..
 Strategic objective G.2. Increase women's capacity to participate in
decision-making and leadership. ..
Institutional mechanism for the advancement of women .

 Strategic objective H.1. Create or strengthen national machineries and other

governmental bodies. ..
 Strategic objective H.2. Integrate gender perspectives in legislation, public
policies, programmes and projects. ..
 Strategic objective H.3. Generate and disseminate gender-disaggregated
data and information for planning and evaluation ..
Human rights of women .

 Strategic objective I.1. Promote and protect the human rights of women,

through the full implementation of all human rights instruments, especially the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
..
 Strategic objective I.2. Ensure equality and non-discrimination under the
law and in practice. ..
 Strategic objective I.3. Achieve legal literacy. ..
Women and the media .

 Strategic objective J.1. Increase the participation and access of women to

expression and decision-making in and through the media and new technologies
of communication. ..
 Strategic objective J.2. Promote a balanced and non-stereotyped portrayal
of women in the media. ..
Women and the environment .

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 Strategic objective K.1. Involve women actively in environmental decision-
making at all levels. ..
 Strategic objective K.2. Integrate gender concerns and perspectives in
policies and programmes for sustainable development. ..
 Strategic objective K.3. Strengthen or establish mechanisms at the national,
regional, and international levels to assess the impact of development and
environmental policies on women. ..
The girl-child .

 Strategic objective L.1. Eliminate all forms of discrimination against the

girl-child. ..
 Strategic objective L.2. Eliminate negative cultural attitudes and practices
against girls. ..
 Strategic objective L.3. Promote and protect the rights of the girl-child and
increase awareness of her needs and potential. ..
 Strategic objective L.4. Eliminate discrimination against girls in education,
skills development and training. .
 Strategic objective L.5. Eliminate discrimination against girls in health and
nutrition. ..
 Strategic objective L.6. Eliminate the economic exploitation of child labour
and protect young girls at work. ..
 Strategic objective L.7. Eradicate violence against the girl-child. ..
 Strategic objective L.8. Promote the girl-child's awareness of and
participation in social, economic and political life. ..
 Strategic objective L.9. Strengthen the role of the family in improving the
status of the girl-child. ..
BPFA in Nepal

Nepal has also agreed to follow the 12 Critical Concern Areas of BPFA. Nepal was
also participants. According to the commitment, Nepal has made some great
Policy, Legislation and Institutional changes in order to maintain gender equality
through BPFA. Some of the changes are mentioned below according to the Critical
Areas of Concern:

1.Women and Poverty

a. In the 10th Plan, it was identified gender equality as a key to poverty analysis and
emphasized on poverty through the empowerment of women.

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b. Amendment of Civil Code to give equal inheritance right.

c. Practices of Micro-Credit programmes like Production Credit for Rural Women

(PCR) and Micro-Credit Project for Women (MCPW), initiation of Jagirti
Women’s Empowerment and Income Generation Programe

2. Education and Training of Women

a. Community Owned Primary Education Programme (COPE) launched to provide

equality and quality primary education with a special focus on girls.

b. Alternative Schooling/Out of school Programme

c. Scholarship programme for girls

d. Female teacher recruitment and training

e. Women Literacy Programme I, II and III

3. Women and Health

a. GRB gives priority to women’s health in general and reproductive health in

particular.

b. Women’s Bill for establishing women’s reproductive right of abortion under

certain circumstances.

c. Gender Assessment of the health sector.

d. Population Perspective Plan addressed the women’s sexual and reproductive

health in a holistic manner.

4. Violence Against Women

a. 10th Plan addressed traditional violence against women and to provide legal aid,
rehabilitation and reintegration of girls women affected by trafficking.

b. A National Rapporteur on Trafficking has been appointed placed in the Human

Rights Commission.

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c. 11th Amendment of the Civil Code in 2002 has taken the steps in addressing the
violence against women by raising the imprisonment term for rape and rape against
pregnant women and disabled women.

d. Two Landmark Decision :

a. Rape within the marriage has been criminalized.

b. Court declared the less punishment against rape of prostitution as

unconstitutional and discriminatory against women.

5. Women and Armed Conflict

a. Service and facilities such as free education and skill training, free basic health
services, psycho-social counselling, easy access to financial investment and legal
help will be extended to conflict affected women.

b. Cases of sexual exploitation and any kind of violence and infringement of

women during conflict will be investigated and brought to justice.

