CLASS

8
Pearson IIT Foundation Series
Mathematics
Fifth Edition

Hints and Explanation

Trishna Knowledge Systems

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IIT_Maths 8_Hints_And_Explanation_Final_Test your concepts.indd 2 4/21/2018 4:40:47 PM
 Chapter Real Numbers and LCM and HCF 1
Real Numbers and
1 LCM and HCF

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Composite 16. Twin primes

2. False 17. 1
3. 1 18. Yes
4. Composite number 19. No
5. Even number 20. a
6. Positive integer 21. a
7. True 22. mx
8. 1 23. GCD of a and b
9. Even 24. mx
10. −10 = 10 25. The terms containing highest powers
ab

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
11. Rational 26. q =
p
12. Infinite rational numbers exist between any two
rational numbers. 27. LCM of numerators
13. Irrational number 28. 12
14. True 29. 1
1 30. Quotient
15.
a

Short Answer Type Questions

31. List out all the primes between 1 to 50 and count there are positive numbers and to the left
them. side, there are negative numbers.
p a c a+c
32. A rational number is in the form of , where p 35. (i) A rational number between and is .
q b d b+d
and q are integers and q ≠ 0. Non-terminating and (ii) Use the above concept and answer the question.
non-recurring decimals are irrationals.
36. Recognize each number which has factors as 1 and
33. (a) Compare the given numbers. one itself.
(b) (i) Make the denominators same by necessary 37. Recognize the number which has at least three
multiplication and division. factors.
(ii) Arrange them in ascending order with 38. A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of its digits
respect to numerators and proceed. On is divisible by 3.
the number line, to the right side of zero,

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 2 Chapter 1

39. (i) Express the given number as the product of 41. Refer to long division method.
powers of prime factors. HCF of numerators
42. Use HCF =
(ii) Number of factors of the number (ap bq cr LCM of denominators
…..) is (p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) ….. (Where a,
43. (i) Find the HCF of the numbers in numerator
b, c are primes)
and denominator.
40. (i) Express the given numbers as the product of
(ii) The fraction obtained after cancellation of
powers of prime factors.
HCF is the required answer.
(ii) Write the common factors with least
44. Use, LCM × HCF = Product of the numbers and
exponents.
find the required number.
(iii) The product of the factors obtained in step (ii)
45. GCD of the given numbers is the required length.
is the required GCD.

Essay Type Questions

46. (i) Subtract the respective remainders from the 48. (i) Find the number of mangoes, oranges and
given numbers. apples packed.
(ii) The required number is the GCD of the num- (ii) Find the GCD of the above numbers.
bers obtained in step (i).
49. (i) Find the total number of fruits packed.
47. (i) Express the given number as the product of
(ii) Number of fruit packages
powers of prime factors.
Total number of fruits packed
(ii) Number of factors of the number =
size of the package
( )
a pb q c r ....... in ( p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1)........ sum
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

50. (i) Find the SP of mangoes, oranges and apples.

⎛ a p+1 − 1⎞
of the factors of the number is ⎜
⎝ a − 1 ⎟⎠ (ii) Total SP = SP of mangoes + SP of oranges +
⎛ b q +1 − 1⎞ ⎛ c r +1 − 1⎞ SP of apples.
⎜⎝ b − 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ c − 1 ⎟⎠ ...... (Where a, b, c
….are primes)

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 Chapter Squares and Square
Squares and Square Roots and Cubes and Cube Roots 3

2 Roots and Cubes and

Cube Roots

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Square 17. True

2. Twice 18. 8, 2 and 7, 3
3. 2n or 2n − 1 19. Two
4. 0.000049 20. 1
5. 4 21. 4 or 5 or 6
6. 5 22. Even, odd
7. Less 3
23.
2
8. Yes
24. 0.7
9. No
25. a2 × b3
10. Two
26. −5

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
11. Yes
27. 6
12. 5 3
28. n
13. Yes
29. 1.4
14. x3, cube
30. −m2
15. m3
16. 3

Short Answer Type Questions

31. (e) (i) Take a = 9 and b = 7 (iv) Write the underlined digits in the same order,
which is the required number, i.e., here 9409.
(ii)
32. Perfect squares never end with 8 or 3 or 7 or 2.
Column I Column II Column III
33. s = 9 cm
A2 2ab b2
81 126 49 34. (i) Take 2082 as (200 + 8)2.
(iii) Underline the units digit of column III (ii) Use (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 and find the value.
and add the tens digit to the number in (b) (512)2 = (500 + 12)2
column II and follow the same method for (c) (635) = (600 + 35)2
column II and then underline all the digits
35. (i) Subtract the numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, … suc-
for column I.
cessively till zero is obtained.
81 126 49 (ii) The number of subtractions is the required
81+13 = 94 126 + 4 = 130 9 square root.

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 4 Chapter 2
36. (i) Place a bar over every pair of digits starting
from the units digit.
(ii) Find the largest number whose square is less
than or equal to the number under the bar to
the extreme left.
(iii) Take the number or divisor as well as the quo-
tient and the number under the bar to the
extreme left as the dividend. Divide and get
the remainder.
(iv) Double the quotient and enter it with a blank
on the right for the next digit of the next
possible remainder and follow this procedure
until the remainder obtained is zero.
37. Refer the study material for procedure.
38. (a), (b), (c), (d)
(a) Find the prime factors of given number.
(b) Group the factors in triplets such that all the
three factors are the same.
(c) If some prime numbers are left ungrouped, the
given number is not a perfect cube.
39. (i) Use the concept of units digit and find the units
digit of the cube root of the given number.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
(ii) Strike out the last three digits from the right
of the number. If nothing is left we stop. The
digit is step 1 is the cube root.
(iii) Consider the number left out from the step
(ii). Find the largest single digit number
whose cube is less than or equal to this left
out number which is the required tens digit.
Essay Type Questions
46. (i) Take the number of rows as x.
(ii) The number of chairs will be 3x.
(iii) Use, total number of chairs = (number of
rows) × (number of chairs) and find x.
(iv) Then find the number of chairs in each row,
i.e., 3x.
47. (i) Take the quotient as x.
x 50. (i)
(ii) Divisor will be .
4 (ii)
(iii) Use division algorithm and find x.
48. (i) a = 8
(ii) Clearly a is 8.
IIT_Maths 8_Hints_And_Explanation_Final_Test your concepts.indd 4
40. (a) Subtract the numbers 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, 127,
… successively from the given number.
(b) The remainder obtained in step (i) other than
zero is the required number.
41. (i) Find the prime factors of the given number.
(ii) Group the factors in triplets such that all the
three factors in triplet are the same.
(iii) Choose one factor from each group and take
the product.
(iv) The product obtained in step (iii) is the
required cube root.
42. (a) Subtract the numbers 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, 127,
… successively from the given number until
zero is obtained.
(b) The total number of subtractions gives the
required cube root.
43. (a) Cube of an even number is always even.
(b) Cube of an odd number is always odd.
For (c), (d) and (e); recall the properties of cubes.
44. (i) Use prime factorisation method to find the
cube of the given numbers without negative
sign.
(ii) Take 3
−1 = −1 and complete the problem.
45. (i) Express 512 as ab.
(ii) Use the given conditions and evaluate the val-
ues of a and b.
(iii) Find b using 2a − b = 7.
(iv) Get the cube root of the given number and
add to it.
49. (i) Use, a + b = (a − b )2 + 4ab
(ii) Cube on both sides of the given equation.
(iii) Use, a + b = (a − b )2 + 4ab .
3
a .3 b .3 c = 3 abc
3
a × 3 b × 3 c = 3 abc
(iii) 288 × 648 = (2 × 144) (3 × 216) = (3 × 144)
(2 × 216)
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 Chapter Indices 5

3 Indices

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions
1 5
1. qp 22.
3
2. xm 6
23. 6
3. yn
24. k = (m + n − p)q
−p
4. aq 25. Power of a product
5. Exponent or index, base 26. (i) 54 (ii) 210
6. Yes (iii) 21 × 54 (iv) 3 × 132
7. 5, 3 (v) 23 × 32 × 51

( )
5
8. nth power 27. (i) 3
156
9. 1
(ii) ( −23 )
3
7
10. k = ap

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
−3 3
11. xy  5  9
(iii)   = 
 9  5
12. Positive

( )
5
13. Negative (iv) 9
0.61
14. Does not belong
1
15. Any real number other than zero 28. (i) ( 729) 3 , 3
729
16. p = xn 1
(ii) (1990) 5 , 5
1990
−2
1
17. 83 = 1
4 (iii) ( 2001) 2 , 2001
18. 0 1
1 (iv) ( 777) 7 , 7
777
19. 10 5
29. 243
20. 0
30. (i) 216 (ii) 729
p
21. k =
q (iii) −17 (iv) 65

Short Answer Type Questions

1
5
31. Use am × an × as = am + n + s and simplify. (b) Use x = x 5 and simplify.
32. (i) (a) Express the given number as the exponent (ii) (a) Take 0.0000128 as (0.2)7.
of prime factors.
(b) Find its seventh root.

