STAGING AND GRADING OF NEOPLASIA

⮚ Determining the extend of a confirmed neoplastic disease.

⮚ TNM system
✔ T- tumor
✔ N- node
✔ M- metastasis

CANCER PREVENTION
⮚ Skin - avoid overexposure to sunlight.
⮚ Oral - annual oral examination
⮚ Breast - monthly BSE from age 20.
⮚ Lungs - avoid cigarette smoking; annual chest X-ray.
⮚ Colon - digital rectal examination for persons over age 40. Rectal biopsy,
proctoscopic examination, guiac stool for persons age 50and above.
⮚ Uterus - annual Pap’s smear from age 40.
⮚ Basic - annual examination and blood examination.

DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS AGAINST CANCER

⮚ Avoid obesity
⮚ Cut down on total fat intake
⮚ Eat more high fiber foods - raw fruits and vegetables, whole grain cereals
⮚ Include foods rich in vitamin A and C in daily diet
⮚ Include cruciferous vegetables in the diet - broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussel
sprouts
⮚ Be moderate in the consumption of alcoholic beverages
⮚ Be moderate in the consumption of salt - cured, smoked - cured and nitrate -
cured foods

DIFFERENT THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES FOR CANCER

⮚ Surgical interventions
⮚ Chemotherapy
⮚ Radiation therapy
⮚ Immunotherapy
⮚ Bone Marrow Transplantation

SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS
⮚ Preventive surgery - removal of precancerous lesions or benign tumors
⮚ Diagnostic surgery - biopsy
⮚ Curative Surgery - removal of an entire tumor (en bloc resection)
⮚ Reconstructive Surgery - improvement of structure and function of an organ
⮚ Palliative Surgery - relief of distressing signs and symptoms, retardation of
metastasis, e.g. oophorectomy in the client with cance of the breast to reduce
estrogen secretion, thereby retard metastasis

CHEMOTHERAPHY
⮚ Objectives
✔ To destroy all malignant tumor cells without excessive destruction of normal
cells.
 ✔ To control tumor growth if cure is no longer possible.
✔ Used as adjuvant therapy.
⮚ Contraindications
✔ Infection - the anti tumor drugs are immunosuppresives.
✔ Recent surgery - the drugs may retard healing process.
✔ Impaired renal or Hepatic function - The drugs are nephrotoxic and
hepatotoxic.
✔ Recent radiation therapy - also immunosuppressive.
✔ Pregnancy - The drugs may cause congenital defects.
✔ Bone Marrow Depression - the drugs may aggravate the condition. The wbc
levels must be within normal limits.