6. Women and Economy

a. Micro Credit projects for women.

b. Acknowledging the works and economic values of women in the census.

c. 10th Plan has recognized “Gender Equality” as one of its main goals of poverty
alleviation.

7. Women in Power and Decision Making

a. 10th Plan has targeted 20% female in decision making.

b. LSGA has introduced mandatory women’s representation in councils, executive

committes and ward committees of VDC,DDC and municipality.

c. 33% representation of women in state machinery

8. Human Rights of Women

a. Inheritance of property for women

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b. Ensuring of equal right to women by labor bill.

c. Legislation of the Human Rights Commission Acti 1993

9. Women and the Media

a. Formulation of Sancharika Samuha

b. Establishment of Mahila Web-an website for sharing information on women and

gender issues, nationality, regionally and globally.

10. Institutional Development for the Promotion of Gender Equality and Women’s
Empowerment

i. Establishment of Gender Focal Points (GFP) in all development and

administrative agencies, commissions and other governmental functionaries.

ii. Central Bureau of Statistics has instituted gender sensitive national economy.

iii. Formulation of National Women’s Comission

iv. Establishment of Gender Mainstreaming Process in Nepal

v. Establishment of National CEDAW committee

11. Women and the Environment

a. 10th Year Plan created employment opportunities for the poor women by
enhancing their skills through trainings on technology and environment while
preserving forest and protecting environment.

b. Ministry of Population and Environment adopted a strategy to involve women in

decision making process related to environment.

c. The women’s NGO have been granted the fund.

12. The Girl Child

a. GoN ratified both Optional Protocols of the CRC on the sale of children, Child
Prostitution, Child Pornography and Involvement of Child in Armed Conflict.

b. GoN has formulated a 10 year NPA for protection of children.

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c. GoN has adopted an inclusive approach in the child rights and development
programmes.

Although, the above changes, women and girl are still backward and are facing
many types of discrimination. An old women is beaten to death as she has been
labelled as Bausi (Witch), Nirmala, a girl is raped and the culprit is walking freely,
Susmita, an women from Butwal is beaten to death by her husband family, and
many more. There are many incidents which tell the failure of the government and
society to fully implement BPFA.

6.Critically examine the historical context of first, second, third and

fourth world conferences on women.
Historical Context of First World Conference

It held between 19 June and 2 July 1975 in the Mexico City. Out of 133 delegation
leaders, 113 of them were women. It was the first conference held by UN to focus
solely on women's issues. It was a way for the UN to address and hopefully combat
for women's right all over the world. It was an international open dialogue between
global leaders around the world about the gender inequality and the need to
develop the course of action for the advancement of women. Before 1975, women
dealt with a great amount of inequality and prejudice in number of settings such as
the workplace, education and political rights. These issues had gone unnoticed or
ignored by the rest of the society. World War II drastically altered women’s lives
in developed countries. The use of technology was accessible which eased
women’s role in the household sector. The release of the Femine Mystique by
Betty Friedan in 1963 AD sparked the Feminist Movement. The book told women
to demand more compeling life with a meaning. She told women that they had
been socially conditioned not to recognize that they had accepted a lower role in
society. This manifested the women’s movement in regards to their personal lives
economic activities and politics. This sparked a worldwide interest concerning
women’s rights and is the reason for why the UN felt the need to gather global
leaders to discuss the pressing issue.

Historical Context of Second World Conference

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It held between 14 and 30 July 1980 in Copenhagen as the mid-decade assessment
of progress and failure in implementing the goals established by the World Plan of
Action. There were 1500 delegates participated in this conference. It was the direct
result of the First World Conference on Women. At the 2nd conference on women,
it was determined that there was a discrepancy between universal legal rights and
women’s ability to exercise these rights. There were some barriers for women to
exercise their rights like:

a) Lack of sufficient involvement of men in improving women's role in the

society.
b) Insufficient political will.
c) Lack of recognition of the value of women's contribution to the society.
d) Lack of attention to the particular needs of women in planning.
e) Shortage of women in decision-making process.
f) Insufficient services such as co-operatives, day care center and credit
facilities to support the role of women in national life.
g) Overall lack of necessary financial resources.
h) Lack of awareness among women about the opportunities available to them.
i) Jobs which were available to women were insecure, low paid and sex-
stereotyped
In order to address these barriers, 2nd World Conference was held.
Historical Context of Third World Conference

It took place between 15 and 26 July 1985 in Nairobi, Kenya as the end assessment
of progress and failure in implementing the goals established by the World Plan of
Action. It was attended by more than 15,000 people. Both of the previous
conference had struggled due to the division caused by Cold War Politics and the
needs of the developing world.