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 6 Chapter 3

33. (a) Simplify the numerator and denominator of (ii) Use, (a + b) (a2 − ab + b2) = a3 + b3 where a =
the radical by using am.an = am + n. 3
3
7,b= 7−1 and simplify.
am
(b) Now, use n = a m −n and convert it as the sin- 39. (a) Express 16200 as the product of exponents of
a
gle exponent. prime factors.

(c) Use, (am)n = amn and simplify. (b) Compare the like terms of LHS and RHS and
find a, b and c.
34. (a) Express the given surds in the form of x 2
am
and y 3 by factorisation. 40. (a) Use = a m −n and (a m )n = a mn for each term
an
(b) Substitute the values of 2 or 3 and simplify. and simplify.
35. (a) Express 21168 as the product of exponents of (b) Use, am.an.as = am + n + s.
its prime factors. ⎡ a m⎤
P mp
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ a⎞ n
(b) Compare the like terms of LHS and RHS and 41. (a) Simplify LHS by using ⎢ n ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ .
⎢ ⎝ b ⎠ ⎥ ⎝ b⎠
find x, y and z. ⎣ ⎦
(c) Substitute the values of x, y and z in (b) Equate the exponent of LHS to zero and find n.
⎛ y+z ⎞
⎜⎝ x + y ⎟⎠ 42. (a) Simplify the numerator and denominator by
(x + y + z ) .
using (am)n = amn and then am.an.as = am + n + s.
36. (a) Express 81 as 34 and use (am)n = amn. am
(b) Then use n = a m −n .
(b) Use, am + n = am.an and split the terms. a
(c) Take 34n common in numerator and denomi- 43. (a) Take 25 as 52, in RHS and use am.an = am + n.
nator and cancel. (b) Equate the exponents of LHS and RHS and
find z.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

(d) Simplify the terms that are left.

37. (i) (a) Express 625 as the exponent of 5 and find n. 44. (a), (b), (c)
1
(i) Take the HCF of exponents of given numbers.
(b) Substitute the value of n in [5(n + 3)]n .
(ii) Express the given numbers as exponent equal
(ii) (a) Express LHS and RHS as the exponent of to its HCF (i.e., same exponent).
⎛ 2⎞
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ and find n. (iii) Compare the terms.
3
−n 45. (a) Let 5x = 3x = 45z = k.
⎛ n + 0.4 ⎞
(b) Substitute n in ⎜ .
⎝ 1024 ⎟⎠ (b) Equate each term to k and express 5, 3 and 45
in terms of k.
38. (i) Use, (a − b) (a2 + ab + b2) = a3 − b3 where a =
2 −2 (c) Take 45 = 32.51 and substitute the values of 3,
2 3 and b = 23 , simplify. 5 and 45 in the equations obtained in step (b)
split and get the desired result.

Essay Type Questions

1 1
46. (a) In the first term of LHS take q−1 = and (c) In the third term replace r by and take
simplify. q pq
LCM.
(b) In the second term replace r−1 by pq. (d) Take LCM of LHS and simplify.

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 Indices 7

47. (a) Simplify numerator by using am.an.as = am + n + s. 49. (a) Make negative exponents to positive of the
terms in LHS by taking reciprocals.
(b) Simplify denominator by using am.an.as = am + n + s
and then (am)n = amn. 1 1
(b) x −1 = and y −1 = .
am x y
(c) Now, use = a m −n and obtain the required (c) Take LCM and simplify.
an
n
answer. 50. (a) Use, x n y n z = n xyz
48. (a) Use, (am)n = amn and simplify the exponents of 1 1 1
each term. (b) Take a −1 = , b −1 = and c −1 = and
a b c
(b) Use, am.an.as = am + n + s and simplify. simplify.

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

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 Chapter
8 Chapter 4
Polynomials and LCM and
4 HCF of Polynomials

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 4 22. (i) Use, (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 and

expand.
2. 17
Here, a = 5a and b = 2b.
3. (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
x 2y
(ii) Use same identity but a = and b = .
4. 9 4 5
23. True
5. x3
24. Use (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab.
6. (a + b) (a − b) = a2 − b2
(i) a = −2, b = 3 (ii) a = 5, b = −11
7. a, b, and c are equal.
1 (iii) a = −9, b = −7
8. a2 + 2 = 2
a 25. k = 6
9. Take x3y common and proceed.
26. (x + a)2 (x − a)
10. No
27. Use, (a + b) (a − b) = a2 − b2.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

11. Take (ab) common and simplify.

12. False
13. Divide each term of the trinomial by 2x2.
14. a2 + b2 + c2 − ab + bc + ca
15. Take axy common and proceed.
16. Multiply (−x) to each term of (x3 − 2x − 3).
17. x + 1
18. (i) Take x common in first 2 terms and a in last
2 terms.
(ii) Take (a − b) as common and proceed.
19. x
20. (i) Use, (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 and expand.
Here, a = x, b = 11.
21. 4x2y2, 288x3y3
x 1
(i) a = x, b = 11 (ii) a = , b =
3 2
(iii) a = ab, b = cd
28. (i) Take, 552 as (50 + 5)2 and use (a + b)2.
(ii) Take 262 as (25 + 1)2 and use (a + b)2.
(iii) Take, 105 × 95 as (100 + 5) (100 − 5) and use
(a + b) (a − b) = a2 − b2.
(iv) Take, 52.5 × 47.5 as (50 + 2.5) (50 − 2.5) and
use (a + b) (a − b) = a2 − b2.
(v) Take (206)3 as (200 + 6)3 and use (a + b)3.
(vi) Take (396)3 and (400 − 4)3 and use (a − b)3.
29. (i) Take xy as common.
(ii) Express x4 − y4 as (x2)2 − (y2)2 and factorise
by using a2 − b2 = (a + b) (a − b).
30. (i) Split the middle term as 6x − x.
(ii) Factorise by regrouping the terms.

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 Polynomials and LCM and HCF of Polynomials 9

Short Answer Type Questions

31. (i) Write the like terms of A and C, one below
the other and add them.
(ii) Find (B + C) then add it to A.
32. Subtract the first polynomial from the second.
33. Multiply each term of 3x2 + x − 11 by (7x3 + 12)
and simplify.
34. (i) Factorise the numerator.
(ii) Cancel the common terms and simplify.
35. Subtract the second polynomial from the first.
36. The given polynomial is in the form of a2 + 2ab +
b2 where a = 1 and b = 3ab.
37. (i) Express the given polynomial as the cube of
single polynomial by using a3 − 3a2b + 3ab2 −
b3 = (a − b)3 where a = 2l, b = 3m.
(ii) Take (a − b)3 = (a − b) (a − b) (a − b).
38. (i) Use (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc +
2ca and expand.
Here, a = x, b = 2y and c = 3z.
(b) Similarly, find a − b by using (a − b)2 = a2 +
b2 − 2ab.
42. (i) Take 64a3 − 1 = (4a)3 − (1)3
(ii) Use a3 − b3 = (a − b) (a2 + ab + b2) and split
the above polynomial.
43. (i) Use, (a + b)2 + (a − b)2 = 2(a2 + b2).
Here, a = 2x, b = 3y.
(ii) Use, (a − b)2 − (a + b)2 = −4ab.
(iii) Use, (a − b + c)2 + (a − b − c)2 = 2a2 + 2b2 +
2c2 − 4ab.
Here, a = 2a, b = 3b and c = 1.
(iv) Use, (a + b + c)2 + (a + b − c)2 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 +
4ab.
Here, a = 5x, b = 3y and c = 2.
(v) Use, (a + b)3 − (a − b)3 = 2b3 + 6a2b.
Here, a = ax, b = by.
(vi) Use, (a + b)3 + (a − b)3 = 2a3 − 3ab2.

