Biology Standard 10 X NEET NTSE KVPY Foundation Explorer Key Explanation Brain Mapping Academy HClass 10 PDF

II T F o u n d ati o n & Ol y m pi a d E x pl o r e r
NEET
( F o r Cl a s s e s 6 t o 1 0 )
F O U N D A TI O N
F O U N D A TI O N & O L Y M PI A D
CL A S S - 10
U ni q u e a t t r a c ti o n s f o r i m p o r t a n t c h a p t e r s
C o n c e pt M a p s M ulti pl e A n s w er Q u e sti o n s
Key & E xpl a n atio ns
Cr o s s w or d P u z zl e s P ar a gr a p h Q u e sti o n s
Gr a d e d E x er ci s e R e a s o ni n g & A s s erti o n
B a si c Pr a cti c e Q u e sti o n s
F urt h er Pr a cti c e
Br ai n W or k s
` 100
I S B N: 9 7 8- 9 3- 8 2 0 5 8- 2 0- 5
9 7 8 9 3 8 2 0 5 8 2 0 5
I n di a’ s FI R S T s ci e n ti fi c all y d e si g n e d p o r t al
f o r Ol y m pi a d p r e p a r a ti o n
• Ol y m pi a d & T al e nt E x a ms pr e p ar ati o n p a c k a g es
• A n al ysis R e p orts • Pr e vi o us q u esti o n p a p ers
• Fr e e D e m o P a c k a g es • Fr e e A n dr oi d M o bil e A p p
A u ni q u e o p p ort u nit y t o t a k e a b o ut 5 0 t e st s p er s u bj e ct.

NEET
FOUNDATION
E=: X P L O R E=: R
CLASS - 10
BI • L• GY
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ISBN: 978-93-82058-20-5
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First Edition: 2017

CONTENTS
1. Life Processes - I Nutrition ............................. 5-12
2. Life Processes - II Respiration ....................... . 13- 20
3. Life Processes - Ill Transportation .................. 21- 28
4. Life Processes - IV Excretion ......................... . 29-38
5. Control and Coordination ............................... 39 -46
6. Reproduction ................................................. 47- 53
7. Heredity and Evolution .................................. 54- 60
8. Our Environment ........................................... 61- 66
9. Management of Natural Resources ............... 67- 72

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Nutrition
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1. Pseudopodia 2. Amylase 3. Pepsin, Trypsin
4. Bile juice 5. Partially digested food 6. Small intestine
7. Chlorophyll 8. Amylase 9. Water
10. Starch 11. Carbohydrates 12. Chloroplasts
13. Proteins, fats 14. Villi 15. HCI
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1. [ T] 2. [ F] 3. [ T] 4. [ T] 5. [ T]
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1. (C) 2. (D)
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3. (D)
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1. (D) Arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and
oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest oft he body.
2. (A) Bananas are rich in carbohydrates (mainly sugars) and low in protein and fat.
3. (C) Most foods consist of molecules that are too large to diffuse through the
wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream.
4. (8) The maximum activity occurs at a pH of 2-3, indicating acidity. The gastric
juice in the stomach contains dilute hydrochloric acid along with enzymes.
Other parts of the digestion system are alkaline.
5. (D) The human alimentary canal begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.
6. (C) A large surface area means that more of the food is in contact with the
saliva, thus speeding up the digestion. Option (A) also happens but does
not answer the 'How' in the question.

NEET Foundation 01. Life Processes I Nutrition - Key & Explanations
7. (C) Lipase help in the digestion of fats. Amylase is present in human saliva
and begins the digestion of starch to sugars . Carbohydrase converts
maltose to glucose. Proteases are a group of enzymes that convert simple
proteins to amino acids.
8. (C) The digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats is completed in the
small intestine.
9. (8) In the stomach, proteins are broken down into simpler proteins. No
digestion of carbohydrates or fats occurs in the stomach.
10. (C) Fat molecules change into smaller glycerol and fatty acid molecules in the
small intestine.
11. (8) The wall of the small intestine is partially permeable thus allowing the
small digested food molecules through.
12. (D) Bile does not digest any foods. It just breaks fats into small droplets of fat,
increasing their surface area and making the digestion of fats faster.
13. (A) Gastric juice is found in the stomach and contains enzymes for the
digestion of proteins.
14. (D) Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and released into the
small intestine.
15. (A) Bile does not digest any foods. It just breaks fats into small droplets of fat,
increasing their surface area and making the digestion of fats faster.
16. (C) Water is absorbed into the body from the large intestine. Solid material
received from the small intestine passes through the large intestine and
out of the body through the anus.
17. (A) The small intestine is a long tube with many villi that provides a large
surface area for the absorption of food molecules. The small intestine has
a thin wall to allow for faster absorption.
18. (D) There are two tubes in our throat, the gullet and the windpipe.
• The gullet is the passage for food from the mouth to enter the stomach.
The windpipe is the passage for air from the nose or mouth to enter the lungs.
• We choke when food enters the windpipe by accident.
• When we swallow food, a flap of tissue called the epiglottis covers the
opening to the windpipe so that food particles cannot enter the windpipe.
Occasionally the flap fails to function and food or water may get into the
windpipe. When this happens, we will automatically cough in an attempt
to force the food or water out.
IT:> Biology - Class 10
19. (0) The digested food passes through the thin walls of the small intestine and
enters the bloodstream. The blood carries the digested food to all parts of
the body. In the cells, the energy stored in the digested food is released
when respiration takes place.
20. (C) Partly digested food enters the small intestine. Digested food passes
through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream. Undigested
food enters another stretch of tube called the large intestine where water
is absorbed.
21. (8) Honey drink contains sugars and water that are small enough to pass
through the walls of the small intestine and enter the bloodstream.
22. (C) The food we eat is too big to pass through the walls of the small intestine
and get into the bloodstream. The food we eat has to be broken down
into simpler substances that can be absorbed through the walls of the
small intestine into the bloodstream.
23. (B) The human digestive system is made up of muscles, not bones. It is a long
muscular tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The human
digestive system works together with the circulatory system to enable all
parts of the body to get food.
24. (A) The food is not kept long enough in our mouth for all the starch to be
broken down into sugars by the saliva before we swallow it.
25. (C) The thin walls of the small intestine have many finger-like projections
(viii i) with many blood vessels to absorb the digested food into the
bloodstream efficiently.
• The finger-like projections increase the surface area for absorption of food.
• The blood in the blood vessels carries the digested food to different parts
of the body.
26. (C) The digested food in the small intestine passes through the walls of the
small intestine and blood vessels to get into the bloodstream. The blood in
the blood vessels carries the digested food to different parts of the body.
27. (C) The longer the undigested food stays in the large intestine, the more the
water in it will be absorbed by the large intestine, so the harder and drier
the solid waste will become. A person may suffer from constipation if the
solid waste is held too long in the large intestine.

28. (8) The tongue helps to mix the food with saliva and rolls food into small balls
so that the food can be swallowed easily.
29. (8) Glucose is a sugar and a simple carbohydrate. Glucose is small enough to
diffuse through the wall of the small intestine. Maltose must be broken
down further into glucose. Amino acids come from the digestion of
proteins. Glycerol and fatty acids are formed from the digestion of fats.
30. (D) Part Xis the mouth. The saliva moistens and softens the food. It has digestive
juices that can change some of the food we eat into simplear forms.
However, most of the time, we swallow the food so fast that the digestive
juices do not have enough time to act on the food. The teeth do not digest
food but help in digestion by breaking the food into smaller pieces.
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1. (A,8,C,D) Proteins are used for the growth of cells and tissues, and for the
repair of damaged tissues. Carbohydrates and fats are used to
provide the body with energy. A balance of foods is needed to keep
us healthy.
2. (A,8,D) Starch is a large carbohydrate molecule that is insoluble in water.
Maltose (C 12 H22 0 11 ) and glucose (C6 H12 0 6 ) are sugars, which are
simpler carbohydrates that are soluble in water.
3. (A,8,0) Digestion could occur without enzymes but it would be so slow that
we would die of starvation. Enzymes are substances that speed up
the chemical reactions involved in digestion.
4. (8,D) The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal together with
organs (liver, gall bladder and pancreas) joined to the alimentary
canal. The oesophagus (also called the gullet) is part of the
alimentary canal between the mouth and the stomach. The kidneys
are part of the excretory system.
5. (A,8,C) All parts of the plant need vessels to carry water, minerals and food
around the plant.
6. (A,8,C,D) Absorption of food takes place in the small intestine. The small
intestine is very long. It also has thin walls with many tiny
projections and many blood vessels to absorb food into the
bloodstream efficiently.
7. (A,8,C,D) The gullet, heart, lungs and stomach are all muscular organs.
Biology - Class 10
8. (A,B,D) Chewing food breaks it into smaller pieces. Starch in foods changes
into maltose by the amylase in the saliva. Maltose breaks down
into glucose in the small intestine.
9. (B,C) The digestion of proteins begins in the stomach and is completed in
the small intestine.
10. (A,C,D) Most food is completely digested in the small intestine, not the
stomach.
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1. The process of elimination of waste products of metabolic activity from the
body is called excretion.
2. Living things produce new individuals similar to themselves by a process called
re production.
3. Different life processes of an organism, like growth and maintenance, require
energy which is obtained from food by a process called nutrition.
4. Food is broken down into simpler forms by a stepwise oxidizing-organisms
process known as respiration. During this process, oxygen is commonly required
by organisms to release energy from food for carrying out various life processes.
5. We need transport system for the movement of food and oxygen from one
part to another.
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1. (A) All animals (including man) and non green plants like fungi and some
bacteria cannot manufacture their own food as they do not have
chlorophyll. They have to depend upon autotrophs, directly or indirectly,
for their food supply.
2. (A) Green plants are said to exhibit autotrophic mode of nutrition, because
they can directly utilise the energy of sunlight to synthesise organic
molecules such as sugars from inorganic substances. Nutrition provides
energy which is required for synthesizing organic molecules, forming
biological structures and running life processes. This energy is obtained
either directly as light photons from sunlight, as seen in plants or
indirectly as chemical bond energy of molecules taken in food by animals.
3. (A) The muscles present on the wall of alimentary canal facilitates the
movement of food through it. These muscles help in breaking the solid
food into semi-liquid state. They churn and mix the food with the gastric,
pancreatic and intestinal juices of stomach and small intestine. They also
propel the food further down the alimentary canal i.e., from oesophagus
to small intestine via stomach and finally to large intestine by peristaltic
movements.
4. (8) Man secretes a starch hydrolysing enzyme in the saliva known as salivary
amylase or ptyalin. Ptyalin causes hydrolysis of starch into disaccharides
maltose and isomaltose and small dextrins, called 'limit' dextrins. A piece
of bread, if chewed slowly, tastes sweeter after sometime due to the
production of sweet tasting maltose from starch by ptyalin. Chewing of
food helps in ptyalin action because it mixes the food with saliva. It also
breaks food particles into smaller particles with greater surface area
exposed to ptyalin action.
5. (C) The hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice does not digest the stomach
wall due to the presence of mucus secreted by mucous cells of stomach.
The mucus is basic in nature which neutralizes the effect of the HCI in the
stomach and thus prevents its digestion. The hydrochloric acid provides
an acidic pH in the stomach for optimum action of enzyme pepsin. It also
denatures many food proteins which facilitates the action of pepsin.
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1. a) A - Oesophagus; B - Stomach; C - Liver; D - Pancreas; E - Sm al I
intestine; F - Large intestine.
b) Liver (C) and pancreas (D)
c) Completion of the digestion process. Absorption of digested food
molecules into the bloodstream.
Biology - Class 10
d) The walls of the alimentary canal are made of muscles. Muscles in front of
the food relax while those behind the food contract, squeezing the food
along the canal.
2. a) Human digestive system .
b) Digestion takes place in the parts in group K but digestion does not take
place in the parts in group L. Digestion takes place in the mouth, stomach
and small intestine but not in the gullet, large intestine and anus.
3. Digestion begins once the food enters the mouth, continues in the stomach and
ends in the small intestine. From the graph, we can deduce that Y is the mouth
(only a small amount of food Roshan had eaten was digested), Xis the stomach
and Z is the small intestine (most of the food Roshan had eaten was digested).
4. A: Mouth; B: Gullet; C: Stomach; D: Small intestine; E: Large intestine; F: Anus
Digestion takes place in the mouth, stomach and small intestine.
,JI LINK & LEARN

