International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology ISSN:2277-1581

Volume No.5 Issue No.1, pp: 14-17 01 Jan.2016

Transmission Capacity Improvement by Optimal Allocation of TCSC Devices

Vikas Dadheech, Asst. Prof. Mantosh Kumar
Department of Electrical Engineering, Mewar University, Gangrar, Dist.- Chittorgarh (Raj.) India
viks_dd14@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: In power system, for optimal location of FACTS [15]. Also, in [16], the author used the power-angle
devices, analytical method and Hit & Trial Based Algorithm characteristic to allocate FACTS devices. Static considerations
are used, in this paper. The loadability of the line is found by based on the reduction in the real power flow performance
observing constraints like line loading, bus voltage and index (Line Flow Index: LFI) can be found in [17]. Mixed
voltage angle with doing incremental changes in load and Integer Linear Programming (MILP) [18], Extended Voltage
generation. For enhancement of loadability, TCSC is Phasors Approach (EVPA) [19] and Locational Marginal Price
introduced because it having good capabilities for enhancing (LMP) [20] are some other methods in this category.
loadability. The performance of TCSC is verified for each (II). Heuristic Optimization Algorithm
branch except tap-changing transformer branch. The In this category, heuristic methods are used to solve
loadability is found without TCSC and after introducing optimization problems. Heuristic methods search and find the
TCSC in every branch (one line at a time), for the system. For best solution (best number, type, location and value) for a given
all probable locations of IEEE-14 bus system, the fitness or objective function. Methods used in FACTS
performance of TCSC is analyzed by analytical method. placement studies include: Genetic Algorithm (GA) [1], Tabu
Results are verified by MATPOWER on IEEE-14 bus system. Search (TA) [21]-[22], Simulated Annealing (SA) [21], Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) [23], Evolutionary Algorithm (EA)
Keywords: TCSC, IEEE-14 bus system, analytical
[24], Bacterial Swarming Algorithm (BSA) [25], Group Search
method and Loadability of Power System.
Optimizer with Multiple Producer (GSOMP) [26], Harmony
I. Int ro d uct io n Search Algorithm (HSA) [27], and Bees Algorithm (BA) [28].
The demand of load is increasing day by day, in the present
power system. The lines are operated near thermal limit, due to In section-II, the FACTS device and methodology are
deregulated power system [1]. So, it is mandatory to search for discussed. In section-III steps to be followed for analytical
options to overcome this problem. This problem may be method and Hit & Trial Based Algorithm is discussed. In
overcome by using any-one of followings: section-III the result and tables for IEEE-14 bus system is
(1) Construct a new transmission line discussed and section-IV concludes the paper.
(2) Apply some topological changes into the existing system.
It is uneconomical for using first option. FACTS devices are II. Facts Device and Methodology
having characteristic of doing some topological changes into the Conventional power flow control devices such as capacitor
existing system. By re-dispatching the flow patterns and banks and switched inductors are not fast enough to respond
reducing the loop flows in such a way that the contractual and cannot be switched frequently. FACTS devices should
requirement between grid and stockholders and increased load therefore be employed to increase the system stability margins
demands are satisfied , FACTS devices enhance the system and control power flow [29]. Different types of FACTS devices
performance [2]. have been developed and used in power systems. Based on the
The cost of FACTS devices is to be justified for a given system type of compensation, we could have the following categories:
[3]. So, FACTS should be located optimally in a system. The 1. Series controllers such as TCSC, , TCPST and TCVR
analytical methods or heuristic methods are the optimization 2. Shunt controllers such as SVC and STATCOM
techniques for the location of FACTS [1-11]. It is very 3. Combined series-shunt controllers such as UPFC
advantageous to study analytical method for finding the optimal
location of FACTS before applying any kind of heuristic Each FACTS device in the above categories has its own
method in given system. properties and could be used for a specific goal[14].
The objective for optimization may be minimization of cost, To Study the effects of FACTS devices on power system, the
minimization of loss, enhancing power system security, voltage modeling of FACTS devices is done. In available literature
stability and may be enhancing power system loadability. If mathematical modeling of FACTS devices are done.
there is any reserve capacity available, why the other Mathematical models for FACTS devices are implemented by
alternatives should be searched like constructing new MATLAB programming language. [1] In some papers other
transmission line or establishing new generating station. So, software like EUROSTAGTM software is used [3]. In other
among all these aspects enhancing loadability is very important paper the modeling is done using MATPOWER, which is
concept. extension of MATLAB [1-11].
(I). Analytical Techniques: TCSC:
In this category, analytical methods are used to allocate the The TCSC (Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor) can
FACTS devices in the power system. For example, singular perform capacitive or inductive compensation by modifying the
analyses of the power system Jacobian matrix were used, in line reactance, decreasing it in capacitive mode and increasing
doi : 10.17950/ijset/v5s1/103 Page 14
 International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology ISSN:2277-1581
Volume No.5 Issue No.1, pp: 14-17 01 Jan.2016