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
Here, a = 4x and b = 7.
(ii) Use same identity but here, a = 3a, b = −2b
44. Use, a3 − b3 = (a − b)3 + 3ab(a − b) to find a3 − b3.
and c = 5c.
1
39. Expand by given identity. 45. (a) Divide the given equation by a and find − .
a
(i) Here a = 2x and b = 3y. 1 ⎛ 1⎞
2

a (b) a + = ⎜a − ⎟ + 4
(ii) Here, a = , b = 1. a ⎝ a⎠
11
(c) Square the equation obtained in step (b) and
40. (a) Apply the formula (a + b) (a − b) = a2 − b2. 1
find a 2 + 2 .
(b) Again find the product of term obtained in a
step (a) and last term by using same identity. 1 1 1
(d) a 2 − 2 is the product of a, a + and a − .
41. (a) Substitute the values of a2 + b2 and ab in (a + a a a
b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab.

Essay Type Questions

46. (a) Substitute the values of a2 + b2 + c2 and ab + bc (c) Verify, LCM × HCF = product of polynomials.
+ ca in (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + 2(ab + bc + ca).
48. (a) Use, x + y = −z, y + z = −x and z + x = −y
47. (a) Factorise the given expression and write them to simplify the given expression.
as the powers of irreducible factors
(b) Use, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc if a + b + c = 0.
(b) Find their LCM and HCF.

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 10 Chapter 4

49. (i) (a) Find the value of x2 + y2 by squaring x + y 50. (a) Add (− 2) on both sides of the given equation
= 3. 1
and find x − .
Then square the equation obtained in step (a) x
and find x4 + y4. (b) Similarly, add 2 on both sides of given equa-
1
(ii) (a) Find the value of x2 + y2 by squaring x − y tion and find x + .
x
= 3.
(c) Square the equation obtained in step (b) and
(b) Then square the equation obtained in step 1
(a) and find x4 + y4. evaluate x 2 + 2 .
x
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

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 Chapter Formulae 11

5 Formulae

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. T, l, g 11. ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
2. Formula 12. nx
s−a PTR
3. r = 13. I =
s 100
4. Subject 14. 2πr(r + h)
9
5. F = C + 32 15. True
5
A 16. True
6. l =
pr p2
17. A =
7. False 16
8. A = 2πrh 18. ` 45

9. b = a(f − 1) 19. A, r

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
10. Directly 20. T g
2p

Short Answer Type Questions

21. (i) Apply transposition and make ‘a’ as the subject.
(iii) Substitute A = 54 3 in the equation obtained
in step (i) and find a.
22. (i) Perform cross multiplication.
(ii) Express b in terms of a and k.
(iii) Substitute k = 36 and a = 74 in the above
equation and find k.
23. (i) Count the number of variables involved other
than tn.
(ii) The result obtained in step (i) is the required
answer.
24. (i) The given formula has three auxiliary formulae.
(ii) Make P, T and R as subjects by transposition.
(iii) The above obtained equations are the required
auxiliary formulae.
25. (i) Write the product of π, r2 and h.
(ii) Equate the above product to V.
26. (i) Half of length of the wire is equal to the cir-
cumference of the circle.
(ii) In the above equation make r as the subject.
1
27. Substitute the given values in the formula A = d
2
(h1 + h2) and find h2.
28. (i) Take squares on both sides of the given
equation.
(ii) Perform cross multiplication.
(iii) Send all the terms containing a to LHS and
the rest to RHS.
(iv) Make ‘a’ as a subject.
2π
29. (i) Write the product of and r3.
3
(ii) Equate the above product to V.

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 12 Chapter 5

30. (i) Calculate the cost price of each cycle. 35. (i) Find the values of AB2, BC2 and AC2.
(ii) Use profit = S.P. – C.P. and obtain the profit (ii) Now obtain the relation among AB2, BC2
required. and AC2.
31. (i) Perform cross multiplication. 36. Apply transposition.
(ii) Bring all the terms containing q to LHS and 37. Apply transposition.
rest to RHS.
38. Making l as the subject in the formula, A = lb.
(iii) Make q as a subject.
39. Apply transposition.
32. (i) Calculate the distances in both the cases.
40. Apply transposition.
(ii) Calculate the expression for total distance. 3a
Total distance covered 41. Make a as the subject in the formula h = and
(iii) Average speed = 2
Total time taken evaluate a.
33. (i) Take squares on both sides of the given PTR
42.
equation. 100
(ii) Perform cross multiplication. h2
43. A =
(iii) Send the terms containing q to LHS and the 3
remaining terms to RHS. 44. Apply transposition.
(iv) Solve the above equation for q. 45. Apply transposition.
34. (i) Write the sum of h1 and h2.
1
(ii) Area (A) is the product of d and (h1 + h2).
2
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

Essay Type Questions

46. (i) Number of kilometres = 1.6 × Number of (iii) Combine the statements in steps (i) and (ii)
miles. and frame the formula.
9C 49. (i) Take squares on both sides of the given equation.
(ii) Use F = + 32 to get the required values.
5
(ii) Perform cross multiplication.
47. (i) Count all the possible rectangles in the given
network. (iii) Make n as a subject.
(ii) The required number of rectangles is (iv) Substitute k = 0.5 in the above formula and
x( x + 1) y( y + 1) find n.
× .
2 2 50. (i) Equate l 2 + b 2 to 10.
48. (i) When number of sides (n) is 3, the number of (ii) Take squares on both sides of the above equa-
diagonals (d) is zero, i.e., n − 3 must be a factor. tion and find 100 − b2.
(ii) When n is 4 then d = 2, i.e., apart from (n − 3)
4 n
it should be , i.e., .
2 2

IIT_Maths 8_Hints_And_Explanation_Final_Test your concepts.indd 12 4/21/2018 4:41:19 PM

 Chapter Ratio, Proportion and Variation 13
Ratio, Proportion
6 and Variation

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 200 : 21 16. 10
2. 3 : 5 17. ` 6
3. 7 : 10 18. Direct proportion
4. 15 : 5 : 3 x
19.
2
5. 9
20. False
6. 8 : 27
21. 81 : 99
7. 3 : 1 : 5
22. 40
8. 3 : 5
23. 90
9. Continued proportion
24. 9 : 13
10. True
25. 10

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
11. False
1 26. 8 : 9
12.
3 27. 43 : 19
13. 35 28. 2.5 days
14. 8 29. 3850 cm2
15. 120 30. 27 days

Short Answer Type Questions

31. (i) Convert the given ratio into simplest form. (iii) Cross multiply and find x.
3 35. (i) The share of B is to be calculated.
(ii) Y’s share = (X’s share)
4 5 11
5 3 4 (ii) Ratio of shares of A and B = : = 20 : 33.
32. x : = : . 3 4
9 2 5 A’s part
33. (i) Convert the given ratios into fractions and (iii) A’s share = × Total share .
Total parts
find their values in decimals. 36. (i) Write the ratio as fractions.
(ii) Compare the above decimals and write them x
(ii) Apply cross multiplication and find (i.e., x : y).
in ascending order. y
37. Go for substitution method.
34. (i) Add x to each of the numbers.
38. Mean proportional of a and b is ab .
(ii) Equate the ratio so formed to 4 : 3.

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 14 Chapter 6

43. Use the concept of direct proportion.

a c c e m pa + qb + re m
39. If = = = = , then = .
b d d f n pb + qd + rf n 44. (i) Apply componendo and dividendo.
40. Go for substitution method. (ii) Cross multiply and simplify.
a b V1 r13
41. : = a2 : b2 45. =
bc ca V2 r23
42. Consider a and b as 2x and 3x and proceed.

Essay Type Questions

46. 110 49. (i) Frame the formula by the given relation, i.e.,
47. 12 A1d12 = A2d22

48. (i) Take the given ratios equal to k. (ii) Substitute A1, d1, A2 and find d2.
PV
1 1 PV
(ii) Equate each ratio to k and find x, y and z. 50. Use = 2 2 and find T2 .
T1 T2
(iii) Add x, y and z.
(iv) If x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

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 Chapter Percentages 15

7 Percentages

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 0.25 23. False

2. 24% 24. Cannot say
3. 100 25. True
1 26. (i) Consider the price of wheat as Rs. 100.
4.
5
(ii) Find the new price, i.e., 112% of 100.
5. 37.5%
(iii) Find by what percentage the price in step (i)
6. 50% is less than that in step (ii) .
7. 20% 27. (i) 80% of the total strength is the number of
8. 12.5% boys.

