Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CBT How To Do It - For Trainers
CBT How To Do It - For Trainers
ABSTRACT
This booklet, which is intended for vocational
educators/trainers in Australia, explains the principles and
techniques of competency-based training (CBT). The following topics
are discussed in the first 10 sections: the decision to adopt CBT in
Australia; the meaning of competency; teaching and learning to become
competent (competency standards as the base of many workplace
activities, the National Training Board's role in guiding CBT's
development); the framework for CBT; identification of the need for
training (preparing to train, formulating training plans); training
design and development (establishing expected outcomes in terms of
jobs' competency standards, breaking complex outcomes down into
simple steps, choosing the assessment approach, planning the learning
program's sequence, reviewing the process with participants, checking
existing training programs); organization of training resources
(using a checklist and enlisting supervisors' aid in the training
process); training delivery and evaluation (striving for continuous
improvement, understanding recent changes in the trainer's role,
making learners the focus of training delivery); assessment of
trainees' performance (the key to effective learning,
competency-based assessment, assessment in the CBT framework); and
the extras involved in implementing CBT (doing the paperwork,
promoting a learning culture). The final 2 sections contain a 70-item
bibliography and a glossary. (MN)
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Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
from the original document.
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f 4
Canberra 1993
3
Contents Page
1. Introduction 2
The Extras 45
10.
Doing the Paperwork
Promoting a Learning Culture
Bibliography 47
11.
Glossary of Terms 50
12.
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
1. Introduction
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING (CBT) procedures, and at the same time to open up
is being introduced into vocational a training market where private providers
education and training in Australia could compete on an equal footing with the
with the key objective of raising the publicly-funded systems, was a momentous
efficiency of the Australian workforce. task.
The decision to adopt a competency It will take time, but it is proceeding and
based approach to training in Australia was gradually the required changes are being
made by the Ministers of Vocational made. The most difficult of all the changes
Education, Employment and Training required is the mind set change which
(MOVEET) in 1989. This follows teachers and trainers in particular will have
considerable research both in Australia and to undergo, but which relates as well to other
overseas. The decision was aimed at making participants in the training scene.
vocational education and training more Not least among these other participants
effective, closely directed at industry needs are the trainees. Many of these have been in
and able to compare favourably with that of the workforce for some time and are looking
Australia's trading partners. for their existing competencies to be given
The essence of CBT is that it is credit towards vocational education and
concentrated on the end product on what training awards. They, and others, are finding
people can do as the result of training. That it necessary to re-enter training in response
concept is not in itself new. What is new is to change in the technology, the organisation
the wholehearted attempt to introduce CBT or the structure of the workplace. For more
into all areas of vocational education and than a few, their educational background has
training. At the same time, the decision was included experiences they look back on
taken to underpin this approach with a poorly. The new world in vocational
national system of industry competency education and training must serve them
standards endorsed by the National Training better.
Board, which was set up specifically for that This book is written with all these
purpose. factors in the background. It is intended to be
The decision was indeed a bold one. The a practical guide for those who have to
task of setting up a nationally consistent prepare and deliver vocational education and
system of vocational education and training training in the new and reformed order. Their
based on industry-developed competency role has changed forever, and the ideas and
standards was never going to be easy. To do practices outlined are intended to help them
so in a federation where each State and make the most of the exciting opportunities
Territory had its own operating system and their new role offers.
s
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
COMPETENCY
workplace rather
The concept of competency focuses on what is expected of an employee in the
and knowledge
than on the learning process; and embodies the ability to transfer and apply skills
all aspects of
to new situations and environments. Competency is a broad concept that includes
work performance and not only narrow task skills.
Competency encompasses:
the requirement to perform individual tasks (task skills);
the requirement to manage a number of different tasks within the job (task
management skills);
the requirement to respond to irregularities and breakdowns in routine
(contingency management skills);
the requirement to deal with the responsibilities and expectations of the work
environment (job/role environment skills), including working with others.
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COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
WHAT
PEOPLE? Who is dependent on one's
performance? One's assistance?
One's co-operation? One's
contribution? How do people
interact collaboratively with
each other? What does that
mean in the workplace?
