Lecture 2..

Hematopoiesis 2

RED BLOOD CELLS..

Erythropoiesis..
 Proerythroblast is the earliest morphologically
identifiable erythroid precursor.
 It proliferates to generate sequentially basophilic,
polychromatic, and orthochromatic erythroblast.

 Stages in maturation of red blood cell.


 Stages in maturation of red blood cell.

 Granulopoiesis ..
 is a process by which neutrophils are generated.
stages in maturation of neutrophile..
Eosinophils
  Various stages in maturation of eosinophils are
similar to neutrophils with primary or specific
granules first appearing in myelocyte stage.
 The mature eosinophil (15-16 μ) is slightly larger
than a neutrophil, usually bilobed, and contains
numerous bright orange-red granules.
 The eosinophil granules contain major basic
protein that is toxic to many parasites

Basophils
 Stages in the maturation of basophils are similar to
neutrophils.
 Basophils are 9-12 μ in size, and their cytoplasm is filled
with coarse deep purple-black granules that obscure the
nucleus.
 Nucleus is segmented into 2-3 lobes. The basophil
granules contain histamine and heparin.
 Basophils play a role in allergic and anaphylactic
reactions.

Monocytes
 The maturation sequence is monoblast, promonocyte,
and monocyte
 Monocytes are the largest white blood cells in peripheral
blood (15-20 μ) with irregular shape, oval or kidney-
 shaped nucleus, and fine reticular chromatin. Cytoplasm
is abundant, blue-gray with ground glass appearance
and often contains fine azurophil granules and vacuoles.
After migration to tissues, they are called as
macrophages.
 Monocytes function as phagocytic cells, antigen
presenting cells, and also produce a variety of cytokines.

 Lymphocytes
 There are three main types: B lymphocytes, T
lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells.
 B lymphocytes comprise about 10-20% of lymphocytes in
peripheral blood. In lymphoid organs they are located in
 lymph nodes, in spleen, and lymphoid tissue in
gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
 On antigen stimulation, B lymphocytes differentiate into
plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins (antibodies).

 T lymphocytes comprise 60-70% of circulating

lymphocytes. they are located in thymus, lymph nodes
and spleen.
 T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated
immunity; they also regulate humoral response.
 The T lymphocyte precursor cell can differentiate into (i)
T helper inducer cells which differentiate into TH1 and
TH2 cells, (ii) T suppressor cells, and (iii) cytotoxic T cell

 B cell development (B cell ontogeny):

 There are two stages of B cell development: antigen-
independent (occurring in bone marrow) and antigen-
dependent (occurring in peripheral lymphoid organs).
Heavy chain gene rearrangement is followed by
rearrangement of light chain genes. Following
expression of TdT and HLA-DR, there is sequential
appearance of antigens on the surface of developing B
cells: CD19, CD10, and CD20. Plasma cells express CD38
antigen.

T cell development (T cell ontogeny):

 Pre-T cells are transported from the bone marrow
to the thymus, where maturation occurs. Initially
the immature thymocytes express CD7, TdT, and
cytoplasmic CD3. Subsequently, both CD4 and CD8
antigens are acquired; with maturation, either CD4
or CD8 I,s retained.
THROMBOPOIESIS
 Platelets are produced by cytoplasmic fragmentation of
large cells in bone marrow called as megakaryocytes,
which in turn are derived from megakaryoblasts.
 The morphologically identifiable stages in
thrombopoiesis are: megakaryoblast,
promegakaryocyte, megakaryocyte, and platelets
Although nucleus of a megakaryocyte divides, cell
division does not occur so that a very large cell with
multiple nuclear lobes (increased ploidy) is formed (the
process whereby nuclear DNA is duplicated without cell
division is called as endomitosis). Megakaryocyte is the
largest normally occurring hematopoietic cell in the
bone marrow.
  Each megakaryocyte produces about 4000 platelets
during its lifespan. The primary regulator of
megakaryocyte differentiation is thrombopoietin
(secreted by liver and stromal cells of bone marrow). A
mature megakaryocyte extend cytoplasmic processes
through the sinusoidal wall in marrow and platelets are
released directly in bloodstream by fragmentation of
cytoplasm. The lifespan of platelets is about 7-10 days

 Stages of platelets formation

THANK YOU
DR..Lubna aloshibi