IC
1. Autotrophic 2. Heterotrophic 3. Holozoic
4. Saprophytic 5. Parasitic 6. Digestion
7. Salivary 8. Gastric 9. Pancreas
10. Liver 11. Mechanical 12. Digestive enzymes
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Page-11: Release of CO 2 and intake of 0 2 gives evidence that either
photosynthesis is not taking place or its rate is too low. Normally
during day time, the rate of photosynthesis is much more than the
rate of respiration. So, CO2 produced during respiration is used up
for photosynthesis hence CO2 is not released.
Page-16: Doctors advise to take light food during Fever. Fried food items are
not easily digested as the digestive system cannot digest heavy
foods especially meat, fish etc. These fried items are sometimes
attributed to excessive strain along the gastrointestinal system.
Page-19: When we chew the grains like wheat, jowar and rice we feel sweet
because the salivary amylase present in the saliva break complex
food particles that is starch into maltose which is a sugar. Hence
we feel sweet when we chew grains like wheat, jowar and rice.
Page-25: Plants are the only organisms that can make their own food and all
other living beings directly or indirectly depend on plants for their
food. Moreover plants release oxygen into the atmosphere through
photosynthesis. Oxygen is essential for the organisms to respire. Hence
without green plants, all life on the earth would come to an end.
@:> Biology - Class 10

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1. Glycolysis 2. Aerobic respiration 3. Inspiration or inhaling
4. Glycolysis 5. Respiration 6. Epiglottis
7. Breathing 8. Diaphragm 9. Cutaneous
10. Muscular pain
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1. [ T] 2. [ F] 3. [ T] 4. [ T] 5. [ T]
6. [ T] 7. [ T] 8. [ T] 9. [ F] 10. [ T]
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1. {A) 2. (B) 3. (C)
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1. (C) More stomata are found on the lower surface of the leaf as the stomata
are present on lower side of leaf.
2. {A) Alveoli are the cluster of air sacs found in lungs also called structural units
of respiration.
3. (B) Energy is stored in the form of ATP in mitochondria.
4. (B) During the process of respiration food is oxidised and release energy.
5. (B) Alveoli are the small sac like structures with thin wall in which exchange of
gases takes place.
6. (A) Trachea is commonly called as windpipe.
NEET Foundation 02. Life Processes II Respiration - Key & Explanations
7. (A) Haemoglobin is the oxygen carrying pigment in blood.

8. (C) lactic acid that accumulates in muscles due to incomplete breakdown of
glucose in the absence of oxygen causes muscular pain.
9. (C) Epiglottis is a flap like cartilage behind the root of the tongue that controls
movement of air and food.
10. (D) Diaphragm is the flattened muscular structure that helps the lungs in
moving air into and out of the human body.
11. (C) lungs are covered by a membrane called pleural membrane.
12. (8) Part labelled 'X' in the given figure is stomata.
13. (C) Trachea are incompleted or 'C' shaped cartilaginous rings that provides
support to trachea.
14. (C) Trachea is also known as wind pipe.
15. (8) In insects exchange of gases takes place through trachea.
16. (C) Medulla oblongata controls respiration .
17. (D) Aerobic respiration causes complete breakdown of organic molecules in
the presence of oxygen and release energy.
18. (C) The chemical breakdown of nutrients that occurs inside the living cells is
called respiration.
19. (C) Yeast undergoes fermentation and show anaerobic respiration.
20. (A) The air we breathe out is warmer than air because heat is liberated during
respiration.
21. (C) lime water turns milky due to the presence of carbon dioxide gas.
22. (A) Air consists of 78% nitrogen.
23. (D) Fermentation is due to yeast.
24. (C) Gills are the respiratory organs in fishes.
25. (C) The given figure is of alveoli.
26. (8) Alveoli are the structural units of respiratory system (lungs).
27. (A) When the diaphragm relaxes air to be inhaled through the human nose.
28. (8) Trachea • bronchus • bronchiole • alveolus
lli:> Biology - Class 10

29. (D) Earthworm respires, but has no respiratory organs, exchange of gases
takes place through moist skin.
30. (D) The exchange of gases takes place in alveoli
31. (A) In anaerobic respiration carbon dioxide is given out

32. (C) The blood returning to the heart from lungs via pulmonary vein has more
oxygen per ml of blood.
33. (C) The exchange of gases takes place by diffusion.
34. (C) Thin rubber sheet when pulled downward the balloons expand.
35. (C) Carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are present in the
smoke given out by motor vehicles.
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1. (A,D) Cutaneous respiration occurs in frog and earthworm.
2. (A,B,C) In plants exchange of gases takes place through stomata, surface of
roots and lenticels on stem.
3. (A,B,C) Products formed due to the fermentation of pyruvate by yeasts are

ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy.
4. (C,D) Respiration is a process in which energy is released and stored in the

form of ATP and oxidation of food takes place.
5. (A,C) The components present in exhalated air are CO2 and water vapour.
6. (A,C,D) The animals in which exchange of gases take place through diffusion
are amoeba, planaria and flatworm.
7. (A,B,C) When oil is applied on the lower side of the leaf photosynthesis,
respiration and transpiration does not takes place due to closing of
stomata.
8. (A,C) Writing and swimming increases the rate of breathing.
9. (A,C) When a person is inhaling, the air pressure in the lungs decreases
and the ribs move upwards and outward.
10. (A,B,D) Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, shortness of breath, yellow
teeth and fingernails.
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1. Fermentation 2. Tracheal 3. Combustion

4. Oxidation 5. Combustion 6. Pyruvate
7. Aerobic respiration 8. Catabolic process 9. Anabolic process
10. Anaerobic 11. ATP 12. Lactic acid
13. 2 ATP 14. Respiration. 15. Carbon dioxide & energy.
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1. The glucose is absorbed food combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide,
water and energy. This process is called respiration.
2. The process of respiration has two stages. External respiration or breathing and
Internal respiration or cellular respiration.
3. Respiration
4. The energy released is stored in the form of an energy-rich chemical substance
called ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). The ATP molecules that are stored in the
cells and can be broken down at any time to release energy for various
metabolic activities.
5. Oxygen is needed for respiration and release of energy.
e-i 8'6e,ition amJ :Re.a6oning ~WUf,6 ,,,_<-----------:

1. (C) Aerobic respiration involves the exchange of respiratory gases at two
places in multicellular animals-one between the body surface and
surrounding medium, the other between the individual cells and the
extracellular fluid. Lungs are involved in the first step of exchange, but not
the heart.
2. (A) As the integument of insect is thick and impermeable to minimise lose of
body water, they can not carryout gas exchanges through their body
surface. To overcome this difficulty they have developed a complex
system of air tubes called trachea to reach the air directly near the tissue
cells. Each trachea communicates with the exterior through openings in
the body wall.
Biology - Class 10
3. (A) In higher group of animals, respiratory process is directly related with

abdominal muscles. Relaxation of abdominal muscles draws in air through
spiracles, tracheae and tracheole. This air enters the body fluid through
terminal opening and tracheoles. It then diffuses through the body fluid
to reach the cells. Contraction of abdominal muscles drives air out from
the tracheal system through spiracles. This back and forth movement of
abdominal muscles regulates the whole respiratory process.
4. (8) In lung of mammals, the alveoli are far more permeable and vascular than
the skin. The total alveolar surface available for gas exchange, far exceeds
the general body surface. In adult man, the surface area of skin is around
1.6 m 2 only, but the total alveolar surface are is nearly 100 m 2 • So, lungs
replace the skin very effectively in mammals as respiratory organs.
5. (D) Respiration through mouth is harmful because it inhales all the unfiltered
air. If this is done through nasal openings, then the lungs will take only the
filtered and pure air without any foreign materials. The mucous cells and
the cilia of the nasal cavity hold the dust particles and the microbes that
are present in the air and makes it free of suspended particles.
0L..-1_ _____,;;;=---s_rR_u_cr_u_R_ED_Q_u_E_sr_1o_N_s= _ ____.I [

1
1.
2. The structure of the lung is balloon-like and spongy while the structure of the
gill is feather-like.
3. i) Glass tube - Trachea, Bell jar - Rib cage or chest, Balloon - Lungs, Rubber
sheet - Diaphragm.
ii) The balloons expand sucking in air from the outside.
iii) The balloons deflate.
4. i) Gas P - Oxygen and Gas Q - Carbon dioxide.
ii) Blood Xis deoxygenated, blood Y is oxygenated.
iii) Diffusion.
iv) Moist air sacs allows gases to wall of dissolve before diffusing.

JI LINK & LEARN

I~
1. Breathing 2. Plants 3. Animals
4. Human respiratory system 5. Root hairs
6. Lenticels 7. Stomata 8. Diffusion
9. Moist skin 10. Trachea 11. Book lungs
12. Gills 13. Skin and lungs 14. Lungs
15. Nostrils 16. Trachea 17. Bronchi
18. Bronchioles 19. Diaphragm 20. Alveoli
21. Internal or cellular 22. Aerobic 23. Anaerobic
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Biology - Class 10
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Page-35: The colour of the blood changes to bright scarlet on oxygenation
and dark purplish red on deoxygenation.
Page-40: In the case of a single celled organism, no specific organs for

exchange of gases may be needed because the entire surface of
the organism is in contact with the environment. But in multicellular
organism, all the cells may not be in direct contact with the
surrounding environment.
Thus, diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of

large multicellular organisms (human beings) because the volume
of human body is so big that oxygen cannot diffuse into all the
cells of the human body quickly.
Page-41: The diving mammals can store oxygen in the blood and muscles.
They have comparatively more blood and more oxygen-storing
protein, the myoglobin, in the muscles per kg. Body weight than
other mammals. They also have a larger spleen that releases blood
when a dive begins. Their heart rate and oxygen consumption
decrease during dive to conserve oxygen.
Page-46: Oxygen is present in dissolved state in water.
• Human beings do not have gills like the fish which can extract
dissolved oxygen from water and utilise it for breathing.
• Moreover as we go deep down in water, the oxygen level starts

decreasing.
• So a deep sea diver carries an oxygen gas cylinder for breathing

when he/she goes deep under the sea water.
Page-48: Aquatic organisms like fishes obtain oxygen from water present in
dissolved state through their gills. Since the amount of dissolved
oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air,
the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that
seen in terrestrial organisms.

Page-48: For the nonstop release of energy, the eel Is need uninterrupted
supply of oxygen and constant removal of carbon dioxide. A steady
supply of oxygen is absolutely essential for certain cells. A nerve
cell dies if deprived of oxygen for a few minutes. This is why even a
brief choking or strangulation can damage the brain. This indicates
the necessity of oxygen or respiration for life.
Page-49: Fishes respire with the help of gills. Gills are richly supplied with
blood capillaries and can readily absorb oxygen dissolved in water.
Since fishes cannot absorb gaseous oxygen they die soon after they
are taken out of water.
Page-49: Respiration is essential for life because this is the process by which
energy is released for carrying out the various life processes to
keep an organism alive.
Biology - Class 10
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1. Xylem 2. Ascent of sap 3. Transpiration pull
4. Pericardium 5. Cardiac cycle 6. Systole, diastole
7. Blood pressure 8. Hypertension 9. Connective
10. Sphygmomanometer
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1. (B) 2. {A) 3. (C)
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1. {A) Red blood cell is red due to the presence of iron containing pigment called
haemoglobin.
2. (D) The muscles need to be strong enough to pump the blood from the heart
to all parts of the body. Them uscles of the left ventricle are strong to
pump blood to all parts of the body.
3. {A) Red Blood cells contain iron containing pigment called haemoglobin.
Haemoglobin in the red blood cells combines with oxygen molecules.
4. (D) Plasma consists of water and dissolved substances that includes nutrients
and waste substances.