9
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
transfer and apply skills and knowledge to establishing enterprise training plans;
new situations and a new environment. recognition of prior learning;
Competency is a much broader concept
performance reviews;
than simply skill at a task. It includes a set of
skills, underlying knowledge and selection and promotion reviews;
appropriate attitude. a guide for planning job rotation;
Competency covers:
developing job descriptions; and
performance of individual tasks (task
work organisation and job design.
skills);
In the training area, competency
managing a number of different tasks standards form the basis of the material to be
within the job (task management skills); learned, the way it is learned and practised
responding to problems, breakdowns and the assessment which confirms the
and changes in routine (contingency learning.
management skills); and Training based on well-stated outcomes
is focused, efficient and effective. Because it
dealing with the responsibilities and
focuses on training people for actual jobs in
expectations of the workplace (job or
the world of work, it is relevant to them and
role environment skills).
has an inbuilt motivational factor.
Competency standards form the base
for many workplace activities. They are
particularly at the heart of three key
elementstraining, performance and job
allocation.
Because they are statements of real
expectations of the way people will behave
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
THE NATIONAL Training Board (NTB) and no doubt the revised standards which the
has been established to guide the Board requires after a two-year review
development of competency period will reflect experience in writing and
standards in Australia as part of the using the standards.
vocational education and training reform In its most recent communications, the
agenda. The Board is responsible for National Training Board has moved to break
endorsing national standards of competency any link between competency standards and
and for recognising the competency award classifications, real or perceived. It
standards bodies (CSBs), the industry bodies has also moved to provide a more generous
set up to develop and maintain national approach to the development and
competency standards. endorsement of enterprise competency
The NTB has published its policy and standards, although its original goal was for
guidelines on the development of standards to be primarily industry based.
competency standards. It has also published Standards have been endorsed by the
a binder of technical guidance notes and NTB which have application across
assigns advisers to work with competency industries. These include the competency
standards bodies in developing standards. standards for assessors, for trainers, for
The writing of competency standards is a clerical functions and for some areas of
task in which the practitioners develop skill, occupational health and safety.
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
Board facilitates that process by recognising compulsory, except insofar as it relates to the
competency standards bodies as the official public system.
voice of the industry and allocating an There is a vast body of training material
adviser to help the body. All the competency available in the community. In many cases,
standards bodies (CSBs) are tripartite it may well be possible to find that the
representatives from employers, unions and required training can be developed more
government. readily from existing material than would be
the case if entirely new material were to be
2. Design and Develop Training developed.
In a CBT system, competency standards Even material that is not in a
form the base on which training is developed. competency based format may be readily
The design and development of training is transposed, provided that the content is
frequently referred to, particularly among appropriate. It would be a waste of resources
educationalists as curriculum development. to disregard all pre-CBT material because of
Curriculum covers the full range of incorrect formatting without first examining
work in preparation for training, covering the the context for usefulness.
preparation of training objectives, course or The possibility of linking new material
program outlines, learning materials, to accredited courses, for instance, should
teacher's guides and assessment strategy. also be kept in mind in considering how to
In a public and publicly funded system, provide training to fulfil the identified need.
where the intention is to recognise the
achievement of competency for general 3. Organise Training Resources
employment purposes, a system of checks Training is a physical process as well as a
and reviews operates to ensure training mental and psychological one. And yet the
standards and public confidence in the three aspects are interrelated. As McLuhan is
system. These goals result in requirements to often quoted, or perhaps misquoted, "The
have courses accredited by authorised medium is the message". A powerful
agencies. message is given to those people who find
Accreditation is intended to grant that training is not organised. Equally, they
official endorsement of the quality of the are given a powerful message when the
proposed training. The accreditation process trainer is organised, the training place is
is administered by recognition bodies set up organised and training and learning materials
by State and Territory training authorities. are organised and ready for use before the
The recognition bodies review the quality of training commences. To add to that, if their
the material, particularly in relation to work environment and supervisors are
educational principles and the extent to supportive of the training, then its value is
which courses are able to articulate into other enormously enhanced.
facets of education to make lifelong learning
possible and attractive. Accreditation is not
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
The person can't do the job correctly because he/she does not know how to do the
job.
The person can't do the job correctly because he/she does not have the right
equipment.
Nobody has ever shown the person how to do the job correctly.
The person doesn't do the job correctly because he/she does not have enough
authority.
The job is too hard for one person to do properly.
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
YES
Review Competency Standards
Standard
of
Competence Can't Do/Won't Do Analysis
Met? NO
Can't Do Won't Do
Find Cause
Find Cause
training, for the operator anyway. The cause In time, competency standards will be
is usually an unsatisfactory reward system, endorsed for most functions in Australian
business and industry. The competency
or . perhaps even a negative reward
(punishment) for doing the job properly, standards will show what people are
which discourages people. Not training, but expected to do at work and the quality of
performance required. For specific jobs. the
changes in the work structure and
relationships are usually indicated in these trainer will need to discuss with the people
intimately associated with the job, and reach
situations.
