The Algae

• Eukaryotic
• Large brown kelp in coastal waters, green scum in a
puddle, green stain on soil or rocks.
• Very few are poisonous
• Initially was classified as plant but lacked embryo of
true plant
• DNA analysis led to reclassification as Protist

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 Algae

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Table 12.1
 Characteristics of Algae

• Unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular (thallic)

• Most are photoautotrophs that lack roots and stem of
plants
• Found in ocean
• Location --- appropriate nutrients, wavelength of light,
surface for growth

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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Vegetative Structures

• The body of multicellular alga is called thallus.

• Thalli of large algae(seaweeds)consists of branched
holdfast(anchor alga to rocks), stem like and often
hollow stipes, and leaflike blades
• Cells covering the thallus carries out photosynthesis
• Alga absorb nutrients from the water over their surface
• The stipe is not woody or lignified, so it does not offer
support.
• The surrounding water provides support to the algal
thallus
• Some algae are buoyed by a floating, gas filled bladder
called a pneumtocyst.
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 Life Cycle

• All algae can reproduce asexually.

• Multicellular algae with thallus and filamentous forms
can fragment, each piece is capable of forming a new
thallus or filament.
• Unicellular alga when divides, its nucleus
divides(mitosis) and the two nuclei move to opposite
direction and the cell then divides into two complete
cells(cytokinesis)
• Alga can reproduce sexually.
• Some species reproduce asexually foe generations and
then under special conditions, same specie then
reproduce sexually and vice versa is true for some other
species.
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.12b
 Nutrition

• Algae is common name involving several Phyla

• Most algae are photosynthetic
• Oomycotes and fugal-like algae are chemohetrotrophs
• Photosynthetic algae is found throughout the photic
zone of water
• Chlorophyll involved in photosynthesis is responsible
for distinctive colors of many algae.
• Algae are classified according to their rRNA sequences,
structures, pigments and other qualities.

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 Classification of Algae

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 Phaeophyta
• Brown algae (kelp)
• Cellulose + alginic acid cell
walls
• Multicellular
• Chlorophylla andc ,
xanthophylls
• Store carbohydrates
• Harvested for algin
• Algin; Thickener used in
foods (ice cream and cake
decoration)
• Non food uses includes
rubber tires, hand lotion
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.11b
 Rhodophyta
• Red algae
• Cellulose cell walls
• Most multicellular
• Chlorophylla andd ,
phycobiliproteins
• Store glucose polymer
• The red pigment helps to
absorb blue light that
penetrates deepest into the
ocean
• Harvested for agar and
carrageenan(Irish moss)
• Thickening agent in food and
pharmaceutical agents
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 Chlorophyta

• Green algae
• Cellulose cell walls
• Unicellular or
multicellular
• Chlorophylla andb
• Store glucose polymer
• Gave rise to plants
• Some filamentous
types form grass-green
scum in ponds

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.12a
 Bacillariophyta
• Diatoms are filamentous algae
• Pectin and silica cell walls
• Unicellular
• Chlorophylla andc , carotene, xanthophylls
• Store oil for energy
• Fossilized diatoms formed oil
• Produce domoic acid (toxin found in mussels causing
diarrhea and memory loss within 24 hours of eating)

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.13
 Dinoflagellata
• Dinoflagellates
• Plankton or free floating
organisms
• Rigid structure due to Cellulose
in plasma membrane
• Unicellular
• Chlorophylla andc , carotene,
xanthins
• Store starch
• Some are symbionts in marine
animals
• Neurotoxins cause paralytic
shellfish poisoning
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.14
 Oomycota

• Water molds
• Colorless, white
• multicellular
• Decomposers
• Asexually resembles zygomycetes fungi
producing zoospores in sporangium and
have two flagella
• DNA analysis confirmed close resemblance
to diatoms and dinoflagellates.