NEET Foundation 03. Life Processes Ill Transportation- Key & Explanations
5. (8) There are several types of white blood cells, some of which fight infections.
6. (C) Arteries (Q) have thick muscular walls to withstand the pressure of blood
forced through them by the heart. R is vein as the pressure of the blood is
lower in veins (R), their walls do not have to be a strong. Capillaries (P) are
very thin blood vessels.
7. (D) Substances can move easily into and out of capillaries because they have
very thin walls. Arterioles are small arteries that lead to capillaries.
8. (8) Plasma is light yellow in colour.
9. (8) The phloem in stems is always on the outside.
10. (C) The xylem carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots to all parts
of the plant. Note that the phloem vessels, unlike the xylem vessels, are
living cells.
11. (D) The sugars are made in the leaves during photosynthesis and are carried
by the phloem to all parts of the plant.
12. (A) Water evaporates through the stomata of the leaf by a process called
transpiration. Some water is used for photosynthesis.
13. (A) In the given figure Q is pulmonary vein with high oxygen content and Pis
pulmonary artery with low oxygen content and S vein with carry blood
from different parts of the body to the heart and R carries oxygenated
blood from heart to all parts of body through arteries.
14. (D) The walls of arteries are thick and muscular so that blood can withstand
the higher pressure of the body.
15. (D) Blood vessel labelled X are capillaries. Capillaries help in exchange of gases
due to their thin body wall and provide energy to the cell of the body.
16. (C) The left ventricle pumps blood to the large blood vessel, when blood is
pumped a strong pressure acts on it.
17. (C) The term 'pulmonary' refers to the lungs. An artery carries blood away
from the heart. The pulmonary vein carries blood from the lungs to the
heart.
18. (A) Left atrium • left ventricle • aorta
19. (C) P - Veins, Q - Capillaries and R - Arteries
20. (8) The oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of heart from the lungs.

NEET Foundation 03. Life Processes Ill Transportation-Key & Explanations
21. (A) The aorta is the large artery that carries blood from the left atrium of the
heart. Note that the vena cava is a large vein carrying blood to the heart.
22. (A) A transport system is only needed in multicellular organisms. This
transport system carries substances to and from every eel I in the
organism.
23. (B) U - Heart, V - Lungs, W - Body parts
24. (D) P - Capillary; Q - Vein; R - Artery
25. (C) Person with blood group B can donate blood to Band AB blood group.
26. (A) Only the xylem carries water in a plant
27. (8) K - Platelets, L - Plasma
28. (D) Arteries have valves whereas veins do not have valves. All arteries carry
oxygenated blood whereas all veins carry deoxygenated blood.
29. (D) If two different blood.
Blood type
n n
of Donor A B AB 0 0
Blood type
of Recipient A AB B AB
l
AB
l !
Any type 0 group only
Hence Abhi's blood group is B.
e-,i .Multipk 8'ww«~tio46 ;~<-------------

1. (B,C,D) Blood group A to A, Oto AB and B to AB is safe for blood transfusion.
2. (B,C,D) It transports water and minerals, gives support to the herbaceous
stem and it transports the substance only in one direction.
3. (A,C) Donating blood can save someones life and help to produce new
blood.
4. (A,B,C,D) Glucose, mineral salts, hormones and haemoglobin are present in
blood.
5. (B,C) Blood capillaries are thin walled and connects the arteries and veins.
6. (B,C) Veins always carry blood to the heart.
7. (A,B,C,D) If there is no blood circulatory system in our body the brain cannot
receive oxygen, toxic waste products cannot be expelled, digested food
cannot reach all the cells in the body and body cannot get energy.

8. (A,B) Blood capillaries are small blood vessels veins carry blood back to
the heart.
9. (A,B,C)
10. (A,B,C,D) The human circulatory system carries waste products from cells,
transport oxygen, digested food and hormones to the cells.
·J1_ _ _ _ _F_U_RT_H_E_R_P_R_A_C_T_IC_E_ _ _ _ _IC

.____j P: ..n --- - - · J .,..I.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _:
.---, ~ o.ne WOJl,U att6we46,,,,,.
1. Single circulation 2. Coagulation 3. Prothrombin

4. Fibrin 5. Pericardium 6. Fibrinogen
7. Vascular bundles 8. Coronary vessels. 9. Serum
10. Thrombin
~ fomp~ion r
1. Blood performs a number of significant functions like transport of respiratory
gases, hormones, nutrients, regulation of body temperature, protection against
blood loss (through the clotting process) and against the entry of foreign
microbes through antibody and anti-toxin production.
2. Blood is a complex fluid, mainly consisting of a fluid part called plasma and
cellular part such as corpuscles (RBCs and WBCs) platelets, etc.
3. Red blood cells are called as erythrocytes.
4. WBC or white blood corpuscles.
~ c9t6elduui and fiua6oning ~tion6 , " " ' - - - - - - - - - - -:

1. (B) Blood is a connective tissue and provides one of the means of
communication between the cells of different parts of the body and the
external environments. In contrast to the water, blood contains carrier
molecules for transporting much larger amount of the oxygen, carbon
dioxide and nutrients. Moreover, the use of blood instead of water as the
circulating fluid minimises the possibility of harm due to unfavourable
changes in the external medium. These qualities make blood specialized
over water.
Biology - Class 10
2. (0) The closed circulatory system is more efficient than the open circulatory
system because in open circulatory system, the blood flows through open
spaces and channel s whereas in closed circulatory system, the blood
flows through proper blood vessels. The closed circulatory system
considerably enhances the speed, precision and efficiency of circulation
because the blood flows far more rapidly in closed blood vessels than in
wide and open channels and body cavities. Thus blood takes much shorter
time to circulate through the closed system and return to the heart. This
quickens the supply and removal of materials to and from the tissues by
the blood. Moreover, in the closed circulatory system the arteriolar
diameter can be regulated to alter the blood flow, so the volume of blood
flowing through a tissue or organ may be regulated according to its needs
by controlling the contractions and relaxations of the smooth muscles on its
arterioles. No such regulation is possible in the open system where the blood
flows in open lacunae and sinusses.
3. (A) The heart is a pumping organ for blood circulation which consists of
chambers communicating with each other. In fishes the heart is two -
chambered, consisting of an auricle and a ventricle. An accessory chamber
called sinus venosus is also present which serves as a reservoir and opens
anteriorly into auricle through the sinoatrial aperture. Fish heart contains
and pumps only deoxygenated blood because after getting oxygenated
from gills, the blood doesn't return back to the heart. Instead, it is
supplied directly to the various parts of the body.
4. (A) Each time the heart beats, the ventricles pump a volume of blood into the
arteries already containing some blood. This causes a wave of distention
to pass along the arteries immediately following the ventricular systole.
This wave may be felt to flow along the arteries by placing a finger over an
artery on the body surface. This wave of distention is called arterial pulse
and is normally felt by palpating radial artery near the wrist. As each heart
beat sends one pulse along the arteries, normally the pulse rate per
minute may be counted to know the heart rate.
5. (B) There is no mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in human heart
due to the presence of inter-auricular and inter-ventricular septum. These
septa completely divides the ventricle into right and left to avoid mixing of
blood. The right ventricle receives the deoxygenated blood and passes
into the lungs for oxygenation. The oxygenated blood returns back to left
atrium through the pulmonary vein. The left ventricle distributes the
oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body and the deoxygenated blood
is again returned back to the right atrium through the vena cava. Inside
the heart, the backflow of the body is prevented by the presence of valves.
The AV valves are present at auriculo ventricular aperture on the right and
left side of the heart. They allow the flow of blood from auricles to
ventricles and not in the backward direction.
6. (D) The mammalian heart is four chambered consisting of two ventricle and
two auricles. The right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the
right auricle whereas the left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the
left auricle. The right ventricle has a thinner wall than that of left ventricle
because the right ventricle needs to pump the deoxygenated blood to the
nearby lungs only, whereas the left ventricle is required to pump out
oxygenated blood with force away from heart to tissues and organs all
over the body.
] . _ _ I_ _ _ ST_R_UC_T_U_RE_D_Q_U_E_ST_IO_N_S---==-------11
_ D
1. a. Arteries - A and D; Veins - Band C
b. i) D ii) A
c. W - Blood is deoxygenated and rich in carbon dioxide.
X - Blood is oxygenated and poor in carbon dioxide.
d. W: Right atrium; X - Left atrium; Y - Right ventricle; Z - Left ventricle
e. To prevent blood from flowing back in the opposite direction (backflow)
f. It needs to be strong enough to pump blood all around the body.
2. a. P represents red blood cell. To transport oxygen to every cell in the body is
the function of red blood cells. Unlike typical animal cells, red blood cells
have no nuclei and contain the red pigment haemoglobin.
b. Q represents white blood cell. The function of white blood cells are to fight
infection.
c. Platelet. Helps blood to clot.
d. Plasma. It transports nutrients to body cells and removes waste
substances from cells.
3. a. X: Root hair cell; Y: Xylem (vessel)
b. Water moves from the soil into the root cells by osmosis because the
water concentration in the soil is higher than that in the cell solution of
the root hair cells.
Biology - Class 10
c. When water enters a root hair cell, it dilutes the solution in this cell and
so the water concentration increases. Thus, the water moves by osmosis
from one cell to another cell where the water concentration is lower.
d. i) Diffusion ii) Active transport
4.
5. X - Transports blood to the lungs. Z - Transports blood from the lungs.
JI LINK & LEARN IC.

1. Lymph nodes 2. Blood 3. Heart 4. Fishes
5. Double circulation 6. Phloem 7. Xylem
8. Arteries 9. Veins 10. Capillaries
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Page-63: Mammals and birds are warm-blooded animals. They constantly
use energy to maintain their body temperature. They have higher
energy need and so they require more oxygen to produce energy.
Thus, it is important that their oxygenated blood does not get
mixed up with deoxygenated blood.
Page-68: The deficiency of haemoglobin in our body is called anaemia. In
anaemia, the blood is unable to carry the sufficient amount of
oxygen required by the body. So, respiration would be less and less
energy will be available to the body. The haemoglobin deficient
person will feel weak, pale, lethargic and will be able to perform
heavy physical work.
Page-73: The xylem tissue transports water and minerals from the soil to
the leaves of a plant for photosynthesis. If xylem is removed,
upward movement of water will stop leading to wilting of leaves
and ultimately causes death of a plant.
Page-74: The concentration of salt in the soil increases and the water
concentration decreases. Water will move out of the roots by
osmosis. This loss of water will cause the plants to wilt.
Page-75: The food manufactured is dissolved in water and transported to
various parts through phloem. The food manufactured in the
leaves slows down mainly on account of the force of gravity.

13ffitff
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B_A_SI_C_PR_A_C_TI_C_E
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1. Sphincters 2. Increase 3. Major
4. Excretion 5. Nephron 6. Kidneys
7. Osmoregulation 8. Bowman's capsule 9. Glomerulus
10. Urea and uric acid
..., 51UU °" !Jal,e 1~1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - •

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6. [ T] 7. [ T] 8. [ T] 9. [ F] 10. [ T]
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1. (A) 2. (B)
. . . , .Mullip& efwia ~tion6 ,,,.,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
1. (B) The process in which waste products are removed from the body is called
excretion.
2. (0) Skin and kidneys excrete excess mineral salts in the form of urea and urine.
3. (A) In the given question I is lungs, II is kidney. Lungs and kidney are excretory
in function.
4. (D) Ureter carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
5. (A) Skin excretes water, urea & mineral salts, lungs excrete water & carbon
dioxide and kidneys excrete urea, uric acid, nitrogenous wastes & water.
6. (A) Skin helps to synthesise vit.D.