9. 1000 (ii) Find the total strength, i.e., 100% as 80% is

given as 3060.
10. True

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
28. (i) Given 72% of total marks is 864.
11. 200
(ii) Use unitary method and find 732 is what %
12. 8 of the total marks.
13. False
29. (i) Calculate A:B:C.
14. 50%
(ii) Compare A and C and write the result.
15. 25 C−A
(iii) Required percentage = × 100 .
16. False A
30. (i) Consider the total marks as x.
17. 40%
(ii) Pass mark in first case = 52% of x − 114.
18. 2.5
(iii) Similarly find the pass mark in the second
19. False
case.
20. True
(iv) Equate the pass marks in both the cases and
21. 10% find x.
22. 21

Short Answer Type Questions

31. (i) Let the total number of apples be x. 32. (i) Calculate the total valid votes, i.e., 94% of 64200.
(ii) Given, 6% of x = 51, then find x. (ii) 25% of the value obtained in step (i) is the
required answer.

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 16 Chapter 7
33. (i) Consider the weight of C as 100 percentage
points.
(ii) Using the above values, find the weights of
A and B in percentage points.
(iii) Now compare and find what % of B is A.
5 5
34. Multiply 5 by and simplify.
9 9
35. Let the number be x and proceed.
36. (i) Find 20% of 160 and 30% of 140.
(ii) Compare the above values.
37. (i) Consider the original price of mangoes as
Rs. x per kg and number of mangoes as y.
(ii) From step (i) , the total price is xy. Equate it
to the price given in the question.
(iii) After the rise, the new total price = (112% of
x) (y − 27) .
(iv) Find 112% of x and x.
38. (i) Calculate the quantity of water and acid in
175 litres of solution.
(ii) Let x litres of water be added to the solution.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
(iii) Frame the equation according to the condi-
21 + x 23
tion, i.e., = .
175 + x 100
(iv) Find x from the above equation.
39. (i) Consider the weight of C as 100 percentage
points.
Essay Type Questions
46. Let the number of votes secured by the second be
100x.
47. Let the number of apples be 100x.
48. Let the prices of the cooler Q and the refrigerator
P be Rs. x and Rs. 5x respectively.
49. Let the property of Raju be Rs. 100x.
IIT_Maths 8_Hints_And_Explanation_Final_Test your concepts.indd 16
(ii) Using the above values, find the weights of
A and B in percentage points.
(iii) Compare and verify for the given answer.
40. Let the first number be 100x.
41. (i) Take the fares of AC ticket and non-AC ticket
as x and y respectively.
(ii) Apply the given condition and find the rela-
tion between x and y.
(iii) Find what % of x is y.
42. The amount deposited in the bank is 75% of 85%
of 60% of 10800.
43. (i) Calculate the tax on Rs. 150.
(ii) Add transportation cost, i.e., Rs. 10 to the tax.
Total cost − Manufacturing cost
(iii) Find × 100 .
Manufacturing cost
44. (i) Frame the two equations according to the
given conditions.
(ii) Find y from the second equation.
(iii) Substitute it in the first equation and get the
value of x.
45. (i) Let the salaries of Rohan and Sohan be 3x
and 4x respectively.
(ii) Find the savings of Sohan, i.e., 11% of 4x.
(iii) Equate the above expression to 2310 and find x.
(iv) Find the savings of Rohan (i.e., 18% of 3x)
and sum of the salaries of both.
50. (i) Find the total cost of all the items in 1999 and
2006.
(ii) Calculate the cost of living index by
using the formula, cost of living index =
Total cost in 2006
Total cost in 1996
4/21/2018 4:41:26 PM
 Chapter Profit and Loss, Discount and Partnership 17

8
Profit and Loss, Discount
and Partnership

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions
11
1. 21. (i) Consider the cost price as 100x.
10
(ii) Calculate M.P., i.e., C.P. + 32% of C.P.
2. ` 910
(iii) Calculate S.P. by using the formula
2
3. 16 % C.P.(100 + g )
3 S.P. =
100
4. 8%
(iv) Calculate discount % by using
5. ` 52.50 100 S.P.
M.P. =
6. No profit/loss is made. (100 − d %)
100 + z%
7. C.P.(100 + g )
100 22. (i) Use S.P. =
100
8. ` 400
(ii) Calculate M.P. by using the formula M.P. =
9. Loss of 6.25% S.P. + Discount

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
10. ` 17,000 23. Partner
11. ` 75 24. False
5 25. ` 1200
12.
4 26. ` 600
13. ` 1335 27. (i) Let the period of investment of Raj be
14. ` 725 x months.
15. 6.25% (ii) Ratio of investments = Ratio of profits.
(iii) Find x.
16. ` 600 (iv) Raj joined the business after (12 – x) months.
17. 28% 28. (i) Find the selling price as M.P. and discount %
18. ` 6000 are known.
19. Find M.P. by using the formula S.P. = (ii) Now calculate C.P. as S.P. and profit % is known.
100 − d1 100 − d2 29. (i) Let the M.P. be 100x.
M.P. × ×
100 100 (ii) Calculate S.P. after the two successive dis-
counts by using the formula, S.P. = M.P. (100
20. (i) Calculate S.P. by using the formula
– d1) (100 – d2) / 100 × 100
C.P.(100 − l )
S.P. = (iii) Then find the overall discount.
100
30. (i) Convert the mixed fractions into improper
(ii) Calculate the discount per cent by using, S.P. = fractions.
(100 − d %) (ii) Find x : y : z : A
M.P.
100 (iii) From the above ratio, find x’s investment.

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 18 Chapter 8

Short Answer Type Questions

31. (i) Consider the C.P. as 100x. 38. (i) Maximum profit = Maximum S.P. – Minimum
C.P.
(ii) The M.P. of the article is 105x.
(ii) Find the maximum S.P. (Rs. 1200).
(iii) Find S.P. by using the formula,
C.P.(100 − l ) (iii) Find the minimum C.P. (Rs. 400).
S.P. =
100 (iv) Maximum possible profit = Maximum S.P. −
(iv) Find discount % by using, Minimum C.P.
100 S.P. 39. (i) Consider the M.P. as Rs. 100.
M.P. =
100 − d%
(ii) Let the M.P. be Rs. 100, then S.P. = Rs. 90
32. (i) Calculate the C.P. by using, C.P. and profit = 20%. Find C.P.
100 S.P.
= (iii) Now, new S.P. = Rs. 85. Find the profit/loss
100 − l% percentage.
(ii) Calculate the required price, as C.P. and profit
40. (i) Consider the M.P. as Rs. 100 and proceed.
% is known.
(ii) Let the first discount be x%.
33. (i) Find the cost at which Anil sold the cycle to
Ramesh, i.e., 1500 + 10% of 1500. ⎛ x ⎞⎛ 20 ⎞
(iii) 200 ⎜ 1 − ⎟ ⎜ 1− = 100. Find x.
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
(ii) The amount obtained in step (i) is the C.P. for
Ramesh. 41. (i) Cost of 5 dozen mangoes = 20% of 1800.
(iii) Cost price for satish = C.P. – Rs. 50. (ii) The cost of 5 dozen mangoes after reduction
= 20% of 1800.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

34. (i) Calculate S.P., i.e., 85% of M.P.

(ii) Calculate C.P. by using the formula (iii) Find the cost of one dozen mangoes.
100S.P. 4
C.P. = 42. (i) Reduced price = (original price)
(100 − l %) 5
100
35. (i) Let the list price of the article initially be 100x. (ii) Original cost per dozen = × Cost per
80
1 dozen after reduction.
(ii) The C.P. for the trader is 92 x .
2 43. (i) Consider x articles are sold at a gain of 10%.
(iii) Find the S.P. by using the formula, S.P. = C.P. Profit on 20 articles = profit on x articles +
(100 + g)/100. profit on (20 – x) articles.
(iv) Now, calculate M.P. by using the formula, (ii) Let the C.P. of each article be y and let he sell
S.P. × 100 x articles at a gain of 10% and (20 − x) articles
M.P. = at a gain of 20%.
(100 − d )
1 (iii) Find the S.P. of x articles and the S.P. of (20 −
36. C.P. of each chocolate is Re. x) articles and equate their sum to the S.P. of
5
20 articles.
37. (i) Consider C.P. as Rs. 100 and proceed.
44. (i) M.P. = C.P. + 50.
(ii) Let the C.P. of the article be Rs. x. Find S.P.
by using the formula, S.P. = C.P. − Loss. (ii) Let the M.P. be Rs. 100x, then S.P. = Rs. 90x
and profit = 5%. Find C.P.
10x
(iii) New C.P. = x − and
100 (iii) Now, M.P. = S.P. + 50, discount = 10%, find
x and then S.P.
(iv) New S.P. = Old S.P. + Rs. 55. Find x and then
C.P.

