4.1 Geometric Design Standards ‘A bus terminal site requires planning for significant bus—and other vehicular (cars and motorized two wheelers)—circulation within the terminal. This re- quires development of vehicular infrastructure in the form of carriageways, driveways, parking, and bays (for different purposes) within the terminal complex. The design for these (vehicular infrastructure) is based on the dimensions of vehicles and related standards. This section includes few of the critical geometric design standards for vehicular circulation within the terminal. Based on recommendations from ASWV Record 15 (CROW 1998) published in the Netherlands, these standards include: * Geometric design standards for bus and car + Car parking standards ‘© Bus parking standards + Bus bay standards Bus Terminal Design GuidelinesExiormal radius Tack Lie Descxition of path covered by Car *Spaod f0kmh Bus Terminal Design Guidelines o1 Bus turning Radius a Car turning Radius Carriage way Width Descxinion of path covered by Bus ‘Speed YOkrsh ~ fmm Parking lane, py, ‘Carjageway ‘00, ca Catelaingeearance safeBus Terminal Design Guidelines Geometric Detai 02 90 degree Bus Boarding Bay a 60 Degree Bus Boarding Bay b 45 Degree Bus Boarding Bay BUS BOARDING BAY WITH 100M LENGTH UU UU, ah apa spa in gd ae eae oe el t Boarsing Bays ‘ANGLED = 90de5re8 aS ug oarang Bays ANGLED sodegree wy? Boarding Bays ANGLED - 45doareeBus Terminal Design Guidelines 03 30 degree Angular Bus Boarding Bay a Sawtooth Bus Boarding Bay b Parallel Bus Boarding Bay Boarding Boys ANGLED 20489706 Boaring Bays Aaeaing Saye All Dimension are in MetersBus Terminal Design Guidelines 04 Angular Idle Bus Parking =a ak 8 -d eae Se SO AE c eed BUS PARKING STANDARDS - long term parking 60, a5, 1275 is 975] De12_>=10—=7.S Oh. a jo | 2623752083184 eee] 358s [TT 35404 495 all dimensions in metersBus Terminal Design Guidelines 05 Angular Car Parking a >be a +—w—+ a owe be CAR PARKING STANDARDS - long term parking 90 5 48 a5 35 oad 4d, 225225 225.2 2.25 26 318 4. ‘all dimensions in meters > = ja 10 87 76 le pa]Bus Terminal Design Guidelines AIB Intercity/Local AB Idle Bus Parking Requirements Per Bu res Requred(S9.m) er bus parking see 7 ‘represent foo reo occupied per bus. Fora ‘hve lor structured bus » parking, to esimate (round coverage per bus, the eo area vale may : be aided by tre, Sree Bu Parting ops « ‘90 degre bus parking consumes last oreo per ‘bus for any parking angle « or she For engled bus, parking, 60 degree parking consumes the 7 Teast space up 400 bus parking size, beyord which {5 degre angle poking = ‘consumes lowe per unit space per bs. Pe tus va Regued (.) ne grades Pari apc late bus parking (S0eeree) mmm ile Sus Parking (60 degree) MMMM. cle Bus Parking (45 degree) ENE ele bus parking [30 degree)Bus Terminal Design Guidelines AB Intercity/Local A/B Car Parking Requirements Per cor parking see represents floor oreo * ceupied per car foro fve {floor mult evel bth = ‘romps ond not ‘mechanised car parking Toestimate ground coverage per cr, the floor rea value maybe divided by fue. Per Car nea Regie 54.) strut Cr Paring Caper Per car Area Required 84,0.) “ 60 degree car parking consumes least area per ® ar for cor parking ‘apacty higher than 4010 case of structured parking ‘and higher then 80 incase of et grace parking, ‘Accra Ca Paki opety Ccrparking (90 degree) mm Car Parking (60 degree] MMMM Car Parking (5 degree) mm Car parking (30 degre)16.2 12.0 13.3 2.6 1.8m min pavement Fig17a: Typical lay —by dimensions for buses/ coaches Source: Transport terminal & Modal Interchanges,2009 ce ‘ o ¢ ] 3.5 2m min side pavement centre pavement tl ee! coaches Ping a0. Fig19: buses/ coaches parking at 45 eee eee tears Source: the architects handbook,2007 (a) +4280 4 — 4419. 4018+ 4882-—} i Fig20: The angle of pitch in sawtooth bays increases ‘Source: the architects handbook,2007.Fig23: Bus Specifications Source: Transport terminal & Modal Interchanges,2009BAYS, PARKING AND CIRCULATION OF THE BUSES it edge of ker marked li 40. T 7 1 | 80--—— 195: t ' \ y | parking place for buses departure at oblique angleOr ee Yzmiengx25m wide vehicle fig 1. As the angle of pitch in saw-tooth bays increases so does the distance between each bay fig 2. Passenger safety and control are particularly important when detailing saw-tooth bays RADIAL SAWTOOTH PARALLEL SINGLE LANE ISLAND+e fig.1 Standard Interlocking Layout ‘$600 minimum: 4000 proferred simi clog. ececsiaaen fig.2 Coach Park for Random Arrival and Departure of Vehicles. The Larger Bay Size (4 M) Is Necessary If Coach Parties Enter and Leave the Coaches in the Park patio without with relation porate) at as | ator tape assing | pasting fone fine Av Ab Ac|os os pe| [layout of Zlalalad 2 arrival $/ 2/8) 3] 2/8 ine alals|alels 2 patorn faa fie [36 pe-foe-f36-] [parr 7 a leo foo fos | [Panna A pation fs fs (a fepsps $3 est ff pene Rg. nur oi T = cate rman a ea parking tor buses spece im | 35 etch Tei width of enrol — ane ed so lator, parking area oedway and roadway rv spar in nme shor buses." |138}178]1¢0|203]296|313| Jal