NEET Foundation 04. Life Processes IV Excretion - Key & Explanations
7. (0) Urine contains nitrogenous wastes that are filtered from the body.
8. (B) Only lungs excretes carbon dioxide.
9. (A) Urea is produced by the deamination of excess amino acids.
10. (B) The skin excretes water through the production of sweat. Water is also
removed through the expired air from the lungs in the form of water
vapour.
11. (8) B is the renal artery that carries oxygenated blood to kidneys.
12. (C) Bile pigment is an excretory product because it is produced from the
breakdown of haemoglobin, which is a metabolic process. The removal of
undigested food and cellulose is an example of egestion and not excretion.
13. (0) Metabolic waste products are produced only during chemical reactions of
the body. Absorption of food by diffusion (A) and absorption through the
skin (B) are passive processes that do not involve chemical reactions.
Production by bacteria (C) is a chemical process but it does not involve
man, hence does not qualify it as a metabolic process. The breakdown of
DNA (D) is a chemical process that is catabolic in nature.
14. (B) In the given figure P is urea, Q is water and R is carbon dioxide.
15. (C) Ureters transports the urine produced in the kidney to the urinary
bladder.
16. (C) The kidney is an excretory organ (A and D) and an osmoregulator (A and B)
The kidneys are not involved in regulating blood glucose concentrations;
the pancreas and liver are the main organs associated with the process.
17. (A) All the amino acids are selectively reabsorbed in the kidney tubules.
18. (C) Proteins are too large to enter the kidney tubules during ultrafiltration.
While glucose is completely selectively reabsorbed. Thus both will be absent
in urine. Excess mineral salts and all the urea will not be selectively
reabsorbed.
19. (0) Urea is a metabolic waste product that is excreted through the kidneys.
Kidney failure would result in the patient's inability to remove urea and
its subsequent accumulation in the blood.
20. (0) lungs excrete water & carbon dioxide, kidneys and skin excrete urea water
& mineral salts.
Biology - Class 10
21. (A) The amount of urea excreted in sweat is very low. The majority of urea is
excreted through the urine. The concentration of urine is variable as it
depends on the water potential of blood.
22. (A) Skin and kidneys excretes excess mineral salts.
23. (A) ADH is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland.
24. (C) The kidney dialysis machine and kidneys are able to remove nitrogenous
waste products such as urea and uric acid from the blood. Deamination of
excess amino acids takes place in the liver and not the kidneys (A) The
liver and pancreas are involved in the regulation of blood glucose
concentrations (B). Kidneys regulate the production of red blood cells
through the production of erythropoietin but the kidney dialysis machine
cannot perform that function (D).
25. (D) Part labelled 'X' in the given figure is Henle's loop. Reabsorption of water
and ions take place here.
26. (C) When proteins are consumed, they will be digested into amino acids and
absorbed into the bloodstream. The excess amino acids would be
deaminated by the liver to produce urea. This urea would then be excreted
by the kidneys in the urine.
27. (B) Kidneys help in the filtration of blood by removing or filtering the
nitrogenous wastes in the form of urea.
28. (B) Resin is used to make paint.
29. (D) Cortex is a part of the kidney.
30. (D) In the glomerulus of a kidney, the afferent glomerular arteriole is wider
than efferent glomerular arteriole.
31. (C) The network of capillaries in a nephron is the glomerulus.
32. (B) Under normal conditions glucose is reabsorbed from the filtrate.
33. (C) The ureter connects the kidney to bladder where the urine is temporarily
stored before it is expelled through the urethra to the outside of the body.
34. (B) Bowman's capsule - Proximal convoluted tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal
tubule - Collecting duct

..., .Multipk ~™ ~tioa6 ,~1-------------•

1. (C,D) Ultrafiltration takes place at the glomerulus, where only small
molecules are able to pass through the basement membrane to
enter the renal capsule. Proteins and red blood cells are too large to
pass into the renal capsule and are retained in the blood.
2. (A,B,C,D) Absorption of water also takes place in the stomach and small
intestine.
3. (A,C) The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the gut, as well as
hormones to regulate blood glucose levels (insulin and glucagon)
into the blood. If the cells are deficient in Golgi bodies, They would
be unable to modify the relevant polypeptides to produce
functional digestive enzymes and hormones. They would also be
unable to package these enzymes and hormones for secretion by
the cell. Statements 2 and 4 are irrelevant since it is ADH secreted
by the pituitary gland that is involved in regulating blood water
potential and urine production by the kidneys.
4. (A,B,C) Water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts are expelled out by plants
during transpiration and by animals during excretion.
5. (B,C) Nicotine and morphine are harmful to humans.
6. (A,B,C) In plants excretory substances are deposited and removed from
fruits, leaves and flowers.
7. (A,B,C) Skin, lungs and kidneys are excretory organs. Small intestine absorb's
digested food.
8. (A,B,D) The waste products such as resin, tannin and quinine are benefit to
humans. Morphine is drug not useful for human kind.
9. (A,B) Salt and water are present in urine.
10 . (A,B) Urea and salts are defused out from the tubing into the dialysis fluid.
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4. Creatine 5. Malphigian body 6. Bowman's capsule
Biology - Class 10
7. Osmoregulation 8. Peristalsis 9. Transplantation

10. Contractile vacuoles
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1. Diffusion
2. Kidneys
3. Carbon dioxide and water
4. Liver
5. In biology, the removal of the waste products of metabolism from living
organisms is called excretion.
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1. (B) Urinary bladder and ureters of excretory system are lined by transitional
epithelium because it is a stretchable epithelium, hence the urinary
bladder and ureters may be considerably stretched without getting torn
when they are filled with urine. Ureters are thin muscular tubes which
emerge from the hilum of each kidney. Urine enters the ureters from the
renal pelvis and is conducted along the ureters by peristaltic waves on
their walls. Ureters from both the kidneys finally open into urinary
bladder which is a hollow muscular sac. In this way urine from both the
kidneys is drained into the urinary bladder which stores it temporarily.
Besides functioning as a temporary reservoir of urine, the urinary bladder
also evacuates the urine by the process of micturition at suitable intervals.
2. (C) The liver is the principal organ for the excretion of cholesterol, bile pigments
(bilirubin and biliverdin), and inactivated products of steroid hormones,
some vitamins and many drugs. It secretes these substances in the bile.
They are carried by the bile to the intestine and are ultimately eliminated
with faeces.
3. (A) The blood urea level rises abnormally in patients suffering from renal
failures. In uremia patients an artificial kidney is used for removing
accumulated waste products like urea from the blood by a process called
hemodialysis. Blood is taken out from an artery of the patient, cooled to
0% mixed with an anticoagulant and then pumped into the apparatus
called the artificial kidney. In this apparatus blood flows through channels

or tubes bounded by cellophane membrane. The membrane is

impermeable to macromolecules such as plasma proteins, but permeable
to small solutes such as urea, uric acid, creatinine and mineral ions. The
membrane separates the blood flowing inside the channels or tubes from
a dialyzing fluid flowing outside the membrane. The fluid contains some
small solutes and mineral ions, but does not contain waste products such
as urea, uric acid and creatinine. So, these waste products diffuse from the
blood to the dialyzing fluid across the cellophane membrane. Thus, the
blood is cleared of considerable amounts of urea, uric acid, creatinine and
other waste products, but does not lose the plasma proteins because the
cellophane membrane is impermeable to them. Such a process of
separating small solutes from macromolecular colloids with the help of a
membrane is called dialysis. The blood coming out from the apparatus is
warmed to body temperature, mixed with an antiheparin to restore its
normal coagulability and returned to a vein of the patient. In this way,
hemodialysis saves and prolongs the life of many uremic patients.
4. (A) Kidneys play an essential role in maintaining the concentration and
osmotic pressure of blood. When water intake of an animal is very high,
the urine excreted has to be hypotonic i.e., dilute and lower in osmotic
pressure than their blood in order to remove the excess of water. Contrary
to this, when there is a threat of excessive water loss from the body; the
urine needs to be hypertonic i.e., more concentrated and higher in
osmotic pressure than their blood, to reduce the loss of water with urine.
In this way, the osmotic concentration of the blood is maintained.
5. (8) Birds can not excrete urine as hypertonic as the mammalian urine, still
these animals can considerably reduce water loss in the urine, because
their principal nitrogenous waste product happens to be insoluble uric acid.
In birds, ureters and rectum open into a sac called the cloaca which stores
both urine and faeces. The cloaca opens to the outside through a cloaca I
aperture. Large volume of water can be reabsorbed from the urine in the
cloaca, because uric acid does not osmotical ly hold back any water form
reabsorption. Consequently, the urine volume ultimately becomes very little,
just sufficient to sweep away the insoluble uric acid from the cloaca.
Biology - Class 10
J ~ ' - ~~ -ST_R_UC_T_U_RE_D_Q_U_E_ST_IO_N_S~~ -~I ~

1.
a) 1. Hair 2. Sweat pore
3. Nerve ending 4. Sweat duct
5. Sweat gland 6. Blood capillary
b) Water, urea and mineral salts.
c) Water and dissolved substances from the blood capillaries diffuse into the
sweat glands
d) (i) To expel toxic substances like urea and other substances like water
and mineral salts.
(ii) To cool the body
e) (i) Lungs Water and carbon dioxide
(ii) Skin Water, urea and mineral salts
(iii) Kidneys : Water, urea and mineral salts
2.
a) 1. Kidney 2. Vena cava 3. Renal vein 4. Urethra
5. Aorta 6. Cortex 7. Medulla 8. Pelvis of kidney
9. Ureter 10. Bladder
b) To filter waste products from the blood
c) Water, urea and mineral salts.
d) Renal artery
e) Waste products are channelled from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
through the ureter to be stored temporarily.
f) Skin
g) So that waste products can be easily excreted from the body.
h) (i) Because of diabetes
(ii) Because of kidney stones.

3.
a) Medulla Pyramid Cortex
Structure Function
Renal artery Carries purified blood away from the kidneys
Renal vein Carries urine to the urinary bladders

b)
Carries blood to the kidneys along with
Ureter
nitrogenous waste mat erial
c) Urea, mineral salts and water.
JI LINK & LEARN IC:

1. Kidney 2. Cortex 3. Medulla
4. Pelvis 5. Ureter 6. Renal vein
7. Renal artery 8. Right kidney 9. Left kidney
10. Ureter 11. Urinary bladder 12. Urethra
13. Amino acids - Aminotelic. Eg: Snail
14. Ammonia - Ammoniotelic. Eg: Fish (Bony)
15. Urea - Ureotelic. Eg: Shark (Cartilagenous)
16. Uric acid - Uricotelic. Eg: Birds 17. Creatinine
18. Creatine 19. Purines 20. Lungs
21. Skin 22. Liver 23. Blood
24. Contractile vacuole. Eg: Amoeba
25. Nephridia. Eg: Earthworm
26. Flame cells. Eg: Tapeworm
27. Green glands. Eg: Crab
28. Water canal system. Eg: Sponge
29. Malphigian tubules. Eg: Cockroach 30. Dialyser
Biology - Class 10
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C A L Y C E S
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y H 0 E
z R C X
6
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8
A L K A L 0 D
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s
~ 5fumgl,tffwoolung ,111- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Page-86: Some plants like weeds and wild plants prepare chemicals which
are unpleasant to taste and some chemical are toxic and may even
kill. So insects and pests do not touch them.
Page-88: In summers consumption of water is increased and inspite of that
excretory amount of urine is less. Because most of the water is
excreted in the form of weat which is evaporated soon due to high
environmental temperature. It keeps our body cool and hence
concentrated yellowish urine is excreted.
Page-95: If waste materials are not sent out of the body from time to time
they get accumulated in the body.
• The accumulation of toxic wastes in the body harms an organism.
• For an organism to lead a normal life, the toxic wastes being
produced in its body must be removed from time to time.

• If all the waste released is not sent out, the waste gets stagnated,
produce toxins and poisons which pollute the body. They lead to
death of the organism.
Page-100: The leaf is a fragile organ and is at risk from desiccation and freezing
during winter months. To prevent damage most deciduous trees
shed their leaves in a process called abscission.
The tree first withdraws valuable pigments like chlorophyll from
leaf before forming a thin band of dead cells at the base of the
stem separate the leaf to the stalk. The leaf tissue then dies and
drops to the forest floor where it decomposes. Any useful nutrients
are then reabsorbed by roots.
Biology - Class 10
13ffitff
5 1:ont1·ol and
1: oordi nation
J. . . BA_S_IC_P_RA_C_TI_CE_ _ _ _
1 _____ ____,I [ .
~ :Jill in tfu{tian&6 , - - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1. Coordination 2. Central, Peripheral, Autonomic
3. Reflex 4. Mimosa pudica 5. Iodine 6. Oestrogen
7. Cyton 8. Cranium 9. Meninges 10. Adrenal
~ 5,uu Oft :Jai.6e ,I

1. [ F] 2. [ T] 3. [ T] 4. [ T] 5. [ T]
6. [ F] 7. [ T] 8. [ T] 9. [ F] 10. [ F]
~ .Matdi tire :Jollowituj 1 .-1-----------------

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (D)
~ .Mullipte efuuce ~tioll6 ,,
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1. (D) Pis a relay neurone. It connects sensory neurone and motor neurone.
Motor neurone is long with axon and small dendrites and dendrons.
2. (C) In the spinal cord white matter surrounds grey matter.
3. (D) In the given figure Xis cell body.
4. (D) In the given pathway X represents central nervous system.
5. (A) Ductless glands are a part of chemical coordination.
6. (A) Contraction of heart muscles is involuntary action.
7. (C) Blinking of eyes is voluntary action by cerebrums.
8. (A) Cerebrum receives nerve impulses from various receptors and gives rise
to sensations such as touch.
9. (C) Cerebellum maintains body posture and balance.
10. (D) The human brain is protected by a bony box called cranium.