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 Profit and Loss, Discount and Partnership 19

45. (i) Apply the appropriate formulae. (iii) Find the discount expected by the customer
as shown in the 44th question above.
(ii) Find the discount offered by the shop owner.
(iv) Find the difference between the two discounts.

Essay Type Questions

46. ` 80 (ii) Find the M.P. of the article.

47. 30% (iii) If he does not allow discount, M.P. will be
S.P.
48. (i) Total C.P. = Total S.P.
C.P.(100 + 10%)
(iv) Using S.P. = , find C.P.
(ii) Total S.P. = Total C.P. 100
50. (i) Investment × time period of both partners are
(iii) Find the C.P. of first cow by using
equal.
100 × S.P.
C.P. = (ii) Ratio of profit = Ratio of investments.
(100 + Profit %)
(iv) C.P. of the other cow = 8000 − C.P. of first (iii) X invested Rs. 5000 for 12 months, Y invested
cow. Rs. 8000 for 6 months and Rs. 6000 for
6 months. Z invested Rs. 6000 for 6 months.
(v) Find (C.P. − S.P.) for the other cow.
(iv) Find the ratio of investments.
49. (i) Compute M.P. first and then C.P.

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

IIT_Maths 8_Hints_And_Explanation_Final_Test your concepts.indd 19 4/21/2018 4:41:32 PM

 Chapter
20 Chapter 9
Simple Interest and
9 Compound Interest

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 25 years 23. Use formula for interest.

2. Interest 24. (i) Consider the principal as Rs. P.
3. True 343
(ii) Given A = P
216
4. False
3
5. ` 10 ⎛ R ⎞
(iii) But A = P ⎜ 1 +
⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
6. True
25. (i) Calculate for how many days the interest is
7. ` 1500 calculated.
8. True PR × (number of days )
(ii) Use, I = and calcu-
9. ` 50 100 × 365
late the interest.
10. False
26. (i) Consider the principal as Rs. P.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

11. True
(ii) The amount in 5 years is 3P.
12. Cannot be determined
(iii) Consider this (3P) as the principal for next
13. Conversion period three years.
14. Bank A (iv) Continue the process, till the amount becomes
n 27P.
 R 
15. A = P  1 +
 100 
2
⎛ R ⎞
27. Using, A = P ⎜ 1 + ⎟ find A.
16. Apply formula. ⎝ 200 ⎠
⎛ TR ⎞ 28. Find C.I. and S.I. on the given sum.
17. Use, A = P ⎜ 1 + in both the cases.
⎝ 100 ⎟⎠ 29. (i) Calculate the interest in the first case by using
18. Apply formula. the formula.

19. (i) Find the interest for 1 year, i.e., subtract the ⎡⎛ R ⎞
2 ⎤
C.I. = P ⎢⎜ 1 + ⎟ − 1⎥
given amounts. ⎢⎣⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎦⎥
(ii) Then find the interest for two years.
(ii) Calculate the interest in the second case by
20. (i) Find interest, i.e., Amount – Principal. ⎡⎛ R ⎞
4 ⎤
PTR using formula C.I. = P ⎢⎜ 1 + ⎟ − 1⎥ .
(ii) Use, I = and calculate T. ⎢⎣⎝ 400 ⎠ ⎥⎦
100
21. (i) Calculate the interest, i.e., Amount − Principal. (iii) Calculate the difference in both the cases.

PTR 30. (i) Interest of bank-1 − Interest of bank-2 = Rs. 3

(ii) Use, = I and find T.
100 2000 × r1 × 2 2000 × r2 × 2
(ii) − = 30
22. Apply formula. 100 100

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 Simple Interest and Compound Interest 21

Short Answer Type Questions

31. Use formula for interest and rate for half year is 40. (i) Let the required sum be Rs. x.
⎛ 20 ⎞ (ii) Calculate the interest (in x) for the first case.
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ %, i.e., 10%.
2
(iii) Calculate the interest in the second case.
⎛ N ⎞
32. C.I. = P ⎜ ⎛⎜ 1 +
R ⎞ (iv) Equate the values obtained in steps (ii) and
⎟ − 1⎟
⎝ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎠ (iii) to find x.

⎛⎛ N ⎞ 41. 20
R ⎞
33. C.I. = P ⎜ ⎜ 1 + ⎟ − 1⎟ 42. (i) Calculate the amount for 5 years at S.I.
⎝ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎠
34. Difference in amounts obtained in problem num- (ii) Remove Rs. 2500 from the amount.
ber 7 and 8. (iii) The amount obtained in step (ii) is the cost of
⎡⎛ ⎤ 2 the cycle.
R ⎞
35. Using, C.I. = P ⎢⎜ 1 + ⎟ − 1⎥ calculate C.I.
⎢⎣⎝ 400 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 43. 9
n 44. (i) Consider the two parts as x and Rs. (3000
⎛ R ⎞ − x).
36. Use the formula A = P ⎜ 1 + and calculate A.
⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
(ii) Calculate the interests in both the cases
37. Given P =10000, A = 10810 and R = 4% for six mentioned.
months.
(iii) Find the sum of the interests and equate to
38. Compare the interests in the two options. Rs. 240. Find x and proceed.
3 p PRT
39. S.I. = = . 45. 1440

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
16 100

Essay Type Questions

46. (i) 100% redness to 25% in 1244 years. 48. (i) Calculate the amount for first year.
⎛ 25 ⎞ (ii) Principal for second year = (Amount − Rs. 1900)
(ii) 25% reduces to ⎜ ⎟ %, i.e., 6.25 in another
⎝ 4⎠
1244 years. (iii) Take the value obtained in step (ii) as the
principal and calculate the amount for two
(iii) Now find the age of the tree.
years.
47. (i) Calculate the simple interest for two years.
49. (i) Let the sum be Rs. P.
(ii) Calculate the compound interest for two
(ii) Difference of interests in two cases is Rs. 750.
years.
(iii) Now calculate P.
(iii) Find the difference of C.I. and S.I.
50. 15:12:5

IIT_Maths 8_Hints_And_Explanation_Final_Test your concepts.indd 21 4/21/2018 4:41:37 PM

 Chapter
22 Chapter 10
Time and Work; Pipes
10 and Cisterns

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 3 h 24. 16
2. 12 days 25. (i) Find the ratio of efficiencies of Satish, Goel
3. 27 and Khan.

4. 15 days (ii) The amount is shared among them in the

ratio of their efficiencies.
5. 3 : 1
26. (i) Let Y complete the job in 2a days, then X
6. False completes the job in a days.
1 (ii) Find the part of the work done by X and Y
7.
12 together in one day in terms of a and equate
8. 4 : 3 : 2 1
it to .
36
9. 30
(iii) Find a and 2a.
10. 6
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

27. (i) Find the part of the work completed by a man

11. y in one hour and then by two men in one hour.
12. 4 : 3 (ii) Find the part of the work completed by a
women in one hour and then by three women
13. 2
in one hour.
14. 50 (iii) Find the part of the work done by two men
15. 3 and three women together in one hour.
16. 2 : 1 1
28. (i) (A + B)’s one day work = , (B + C)’s one
45
17. 15 1
day work = and (C + A)’s one day work =
18. 20 36
1
19. B 60
20. 500 (ii) Add the above and find the (A + B + C)’s one
day work.
Y
21. , 3Y
3 (iii) Now find A’s, B’s and C’s one day work.
22. 30 29. Time taken is inversely proportional to efficiency.
23. 6 : 3 : 2 30. 10