it in inductive mode. The TCSC is modeled by three elements in
parallel: a capacitance, an inductance and a zero-resistance wire.
In the latter case, there would be no compensation in the line
and the TCSC will have the value of zero[1-12,14]. The value
of the TCSC is determined by a coefficient kTCSC as(1):
xTCSC = kTCSC xmn, -0.8 ≤ kTCSC ≤ 0.2
(1)
and in turn we will have the modified value of the line reactance
for power flow studies in Matpower as (30):
-0.8 xmn ≤ xTCSC ≤ 0.2 xmn
Xmn’ = XTCSC + xmn = ( 1 + kTCSC)xmn
(2)
where x´mn is the modified value of the line reactance in the
presence of a TCSC.
C Where Pgm is the generation at bus m, and P gmmin and
T1
L between buses 4 and 5. The result is shown in Fig.2, which
T2
current voltage. It is assumed that the nominal voltages of all
buses are close to 1.0 p.u. The parameters α1 and α2 are
constant coefficients.
III. Results and Tables
The TCSC have just one controllable variable.
Maximizing of power system loadability (λ) to ensure the
best utilization of the power system can be formalized as:
Max{λ}
Subject to:
Sk ≤ Skmax : for all branches of the network
|∆Vbm| ≤ 0.05 : for all buses of the network
Pgmmin ≤ Pgm ≤ Pgmmax : for all generation
buses
| θbm|≤ 30 : for all buses of the network
Pgmmax are the minimum and maximum limits on P gm
respectively.
At first, the TCSC is inserted in branch number 7, which is
present the TCSC’s influence on branch power flows.

Fig.1 Basic Block Diagram of TCSC

Analytical Method:
1. Assume initial loading condition as load factor λ=1.0
2. Power in generation is modified as
PGm= λ.PGom, (3)
3. For the load buses the P and Q are modified as
PLm= λ.PLom and
QLm= λ.QLom . (4)
4. The constraints to be considered are as follows :
Sk ≤ Skmax : for all branches of the network
|∆Vbm| ≤ 0.05 : for all buses of the network
Pgmmin ≤ Pgm ≤ Pgmmax : for all generation Fig.2 Effect of TCSC in branch 7 on branch power
buses flows.
| θbm|≤ 30 : for all buses of the network The optimization algorithm was performed on a 14-bus test
5. When any of above constraints is violated include TCSC system with one FACTS device. The results are shows a 60%
for that load condition in all branches one by one. improvement in system loadability. This means that the load
6. If the condition is reached when there is no violation, factor λmax is 1.60 with respect to the constraints. After
increase the loading and generation as shown in step 2 and allocation of the FACTS device, we can analyze their influence
3. on bus voltage. The bus voltages for networks with and without
7. Repeat step 5 and 6 for all branches, where TCSC may be FACTS device for the maximum load factor are presented in
located. Fig. 3. For our case study, a 14-bus test system, this graph is
Our objective function will thus have two penalizing terms. presented for λmax=1.60 in Fig. 3.
The first term, OVL, is related to branch loading and penalizes
overloads in the lines. The second term, VLB, is related to bus
voltage levels and penalizes for voltages that are not between
0.95 and 1.05. So the objective function for a configuration of
multi-type FACTS devices is given by H as:
H = 2- (∑Bus VBL + ∑Line OVL)
(5)
where OVL and VLB are defined as
VBLm= {1; if |∆Vbm| ≤ 0.05: exp(α1|0.05-∆Vbm|); if |∆Vbm| >
0.05 (6)
OVLk= { 1; if Sk≤ Skmax : exp(α2| 1- (Sk/Skmax)|); if Sk> Skmax
(7)
where Skmax is the maximum value for apparent power of the
line k, Sk is the current apparent power of the line k and Vbm is Fig.3 Effects of FACTS device(TCSC) on bus voltage
the difference between the nominal voltage at bus m and the
doi : 10.17950/ijset/v5s1/103 Page 15
 International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology ISSN:2277-1581
Volume No.5 Issue No.1, pp: 14-17 01 Jan.2016

We can also measure the total system losses for different load Acknowledgement
factors. Fig.4 shows in this graphs: The work was supported by this university and special thanks
for Mr. Jain and Mr. S.T. Sir for supporting .

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