NEET Foundation 05. Control & Coordination - Key & Explanations
11. (8) Reasoning is under the control of cerebrum.

12. (A) In the given figure Pis pituitary gland. Pituitary gland controls growth
hormone.
13. (8) Deficiency of insulin secreted in pancreas causes diabetes is higher glucose
level in blood.
14. (A) In the given figure K is stimulus, Lis integrating and Mis effector.
15. (8) Motor neurone carries impulses to the effectors to carry out the
corresponding responses.
16. (C) Oestrogen promotes the development and maintenance of female
secondary sex characteristics.
17. (A) The correct pathway of impulses transmission is from dendrites • cell
body • axon • synapse.
18. (A) In the given figure Pis ganglion, Q is grey matter and R is central canal.
19. (D) Withdrawal of the hand when pricked with a sharp object.
20. (C) Axon carries impulses away from cell body.
21. (8) Cerebellum controls, coordinates and regulates muscle activity.
22. (D) In the given figure Xis cerebrum, the functions of cerebrum are processes
and integrates information. Y is cerebellum controls body posture and
equilibrium and Z is medulla oblongata controls breathing.
23. (D) Axon conduct impulses away from the cell body to the neurone.
24. (8) In the given figure Xis synaptical vesicles. It secretes neurotransmitters.
25. (C) Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands.
26. (D) Adrenaline hormone maintains metabolic process such as managing blood
sugar levels and regulating inflammation and controls blood flow.
27. (A) Deficiency of insulin cause diabetes.
28. (8) In the given figure Q is Thyroid gland. Thyroxine hormone controls
metabolic processess.
29. (8) Glucagon hormone produced by alpha cells of the pancreas raise the
concentration of glucose in the blood stream.
30. (8) Deficiency of iodine causes goitre.
31. (C) Abscisic acid is inhibiting hormone.
~ Biology - Class 10
32. (0) Auxin is a plant hormone produced in the stem tip that promotes cell
elongation.
33. (0) Rice makes the fruits ethylene gas to stick around longer and promote
ripening.
34. (A) Auxin work with cytokinins to stimulates elongation of stems. Cells
elongate and is found in a place where a lot of new cells are forming.
35. (A) Luteinising hormone stimulates corpus luteum and testesterone in male
information of sperms and in females stimulates progesterone in the
formation of ovums.
36. (A) The change in size of the pupil can be due to looking up from reading a
book to look at a distant.
37. (8) The correct order is eardrum, ear ossicles, oval window, cochlea and brain.
38. (C) Eardrum, oval window and round window are the parts of the ear consist
of membranes.
39. (A) P - semicircular canals, Q - Ear ossicles, R - Auditory nerve .
..., .Multy,h ~™ ~t«JM ,.-l-------------•

1. (A,8) Peripheral nervous system consist of cranial and spinal nerves.
2. (8,C) Medulla oblongata and spinal cord exhibit some involuntary actions.
3. (A,C) PIiing ones hand and shutting one's eye is an example of simple
reflex action.
4. (C,0) Brain injury and hormonal imbalance affect the brain.
5. (8,C) Auxins produce seedless fruits and prevent premature fruit from
falling off.
6. (A,0) Adrenaline hormone control fight or flight response to stress.
7. (8,0) Thyroxine hormone secreted by thyroid glands plays a vital role in
homeostasis and physical development.
8. (A,0) LH and FSH hormones are associated with spermatogenesis and
oogenesis.
9. (8,0) Pancreas and adrenal gland are involved in blood glucose level.
10. (A,8) Myeline sheath insulates the axon and speeds up conduction.

J ~ ' - ~= ~F_U_RT_H=E=R~PR_A_C~Tl=CE= = ~-~I ~

A........J P:..,, ···-·· J
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1. Nutation 2. Nastic 3. Tropism 4. Thigmotropism

5. Phytohormones 6. Auxins 7. Abscisic acid 8. Cyton
9. Axon 10. Synapse
..., eomp~um ,~Z---------------------

1. The ability of an organism to detect changes and make appropriate responses
is called sensitivity.
2. Anything to which an organism responds and reacts is called a stimulus.
3. Response and coordination in animals involve the sense organs, nervous
system and chemical messengers
4. Plants also react to their responses are in the form of slow modified growth or
movements called turgor movements, caused due to the distension (swelling)
of cells in plants.
5. Hormones are chemical messengers .
. , _ , 8 '6e,d«m and !Rea6oning l!au6tio116 ,~z....__________:
1. (D) The nerves arising from different parts of the brain are called cranial
nerves. Man possesses twelve pairs of cranial nerves. A nerve which
carries only sensory nerve fibres is called a sensory nerve and a nerve
carrying only motor nerve fibres is called a motor nerve. Those nerves
which carry simultaneously both sensory and motor nerve fibres are
called mixed nerves. Out of twelve pairs of cranial nerves, only four pairs
are mixed nerves.
2. (B) The axon terminal of the neuron contains many membrane bound vesicles
called synaptic vesicles, in its cytoplasm. Within these vesicles, chemical
substances such as adrenaline and acetylcholine remain stored. These
chemicals are called neurotransmitters, because they help to transmit
nerve impulses across the synapses. When a nerve impulse passes the
axon terminal, its synapses. When a nerve impulse passes the axon
terminal, its synaptic vesicles release their stored chemicals to the
Biology - Class 10
synaptic cleft. These diffuse through the cleft to reach the membrane of
the next neuron, stimulating the latter. This causes the nerve impulse to
be transmitted along the next neuron.
3. (B) In multicellular animal, for maintaining coordination between different

body system, information has to be exchanged between cells situated at a
distance from each other, information has also to be received about
changes in the external environment and then transmitted to the cells not
immediately near the site of change. For coordination with the other
system, the nervous system has been developed. The main component of
nervous system is neurons which act by conducting nerve impulses from
one part of the body to the brain and to the other part of the body.
4. (C) White matter is present in the central nervous system, i.e., in the brain
also. It looks white due to the presence of myelin around the myelinated
nerve fibres.
5. (A) Both the brain and spinal cord are the main structures of central nervous
system which are completely covered by three connective tissue
membranes. These are called pia mater, arachnoid mater and duramater,
respectively from within outward. Together they are known as meninges.
6. (C) An extracellular fluid, called cerebrospinal fluid is present throughout the

central nervous system. It affords some protection to the central nervous
system from injury and shock.
7. (D) Hormones are informational molecules secreted by the endocrine glands.

They do not act as enzymes since they do not catalyse specific chemical
reactions. Unlike enzymes, they are not catalytic molecules at all. They
may influence the synthesis, activation or inhibition of some enzymes in
their target organs. Again, unlike enzymes, all hormones are not proteins
- some hormones are macromolecular proteins or large peptides (e.g.,
pancreatic and anterior pituitary hormones), but some others are only
small peptides (e.g., posterior pituitary hormones), some are modified
amino acids (e.g., thyroid hormones), some are amines (eg., adrenal
medulla hormones) and still others are steroids (eg., gonadal and adrenal
cortical hormones). So hormones differ from enzymes, both in action, and
chemical nature.

8. (8) Parathyroids are four small glands situated in the neck region. Very close
to the thyroid gland. Parathyroids secrete a hormone called
parathormone. They are said to be under the feedback control of blood
calcium level, because a fall in blood calcium stimulates them to secrete
parathormone and a rise in blood calcium inhibits parathormone
secretion from them. Parathormone increases the concentration of
calcium ions in the blood plasma, because it mobilises more calcium from
the bones to the plasma and reduces urinary elimination of calcium. It is
secreted whenever the plasma calcium ions concentration falls and
restores the calcium ions concentration to normal in the plasma.
] '-I - ---=--ST_R_U_C_T_U_RE_D_Q_U_ES_T_IO_N_S---==-------'I D
1. a. Efferent/Motor neurone.
b. It transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the effector.
X y
It initiates an effector organ It receives information in the form
to respond to a certain stimulus. of a stimulus from sensory receptor.
c.
There are dendrones and Neither dendrons nor dendrites are
dendrites on the cell body. found on the cell body.
Structure Function
Forms connections with the axons of other neurones
M Dendrite and conducts impulses from these to the cell body.
Conducts outgoing messages away from the cell body
N Axon of a neurone towards an effector or the brain.
0 Myelin sheath Impulses insulator
d. Axon Relays signals from a neurone to other neurones by
p
terminal releasing neurotransmitters.
Node of Speeds up the transmission of impulses along the
Q axon.
Ranvier
2. a. P : Pituitary gland Q: Thyroid gland
R: Adrenal gland S: Pancreas
T: Ovaries (female) U : Testes (male)
Biology - Class 10
b. It is a system comprising of all endocrine glands that manufacture

hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream to act at distant target
organs or cells and regulate their development or functions.
c. Pituitary gland.
d. Luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
JI LINK & LEARN

IC
1. Spinal cord 2 . Sensory 3. Cerebrum
4. Cerebellum 5. Medulla oblongata 6 . Endocrine glands
7. Pituitary gland 8. Pancreas
01 CROSSWORD PUZZLE
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Page-118: The nerve fibres at the end of a neuron are attached to muscles.
This area is called neuromuscular junction. When nerve impulses
are conducted to this area, the special proteins present in the muscle
cells change their shape and arrangement in the cell in response to
nervous electrical impulses. New arrangement of these proteins
give the muscle cells a shorter form thus bringing about movement
of muscles.
Page-121: The ripened fruit will release ethylene (hormone) which causes
ripening of other raw fruits kept in a basket.
Page-132: It is due to auxins (plant hormones) produced by the shoot apex and
root tip. In stem, growth is more on the shaded side (lower side of
apex) due to accumulation of auxins. In root, growth is more on the
illuminated side. Auxins accumulate on the lower side (shaded side)
of root tip inhibits the growth of that side. Thus, there is greater
growth on the upper side (illuminated side), resulting in the growth
of root apex towards gravity of earth.
Biology - Class 10
C31ffiU
6 I~ II 1> 1· 0 cl ll 1:'l iO11
D ~ l - ~= ~-B_AS_IC_P_R_A_CT_IC_E~ = ~- ~ I C
e--i :Jill in tfu 6ianh ,,1/J'------------------

1. Seminiferous tubules 2. Vasefferentia
3. Reproduction 4. Asexual reproduction
5. Fungi 6. Fertilisation
7. Graffian follicles 8. Fallopian tubes
9. Placenta 10. Chorion, Amnion
11. Umbilical cord 12. 280 days
13. Stamens, carpels 14. 46
15. Double fertilisation
e-,i 5,uu OJt :Jal6e ;~<-------------------

1. [ T] 2. [ T] 3. [ F] 4. [ T] 5. [ T]
6. [ F] 7. [ F] 8. [ F] 9. [ T] 10. [ T]
e--i Matdi tfu :Joll.owing ,~<----------------

1. (A) 2. (D)
e-,i .Multiph etwice ~WJ/l6 1,lfJl---------------

1. (8) Fallopian tubes are parts offemale reproductive system.
2. (A) The part labelled as Sin the given figure is of testes. Testes produces
sperms.
3. (C) Spermatogonium - Spermatocyte - Spermatid - Sperm

NEET Foundation 06. Reproduction - Key & Explanations
4. (0) Fertilisation in female mammals take place at fallopian tube.