perus | _sa_|135| 9 | ao] 99 Bhat buses _fa7a|sa0|378 eao|4eela70] [oy ane bus [176] [ve] [v0 Space Requirement for Platform Space for Parkingthe line drawn by the rear wheel gives the inner radius 90° turning circuit for 12m long rigid vehicles the outer radius follows the outside of the bumper 180° turning circuit for 12m long rigid vehicles 25.00parkingspacearrangement area(includin possibleno.of Possibleno.of 2 spaces/100mof opendoor) __-SPaces/100marea —_road(onesidconly) ® 2 4.4 17 1.Oparalleltoroadentryandexitto parkingbaydifficultysuitablefor narrowroad 8 263 38 21 2.30angletoaccessroad. Easy entrytoparkingbayandexit. Usesa largearea. ° 203 49 31 3.45angletoroad.Goodentryto parkingbayandexit Relativelysmall area/parkingspacenormaltypeof layout Source: TIME-SAVER STANDARDS standardcar 47 a nin, opening w » h = 2.30m » 2.00m nax. permissible gradient 20% 85+—290— +1954 140-4 450 —— |B‘ ‘Note: Requirements in transport regulations introduced under the Disability Discrimination ‘Act 1996 are based on an ‘occupied wheelchair 4200x700 mm, Wheelchairs that are larger than this can and should be ° ‘ catered. for inthe bil wk environment but it is not . a 4 feasible to provide for larger - wheelchairs on public transport. Figure 6-35: Wheelchair Dimensions to be considered for Public Transport A comprehensive set of measurements of wheelchair visitors to the Mobility Road show (1999) gave the figures for length and width summarized on the opposite page. The range of dimensions is considerable, particularly that for overall length. The greatest lengths are those of conventional wheelchair users with leg supports (maximum 1545mm, though this was the only measurement out of 745 of more than 1500mm) and electric scooters with a maximum of 1500mm, Conventionally seated wheelchair users do not occupy more than approximately 1250mm, However, if a wheelchair user has a personal assistant; their combined length will be typically 1760mm. The ISO standard for wheelchairs (ISO 7193) notes that to propel a wheelchair manually needs a clearance of not less than 50mm, preferably 100mm, on both sides. The Mobility Roadshow survey also measured the heights of wheelchair / users. The overall mean height for all types of wheelchair users was 1243mm, with a Sth percentile of 1076mm, 95th percentile of 1374mm and a maximum of just over 1450mm. As with overall length, scooter users gave slightly greater figures, with a mean height of 1340mm, 5th and 95th percentiles of 1202mm and 1438mm respectively and a maximum of 1502mm. Other basic measurements which are of importance when considering design standards to accommodate wheelchair users are: * Eye height, which is around 120-130mm below seated height giving a 5th-95th percentile range for * Wheelchair users from 960mm to 1250mm (1080mm to 1315mm for scooter users) * Knee height, 500mm to 690mm + Seat height, 460mm to 490mm‘* Ankle height, manual wheelchair users 175mm to 300mm; electric wheelchair users 380mm to 520mm, ‘+ Height to bottom of foot support, 60mm to 150mm. Manoeuvring space is needed for a wheelchair to tum comers or turn around. Skilled users of manual wheelchairs can tum through 360A°A° in a space no more than 1500mm x 1500mm, but this is insufficient for larger chairs, particularly outdoor electric wheelchairs (turning circle 2420mm), electric pavement vehicles (turning circle 4350mm) and for wheelchair users with extended leg rests. Within transport related buildings, the following dimensions should be taken as the minima acceptable: * Right angle tum (along corridor) 1200mm x 1200mm + 180A° turn (within corridor) 1600mm (width) x 2000mm (length) Users of electric scooters and large electric chairs may need greater space than this for 180A° tums, but the dimensions given (as minimum) will accommodate users of self-propelled wheelchairs and the majority of electrically powered wheelchairs. Standing Standing is difficult and painful for some disabled people, particularly those with arthritis, rheumatism and back problems. In the same study as that mentioned above, nine per cent of the survey respondents could only stand for less than a minute without discomfort, 24 per cent could manage between one and five minutes and a further 22 per cent could stand for up to ten minutes. The findings from this study emphasize the importance of providing plenty of appropriately placed and designed seating at places where people may have to wait and along pedestrian routes. Walking distances Walking distances were researched in some detail in the late 1980s and, based on the findings from these studies, the following are recommended: Wheelchair users 150m Visually impaired 150m Mobility impaired using stick 50 m Mobility impaired without walking aid 4100 m These figures are average measures; there is a lot of variation between individuals. Gradients, weather conditions, whether there are handrails etc. will also affect the distances people are able to walk. US regulations, for example, note that on distances over 100 feet (30m) disabled