If analysis of the situation shows the agreement. on the units of competency
need for training, where does the trainer go
applicable and those to which the training
next? In a competency based system, the should be directed.
These initial analytical steps are critical
answer is always to look up the competencies
required in the job in question. If that seems to successful training and are fundamental to
CBT. Too often training endeavour is
too easy, it is at least the starting position.
misdirected. It requires strongly
quite
The task, having looked up the
standards of competence required. is to find
maintained discipline to work through the
analysis phase before rushing into training.
out the actual performance of people on the
job. If it is a CAN'T DO situation, then But the analysis stage is not yet finished.
training should be provided to help people Before starting to prepare for training,
reach the standard of competence required. If the trainer should note the outline of the
it is a WON'T DO situation, the appropriate analysis and have the key players agree with
action needs to be worked out. the position. The value of this step is that it
16
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
The trainer noticed that a batch of newly-hired apprentices differed greatly in their
approach to handling tools and equipment. One group were most careful to replace
the tools properly on a shadow board system. The other group just hung them up any
old way and got out the door as fast as they could.
both relies on the people in the affected However, if the process is clear and logical,
function to give the analysis a final review then the practice has a good chance of
and gets them both committed to it and succeeding. Certainly practice (no pun
involved in the next step. intended) will help the trainer become much
more proficient in following the process.
Preparing to Train: In working through the process, it is
When the analysis indicates that there is a quite important to work closely with the
need for training, the work of preparing for stakeholders, who are primarily the potential
training can begin. There are three steps in trainers and their supervisors. Other key
this preparatory stage: players in the situation mayinclude
experienced workers in the area or the peers
(i) identify the competencies requiredin or team mates of the trainee.
the performance of the specific task, or As well as this process of uncovering
the job, or in fulfilling the role in the the things that people need to learn to do prior
workplace; to developing the training, the trainer should
also examine the work and learning
(ii) identify the competencies already held environment. There may well be barriers to
by the people or the person for whom learning, or to training, which need to be
training is proposed; and taken into account. As far as possible these
should be uncovered and strategies
(iii) the difference between steps (i) and (ii) developed to circumvent them. Potential
should highlight the competencies on problems that are exposed are more likely to
which the training will need to be be overcome than those which pop up
focused. unexpectedly.
As with all these preliminary steps, the
If only the practice were as simple as the trainer should make maximum use of the
steps (i), (ii) and (iii) might make it appear! expertise of people on the job in identifying
17
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
Training Plans
THERE MAY BE occasions when ad hoc The enterprise training plan may well
training is necessary to fill a short- go into some detail, outlining the sort of
term need. A policy or process training that will be provided, for people in
change, for instance, might require training various parts of the organisation, for
in new ways of operating for the people instance, or for people at various levels, such
affected by the change. A problem in terms as technical personnel or supervisors. The
of product, or relationship with customers, plan may also extend some time into the
might best be fixed with training for the future in parallel with the business plan.
people involved. More frequently training is The functions of the enterprise training
a longer term function which needs to be plan are to set up the context within which
planned over a period of time, extending to training activities ought to take place and to
years. serve as the basis for detailed training
Three sorts of training plans are program content and timing. It provides a
commonindustry training plans, basis on which toorganise facilities,
enterprise training plans and individualised personnel and other arrangements for
training plans. training both within the enterprise and
Industry training plans are usually a externally and it provides a framework
broad aggregation of the extent and type of within which individualised training plans
training that can be predicted for an industry. can be developed.
They are usually put together by a body Training plans for individual employees
formed to represent at least key players in the in an enterprise are a fundamental part of the
industry. The plans are intended to provide human resources management and
information to government authorities in development activity for all supervisors and
particular to guide budget planning for managers. They should be developed in
instance, and the planning associated with consultation with the employee as part of the
infrastructure development and personnel regular review of employee performance,
arrangements in the public education and personal development objectives and career
training systems. goals.
Enterprise training plans must support
the business plan of the enterprise. Not
infrequently they are incorporated into the
business plan, at least in a broad form. They
are commonly developed as a means of
fulfilling parts of the business plan.