5. (0) Fallopian tube has finger like projections.
6. (A) One ovary is produced by one oogonium.
7. (C) Menses starts day between 0-5 days.
8. (C) Epididymis - Vas deferens - Ejaculatory duct - Urethra
9. (A) 'X' in the given figure is corpus luteum. It produces progesterone.
10. (C) Oestrogen hormone causes the uterus breakdown during the end of the
menstrual cycle.
11. (0) Luteinising hormone increase from day 14 of menstrual cycle to the
induce the release of an oocyte from the follicle.
12. (C) The part labelled Xis called corpus luteum involves in the production of
higher levels of progesterone and helps in ovulation.
13. (0) Blastocyst is embedded in the endometrium.
14. (0) X in the given figure is placenta it prevents the zygote from external shock.
15. (A) Morula - Blastocyst - Embryo
16. (0) Option D is blastocyst.
17. (C) Fertilisation takes place in fallopian tube.
18. (A) Wind pollinated flowers have small size and light pollen grains.
19. (0) Pollen mother cells or microsporocyte divide by meiosis to produce four
haploid cells. The nucleus of each microspores divides by mitosis to
produce a generative nucleus and a tube nucleus. The generative nucleus
divides to form two sperm cells in the pollen tube.
20. (B) Seed coat is formed from the integuments of ovule.
21. (8) Pollen grains germinate on stigma by absorbing water and nutrients.
22. (A) Zin the given figure is nucellus. It provides nutrition.
23. (C) In vitro fertilisation helps to fertilise the gametes.
24. (C) Pollen grains germinate on stigma.
25. (A) X - Antipodal cells, Y - Polar nuclei and Z - Synergids.
26. (A) In the given figure part labelled Pis called ovary. Ovary produces ovules.
27. (A) Embryo implantation takes place at the internal tissues of uterus labelled
as 'S'.
..., .Multipk8'w™~tion6 ,~l--------------

1. (A,B) During menopause ovulation is inhibited.
2. (A,D) At phase 'X' growth rate is zero and cell division occurs to replace
dead cells.
3. (B,C) The contraceptive pills inhibit the ovulation and inhibit the
secretion of FSH and LH.
4. (A,D) The given figure is a sperm cell. It has a head tail and neck. Its head
consists of hydrolytic enzymes to dissolve the walls of ovum and
has mitochondria in its neck.
5. (C,D) Oestrogen and LH hormone releases hormones in the formation of
egg and sperm.
6. (B,C) If fertilisation occurs oestrogen production will be induced and
menstrual cycle does not occur after fertilisation
7. (B,D) Human and whale are mammals. Mammals undergo sexual
reproduction.
JI _ _____:::::==--F_U_R_TH_ER_P_R_A_C_TI_C_E--===---_JI [
1. Colostrum 2. Epicotyl 3. Contraceptive 4. Epididymis

5. Chorion 6. Parthenogenesis 7. Chromatid 8. Umbilical cord
9. Amniotic 10. Grafting 11. Layering 12. Amnion
..., &mp~um 11-

1. Tissue culture is a method of plant propagation which is used for growing
plants in an artificial medium
2. Haberlandt
3. Unorganised actively dividing mass of cells maintained in culture.
4. A meristem or a plant part placing it in a sterile nutrient medium, where it
multiplies to grow is called explant.
5. An apical bud or stem tip or node, meristem.

. . . , c9t6eldum and :iua6omng ~tion., , ~ ' - - - - - - - - - - - -:

1. (D) Implantation is the attachment of the early embryo called blastocyst, to
the lining of womb. It begins between the fifth and seventh day after the
ovulation and is enabled by the secretion of enzymes that digest a
portion of the endometrium. A blastocyst is composed of a hollow sphere
of trophoblast cells, inside of which is a small cluster of cells called the
inner cell mass. Trophoblast goes on to contribute to foetal membrane
systems. While the inner cell mass is destined largely to become the
embryo and foetus. The site of implantation, which occurs at the
blastocyst stage, determines the position of the placenta. During
implantation, the trophoblast cells secrete human chorionic
gonadotrophin (hCG) which prevents the breakdown of the endometrium
and menstruation. The secretion of hCG declines by the tenth week as the
developed placenta secretes steroids that maintain the endometrium.
2. (D) If several spermatozoa hit the egg at the same time, even then only one
can get entry into the egg because after the entry of one sperm cell, the
egg cell becomes impervious (not able to be penetrated) to other sperm
cells. This can be done by fertilizin-antifertilizin compatibility reaction.
Fertilizin of egg interacts with antifertilizin of a sperm of the same
species. This interaction makes the sperms stick to the egg surface. The
process of penetrating the ovum by many sperm is called polyspermy.
Once the sperm cell has penetrated the corona radiata and zona pellucida,
its unit membrane fuses with the unit membrane surroundings the egg
cytoplasm. Just after the entry of sperm in the egg, a fertilization
membrane is formed (by zona pellucida) in the egg. This membrane
prevents polyspermic fertilization. Amphimixis is the mixing up the
chromosomes of a sperm and an ovum.
3. (C) Placenta may be defined as the connection between the foetal
membranes (amnion and chorion) and the uterine wall (decidua basalis,
the portion of the decidua which directly adjacent to conceptus at the
implantation site) for physiological exchange between the foetus and the
mother's blood. In mammals the foetal components of the placenta derive
initially from trophoblast, connected with embryonic blood stream,
through its contact with yolk sac. Placenta also acts as a major endocrine
organ as it secretes hormones such as estrogen, progesterone and hCG
that are essential for maintaining a maternal physiological condition
appropriate for continued development of the conceptus.
Biology - Class 10
4. (0) Sperm is a microscopic thread like motile cell which is distinguishable into
head, middle piece and tail. Head is the enlarged end of sperm which
contain 2 components - nucleus capped by acrosome. Acrosome contains
sperm lysins and nucelus is a compact mass of DNA having some
prolamines. Middle piece is the mitochondrial portion. In between the
head and middle piece there is a small constricted neck part containing
two centrioles. Tail is narrow vibratile long part with two regions - main
and end piece.
5. (8) Urethra leads from urinary bladder through the prostate gland and into
the penis. It consists of four parts - urinary, prostatic, membranous and
penile. The urethra (membranous and penile part) in the male forms the
outflow pathway for the urine and for the seminal fluid. However it is
physically impossible for a man to urinate and ejaculate at the same time
because just prior to ejaculation the internal sphincter closes off the
opening of the urinary bladder. The sphincter does not relax until the
ejaculation is completed. The closing of this internal sphincter prevents
urine from entering the urethra and also prevents the backflow of
ejaculatory fluid into the urinary bladder.
J ---=--S_T_R_U_CT.....;U=R=E;;....D_Q_U_E_ST_I_O_N_S---=;;:..__-___,JI c
L-1
1.
a) P: Oestrogen, Q: Progesterone.
b) P: Promotes repair and growth of the endometrium.
Q: Induces thickening of the endometrium and making it increasingly vascular
or getting enriched with blood vessels.
c) Ovulation
d) X: Secondary oocyte, Y: Corpus luteum.
e) Endometrium will be thickened after fertilisation.
f) Implantation of blastocyst cannot take place.
g) After fertilisation, structure Y will continue to grow and does not undergo
degeneration.
h) It secretes oestrogen and progesterone to maintain the endometrium during
the early pregnancy until the placenta has developed.
2.
a) P: Endometrium, Q: Ovary, R: Fallopian tube, S: Cervix.
b) P: Implantation site of the blastocyst.

S: Secretes mucous to aid in the movement of sperms into the uterus.
c) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH)
d) FSH - Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles/secretion of oestrogen.
LH - Stimulates ovulation, conversion of ovarian follicles into corpus I uteum/
secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum.
e) Structure R. To aid in the movement of oocyte which is released from the
ovary to be fallopian tube.
f) A released oocyte cannot reach the part of the fallopian tube to meet the
sperms. Therefore, fertilisation will not occur.
3.
a) X: 2n, Y: n, Z: n
b) Spermiogenesis/differentiation.
c) Seminiferous tubules in the testes.
d) Testosterone.
4.
a) P: Stigma, Q: Style, R: Male gamete nuclei, S: Ovule.
b) One male gamete nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote.
The other male gamete nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei to form a
triploid nucleus.
c) To ensure the survival of the species.
d) Sugar/surcose solution.
DI LINK & LEARN IC:

1) Binary fission 2) Budding 3) Fragmentation
4) Spore formation 5) Parthenogenesis 6) Vegetative propagation
7) Stigma 8) Ovary 9) Stamen
10) Ovaries 11) Ova 12) Fallopian tube
13) Fimbria 14) Uterus 15) Cervix
16) Vagina 17) Penis 18) Scrotum
19) Testes 20) Epididymis 21) Spermatozoa
22) Vasdeferens 23) Seminal vesicles 24) Semen
25) Prostate gland 26) Cowper's gland

J ~'-~ = ~ c_Ro_s_sw_o_RD_P_u_z_ZL~E= ~-__JI~

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Page-148: The placenta forms a selective barrier between the mothers blood
and the foetal blood. It allows some substances to pass from the
mother to the foetus, for example oxygen and nutrients such as
mineral salts, glucose, amino acids, lipids and vitamins. The placenta
can also give protection to the foetus. Antibodies are passed from
the mother to the foetus, giving temporary immunity to some
diseases. If the blood is mixed, the higher pressure of the mother's
blood would damage the delicate foetal blood vessels. Agglutination
can happen if the foetus is of a different blood group from the
mother.
Page-156: A hot flush refers to a sudden hot feeling. This term is commonly
associated with menopause due to the slow production of estrogen
and progesterone hormones.

13ffitff
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l:,,olution
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L_I ____JI C
~ :Jill in tfuf,lanfi6 , ~ ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1. Inherited 2. Organic evolution 3. Sexually
4. Acquired 5. Charles Darwin 6. 44
7. Heredity 8. Recessive 9. Mutation, genetic
10. 2 11. Variations 12. Genes
13. Autosomes, allosomes 14. Pea plants
15. Law of independent assortment
~ fl1UU OJt fJal-6e ,,.1-------------------•

1. [ F] 2. [ F] 3. [T] 4. [ T] 5. [ T]
6. [ T] 7. [ F] 8. [T] 9. [ T] 10. [ F ]
~ .Matdi tfu fJollowing }

1. (8) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (8)
~ .Muiliph efw.ia ~twn., ,

7
1. (C) Term genetics was first used by W.Bateson (1905).

2. (A) Heredity is the transmission of genetic characters from parents to the
offspring.
3. (D) Law of inheritance, segregation and law of independent assortment come
under laws of inheritance.
4. (A) The characters acquired by an individual through use and disuse of organs
and through environment of a minute individual, parent in egg or sperm.
5. (C) Genome is a complete set of chromosomes inherited as a unit from
parent to offspring.
Biology - Class 10
NEET Foundation 07. Heredity & Evoluation - Key & Explanations
6. (8) Mendel selected these 7 characters.

(1) Stem length (2) Flower position (3) Pod shape
(4) Pod colour (5) Seed shape (6) Seed colour
(7) Seed coat colour
7. (C) Upper or capital letter is conventionally used to designate a dominant
gene. e.g. T (tallness in pea), R (round seed in pea).
8. (D) Green coloured pod and rounded seed is recessive character according to
Mendel.
9. (D) Mendel gave only two laws of genetics. First law is segregation and second
law is independent assortment.
10. (8) Linkage wasnot observed in mendalism due to the independent
assortment of characteristics.
11. (C) All offsprings are red flowered, according to Mendel's law of dominance.
12. (C) A gene that thus masks or prevents the expression of another is called
epistatic to it and the gene that is hidden is known as hypostatic.
13. (A) Mendel's law of segregation is based on separation of alleles during
gametes formation.
14. (D) Mendel proposed the laws of inheritance based on experiments
conducted on pea plants.
15. (C) Gene is a section of cellular DNA that provides information for one protein.
16. (C) A pure tall plant after self pollination if produces a tall plant. It can be
differentiated as a pure tall plant.
17. (8) Y-chromosome determines male sex determination.
18. (A) A gene has two separate independent chromosome. Each cell will have
two copies of each chromosome one each from the male and female
parents.
19. (C) The term evolution is biology means that living things constantly change.
20. (A) Homologous structures have similar origin but dissimilar functions.
21. (A) Darwin gave the idea of "Survival of fittest".
22. (A) Colour variation can take place due to environment as well.
23. (A) In human beings, males have XV chromosomes and females have XX
chromosomes.
24. (C) Lamarck started the theory of use and disuse.

25. (C) Evolution is due to natural selection and genetic drift.