Historical Context of Fourth World Conference

It held during 4-15 September 1995 in Beijing, China. There were 17000
participants. At this conference, governments from around the world agreed on a
comprehensive plan to achieve global legal equality known as the Beijing Platform
for Action (BPFA).

Nepal’s political scenario puts women from margin to center. Critically examine it.

17
7.Critically assess the rise of gender based violence in quarantine
sectors in the world.

After COVID-19 was seen, many coutries implemented lockdown. People were
forced to stay in home or quarantine. The COVID-19 crisis has thrown these
gender-based differences into even sharper relief. Sexual and Gender Based
Violence  is a hidden consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. As communities
around the world are forced to stay at home, women and girls are at a high risk
of domestic violence, intimate partner violence,child abuse, and other forms of
sexual and gender-based violence.

Because disasters exacerbate pre-existing gender inequities and power hierarchies,

violence in the home may worsen as prolonged quarantine and economic
stressors increase tension in the household. Women and girls are isolated from the
people and resources that can help them, and they have few opportunities to
distance themselves from their abusers.

During epidemics, it’s harder for sexual and reproductive health workers to
appropriately screen for sexual and gender-based violence. And referral pathways
to care are disrupted.

History shows that domestic, sexual, and gender-based violence increases during

crises and disasters. It happened during the 2014-16 Ebola and 2015-16 Zika
epidemics, and it appears to be happening now in COVID-19 Pandemic. Under
conditions of quarantine or stay-at-home measures, women and children who live
with violent and controlling men are exposed to considerably greater danger. Many
women are being beaten up by their husband, forced to have sex.

Sexual and gender-based violence does not begin with disasters like COVID-19.
But the chaos and instability they cause leave women and girls more vulnerable.

According to the World Health Organisation, 35% of women around the world

have already experienced some form of sexual and gender-based violence in their
lifetime. In some crisis settings, this number skyrocketed to more than 70%.

Ebola experience
Increases in sexual and gender-based violence were observed during the 2013-
2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Estimates concerning the scope are difficult

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to obtain and vastly under-reported. Survivors of violence were ignored as health
workers counted the number of Ebola cases.

According to some reports, Guinea reported a 4.5% increase in sexual and gender-

based violence and twice as many rapes. More often than not, this violence was
evident only by its devastating consequences for women and girls.

In the aftermath of Ebola, both Sierra Leone and Liberia saw an upswing in

teenage pregnancy rates.

The parallels between the response to Ebola and COVID-19 are striking. Public
health infrastructure during Ebola came to a grinding halt. In a desperate attempt to
control the virus, governments employed many of the current social distancing
strategies. These included school closures, curfews, and quarantines.

As Ebola spread throughout West Africa, heavily burdened relief efforts failed to
account for particularly vulnerable populations. The needs of women and girls,
especially concerning sexual and gender-based violence, were largely ignored in
response and recovery planning.

Many organisations waited until Ebola was under control before addressing these
needs. By then it was too late.

The majority of those on the front lines of the pandemic are women,
because women make up 70% of all health and social-services staff globally. They
are paid unequally and are facing gender based discrimination in their workplace.
Women who are pregnant are not getting enough rest. Globally news are coming
that pregnant medical staff are working hard without any break time.

Since COVID-19 attacks more to child and old aged who have weak immunity
power. Women also account for the majority of the world’s older population –
particularly those over 80 – and thus a majority of potential patients. Yet they tend
to have less access to health services than men do. Worse, in several countries that
experienced previous epidemics, the provision of sexual- and reproductive-health
services – including prenatal and maternal care and access to contraceptives and
safe abortions – was reduced as soon as resources needed to be allocated for the
crisis. Such defunding has grave consequences for women and girls, and must be
prevented at all costs.

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Women are particularly vulnerable economically. Globally, women’s personal
finances  are weaker than men’s, and their position in the labor market is less
secure. Moreover, women are more likely to be single parents who will be hit
harder by the economic downturn that is now in full swing. ILO has estimated that
due to COVID-19 pandemic, women workers are going to suffer more than male
workers as the sectors in which women are being closed rapidly than those sectors
in which males are working.