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
A CHECKLIST
(iii) Choose the assessment There are some general rules that might
be followed, such as the relationship between
approach.
the whole and the parts, movement from
This step involves establishing theory to practice or leading from simple to
statements of the evidence that will complex, even following a consistent
be required to assure both progress pattern, but in every case arguments can be
toward the learning outcome and mounted to move either way. Often the
indicators that the desired standard participants, whether in a group or as
of performance has been achieved. individuals, will share meaningfully in
Assessment must be seen as a suggesting the sequence that suits them. One
diagnostic tool (formative) and a principle always worth considering is to
ensure that action learning occurs as early as
confirmation of achievement
(summative). In either case, possible in the process.
assessment that is open, non-
threatening (in that it is not
(v) Review the process with the
perceived as a hurdle to be participants.
overcome) ,and planned and carried
out in a joint activity with the During a training program or course,
will fit in with the both at appropriate points and at the
learner,
requirements for a learner-centred end, the trainer should evaluate
approach to training that is progress and the response of the
fundamental to CBT. It is enhanced participants. Both understanding
by a system of self-checks to and enjoyment should be probed.
encourage participants to learn to People learn best when:
they know where they have been;
assess their own progress.
they know where they are going;
22 A Pi
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
WHEN THE TRAINER has identified accredited training where it may be possible
the need for trainingthat is to link in new training activities in some sort
analysed the situation and can of credit transfer or articulation arrangement.
show that training is required, and what sort The value in this linkage lies in the
of training would be appropriate, at least in possibility that the proposed training might
general termsthen it is time to step back contribute to a vocational education and
from the situation and review the training training award for some of the participants.
scene. In these circumstances they would have
The objective of this exercise is not to additional motivation to participate in the
slow down the process. Nor is it simply to training.
have a rest. It is to provide the opportunity to Existing training could come from the
see if there are training programs available in stocks of private or public providers. It might
the community that would help fulfil the be found to be on the national register of
requirements. accredited courses maintained by the
The development of training programs National Training Board, or it might be on
can be a very time-consuming task. It may be the listing of the Australian Committee for
the only way to ensure that the training meets Training Curriculum (ACTRAC) which
the need, but there may well be training commissions each year a range of publicly
materials available in the community which, available training.
with little adaptation or perhaps some
customisation, will meet the current need. In
this case, the better and more economical
course might be to work with previously
developed, available material.
Even where there is not material readily
available a search may well identify some
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
27
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
243 n
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
29
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
Follow up trainees' performance on trainee can show how the learning is able to
the job. be applied on the job. The trainer also gains.
The main value of training in economic terms In the first place he/she is able to monitor that
competencies are being used. There is also
is that it helps people improve their
performance. The task of the trainer is an the feedback and evaluation element. The
ongoing loop that starts at the workplace and direct feedback from application experiences
then come comes back to the workplace with is probably the best there is and enables the
follow up and support for trainees back on trainer to fine tune the training approach.
the job. Finally there is the aspect of the trainer
There is a special relationship which remaining close to the job. It is both a
develops between trainers and those with concern and a possible criticism that trainers
whom they work. It means a lot to trainees gradually become remote from the
that the trainer finds time to visit them on the workplace. Following up on trainees is a
job. It rounds off the training when the pleasant way to keep close to the job.
30
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
Continuous Improvement
31
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
ANUMBER. OF changes in the role of and teacher of people who provide training
the trainer have taken place in incidental to their main role. A recent ILO
recent years. Not all of these study (G F Pillay, 1992) concluded that the
largest task confronting trainers in the rest of
changes are directly related to the
this decade is likely to be the training of part-
introduction of CBT, but CBT has speeded
time trainers. The report claimed that, in
up the process of change quite dramatically
developing organisations, everyone had a
and it will continue to do so.
training role at times. For these people,
One aspect of change is the change from
training involves not only learning how to
being a teacher/instructor to being a
train, or how to assess performance, but also
facilitator of learning. This is partly a result
learning to appreciate and exercise their
of the change in emphasis, mentioned above,
rapidly expanding training responsibility.
from the teacher to the learner. The trainer's
The task is probably more
role is to set up a situation which encourages straightforward for training staff employed
people to pursue their own learning and within an organisation. They are more likely
development. to be in contact with supervisors on a regular
An extension of this role is advising basis. The trainers are most likely to have had
people in establishing their own learning ongoing input to the training and
goals and the development of individualised organisational policies that have been
training plans. In the relationship between developed to involve enterprise personnel
the trainer and the trainee, there is an such as supervisors directly in training.