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Short Answer Type Questions
31. (i) Assume they worked together for x days. Then
A worked for (x + 10) days and B worked for
x days.
(ii) Find x by solving the equation.
32. (i) Find the individual efficiencies of Ramesh
and Satish.
(ii) Find the part of the work done by Ramesh
and Satish together in one day.
33. (i) Let spandana can complete the job in x days,
x (iii) This has to be filled by A and B together.
then Usha completes it in days and Priya
2
x 39. (i) Let the work be completed in x days by all
completes it in days.
4
(ii) Find the part of the work done by the three
working together in one day (in terms of x)
1 plete the work.
and equate it to . Find x.
56
34. (i) Find the time taken by Satish to complete the
work.
(ii) Find the time taken by Satish and Ramesh to
complete the work together.
(iii) Find the time taken by Ramesh to complete
the work.
(iv) Find the part of work completed by them
in 5 days. Remaining work is completed by
Ramesh.
35. (i) Find the part of the work done by A and B in
one day and part of the work done by B and
C in one day. Add these two equations.
(ii) Frame the equation for the part of the work
done by A, B and C in one day, working
together. Find the part of the work done by B
in one day by subtracting the result in hint (i)
from the result in hint (ii).
36. Find the part of the tank filled by the three pipes
⎛ 1 1 1⎞
in one hour ⎜ + + ⎟ .
⎝ x y z⎠
37. (i) Given (4m +3w)2 = (6w + 2m)2. Obtain the
relation between the efficiency of a man and a
woman.
IIT_Maths 8_Hints_And_Explanation_Final_Test your concepts.indd 23
Time and Work; Pipes and Cisterns 23
(ii) Convert (4m + 3w) into men and find the
time taken by a man alone to complete it.
(iii) Use the relation between their efficiencies
to find the time taken by a woman alone to
complete it.
38. (i) Find the part of the tank filled by A, B and C
in 1 hour and then in 6 hours.
(ii) Find the remaining part of the tank to be
filled.
three working together.
(ii) C worked for x days, A worked for (x – 10)
days and B worked for (x – 5) days to com-
(iii) Equate the work completed by all the three to
1 and find x.
40. (i) Let the cistern be full in x minutes. Then Q
opened for x minutes and p opened for (x – 5)
minutes.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
(ii) Equate the work done by all the pipes to 1
and find x.
41. Add (A + B)’s, (B + C)’s and (C + A)’s one day’s
work.
42. Use the variation concept and find the number of
men in the second case.
43. (i) Use ‘Mandays’ concept.
(ii) Let 300 more men joined after x days.
(iii) Solve for x : 1500 × x + 1800(26 – x) = 1500
× 30.
44. (i) Let C alone can complete the work in x days.
(ii) Equate the work done by all the three in 5
days to 1 and find x.
(iii) Find the ratio of the worked by A, B and C in
one day.
(iv) Amount is shared among them in the ratio of
their work done.
4/21/2018 4:41:40 PM
 24 Chapter 10

45. (i) Find the part of the work done by A and B in (iii) Calculate the remaining work and this has to
a period of 2 days. be done by A.
(ii) Find the number of such periods, so that the
work completed by them is just less than one.

Essay Type Questions

46. (i) Let s, m and f denote the respective times 47. Use variation concept
taken by son, mother and father to complete
⎛ M 1D1H1 M 2 D2 H 2 ⎞
the work. ⎜⎝ W =
1 W2 ⎟⎠
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ =
(ii) Given, , + = and 48. (i) Find the part of the tank filled by the two in
s m 24 s f 18
1 1 1 one second.
+ = .
m f 36 (ii) Required time = Total capacity/Part of the
tank filled in one second.
(iii) Solve the above equations to find
1 1 1 1 1 1 49. 6 units capacity is required to complete the work
+ + and , , . in 24 days.
s m f s m f
50. Use variation concept.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

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 Chapter Time and Distance 25

11 Time and Distance

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 5 23. (i) Distance travelled by the train = Sum of their

lengths.
2. 54
Distance travelled
3. True (ii) Time taken = in m/sec.
Speed
4. x
24. (i) Let the distance be d km.
5. 40 km
d d d 1
6. km/h (ii) Time difference in both cases = − = .
t 20 25 2
Find d.
7. 1 h
25. (i) As they are travelling in the same direction,
8. 6 km/h relative speed = (96 − 90), i.e., 6 kmph.
9. 10 s Distance
(ii) Use, Time = to find the required
10. 18 s Speed
time.

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
11. (x + y)
26. (i) Find the time taken for 60 km distance and
12. 15 km/h time taken for 120 km distance.
13. (x + y) Total distance travelled
(ii) Average speed = .
Total time taken
14. (x − y)
27. (i) Let the distance covered by each bus be d km.
1
15. 7 s d d
5 (ii) Time difference = − = 3, find d.
45 60
1 28. (i) As they are travelling in opposite directions, rel-
16. (x + y)
2 ative speed = (80 + 90) kmph, i.e., 170 kmph.
17. 15 (ii) Distance travelled = Speed × Time.
18. (u − v) (iii) Distance between them = (500 − Distance
19. 7 travelled).
20. 2 29. (i) Relative speed while crossing the person =
(63 + 9) = 72 km/h = 20 m/sec.
21. (i) Find the speed of the person by using Speed =
Distance Length of the train
. (ii) Time taken = .
Time Relative speed
(ii) Now, distance covered = Speed × Time. (iii) Time taken to cross the bridge =
Sum of their lengths
22. (i) Convert 54 km/h to m/sec. .
Speed of the train
Length of the train
(ii) Time taken = . 30. Find the length of the train.
Speed

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 26 Chapter 11

Short Answer Type Questions

45
31. (i) Let the distance be d km. 38. (i) Speed of Bharat = = 5 m/sec.
9
d d
(ii) Time difference in both cases = − = 1. (ii) Find the time taken by Bharat to complete
3 5
Find d. 600 m at 5 m/sec.
32. (i) Speed at which he travelled from Hyderabad (iii) Time taken by Anand is 9 seconds less than
to Chennai is 360 kmph (Time taken = 6 h). that of Bharat.
(ii) Speed at which he travelled from Chennai to 39. (i) Find the upstream speed and downstream
360 speed.
Hyderabad is kmph.
1 (ii) Find the time taken for upstream and down-
7
2 stream distance.
1
(Time taken = 7 h)
2
Total distance travelled
⎛ ⎞ (iii) Use, Average speed = .
⎜ 360 360 ⎟ Total time taken
(iii) Decrease in speed ⎜ − kmph.
6 1⎟ 40. (i) By the time A completes 50 m, B completes
⎜⎝ 7 ⎟
2⎠ 40 m and C completes 36 m.
33. (i) Let the length of the second train be l m. (ii) By the time B completes 50 m, C completes
(ii) Relative speed = Difference of the speeds. ⎛ 36 ⎞
⎜⎝ × 50⎟⎠ m.
Sum of their lengths 40
(iii) Time taken to overtake = .
Relative speed 650
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

34. (i) Let the total distance be d km. 41. (i) Speed of Y = = 10 m/sec.
65
(ii) Find the time taken in each case. (ii) X beats Y by 10 sec, i.e., the distanced trav-
Total distance travelled elled by Y in 10 sec.
(iii) Use, Average speed = .
Total time taken 100
42. Speed of Laxman = = 5 m/sec. Find the time
35. (i) Speed upstream = (Boat speed − Water speed), 20
Speed downstream = (Boat speed + Water taken by Laxman to complete 1000 m. Find the
speed). speed of Sashidhar and Swaroop.

(ii) Total time = 43. Calculate the ratio of their speeds.

Upstream distance Downstream distance 44. Compare the time taken by the boat in each case.
+
Speed upstream Speed downstream 45. (i) Let the distance between X and Y be d km.
36. (i) Let the speed of the boat be x km/h. d
(ii) Speed of Sujay = (as he takes 5 h), speed of
45 45 5
(ii) Time difference = − = 4 h, find x. d
x−2 x+2 Anil = (as he takes 4 hours).
4
37. (i) If A runs 1000 m, B runs 900 m and if B runs (iii) Relative speed = Sum of the speeds.
1000 m, C runs 900 m.
(iv) Time taken to meet =
A A B 1000 1000
(ii) = × = × . Distance between them at 8:00 a.m.
C B C 900 900 .
Relative speed

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 Time and Distance 27

Essay Type Questions

46. (i) Let time for the entire journey be x h and find (iv) Use the above information and calculate the
the distance. speed.
(ii) Let the person takes t hours to reach his 47. 6
destination.
48. 20 m/sec
(iii) He has to cover 30t km. As he covered half
the distance, i.e., 15t km, he has to cover the 49. 2
t
remaining in hours. 50. Ten and a half hour
5

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

IIT_Maths 8_Hints_And_Explanation_Final_Test your concepts.indd 27 4/21/2018 4:41:49 PM

 Chapter
28 Chapter 12
Linear Equations
12 and Inequations

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

10
1. 16. Zero
7
17. True
2. 4 and 16
18. Transitive property
3. 42
19. x ≤ y
4. 17 and 19
20. True
5. 10
21. Inequation
6. 20, 40, and 60
22. {−2, −1, 0, 1}
7. 60 m
23. Closed half plane
8. 5
24. False
9. 6
25. c > 0
10. Inconsistent
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

 5 
11. Consistent 26. x : x ≥ , x ∈ R 
 6 
12. 6 and 1
27. Negative
13. 3 cm and 2 cm
28. x > 3
14. One
29. Does not change
15. ` 6
30. x + y < 5

Short Answer Type Questions

31. (i) Let the side of chess board (square) be x.
Then its perimeter is 4x.
(ii) Given 4x − x = 21. Find x.
32. Write all the x terms on one side and constants on
other side.
33. (i) Let the number be x.
(ii) Frame the equation using the given informa-
tion and find x.
34. (i) Let the number of rabbits be x and that of
peacocks be y.
(ii) Frame equations using the given information
and solve for x and y.
35. (i) Let the numbers be x, x + 2 and x + 4.
(ii) Use the given information and find x.
36. (i) Let their ages be 4x and 3x.
(ii) Difference of their ages = 4x − 3x = 7.
(iii) Find x and then find 3x and 4x.
37. Use elimination by substitution method to solve
the equations.