Women who are in isolation ward are being treated very unequally. In Nepal,
women living in quarantine was gang raped by medical staff and other persons. In
developing countries where quarantine facilities are very bad, women and men are
both kept at same room compromising the biological differences and privacy. This
type of action is giving birth to gender inequality.

Hence, women are the character who are going to suffer in every problem which is
seen by the world. In this type of situation, the international agency and
government must be aware and protect the women.

Some parts are adopted from: https://theconversation.com/sexual-and-gender-

based-violence-during-covid-19-lessons-from-ebola-137541

8.Critically examine the impact of covid-19 on gender. Argument

how covid-19 worsen gender inequality in Nepal.
To prevent the spread of coronavirus, Nepal was under a nationwide full lockdown
from March 24 to June 15, 2020. After three months Nepal has eased the
lockdown, though the reopening is limited to basic facilities such as health care
services, waste management, fire services, banks, and a few others.
The government’s response to the pandemic has been very discouraging.
Quarantine centers are poorly managed; they are often overcrowded, with no basic
services like food, water, or toilets, including medical care. We are already seeing
the profound effects caused by COVID-19, which may have substantial
implications for gender inequality in Nepal, both during and after the pandemic.
Key issues of Women during COVID-19
Health and Wellbeing: Concerns about pre-existing health complications, access to
health services, and maintaining hygiene.
Care Burden: The closure of schools exacerbates the unpaid care burden on women
and girls. Sharing parenting and household responsibilities should be actively
promoted.
Labour: The lockdown has increased the vulnerability of women’s livelihoods, as
women often depend on daily wages and lack sufficient savings. Government’s

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and employers support in provision of alternative livelihoods, including social
security measures or paid leave, is crucial.
Labour: The lockdown has increased the vulnerability of women’s livelihoods, as
women often depend on daily wages and lack sufficient savings. Government’s
and employers support in provision of alternative livelihoods, including social
security measures or paid leave, is crucial.
Shelter Homes/Quarantine Centers: CSO facilities, hotels and schools have been
identified as venues for quarantine and isolation. Additional medical support and
supplies are needed to maintain sufficient standards.
Migrant workers: Many migrant workers, including women, are unable to return to
their families. Targeted support is required for women domestic workers abroad
who may not have access to information and are often unrecognized if their
migration was through undocumented channels.
Rise of Gender Based Violence (GBV)
Gender-Based Violence (GBV), including Domestic Violence: Food insecurity,
loss of livelihoods, economic pressure and return of migrant workers places
women at heightened risk of physical and emotional GBV.
Gender violence was already a problem in Nepal prior to COVID-
19. UNFPA suggests that 48 % of women in Nepal had experienced violence at
some point in their lives, with 27 % of them experiencing physical violence. In
addition, 61 % of them had never told anyone about the abuse.

Since Nepal’s lockdown began there has been a rise in the reporting of gender-
based violence (GBV).  Recently, a women who was staying at a quarantine
facility in Lamki Chuha Municipality-1, Kailali was allegedly gang-raped. This is
just the “tip of the iceberg” of GBV occurrences in Nepal. With physical
distancing and isolation measures, many women are forced to stay with their
abusers and that has exacerbated cases of gender-based violence. The Women’s
Rehabilators Centers in Nepal, reported 465 cases of GBV between March 24 and
May 29, 2020. The number is likely to grow after more organizations make their
GBV data public. A study published in the Kathmandu Post writes: “Every ten
minutes, a woman somewhere in Nepal dials 1145, the helpline operated by the
National Women Commission (NWC), seeking assistance. The majority of these
calls are made by survivors of domestic violence who are either looking to report

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incidents of abuse or calling to inquire about the support services offered by the
group.”

Unpaid Care Duties and loss of Job

In Nepal, women spend daily 268 minutes on unpaid work. Deeply rooted

patriarchal social norms that pressure women to take on domestic roles have put
the burden of caring for children and the elderly, including the bulk of household
chores, on Nepali women’s shoulders. Now with the coronavirus school closure
millions of students are staying at home. This might prevent them from spending
time and resources on education, training, and skill development. Many women
work in the service sector and their jobs cannot be done from home. Women and
girls living in poverty, from disadvantaged caste groups, or in rural, isolated
locations are even more vulnerable and likely to face extreme consequences.