emphasis on teaching the trainee to learn For external trainers, such as TAFE
rather than teaching the trainee things. teachers or private consultants, the first task
A different aspect of the change in the will be to set about establishing sound
role of the trainer is the increased emphasis relationships with supervisors and likely
on the trainer's function as the one who trainers. This will be important in working
actively co-ordinates and supports the with enterprise personnel, and it will also be
involvement of others, particularly important in planning the nature and extent
supervisors and subject or content experts in of involvement of in-house personnel.
the training process. As training becomes Finally, sound relationships will help in
more and more recognised as a continuing integrating the training into the work and life
function of work rather than as a specialised of the organisation. Only when a comfortable
activity, the co-ordinating role of the trainer rapport has been established with an
will increase in importance. organisation and its culture can an external
Beyond the co-ordinating role, there is trainer provide the quality of facilitating
also a specialised role as the guide, mentor which is so necessary to build training into
32
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
33
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
THE NATURE of competency based (b) Another effect is that, where the goal is
training, with its emphasis on the competency, rather than competition,
trainees are more likely and able to
primacy of the outcome, puts the
work in a team or group. The experience
learner into focus as the centre of the process.
of those people who have worked in
This has a significant effect on the delivery
teams in the workplace reinforces the
methods for training.
expectation that people who train in
teams, and are not competing with each
(a) One of the effects is an increase in the other for results, will help each other to
value and appropriateness of
learn and to gain the necessary
individually-paced learning programs. competencies. This tendency should be
People learn at different rates, and used by the trainer in planning the
always have. That differential learning approach to delivery of training, to
rate is the chief justification for practice and review. People work better
individually-paced, or self-paced in groups, by and large, and the non-
learning programs. The introduction of competitive element of competency
CBT brings with it, because of its based training facilitates group activity
emphasis on predetermined outcomes, and co-operation.
the opportunity to develop more or less
standard programs which the learner (c) If the outcome of training is to help
to participants gain competency, then the
can tackle alone. Motivation
integration of off and on-the-job
continue, always a problem with
learning achieves a level of importance
programmed learning materials, is
and demands a level of commitment
assisted because the learner can move
that is quite new.
through a series of outcomes and be
Directing training at the achievement of
buoyed up by successfully completing competency gives it a much tighter
the sequence of known goals. In group focus than training with a different base.
sessions, the different learning rates Focus is one of the key words associated
tend either to inhibit faster learners' with CBT. This tight focus means that
progress or confuse slower learners. the relationship between theory and
CBT lends itself to self-paced learning practice needs to be very closely
programs. The newest technology, with maintained. It would be generally
interactive computer assisted learning, inappropriate to provide a significant
helps make the learning programs even amount of training in theoretical
more lively, effective and palatable. concepts over a period of time and let
31+ 2n
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
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COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
36 1
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
37
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
are safe, available to the appropriate inherent part of the teamwork that must
people and known to the trainee. This is develop between the trainer and trainees to
the trainer's best opportunity to counsel assure the most effective learning possible.
and help the trainee by providing The principles involved are that the
feedback which is fair and friendly but trainee knows what is expected in the first
at the same time analytical and frank. instance. The trainer has to trust the trainees,
They need to look to the future, and and show that trust. Both parties have to
further competency requirements, not make a strong commitment to the common
to the past, except insofar as it will goal of achieving competency. In a technical
shape the future. As a final step the sense, the analysis, diagnosis and feedback
trainer should review the assessment are sound training practice.
process with the trainee in the interests Assessment is not a stand alone process.
of continuous improvement. Seen in that light, as a hurdle to cross at the
final stage, it is not value adding, nor can the
The Key to Effective Learning cost be justified. As an inherent part of the
training and learning process, it contributes
The stages above have been adopted from the to success and absorbs the cost in that
competency standards for assessors. The success.
intention has been to show them as an
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
Is there enough evidence to demonstrate that the candidate has met the requirements
and can perform competently across the various contexts specified in the competency
standards?
42
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
oral tests, which can be used as an Responsibility for arranging assessment lies
adjunct to practical demonstration or to with the registered provider principally
test speed and accuracy or recall when responsible for the relevant integrated
these are essential to development of learning and training process.
particular elements of competency. A registered training provider is a
public, commercial, industry, enterprise or
projects, these are used on a largely community based provider who has been
unsupervised basis, though they may in formally approved by a State/Territory
some instances involve working in recognition authority or its agent, as being a
ti3
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
1/H
g
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
le IM I
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
requirements of the Training Guarantee Australia does not have a learning culture. A
Act;
learning culture may develop, especially
given the current impetus. In the meantime,
information and needs of organisations it is up to the people who earn their living
such as the Australian Tax Office and training to ensure that they do their best to
affirmative action agencies; generate enthusiasm for learning and to
demonstrate the connection between training
public education and training authority and career path development.