26. (A) Speciation takes place on the basis of variation combined with geographical
isolation.
27. (A) Round is dominant over wrinkled yellow is dominant over green in F1
generation the seeds produced are round and yellow RrYy or RRYy RrYY.
28. (D) Characteristics are details of appearance or behaviour.
29. (D) Classification of species is done on the basis of cell design, specialisation
of cell types and tissues and evolutionary relationship.
30. (C) 1 pure tall plant, 2 heterozygous tall plant, 1 pure short plan.
TT x tt Parents
(j) ©G) © Gametes
T T ~ T T
t Tt Tt T TT Tt
t Tt Tt t Tt tt
31. (D) Due to gradual changes reptiles changed to birds due to evolution.
32. (D) The genotype of offsprings is Aa is zero as A is dominant over a.
~ A A
a Aa Aa
a Aa Aa
33. (A) Complex organ may have evolved because it had survival advantage at
intermediate stages.
34. (A) The study of fossils is called Palaentology.
35. (A) Evolution can be described as generation and shaping of diversity by
environmental selection.
36. (C) Study of evolution of human beings indicates that all humans originated
from a single species that evolved in Africa. Spreading across the world in
stages with wide variations in environment and climate made the
difference in colour, size and looks.
37. (D) Basic structure of four limbs of birds, reptiles or amphibians is similar to
that of the mammals.
38. (D) Structure and components of wings are different, but look similar for their
common function.
Biology - Class 10
39. (A) Extinct species must have existed at some stage describe evolution.
40. (8) Tall pea plant is dominant over short pea plant hence in F1 generation the
genetic make up of tall plants Tt.
e-,i Mumpte 8'ww«~tuuw ,~Z------------

1. (A,B,C) The changes in non-reproductive tissues are the acquired traits and
these cannot be passed on to the DNA of the germ cells.
2. (A,8) Similar homologous characteristics indicate common origins even in
apparently different species whereas similar analogous
characteristics may not have common origins.
3. (A,B,C) Age of a fossil can be estimated by guessing how closer it was to
earth surface when found, by isotope dating or by comparing DNA of
different species.
4. (A,C,D) The study of inheritance is called genetics.
5. (C,D) In human male X and Y sex chromosomes are unpaired.
6. (A,B) If DNA undergoes significant changes in germ cells and change in
chromosomal numbers help to form new specie.
7. (A,D) The new combination formed as RRVY and rryy.
8. (A,C) Genes are specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule and are
located on a particular chromosome.
9. (A,B,C) Vermiform appendix, plica semilunaris and ear muscles.
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1. Acquired characters 2. F2 Generation 3. Human evolution
4. F1 Generation 5. Natural selection 6. Allosomes
7. Heterozygous 8. Genotype 9. Phenotype
10. Genetic drift
e--i fompWWt6um ,~Z---------------------

1. Fossils are the remains, impression or trace of a living organism from the
geologic age such as a skeleton, foot print.
2. Palaeontologists

3. Frozen remains of elephants-like mammoths, foot prints and animal tracks.

4. The two main methods used to date a fossil are absolute dating method and
relative dating method.
~ 8'"e,aion, and :Rea6oning ~tion6 ,~<------------:

1. (8) Mendel chose garden pea as plant material for his experiments, since it
had the following advantages.
(i) well defined characters, (ii) bisexual flowers, (iii) predominantly self-
fertilization, (iv) easy hybridization.
Main reason was preparation and selection of pure lines by own work and
proper statistical analysis of large number of samples, of one character at
a time.
2. (A) Mutations are sudden unpredictable inheritable departures from the
normal type without any intermediate stage. Discontinous variations form
the basis of mutation theory of evolution which was proposed by De Vries
(1902).
3. (A) According to principle of segregation (first law of Mendel ism), the two
factors of a character which remain together in an individual do not get
mixed up but keep their identity distinct, separate at the time of
gametogenesis or sporogenesis, get randomly distributed to different
offspring as per the principle of probability. Gametes carry a single factor
or allele for a trait. The two mendelian factors present in the F1 plants
segregation during gamete formation. The principle of segregation is called
the principle of purity of gametes because segregation receiving only one
factor out of a pair. As a result gametes are always pure for a character.
4. (A) Backcross is cross which is performed between hybrid and one of its
parents. In testcross, the individual is crossed with recessive parent. It is
called a testcross, because it is used to test whether an individual is
homozygous or heterozygous (hybrid).
J 1....1_ _ _ _ sr_R_uc_r_u_RE_o_o_u_E_sr_1o_N_s____,aaa=---_ ___.I [ :
1. In the inheritance of more than one pair of characters, the factors for each
pair of characters assorts independently of the other pairs. This is known
as "Law of independent assortment".
Biology - Class 10
NEET Foundation 07. Heredity & Evoluatlon - Key & Explanations
~ RY Ry ry rY
RY RRYY RRYy RrYy RrYY
~ yr yr
RRYy RRyy Rryy RrYy
YR YyRr YyRr Ry
2. 3. ry RrYy Rryy rryy rrYy
YR YyRr YyRr
rY RrYY RrYy rrYy rrYY
• In the above, dihybrid cross parents produced offspring containing the

factors of characters of yellow (YY), round (RR), and wrinkled (rr), green
(yy) appeared independently mixing with each other in F2 generation.
• RRYY, RRYy, RrYY, Rr Yy, RRYy, RrYY, RrYy, RrYy and RrYy are round and yellow.
• RRyy, Rryy, Rryy are round and green.
• rrYy, rrYy, rrYY are wrinkled and yellow.
• rryy are wrinkled and green.
• From the above results it can be concluded that the factors for each character
or trait remains separate and maintains its identity in the gametes.
• The factors are independent to each other passes to its offspring. This
shows the "Law of independent assortment".
Red flower White

(Hybrid) flower
Parent
Gametes
4. a.
Red flower Red flower White W hite

(Hybrid) (Hybrid) flower flower
b. The dominant gene can be defined as the genes which determines the
resulting character (or phenotype) in the presence of other genes which
controls the contrasting character.
The recessive gene can be defined as the gene that is turned off by the
dominant gene, thus not influencing the feature normally controlled by that
gene. The recessive gene only produces its effects when two are present.
C. 1:1
NEET Foundation 07. Heredity & Evoluatlon - Key & Explanations
J ~ ' ----==------LI_NK_&_L_EA_R_N_ _ _ _ ~I~

1. Variations 2. Evolution 3. Natural selection
4. Use and disuse 5. Mutation 6. Allosomes
7. Autosomes 8. Genes 9. Allele
10. Heterozygous 11. Homozygous 12. Genotype 13. Phenotype
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Page-170: The rhesus factor (Rh factor) is referring to the antigen found on
the surface membrane of some red blood cells. People who have
the Rhesus factor are said to be Rhesus positive (Rh+) and those
who do not are considered Rhesus negative (Rh-). Rhesus factor is
so named because the antigen was first discovered in the blood of
the rhesus monkey.
Page-180: The Human Genome Project was formed to determine the sequence
of all the base pairs found in the DNA of the human genome. Make
maps showing the exact locations of genes for major sections of
human chromosomes. Produces linkage maps where inherited traits,
for example genetic diseases can be tracked over generations. The
Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international collaborative
effort of many scientists from all over the world. It started in 1988
and was completed in 2003.
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1. Ecosystem 2. Food chain 3. Biosphere 4. UV
5. Trophic 6. Primary 7. Producers 8. 10
9. Food web 10. Lindeman 11. Total 12. 10
13. Skin cancer 14. Fluorine, chlorine 15. Sun
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1. (8)
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1. (C) The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem is the sun.
2. (C) Producers, consumers and decomposers are the biotic components of an
ecosystem.
3. (C) Food chain is a linear arrangement of organisms.
4. (8) Polythene, aluminium can, plastic are non-biodegradable things.
5. (A) The flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional.
6. (D) The third trophic level of a grassland food chain can have frogs.
7. (8) In a food chain, herbivores constitute the second trophic level.
8. (C) Plant - Insect -Toad - Snake is a grassland food chain.
NEET Foundation 08. Our Environment - Key & Explanations
9. (A) In biological magnification there is progressive increase in the level of

harmful substances through trophic levels.
10. (C) A food chain always start with the producer.
11. (B) Plants does not complete for food as they are producers.
12. (B) In a food chain the arrows always points from food to feeder.
13. (A) Producers or green plants are always present in the I trophic level of a
ecological pyramid.
14. (C) Ozone hole means decrease in concentration of ozone.
15. (B) The pyramid of biomass is inverted.
16. (C) The percentage of the biomass transferred from one tropic level to the next
in a food chain is 10 - 20.
17. (C) The process of entering of pollutants in a food chain is known as
bioaccumulation.
18. (B) Insectivores or carnivores like frog are secondary consumers.
19. (A) The region of the world of living things is termed as biosphere.
20. (C) The terrestrial ecosystems are being determined by the variations in
environmental factors.
21. (B) In an ecological pyramid top carnivores are represented at the the tip.
22. (C) A food chain shows who eats what in a particular habitat.
23. (B) In general, when we move from producers to consumers in a food chain
the number of organisms at each level decreases.
24. (A) The graphic representation of feeding level structure of an ecosystem by
taking the shape of a pyramid is called ecological pyramid.
25. (A) Organic material of biological origin is called biomass.
26. (B) The pyramid of biomass is inverted in aquatic ecosystem.
27. (B) The ratio between energy flows at different tropic level along the food
chain expressed as percentage is called ecological efficiency.
28. (A) The flow of energy from producers to consumers in a food chain is
unidirectional.
29. (D) The plant substances which are not digested by most animals are
cellulose, lignin.

30. (A) In the ecological pyramids, the producers are represented in the base.
31. (D) In the given figure Pare secondary consumers like snakes.
32. (C) The term ecology is coined by Ernst Haeckel
33. (D) Niche is specific part of habitat occupied by individuals of a species which
is circumscribed by its range of tolerance, range of movement
microclimate, type of food and its availability.
34. (C) Trees are the best source of energy in the environment.
35. (C) Carbon monoxide is the main air pollutant. It first reduces the oxygen
carrying capacity of haemoglobin and then causes asphyxiation.
e--i .Multiph ~™ ~tioM ,~l-------------•

1. (A,B) In an ecosystem, there is a flow of energy and nutrients.
2. (A,D) Rats and rabbits are omnivores.
3. (A,B,C)
4. (A,C) Grasshoppers and goats are herbivores.
5. (A,B,C) The water cycle, nitrogen cycle and food webs helps to maintain the
balance in nature.
6. (A,B,C) Rainfall, temperature and light from sun are the climatic influences
that determines the terrestrial ecosystem.
7. (A,B,C) Pyramid of number does not look like a pyraid when the producer is
a large plant, one of the organism at any trophic level is very small
and in the parasitic food chain.
8. (A,B,C,D) Flow of materials between organisms and their environment is

called cycling of materials, mineral circulation and biogeochemical
cycles.
9. (A,B,C) At each trophic level, organisms use most of the food energy to
fulfil their metabolic activities like performance of work, growth and
reproduction.
10. (A,B,C) Sulphur oxides, nitric oxides and lead are the major pollutants.