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 Oomycotes

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 The Protozoa
• Eukaryotic
• Unicellular
• Chemoheterotrophs
• Vegetative form is a trophozoite, feeds on bacteria
and small particulate nutrients
• Some protozoa are normal microbiota of animals
• Protozoan means “first animals” meant to have
animal-like nutrition
• Some are photosynthetic and some have complex
lifecycle to move from one host to another
• Based on DNA analysis, protozoan are classified as
algae
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 12.1
 Protozoa life cycle
• Asexual reproduction by fission,
budding, or schizogony(multiple
fission …nucleus undergoes
multiple divisions before cell
division
• Sexual reproduction by
conjugation(paramecium)
• Conjugation is different from
bacterial conjugation process
• When cell fuses, haploid nucleus
from each cell migrates to other
and fuses with the micronucleus
within the cell. On division, two
daughter cells with recombined
DNA are produced.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.16
 Archaezoa

• No mitochondria
• Multiple flagella
• Chilomastix (human
intestine)
• Giardia lamblia(human
intestine) excreted in
feces as cyst
• Trichomonas vaginalis
(no cyst stage)

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d
 Euglenozoa
• Move by flagella
• Photoautotrophs
• Euglenoids have semirigid plasma membrane(pellicle)
• Red eyespot at anterior end contains carotenoid that senses light
and directs the cell towards it by using preemergent flagellum
• Chemoheterotrophs
• In dark ingest organic matter through cytostome

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 Euglenozoa

• Hemoflagellates(blood parasites) transmitted

by the bites of blood-feeding insects
• Found in circulatory system of bitten host
• Trypanosoma
• Rapidly multiplies by schizogony
• If the insect defecates while biting a human,
releases trypanosomes that contaminate the
bite wound.

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 Rhizopoda (amoebas)
• Move by pseudopods(lobe-like
projections of cytoplasm)
• Entamoeba histolytica is the only
pathogenic amoeba found in
human intestine
• Causes amoebic dysentery using
protein lectin to attach to
galactose of the plasma
membrane and causes cell lysis.
• Acanthamoeba grows in water
even tap water infecting cornea
and cause blindness
• Balamuthia causes brain
abscesses calledgranulomatous
amebic encephalitis
Figure 12.18a
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 Apicomplexa
• Nonmotile
• Intracellular parasites of red blood cells
• Complex life cycles involving transmission among
multiple host
• Babesia causes fever and anemia in
immunocompromised individuals.
• Transmitted by ticks
• Cryptosporidium lives in inside the cells lining of small
intestine and can be transmitted via feces of cow,
rodents, dogs and cats.
• Cyclospora causes water born diarrhea
• Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite of human
and involves domestic cats
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 Apicomplexa

• Plasmodium grows by sexual reproduction of

Anopheles mosquito.
• Mosquito is a definite host because it harbors
the sexually reproducing stage of plasmodium
• The host (human) in which parasite undergoes
asexual reproduction is the intermediate host

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 Plasmodium
Sporozoites in 1 Infected mosquito bites 2 Sporozoites
salivary gland human; sporozoites undergo
migrate through schizogony in
bloodstream to liver cell;
liver of human merozoites are
produced
9 Resulting sporozoites
migrate to salivary glands of
mosquito
3 Merozoites
Sexual released into
reproduction bloodsteam from
liver may infect
Asexual new red blood
8 In mosquito’s cells
Zygote digestive tract, reproduction
gametocytes unite
to form zygote Intermediate host
Female
gametocyte
4 Merozoite develops
Male into ring stage in red
blood cell
gametocyte
Ring
stage
5 Ring stage
grows and
Definitive host divides,
producing
7 Another mosquito bites 6 Merozoites are released when merozoites
infected humnan and ingests red blood cell ruptures; some
gametocytes merozoites infect new red
blood cells, and some
develop into male and female
gametocytes
Merozoites

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.19
 Ciliophora (ciliates)
• Move by cilia
• Complex cells
• Balantidium coli is the
only human parasite
• Causes severe and rare
type of dysentery

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.20
 Slime Molds

• Cellular slime molds • Plasmodial slime molds

• Resemble amoebas, • Multinucleated large
ingest bacteria by cells
phagocytosis • Cytoplasm separates
• Cells aggregate into into stalked sporangia
stalked fruiting body. • Nuclei undergo
• Some cells become meiosis and form
spores uninucleate haploid
spores

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