needs;
Motivation has its place in training
delivery. The bigger picture, highlighting
enterprise records systems;
training's essential character as one of the
ways of achieving the sort of changes in the
the needs of individual trainees; workplace that are required, needs
continuing, concerted effort. The public
matters for the budget preparation and perspective on the value of training can be
control exercise, including expenditure raised, but it will take time.
and projected fund raising;
The list below might provide some
thought starters on publicising training in an
course materials, learning materials and effort to raise its image in the community.
c. Provide visibility for trainees by using h. Serve as a focal point for information on
the services of senior personnel on a training developments, products and
"drop in" basis in training. services external to the enterprise.
d. Maintain personal contact with trainees i. Organise apprentice prize nights, for
and their supervisors in their work instance, or other celebratory events.
environment.
11. Bibliography
The following material has been included in response Competency-based training in TAFE an inventory
to suggestions from reviewers. It has been compiled and report of competency-based approaches in
by the Learning Resource Centre at the Adelaide TAFE vocational courses and programs in Australia
College of TAFE for general information in the area of (1990), TAFE National Centre for Research and
competency based training. Development, Adelaide.
Arrangements for the recognition of prior learning in Competency-based training: implications for TAFE
Australia (1993) VEETAC, Sydney. facilities (1992), Planning and Properties Division,
NSW TAFE Commission, Sydney.
Assessing competency in the workplace (1990) NSW
Technical and Further Education Authority, Sydney The Complete workplace trainer [videorecording]
(includes video). (1991), Skillworks, West Pymble, NSW
Assessor competency standards (1993) Competency Confederation of Australian Industry (1991) CBT:
Standards Body-Assessors and Workplace Trainers, propsals for the Australian vocational education
Canberra. and training system, Melbourne
Bees, Mike (ed) (1990) National vocational [Now the Australian Chamber of Commerce and
qualifications and further education, Kogan Page, Industry] (1993) CBT: How to Make it Work for You,
London. Melbourne.
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:)
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52
Pow, .,
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING - HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
CODAP
is a technique of job analysis based on the
concept of dividing a job into tasks. Based on
interviews with representative members
of an occupation, a questionnaire is developed,
tested and refined. Job information is collected
from workers and supervisors by means of the
questionnaire after which a set of computer
programs is used to enter, rank, quantify,
53
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
is a survey technique usually conducted by mail 2. information, which is the base of factual
which aims to reach consensus by repeatedly and theoretical material that is
summarising participants' responses and accessed, manipulated and used
incorporating these into subsequent cognitively.
questionnaires. Participants learn the opinions of
others and can revise their own position Monitoring or verification
accordingly, but discussion, debate and open is the process of quality assurance involving
conflict are not possible. internal, local and external validation of the
integrity of the training system. It should not be
Endorsement confused with assessment.
refers to the formal recognition by the National
Training Board of a national competency Multiskilling
standard and its inclusion in the National refers to development of competencies through
Register of Competency Standards. Endorsed training or other means that have been
standards have been agreed by Commonwealth, associated with a number of formerly discrete
State and Territory Ministers to be the bench occupations or classification levels. This equips
marks for accreditation of courses, curriculum a worker to perform a variety of tasks or
development and recognition of training in functions across traditional boundaries. It
the Vocational Education and Training sector. includes concepts such as broadskilling (the
expansion of competency into new areas at the
Functional job analysis same level), upskilling (the expansion of
is an information collection technique using a competency into new areas at higher levels) and
group participation and a skilled facilitator to contributory skilling (the expansion of
establish the competency standards for an competency into new areas at the same or
occupation. It identifies: different levels drawn from other industries).
the key purpose or function of the
occupation in terms of outcome; Nationally recognised training
the elements of competency which allow refers to accredited courses and recognised
the key purpose to be achieved; and training programs under NFROT. They relate to
the performance criteria for each task competency based outcomes, and lead to
identified as necessary for competency. students gaining a credential or credit transfer
towards a credential.
COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING HOW TO DO IT FOR TRAINERS
Search conference
is an information collection technique using
group participation and a skilled facilitator
which moves from generating ideas through
synthesising and analysing these ideas to action
planning. It is particularly useful in exploring
desirable environments and strategies for
achieving goals.
I
co
if)
U.S. Department of Education
Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI)
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
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