1 Let's Get Down to Business Ancient Greece The Greeks were known to excel in various fields and aspects of society. For 1@ framework for the democratic ‘They also valued poetry, drama, and philosophy, es. Fi scture—one sels and body of knowledge. The Greeks were known to place prime importance in the use of reason, For this civilization, man was at the center of society and how they trained their minds the very foundation of how they als of the The Greeks were notably pass nature should be in perfect at the core of Greek art and architecture. ‘The development of Greek art can be divided into four periods: Geometric, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic, The Geometric Period was a time when Greece was starting to get back from lark Ages. Itwas a period when geometric shapes and patterns have taken the spotlight in most of the artworks. The Archaic Period, on the other hand, placed importance on human figures. This ‘and a number of emotions evoked by the s sculptures is the "Lacon and His Sons." The scul and his sons being strangled by serpents. instructions during the Trojan War. He instructed to keep the gates of Troy locked up because he the wooden horse offered by the Greeks as a gift to Athena was Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea was enraged by such action which led him id serpents to strangle Lacoon and his sons. 16 ‘rock myPoogy /—started the Greek theater. People who ‘8 would dance during ceremonies while giving their offerings the Dionysians devised a more structured form of drama involving dances and choral songs, which depicted Greek mythologies. Eventually Greeks organized theatrical contests where the performances were held in front of large citizens. Ancient Rome The Roman Republicwas establ red around 500 BCE. This ci ization eventually 'ey had expanded ‘and covered many tet izations, particularly with the Greeks. 't can be said that Roman civilization came of age during the Hellenistic Period, ‘As mentioned eartir, When the Greek culture's influence has reached its peak in the Mediterranean word, The Romans were fond of the Greeks and the ‘achievements in the arts. The fusion of Greek and Roman cul most Roman artworks. Some would argue thal art. This eventually made the Romans produ harsh, and strong. They also invoked the princip highlighting the features of human beings. A: known to be ma the Romans were also famed thei reputation for grand monuments and WWarchitectural infrastructures. One of their architectural achievements would have to be the Colosseum. This amphitheater was planned and constructed during the reign of Emperor Vespasian. One of its main uses was for entertainment purposes like public events and gladiator games. This structure was a concrete manifestation of Roman builders’ craftsmanship which focused on logical organization ofthe entire edifice Writers of comedy. those of Greek works. Since the | works unlike their Greek ‘a lot of Greek influences evident Platus and Terence have pat Roman audience was not as enthusiastic about th scriptures. The pr tures were done by han fons which highlight the cathedrals were also built. These cathedrals can be categorized into two periods: Romanesque (1050-1200), inspired by the old Roman Empire: and Gothic (1200 1800), which had a more northern flavor from the Goths—vulgar and barbarian, Renaissance Art "ere was a great emphasis on the proportionality the human body. Most artists also added perspective of depth wherein spaces, were explored in different artworks. This technique provided a three-dimensional perspective of most Renaissance paintings. Renaissance artists also gave importance to non-religious themes or subjects. This was also brought by the privatizations of the art during the Renaissance Period, however most artworks remained religious in its focus and theme. Figure 10. ereingeo, “Dav of om ominart eet system ‘hong ha Rena tats fn ty tne haa ag lof Roman theatrical plays, These plays were performed during special occasions at the courts of Italian princes, The plays were done in such a way that showcased grand and lavish entertainment the audience. Aside from the song an 19Mannerism ‘Mannerism was a period in art history, which was a product of the Renaissance Period. During the Renaissance, art id observe nature and try their best to lack of defined focal poi Baroque and the Rococo The term “baroque” is derived from the Portuguese term barocco which is translated as “iegularly shaped pearl” This is a suitable description that Rome was the birthplace of the Baroque Period, which according to some historians was a response to Protestantism, This period roughly spanned from 1600 to 1750. Although it was a period following the Renaissance, it can be said that a lot of artists have developed styles and techniques different from their Renaissance predecessors, Most artists used colorful palettes and ornamentation in t Italy in part and art. Exp: turished during the Baroque Period. This is because people believed that music could serve as powerful tool to communicate messages that can evoke certain feelings among its listeners, Baroque music was able to clearly distinguish toud from soft and solo from ensemble. Since the birthplace of this period vas in Rome, it did not come as a surprise that most composers come from Italy. This include Vivaldi, Corelli, and Montever the influence of Baroque music spread outside Italy and reached other parts of Europe. Other well-known Baroque ‘composers include Germany's Bach and Handel, Since Baroque composers, through their works, tried to evoke certain emotions from the patrons. Eventually, such performances would be made accessible to the middle class and the masses. 