Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Penelope Latey
Until the mid-1980s the Pilates Method of exercise was little known outside the world
of dance but has grown in popularity rapidly in the last decade: coming out of
obscurity. Pilates method is much more than a list of exercises. It is a way of
connecting and conditioning the whole being-body and mind. This article traces its
history in context and examines the initial principles of the method, with the
beginnings of modern developments. # 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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The Pilates Method
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death continued to run a studio until to use it for post-acute rehabilitation his method. He berates the ‘quack’
her own death in 1977. and general fitness. cures promoted by ‘proprietors of
Pilates was extremely possessive patent medicines and manufacturers
of his method of exercise; even of mechanical apparatus, massaging
though he taught about half a dozen
Traditional Pilates belts, rowing machines, nostrums,
instructors, he was reluctant to
philosophy and principles serums and other injections’ (Pilates
entrust it to others and remained the The exercise system that Joseph 1934), possibly referring to other
sole master at his studio. Except for Pilates developed mixed the early exercise regimes, patent cure-
Your Health and Return to Life practical movement styles and ideas alls from ‘snake oil’ salesmen and
Through Contrology nothing of gymnastics, martial arts, yoga early forms of unsuccessful
comprehensive was published about and dance with philosophical inoculation. He believed that
his method until after he and Clara notions. Pilates was a great reader wellness began in childhood and
had died. In 1980 The Pilates and was fond of quoting the that ‘The first lesson is correct
Method of Physical and Mental German philosophers Johann breathing: properly instructed how
Conditioning (Eisen & Friedman) Schiller: ‘It is the mind itself which to draw the abdomen in and out at
was published. This book clearly shapes the body’ and Arthur the same time holding their breath
sets out, with some refinements, his Schoepenhauer: ‘To neglect one’s for a short time... then they should
philosophy and principles, and the body for any other advantage in life also learn how to fully deflate the
mat exercises of his method. is the greatest of follies [sic]’, two lungs in exhaling’ (Pilates 1934).
Pilates taught his assistants by principles he incorporated into his The remarkable health sustained
apprenticeship. His early assistants beliefs (Friedman & Eisen 1980). by the detainees in the internment
tended to move away and open their The amalgamation of philosophy, camp during World War I,
own studios, Ron Fletcher and exercise (movement) and the especially in the face of the influenza
Carola Trier among them, but some, performing arts as we see it in the pandemic, the consequences of the
such as his later assistant Romana Pilates method has been common in use of mustard gas-observed in the
Kryzanowski, stayed with him. Eve Germany from the nineteenth war injured on the Isle of Man, plus
Gentry, another early apprentice, century onwards. Pilates was only the prevalence of tuberculosis, his
moved away to pursue dance then one of a number of Europeans to own asthma (all conditions that
returned to the method, bringing develop and interrelate the concepts threaten the lungs), must have
with her clearly organized gentle of physical practice and mental focused Pilates’ mind on breathing
exercises that more easily applied J. discipline. Pilates’ 1934 booklet problems. He was probably also
Pilates’ principles, now known as Your Health was produced by the aware of Leo Kofler, the Delsarte
‘pre-Pilates’ work as well as a new ‘Prof. Pilates Health Studios’. In the system and Else Grindler and her
approach to some of the principles. Introduction he said: followers, whose systems all worked
Some of Pilates’ early followers with breathing (Johnson 1995).
merged his work with their own, and Perfect Balance of Body and Mind, is Pilates felt that most people were
some students took pieces of the that quality in civilised man, which not overdressed and overheated and did
method, sometimes only the only gives him superiority over the not wash properly. On hygiene he
exercises without understanding the savage and animal kingdom, but emphasized ‘ ‘‘Hardening’’ of the
principles, and developed their own furnishes him with all the physical and body. Fewer clothes the better.
style, though still labelling it mental powers that are dispensable for Cleanliness of the skin. Massaging
‘Pilates’. There are consequently attaining the goal of Mankind – health with brush’ (Pilates 1934). Does this
many different interpretations of the and happiness. The purpose of this hark back to his early childhood
booklet is to transmit in a simple form,
Pilates method, each subtly altered when he was improving his health?
the causes of present day ill-health and
by new understandings of the On posture and breathing:
immoral conditions, and the resultant
human body or influenced by one of effects which prevent the average ‘Drawing in of stomach and the
the many new movement styles that human being from attaining this throwing out of the chest. The spine
had developed since the beginning of physical perfection – man’s inherited of every normal child is straight. The
the twentieth century. birthright. back is perfectly flat’ (Pilates 1934).
Today, not only dancers and (Pilates 1934) Pilates believed that a healthy adult
athletes use the Pilates method should also have a flat spine.
extensively, with modifications and Knowing Pilates’ background one Overweight problems, particularly
variations to some of the exercises, can understand much of his around the abdomen, ‘have their
but the general public is beginning determined belief in the rightness of origins in the ‘‘miss-carriage’’ of the
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The Pilates Method
Towards present-day
Pilates
There are now almost as many
variations to the Pilates method as Fig. 6 The Leg slide. Photo from P Latey. Published with permission from Allen and Unwin.
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strengths. The foundations of method helps them look after their Johnson DH 1995 Bone, Breath and Gesture
North Atlantic Books, Berkeley
breathing, alignment and working bodies, has tended to over-inflate the
Mullan H 1999 The World Encyclopaedia of
from the centre are emphasized profile of the profession before high Boxing Carlton Books, London
initially. A broader range of quality standards have been Pilates JH Your Health. First published 1934.
exercises is then introduced to assist established. Nevertheless a sound Reprint 1998. Presentation Dynamics
in applying the principles of the modern interpretation of the Inc, NV
method, encompassing other method can be applied safely to both Pilates JH, Miller. Return to Life through
Controlology. First published 1945.
movement styles and gradually fit and unfit people, and ranges from Reprint 1998. Presentation Dynamics
working towards a more dynamic post-trauma rehabilitation to fitness Inc, NV
approach. for the ordinary or elderly body; and Townsend D 1994 The new Penguin
Selected traditional exercises are can be extended to the fine-tuning of Dictionary of Modern History 1789–1945
utilized only when appropriate elite athletes and dancers. Penguin Books, London
The Method Forum (previously the Pilates
breathing, correct alignment and Present Day Pilates and the Modern Forum) 1991–2000. Journal of The
muscle control have become second Method will be discussed in a Physicalmind Institute ( previously the
nature to the body. Growing interest subsequent article in JBMT. Institute for the Pilates Method). Santa
in the method has been generated by Fe, NM
Videos of J.H. Pilates and Eve Gentry, from
this broadening of approach: by
the Physicalmind Institute 1993–1995
changes in the general public’s need (previously the Institute for the Pilates
to look after themselves, and by REFERENCES
Method). Santa Fe, NM
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New York New York
Unfortunately the ‘famous people Gallagher S, Kryzanowska R, 1999 The Winsor M 1999 The Pilates Powerhouse.
syndrome’, where those in the public Pilates Method of Body Conditioning Perseus Books, New York
eye are admitting that the Pilates BainBridge Books, Philadelphia
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