Although Nepal’s new 2015 constitution guarantees gender equality in education,

work, wages, etc,  gender disparity largely exists even today. The Nepal Labor
Force Survey states that for every 100 employed males there were only 59
employed females; the literacy rate for women is 57.4 percent compared to 75.1
percent for men; and the average monthly income for women is 5,834 Nepali
rupees less than what men earn. The unequal gender division of labor has long
been identified as a factor causing inequality with direct links to lower income,
education, and access to medical services for women. A heavy domestic workload
aggravated by the COVID-19 crisis could leave women and girls further behind in
Nepal. Also, evidence from previous epidemics suggests that girls are at particular
risk of dropping out and not returning to school in the aftermath of the pandemic.

The World Bank has already warned that women of  South Asian suffering from
COVID-19 will be hit hard. Women in Nepal might face worse economic
insecurity in the aftermath of the crisis, as for women finding work is already more
challenging than for men. As COVID-19 has taken away many women’s job, it is
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uncertain whether or not women will regain those lost jobs once normality returns.
It is also highly likely that women who had entered nontraditional roles prior to the
pandemic may roll back to traditional roles in the post-COVID-19 era.
Sources: https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/how-covid-19-worsens-gender-
inequality-in-nepal/

9.Discuss on the role of federal and local level government on

implementing gender responsive budgeting in Nepal.
Gender Responsive Budgeting means preparing budgeting or analyzing them from
a gender perspective. It is a strategy of achieving gender equality between men and
women by focusing on how public resources are allocated and spent. It is not
creating separate budget for women. It seeks that need and interests of women and
men from different groups are addressed in the government projects.

Stages for Gender Budgeting:

Stage 1: Administration must prepare budget draft.

Stage 2: Parliament debates on the budget.

Stage 3: Budget implementation should be monitored.

Stage 4: Budget implementation should be reported and accounted.

Significance of GRB

1. It helps to maintain gender equality.

2. It improve the allocation of resources to women.
3. It leads to good governance by enhancing transparency and accountability.
4. It addresses the gaps between gender equality and allocation of resources.
5. It improves the budgetary performance and optimizes the use of limited
resources.
6. It enhances economic efficiency and contributes to broader goal of social
justice.
7. It monitors the success of policy goals.
8. It support gender mainstreaming in macroeconomics.

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 Actors of GRB:

All Government Ministries and Departments, Local Government Bodies,

National Women's Machineries, Civil Society Organization, Academics,
Parliamentarian and Media

Role of Federal Government to implement GRB:

a. Addressing the gaps in the design and implementation of the GBR,

b. Embedding GRB entry points early on in the prioritization stage of
budgets,
c. Facilitating greater adoption of GRB at the subnational level,
including measures to ensure participation of the most marginalized
women in planning and revising of the Gender Equality and Social
Inclusion (GESI) policies to reinforce institutionalization of GRB.
d. Focusing on post-allocation classification at both federal and local
level rather than focusing on pre-allocation exercise.
e. Improving the availability of sex disaggregated data essential for
assessing budgetary impact,
f. Proper monitoring of expenditures to ensure that gender responsive
interventions are being adequately funded,
g. Institutionalization at both national and local levels, with the
engagement of women, senior male public servants, and officeholders,
h. Budget statements, inclusive of qualitative and quantitative
information.
i. Decentralizing GRB at local levels
j. Ending GBV through allocating budget for program

Role of Local Government to implement GRB:

1. Establish linkage of program and budget with gender
equality
2. Increase meaningful participation of women in all ranges
of program
3. Capacitate the community to evaluate projects/programs
4. Establishing women and children office- gender focal
agency at local level.

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 5. Gender mainstreaming training for Gender Focal Person
and Village Municipalities secretaries during planning
phase
6. Integrated Development Program for Violence against
Women and children
7. Introducing performance/outcome based approaches and
evaluation

10.Nepal’s political scenario puts women from margin to center.

Critically examine it.
Political scenario of any country determines the policy, law and institutional
mechanism. Nepal has also same case. In Nepal, women are dominated by men.
They are discriminated in the economic, cultural and political sphere. But there
have been some progress in maintaining gender equality. After Nepal signed treaty
like CEDAW and BPFA, there have been progress in maintaining gender equality.
Various political parties and their formed government are fulfilling the
commitment towards BPFA and CEDAW. Actions like engendering national
statistics,reserving 33% of the seats for women, declaring GBV Free Year,
proposing Gender Responsive Budget, making laws to punish rapist, etc were
taken from all parties consensus. Political parties are also giving chances to women
leaders and cadres. Various women wings are active in politics. Women are also
greatly involved in voting. They are expressing their own political views and
choosing leaders according to their choice.

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