120 Neoclassicism There seems to be a debate among historians as to the beginnings of mod There are accounts that would the emergence French Revolution in 1789. However, other hi when there was a is kind of art during the was the year 1863, ‘emergence of modern painting exit Neoclassicism was a mover in Europe inspired during the late 's it was the dominant art movement that rekindle the influences of Greek and Roman ks and Europeans had placed emphasis fon human reason and keeping society in order. These very principles were also the dominant principles during the Enlightenment Period. Some historians would also ‘say that this movement was a reaction to the artworks produced during the Baroque Period. There was a call to veer away from such extravagance in terms of style and {orm of the Baroque PeriodTRARY Romanticism Romanticism, as an art movement, used the central themes of Neoclassicist artworks as a springboard. Ror have ted heroic elements into the smendous focus on patriotic in history would be the novements became the focal point of most Romantic works, The major and central themes of Romanticism movement include the emphasis fon the goodness of mankind. Most works also promoted justice, equality, and social order. Artists also emphasized en ings of man, which was a deviation {rom the humanist principles of Figure 13. Theodore Geral "Te Raft Masia Realism ‘emphasis is placed in observa was heavily Realism as a modern movemer art In a way, it revolut ‘of what can be considered as ns and social change, artistic ‘concepts and images were replaced s:a move to combine both art and lfe in artistic jects of art. This movement also Impressionism The Impressionism mov a break from the ing that emerged in the te impression he has of a particu "The sald impression is communicated by the artist through his work and can bbe seen through the brush Of colors, and the lights and shadows Used by the arts. 123It is an art movement that emerged in France, which is a result of both the Influence and rejection of started off as impressionists impressionism, This event emphasis to defining from with the use of broken colors and short brush stroke. Some of the famous post-impressionism artists include Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin, and Vincent van Gogh, among others. Most of the works of the said painters became the framework of the contemporary techniques and trends during the twentieth century. Neo-Impressionism As an art movement, neo-impressionism is considered as a response to empirical realism of impressionism. Most painters who subscribe to such movement roly on a systematic and scientific techniques on the art wor neo-impressionism was Georges Seurat who recorded op! scientific manner. His color theories paved the way for the techni) telements are believed to blend with the viewer's perspective. Aside from Seurat, other ‘neo-impressionist artists include Henr-Edmond Cross, Maximilien Luce, and Camille Pissarro, among others. 124 ‘amental style uses long and organic line ‘lure, jewelry and glass design, among ot at are: 8. Inmost wings or flower stalks. The ‘elegant manner that somehow evokes a certain power toi Fauvism This is a style of painting that emerged in France around the tum of the twentieth the conservative and traditional renderings of thres did was they introduced and promoted a picture spa of color. defined by the movement Cubism Between 1907 and 1914, French artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque introduced a new visual arts style called cubism, This style would later on have a hhuge influence on artists during the twentieth century. Cubists highlighted the two- dimensional surface of the picture plane, Focusing on a fat surface was a rejection of the dominant techniques like the use of perspective, foreshortening, and modeling. In ings that cubism rejected was the existing and prevailing notion te nature, Cubists emphasized that they are notin any way obliged to copy texture, form, color, and space. They presented a new depiction of realty that ‘may appear fragmented objects for viewers. Futurism 's an early twentieth century art movement the speed, energy, dynamism, and power of machines, {for works in this movement are restlessness an vement's influence branched out not only in Europe but also in Russia. The {greatest impact of futurism is evident in poetry and visual arts, 1251 Italian poet and editor Fiippon Tommaso Marinetti coined the term “turism” to reflect his purpose of disregarding the traditional methods of the art in the past He believes that art should embrace and embody change, innovation, creativity, and originality, Let's Wrap It Up, Throughout history, Europe has seen tremendous changes in its political landscape and social makeup, and witnessed transitions of different art movements on diferent timeframes. The use of art as a medium of communication of different cultural ‘elements originated from the Greek and Roman civilizations, These two civilizations have greatly influenced the succeeding periods in art history, There were movements. like Realism that highlights the primacy of individuality. Man being the focal point of most work is not new since the Greeks and even during the Renaissance Period highlighted the centrality of man in any society. The evolution of art in Europe helped them shaped their culture, which was reflected in their societies. Let's Work On This To check your understanding of the lesson, answer the following essay questions: 4. Compare and contrast Greek and Roman artworks 2. Discuss how Mannerism art became an offshoot of works from the Renaissance. 3. Explain why Neoclassicism served as a response or reaction to the Baroque Period. 26 Let's Make It Happen Pretend that you are a commissioned artist and you are asked to create an’ picts love. Using the different periods and art artwork (any form or mediui /movements in Western Euro the artwork based on the period you c us, L. (2017). Understanding Art 11th Ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, Gilbert, R. (2005). Living with Art, New York: McGraw-Hill White, JJ, (n.d). “Futurism.” In Encyclopedia 2017. Retrieved from https: /iwww brtanni fannica. Accessed December 18, jmartFuturism, Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). "Cubism." Accessed December 18, 2017. Retrieved rom hitps.//vww brtannica corvarCubism, Daniel, RT. (n.d.). “Western Music.” In Encyclopedia Britannica, Accessed December 18, 2017. Retrieved from https:/www britannica com/artWestern-music. Encyclopaedia Britanni from hitps www. 4). “Fauvism.” Accessed December 18, 2017. Retrieved ;nnica.com/artFauvism, 127