1.

Explain the mechanism of action of Clomiphen

citrate. Mention their uses and side effects.
ANS;
MOA;
- Antioestrogenic effect
Clomiphene citrate (pure antagonist) === competitively
blocks oestrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ) in anterior
pituitary====opposes/abolishes negative feedback effect of
oestrogens(mainly), also progesterons ===stimulates
gonadotropin secretion (increases FSH and LH) === induces
ovulation.
USES;
- Infertility due to failure of ovulation.
- Aid in in-vitro fertilization with failure of ovulation.
- Assisted Reproduction Therapy (ART) and gamete
intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) technique.
- Male infertility; oligozoospermia; increase sperm count,
testosterone secretion.

SIDE EFFECTS; polycystic ovaries, multiple pregnancy, gastric

upset; others; hot flushes, headache, loss of hair,
hyperstimulation syndrome, wt. gain, breast discomfort etc.