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 Linear Equations and Inequations 29

38. (i) Let the cost of each maths book and each 41. The point has to satisfy the inequality.
physics book be Rs. x and Rs. y respectively.
42. (i) Draw the graph of x + y = 0.
(ii) Frame the equations using the given infor-
(ii) Consider any point in one of the planes.
mation and solve them.
(iii) If it satisfies the inequality x + y ≤ 0, the
(iii) Then find 5x + 4y.
shaded region should include the point.
39. (i) Let the breadth of the paper be x cm, then
3 43. (i) Number of words typed by Shiva in a day =
length = xcm . 5x.
2
3x 3x (ii) Number of words typed by Sreenivas in a day
(ii) Perimeter = + x = 80 Find x and . = 7y.
2 2
40. (i) Write x terms on one side and constants on 44. Modulus of a real number is always positive.
other side. 45. As numerator is always > 0, for the fraction to be
(ii) Solve for x. positive, x − 3 > 0.

Essay Type Questions

46. (i) Let the number of cottages be x and number 49. (i) Draw the regions corresponding to given
of pilgrims be y. inequations.
y (ii) The common region of all the three inequa-
(ii) Given 4x + 240 = y and + 40 = x .
6 tions is the required solution.
(iii) Solve the above two equations and find x and 50. (i) Number of items produced by A in a day =
y. 6x

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
47. (c) 225 (ii) Number of items produced by B in a day =
48. (d) 3 11y.

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 Chapter
30 Chapter 13

13 Sets

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. C (ii) For maximum values of n(A × B), n(A − B)

and n(B − A) should be maximum, i.e., 6 and
2. False
6. ∴ n(A) = 9, n(B) = 9.
3. equal
(iii) n(A × B) = n(A) × n(B).
4. 4
19. Recall the definition of subset.
5. Null
20. B ⊂ A and C ⊂ B.
6. 1
21. (i) x ∈ A ∪ B ⇒ x ∈ A or x ∈ B.
7. φ
22. Two ordered pairs are equal if and only if their
8. µ or A corresponding elements are equal.
9. {0} 23. (i) When A and B are disjoint, n(A ∩ B) = 0
10. equal sets ⇒ n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B)
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

11. False (ii) When A ⊂ B, n(A ∪ B) = B and n(A ∩ B) = A.

12. True 24.
13. equivalent 25. C
14. P = Q 26. A − (B ∩ C) = (A − B) ∪ (A − C)
15. True 27. φ
16. n(A ∪ B) 28. φ
17. A ⊂ B or A = B 29. 16
18. (i) n(A Δ B) = n(A − B) ∪ n(B − A). 30. A ∪ B

Short Answer Type Questions

31. (i) Write the elements in the sets μ, A and B.
(ii) (A ∩ B)′ = μ − A ∩ B.
32. n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) − n(A ∩B)
− n(B ∩ C) − n(C ∩ A) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C).
33. In set A, {3, 4} and {6, 7, 8} are the elements.
34. (i) Find the product of A × B.
(ii) Represent it on graphs.
35. (i) (x, y) ∈ A × B ⇒ x ∈ A and y ∈ B.
(ii) (y, x) ∈ B × A ⇒ y ∈ B and x ∈ A.
36. (i) Given n(μ) = 25, n(E) = 13, n(H) = 12 and n(E
∪ H)′ = 6.
(ii) n(E ∩ H) = n(E) + n(H) − n(E ∪ H).
(iii) n(H′) = n(H) − n(E ∩H).
(iv) n(H′) + n(E′).

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 Sets 31

37. (i) Number of students who passed in any of the 42. (i) Let the total number of students be x.
subjects = 80.
n(M ∪ P) = x − 4, n(M ∩ P) = 8.
n(M ∪ C) = 80, n(M) = 55, n(C) = 60. 65x 45x
n(M) = and n(P) = .
Use, n(M ∪ C) = n(M) + n(C) − n(M ∪ C) 100 100
and find n(M ∪ C). (ii) Use, n(M ∪ P) = n(M) + n(P) − n(M ∪ P) and
(ii) n(M′) = n(M) − n(M ∩ C) and n(C′) = n(C) − find x.
n(M ∩ C). 43. (i) n(A) = 7.
38. (i) Given, the number of non-empty proper sub- (ii) n(P(A)) = number of subsets of set A.
sets = 510.
44. (i) As P1 is the power set, n(P1) is 2n. Similarly
(ii) Total number of subsets = 510 + 2. n(P2) is 2m.
(iii) If the set has n elements, then 2n = 512, find n. (ii) Find the values of n and m, which satisfy 2n
39. Use, n(A ∪ B) = n(A ∩ B′) + n(B ∩ A′) +n(A ∩ B). − 2m = 31.
40. Represent the given data as Venn diagram. 45. (i) Subsets of A = 2a, subsets of B = 2b.
41. (i) x, y ∈ A and x + y = 10, xy = 10. (ii) 2a − 2b = 3072, find the values of a and b
which satisfy this equation.
(ii) Select two elements from A which satisfy the
above conditions.

Essay Type Questions

6
46. (i) 2n + 1 + is an integer. Therefore n should 47. 30
n

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
be a factor of 6. 48. μ
(ii) Substitute the values of n and find the cor- 49. 100
responding values of p. 50. 13

IIT_Maths 8_Hints_And_Explanation_Final_Test your concepts.indd 31 4/21/2018 4:41:55 PM

 Chapter
32 Chapter 14

14 Statistics

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 4 17. 90°
k 2pq
2. 18.
y p+q
3. 1.2 cm 19. median
4. False 20. 20
5. k Sum of observations
21. Mean =
6. True Number of observations
7. 12.5 22. Arrange the given items in ascending or descend-
ing order and find the middle most item.
8. 6
23. Mode = 3 Median − 2 Mean.
9. 0
24. The observation with maximum frequency is
10. frequency
mode.
11. Mode
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

25. 38
12. 19
26. 60
13. 25 kg
27. 2
14. 8
28. Class mark = Mid-value of the class.
15. 10
29. 70 − 80
16. mean

Short Answer Type Questions

31. Mean = ∑ fx . 39. The item corresponding to the cumulative fre-

N
∑f quency ≥ .
2
36. (i) 19 (ii) 30 40. The item corresponding to the highest frequency
37. (i) The number of persons of different age groups is mode.
who are residents of colony x. 41. 12
(ii) 50-60 42. Median = Mode
(iii) 600
43. 2
(iv) 0-10 and 70-80; in 20-30 and 60-70
44. 10p units
38. (i) 2.5 (ii) 2 (iii) 2 and 3

Essay Type Questions

(n + 1)
46. x + 48. x = 6; y = 4
2
49. 31
47. 80.
50. 18

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 Chapter Matrices 33

15 Matrices

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. True 6. not equal

2. a matrix 7. 5
 2 8. 3 × 3
3.  
 1 9. 12
4. 3 × 4 10. Write the matrix of order 2 × 4 and each element
is 1.
5. Order of a matrix = Number of rows × Number of
columns.

Short Answer Type Questions

11. [a b] 19. Fill the following gaps.

12. 1 × 4, 4 × 1, 2 × 2 Books Erasers Scales

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
13. Order of a matrix = Number of rows × Number of Anil
columns.
Nikhil
14. Fill the following gaps.

A B C Sunil

A 20. Fill the following gaps.