A........J P:..,, ···-·· J I'
..,......, ~ o.n.e woiiu atWW.eM , ~ • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -;
1. Food chain. 2. Food web.
3. Ecological pyramid. 4. DDT (Dichiaro Diphenyl Trichloro Ethane)
5. Biomagnification
e-i &m,p~um ,~<-------------------

1. An ecosystem is a functional unit consisting of all the living beings of an area
and the nonliving components of their environment, interacting to form a stable
system.
2. Natural ecosystems are deserts, grasslands, forests and lakes.
3. Different plants and animals such as bees, butterflies, earthworms, frogs and
birds are found in garden ecosystems.
4. Birds, bees and butterflies get food from the plants in the garden. They help to
keep the ecosystem working by helping in the pollination of the plants.
e-i 8'6euion and 9lea6oning ~tion6 ,~<------------:

1. (C) Living mantle or biosphere has three subdivisions - hydrosphere,
lithosphere and atmosphere. They do not occur in isolation but interact
with one another in more than one way and support the living beings.
2. (8) The phenomenon of having higher temperature inside a green house than
outside, through the interior receives less radiations, is known as green
house effect. Green house effect is due to the occurrence of high carbon
dioxide content, high vapour content and glass walls. Gases like CO2 are
called green house gases because they are transparent to solar radiations
but are strong absorbers of long wave or infra red radiations emitted by
the surface of the earth.
3. (8) Unlike most other nutrient or material cycles, the hydrologic cycle involves
the movement of a chemical compound water. The hydrologic cycle is one
of the most nearly perfect cyclical processes. i.e., the cycle rotates in
hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere is a fairly rapid process, the
average residence time being only about 10 days, but possibly less in the
humid trophies.
Biology - Class 10
4. (A) Forest ecosystems are generally well-adapted to a luxuriant moisture

status, in mesic environments, forest can intercept up to about 30% of
the total precipitation and can sometime use more than 500 grams of
water of transpiration to produce 1 gram of dry weight of biomass. In
contrast, most arid land ecosystems do not process excessive amounts of
precipitation through transpiration. Plant cover of land is inversely
proportional to soil erosion. Dense plant cover in forest hold the soil and
the erosion is very low or negligible.
5. (A) Solar energy is utilized by plants in the process of photosynthesis. This
energy flows into ecosystems by means of food chains. Some of the
wavelengths of solar energy are very short (e.g.: cosmic rays, gamma rays,
ultraviolet rays) and some are very long (e.g.: infra red waves). The harmful
radiations such as UV rays are selectively filtered out by ionosphere and
ozonosphere.
sr_R_uc_r_u_RE_D_Q_u_E_sr_1o_N_s_ _ ___.l
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1.
A pyramid of numbers
JI LINK & LEARN

ID
1. Soil 2. Light 3. Temperature
4. Green plants 5. Consumers 6. Decomposers
7. Producers 8. Primary consumers 9. Secondary consumers
10. Tertiary consumers 11. Top carnivore 12. Tertiary consumers
13. Primary consumers 14. Secondary consumers
15. Producers

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Page-193: If all the waste we generate is biodegradable more nutrients will
be released into the nutrient pool and help to grow more plants
and due to this more food is made available to consumers.
Page-194: If all the carnivores are removed from the earth, the population of
herbivores will increase.
• Large population of herbivores will over graze.
• As a result all plants wil I disappear from the ea rt h's surface and
ultimately the earth may become a desert.
• The biosphere will get disturbed which will lead to the end of life
on earth.
Page-200: If decomposers are not their in the environment, the breakdown of
the complex organic substances into simple substances will not take
place and natural replenishment of the soil will not take place. Dead
bodies of animals and plant remain and accumulates on huge scales.
So presence of decomposers is essential for the replenishment of
soil and biogeochemical cycle of elements or substances.
13ffiMI
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Natural Resources
BA_S_IC_P_RA_C_TI_CE_ _ _ _~ID
:] ~I_____
e-,i :Jill in t1u 6lan&6 .,lfjl-------------------
1. Natural resource 2. Sustainable development 3. Forest
4. Wildlife 5. Stakeholder 6. Chipko
7. Water 8. Dams 9. Fossil fuels
10. Reuse 11. Fossil 12. Water
13. Wildlife 14. Rain 15. Carbon monoxide
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1. [T] 2. [ T] 3. [ F] 4. [ F] 5. [ T]
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1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (A)
e-,i .Afuhiph eJuua ~tum,

1.
;.-<-------------
(B) The bishnoi community of Rajasthan is associated with the conservation
of forests and wild life.
2. (C) The Chipko Andolan is associated with trees.
3. (D) The major programme started to replenish the damaged forests is called
silviculture.
4. (C) Amrita Devi Bishnoi is associated with Khejri tree.
5. (B) Carbon monoxide does not contribute in producing acid rain.
6. (C) The poisonous gas which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood to
a large extent is CO.
7. (C) Biogas is made from biodegradable substances.

NEET Foundation 09. Management of Natural Resources - Key & Explanations
8. (C) Electricity is generated from water by machines operated by humans.

9. (C) Wooden house is man made shelter.
10. (0) Reduce, recycle and reuse are the three R's which can help us to conserve
natural resources for long term.
11. (0) The main reason for the abundant coliform bacteria in the water of river
Ganga is disposal of unburnt corpses into river water and water pollution.
12. (A) Floods can be prevented by afforestation.
13. (8) Carbon dioxide is a green-house gas.
14. (0) Deforestation causes more floods, reduced rainfall and soil erosion.
15. (8) Arabari forest of Bengal is dominated by sal.
16. (A) Groundwater will not be depleted due to process of afforestation.
17. (C) Aha rs, Kattas, Bhundhis and Khadins are the modes of water harvesting.
18. (C) Wood, wind and sun are natural resources that exists naturally.
19. (C) Using windmills for generating power is pollution free and ecofriendly.
20. (8) Khadins are used in Rajasthan to recharge groundwater.
21. (C) Nitrogen dioxide combines with water form nitric acid and cause acid rain.
22. (C) CO2 is called green house gas. Increase in the concentration of CO2 gas in
atmosphere cause high temperature of atmosphere called as global warming.
23. (A) Using an electrostatic precipitator filter coal ashes liberated from the
smoke releasing from achimney of a factory.
24. (B) Pollution can be caused by a factory which uses a smoke chimney.
25. (8) Methane gas can be produced by the anaerobic digestion of palm oil
waste by microorganisms.
26. (A) Chemical or biogas energy is stored energy. It produces energy by the
oxidation of organic material.
27. (0) Radioactive substances are present in earth crust, but are not formed by
the vegetable matter.
28. (A) Coal is a non renewable resources.
29. (D) Using non-renewable energy carelessly may cause exhaust of resources.
30. (8) In the given figure Xis petroleum. Petroleum is a non renewable source of
energy.
31. (D) Burning of coal gives out smoke and cause pollution of the environment.

..., .Multipk8'w™~tion6 ,~Z--------------

1. (A,B,D) The products formed from the burning of fossil fuel includes carbon
dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
2. (A,C) Coal and petroleum are non-renewable sources of energy.
3. (A,B) Crude oil and natural gas are extracted from the seas and oceans.
4. (A,C) If the use of fossil fuels is not controlled, it will cause air pollution
and the temperature of the energy to rise.
5. (B,C) Wind and hydroelectric energy are renewable and pollution free.
6. (A,B,C) We can use energy efficiently by switch off electrical appliances
when not in use, by using fluorescent lamps which are more energy
efficient and service the engine of motor vehicles and machines
regularly to ensure they are in good condition.
7. (A,B) Biomass energy is obtained from the organic substances of living
matter and nuclear energy is obtained from nuclear substances.
8. (A,B,C) Radioactive wastes emit harmful rays, the high cost of running a
nuclear power station and if a nuclear reactor leaks or explodes, it
will endanger living things are the problems related to the use of
nuclear energy.
9. (A,B,C) Coal is seldom used now because it produces toxic gas, it is heavy and
difficult to ignite and it produces a lot of soot that will pollute the air.
10. (B,C) Looking for new energy sources and inventing machines that can save
energy help to overcome the problem of depleting energy sources.
11. (A,C) Sleeping with the lights on and ironing a shirt a day with electric
iron are waste energy actions.
12. (A,B,C) We need to preserve and conserve energy sources so that we can
lead a comfortable life, work can be done easily and quickly and
non-renewable energy will not be depleted.
13. (A,B,D) To provide a clean and healthy environment for future generations,
to ensure that the health of man is not threatened and to develop
industrialization helps in the preservation and conservation of
environment.
14. (A,B,D) Coal, natural gas and petroleum are fossil fuels.


---..J P:..,. ···--· J
. - - - , ~ 0-IU wo,uc, a,wweM
-".7..__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _:
1
1. Silviculture 2. Coliform
3. Rain water harvesting 4. Petrol
5. Coal 6. Rainwater harvesting
7. Amrita Devi Bishnoi 8. Chipko Andolon
...,~~um"'
9.
1.
Fossil fuels 10 . Biogas
Coal and petroleum were formed from the degradation of biomass of plants
and animals.
2. Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels.
3. The crude petroleum oil obtained from oil wells is then separated into fuels
such as LPG, petrol, diesel and kerosene.
4. We obtain coal from the 'coal mines' dug into the earth and petroleum is
obtained by digging 'oil wells' deep in the earth and ocean .
.,_, at"erttum and :iwl6oning ~tion., ,~z....__________:
1. (A) The major energy sources are fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and
natural gases. They are an important source of energy for the modern
technology. Fossil fuels are used in industry, thermal plants, agricultural
operations, automobiles etc.
2. (A) Forests are renewable living resource which provide wood and a number
of other products. Conservation of forests is used in
i) prevention of soil erosion.
ii) flood control.
iii) maintenance of water cycle.
iv) maintenance of health of climatic regimes.
v) perennial supply of water and
vi) providing raw materials timber, wood pulp and a number of other
industries and for many other intangible benefits.
Biology - Class 10
3. (0) Pollution may be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical

or biological characteristics of our air, water and land that may or will
harmfully affect human lives or other organisms. Pollution can be natural
or man made. Natural pollution comes from volcanic eruptions, emission
of natural gas, soil erosion, ultraviolet rays, cosmic rays etc. Most of the
pollution is man-made. Contamination occurs due to the presence of
harmful organisms or their products or undesirable products in a desirable
product causing disease or discomfort, for the organism who consume it.
Therefore pollution and contamination are two different things.
4. (A) Nonbiodegradable pollutants are those which do not get easily
decomposed. They include wastes (e.g.: phenolics, plastics, glass or metallic
containers) or poisons (e.g.: pesticides like DDT, salts of heavy metals,
radioactive substance). By repeated use, they accumulate in nature and in
living beings, causing harmful diseases.
CJI STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

IC
1.
a) Sulphur dioxide.
b) Destroy crops and reduces supply of food .
c) Carbon dioxide.
d) Increase the atmospheric temperature.
e) The melting of polar ice.
f) Has less food, causes food poisoning.
JI LINK & LEARN

IC
1. Environment 2. Ecology 3. Ernst Haeckel
4. Lithosphere 5. Hydrosphere 6. Atmosphere
7. Abiotic 8. Inorganic 9. Organic
10. Edaphic 11. Light temperature precipitation
12. Humus 13. Biotic 14. Producers
15. Consumers 16. Decomposers
© Brain Mapping Academy <ill

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Page-211: Wild life and forests are the measures of Biodiversity of a particular
region. By conserving the wild life and forests, we are ensuring that
all diverse species in an area survive, breed and flourish.
Page-214: Natural resources are the stock of the nature such as air, water,
soil, minerals, animals and plants. If these resources are not used
properly, they many get exhausted and has depend on other nations
for raw materials. To show our gratitude to our nation we should
use the available resources wisely and judiciously.
Page-216: Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources. If once they are used up,
they never replenish again or take several thousands of years to
replenish.
Page-222: Recharge of the ground water sources is very important. 43% of
irrigating land is getting water from ground. Due to over drilling of
bore wells and pulling out of water using electric motors, the ground
water level is decreasing day by day. If it goes on without recharging,
ground water becomes scarce. It shows impact on agriculture, the
productivity will decrease.
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II T F o u n d ati o n & Ol y m pi a d E x pl o r e r

A u ni q u e o p p ort u nit y t o t a k e a b o ut 5 0 t e st s p er s u bj e ct.

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1. Life Processes - I Nutrition ............................. 5-12

2. Life Processes - II Respiration ....................... . 13- 20

3. Life Processes - Ill Transportation .................. 21- 28

4. Life Processes - IV Excretion ......................... . 29-38

5. Control and Coordination ............................... 39 -46

6. Reproduction ................................................. 47- 53

7. Heredity and Evolution .................................. 54- 60

8. Our Environment ........................................... 61- 66

9. Management of Natural Resources ............... 67- 72

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4. Human respiratory system 5. Root hairs

6. Lenticels 7. Stomata 8. Diffusion

9. Moist skin 10. Trachea 11. Book lungs

12. Gills 13. Skin and lungs 14. Lungs

15. Nostrils 16. Trachea 17. Bronchi

18. Bronchioles 19. Diaphragm 20. Alveoli

21. Internal or cellular 22. Aerobic 23. Anaerobic

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Thus, diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of

Page-46: Oxygen is present in dissolved state in water.

• Moreover as we go deep down in water, the oxygen level starts

• So a deep sea diver carries an oxygen gas cylinder for breathing

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