ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពជា

ុ
ជាតិ សាសនា ព្រះមហាក្សត្រ

3
សាកលវិទ្យាលយ
័ ភូមន
ិ ្ទនីតសា
ិ ស្ត្រ
និងវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រសេដ្ឋកិច្ច
ថ្នា ក់ក្រោយបរ ិញ្ញា បត្រ

ការសង្ខេបខ្លឹមសារមេរៀនពីនិស្ស ិតថ្នា ក់ MBF16.1B

មុខវិជ្ជា ៖ គ្រប់គ្រងហិរញ្ញ វត្ថុអន្តរជាតិ (International Financial Managment)

សាស្ត្រា ចារ្យ៖ ឈាង ហ៊ុយ

សប្តា ហ៍ទី២ កាលបរ ិច្ឆេទ៖ ៣០ ឧសភា ២០២០ម៉ោ ង ១៥៖៣០ ដល់ ១៨៖០០

នស
ិ ្សត
ិ “ឆុង កុសល”
ខ្លម
ឹ សារនៃការសង្ខេបមេរៀន៖ International Flow of Funds (Continued)

International Trade Flows

1. Distribution of U.S. Exports and Imports

2. U.S. Balance-of-Trade Trend

3. Impact of Huge Balance-of-Trade Deficit

Events That Increased Trade Volume

1. Removal of the Berlin Wall

2. Single European Act of 1987
3. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
4. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
5. Inception of the Euro
6. Expansion of the European Union
7. Other Trade Agreements
Trade Policies

1- Using the exchange rate as a policy

2- Outsourcing
3- Managerial decisions about outsourcing
4- Using trade policies for security reasons
5- Using trade policies for political reasons

Impact of Outsourcing on Trade

- Definition of Outsourcing: The process of subcontracting to a third party in

another country to provide supplies or services that were previously produced
internally.
- Impact of outsourcing:
1- Increased international trade activity because MNCs now purchase
products or services from another country.
2- Lower cost of operations and job creation in countries with low wages.
- Criticism of outsourcing: Outsourcing may reduce jobs in the United States.

Managerial Decisions about Outsourcing

1- Managers of a U.S.–based MNC may argue that they create jobs for U.S.
workers.
2- Shareholders may suggest that the managers are not maximizing the MNC’s
value as a result of their commitment to creating U.S. jobs.
3- Managers should consider the potential savings that could occur as a result of
outsourcing.
4- Managers must also consider the possible bad publicity or bad morale that
could occur among the U.S. workers.

Trade Volume among Countries

1- The annual international trade volume of the United States is between 10 and
20 percent of its annual GDP.
2- Trade volume between the United States and Other Countries:
 a- About 20 percent of all U.S. exports are to Canada, while 13 percent are to
Mexico.
b- Canada, China, Mexico, and Japan are the key exporters to the United
States. Together, they are responsible for more than half of the value of all
U.S. imports.

Trend in U.S. Balance of Trade

1- The U.S. balance of trade deficit increased substantially from 1997 until 2008.
2- In the 2008–2009 period, U.S. economic conditions weakened and the U.S.
demand for foreign products and services decreased.
3- In recent years, the U.S. annual balance of trade deficit with China has
exceeded $200 billion.
4- Any country’s balance of trade can change substantially over time.

Factors Affecting International Trade Flows

1- Cost of Labor
2- Inflation
3- National Income
4- Government Policies
a. Restrictions on imports
b. Subsidies for exporters
c. Lack of Restriction on piracy
d. Environmental restrictions
e. Labor laws
f. Tax breaks
g. Country security laws
5- Exchange Rate