Mumbai Delhi Bangalore
B

C Hyderabad

15. Write the matrix of order 4 x and each element is 5. Vizag

16. Given an example for a matrix of order 1 × 3.
17. The number of elements in a matrix = (Number of Hyderabad Vizag
rows) × (Number of columns) Mumbai 750 1350
18. Order of a matrix = Number of rows × Number of Delhi 800 1250
columns. Bangalore 600 1450

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 Chapter
34 Chapter 16

16 Geometry

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. False 18. If two chords AB and CD intersect at E such that

2. (i) Corresponding angles are equal. AE ≤ EB and CE ≤ED, AE = CE and EB = ED.
(ii) Sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°. 19. (i) Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
3. Sum of the angles at a point on a straight line is (ii) Sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°.
180°.
(iii) ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
Corresponding angles are equal.
20. (i) ∠ADC + ∠BDC = 180°
4. Apply line symmetry concept on English alphabets
(ii) In ΔBDC, sum of angles = 180°.
and decide.
(iii) Angle subtended by a chord at the centre of
5. 45°
the circle is twice the angle subtended by it at
6. Obtuse angled any point on the circumference in the same
segment as that in which the centre lies.
7. 50°
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

21. AB
8. AC
22. 60°
9. 0.5
23. Cannot say
10. One
24. Rectangle
11. Verify which of the given numbers have two lines
of symmetry by applying line symmetry concept. 25. True
12. 90° 26. (i) The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a
circle to a chord bisects the chord.
13. True
(ii) Use Pythagoras theorem.
14. May or May not be
3 27. 8 cm
15. (i) Let ∠CDE = x, then ∠BAC = x.
2 28. CD
(ii) Sum of angles in ΔABE = ΔCED = 180°. 29. False
(iii) Now, find ∠BEC. 30. Disagree
16. False
17. (i) Angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
(ii) Sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°.

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Short Answer Type Questions
31. (i) Draw a line parallel to AB and CD passing
through Q.
(ii) Alternate angles are equal.
32. Sum of the angles in a straight line is 180°.
33. Co-interior angles are supplementary.
34. Sum of the angles in a straight line is 180°.
Corresponding angles are equal.
35. Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
36. EM and EN bisect ∠DEG and ∠HEF respectively.
Triangle EGH is isosceles.
Vertically opposite angles are equal.
37. (i) Sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°.
(ii) Triangle OBC is isosceles.
38. (i) Find ∠APD and the ∠ADP.
(ii) Now find ∠PDC.
(iii) Sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°.
39. 84°
Essay Type Questions
46. (i) Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
(ii) Use, ∠FDC = ∠DCB (alternate angles are
equal) and find ∠ACB.
(iii) Use ∠BPQ = ∠CDF (Corresponding angles
are equal) and ∠ACB + ∠PQC = 180° (sum
of the angles on the same side of transversal is
180°) and find ∠ABC.
47. (i) Diagonal SQ bisect ∠S and ∠Q. Sum of the
angles of a triangle is 180°.
(ii) ΔSRQ is a right angled isosceles triangle.
(iii) ∠NRS = 60° as STR is an equilateral triangle.
(iv) Given a is an exterior angle of ΔNRQ.
∴ ∠a = ∠NRQ + ∠NQR.
IIT_Maths 8_Hints_And_Explanation_Final_Test your concepts.indd 35
Geometry 35
40. Trapezium
41. (i) The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a
circle to a chord bisects the chord.
(ii) Use Pythagoras theorem.
42. Radii are equal. The exterior angle of a triangle
equals the sum of its interior opposite angles.
43. 120°
44. The angle subtended by a chord at the centre of a
circle is twice as much as the angle subtended by
it at any point on the circumference in the same
segment in which the centre lies.
45. (i) Angle subtended by a chord at the centre of
the circle is twice the angle subtended by it at
any point on the circumference in the same
segment as that in which the centre lies.
(ii) Sum of the angles at a point on a straight line
is 180°.
(iii) Exterior angle of a polygon equals the sum of
the interior opposite angles to it.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
48. (i) The perpendicular from the centre of a cir-
cle to the chord bisects the chord. Radii are
equal.
(ii) Take the radius of the circle as x, then OB =
x − 2.
(iii) OBC is a right angled triangle. Use Pythagoras
theorem and find x, then find OB = x − 2.
32
49. cm 2
3
50. Only (c) and (d).
4/21/2018 4:42:01 PM
 Chapter
36 Chapter 17

17 Mensuration

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 2 :1:1 14. Area of polygon = Area of rectangle + Area of

1 right angled triangle.
2. (i) Area of the right angled isosceles triangle is
a2. 2 l
15.
2p
(ii) Using this find a and then hypotenuse is equal 16. π (x + 3y) (x + y) cm2
to 2 a.
17. 24 πcm2
3. 2a
18. 7 cm
4. (i) Assume base as 3x and height as 2x.
19. 288 πcm2
(ii) Find the area and equate to the given value to
20. 104 cm
obtain x, then find base and height.
21. 50 cm
5. If a is the side of an equilateral triangle, then its
3 22. 400 cm3
height is given by a units.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

2 23. 2a
6. 35 cm2
x
a2 24.
7. b
2 25. (i) Find area of ΔABD and ΔBCD using Heron’s
8. (i) Area of gravel path = Area of outer rectangle − formula.
Area of inner rectangle. (ii) Area of quadrilateral ABCD = Area of ΔABD
(ii) Cost of gravelling = Area of the path × cost + Area of ΔBCD.
per square meter. Area of verandah
26. Number of tiles required =
9. (i) Using the area of square, find its side and its Area of each tile
length of diagonal. 27. (i) Perimeter of a semicircle = πr + 2r.
length of diagonal (ii) Using this find radius and then its area.
(ii) Time taken = .
velocity of the bird
28. Area of 4 walls = 2h(l + b) square units.
10. False
29. If a sphere is melted and recast into a wire (cylin-
11. 50 πcm2 der), then volume of sphere = volume of cylinder
12. 60 m3 i.e., (wire).

13. (i) Let the length of two parallel sides be a cm 30. (i) Use the formula to find area of the triangle.
and (a + 2) cm. 1
Area = base × height.
2
(ii) Find the area of trapezium with the help of
the formula, find the value of a and then the 1 1
lengths of required sides. (ii) (BC × AD) = (AB × EC)
2 2

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 Mensuration 37

Short Answer Type Questions

31. (i) When a largest circle is cut out of a square 38. Ratio of surface areas = r12 : r22 .
card-board, the length of the side of a square =
39. Rise in level =
diameter of circle.
Volume of pit
(ii) Area of cardboard left = Area of square − Area .
Area of ground on which mud is spread
of circle.
2 1
32. Side2 = (Hypotenuse)2 − (side1 )2 40. Using r = h find the ratio of πr2h, πr3 and
πr2h. 3 3
33. As the length of the rope is less than the side of
the square, area that the cow can graze = Area of 41. The total surface area of a cuboid = 2(lb + bh + lh).
1
quadrant sector = Area of circle. 42. Number of cubes =
4 Volume of cube of edge 12 inches
34. Area of race track = area of outer circle − area of Volume of cube of edge 4 incches
inner circle.
35. (i) Each side of cube can be cut into 10 parts. 3
43. Area of regular hexagon = 6 × (side)2.
4
(ii) ∴ Number of cubes so formed = 10 × 10 × 10.
4 3
36. Length of longest needle that can be accommo- 44. Volume of sphere = πr .
3
dated = length of diagonal of the cuboid.
x°
37. (a) Find the outer and inner radii of the hemisphere. 45. Circumference of base = × 2πr.
360
(b) T.S.A. of bowl = outer surface area + inner
surface area + ring area.

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
Essay Type Questions

46. (i) Cost of canvas = (C.S.A.) × (Cost per square (iii) Volume of solid = Sum of volumes of cone,
meter). cylinder and hemisphere.
(ii) Find the C.S.A. of cone. 4
50. (i) Volume of sphere = π(R3 − r3). Volume of
3
(iii) The cost of canvas = C.S.A. × cost per m2. 1
cone = πr2h.
47. 14 3
48. 16 (ii) Volume of metal = external volume − internal
volume.
49. (i) Volume of solid = volume of hemisphere +
volume of cylinder + volume of cone. (iii) Equate the above result to the volume of cone
and find radius of the base of the cone.
(ii) The heights of the cone and hemisphere is
3 cm each and as base radius and height of the
hemisphere are equal.

IIT_Maths 8_Hints_And_Explanation_Final_Test your concepts.indd 37 4/21/2018 4:42:06 PM