Corrected Surveying I - 29072020

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CEL 203 SURVEY LAB
LABORATORY
(LAB MANUAL)
MARIAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695 582
2020-2021
Department of Civil Engineering, MEC

Practical Surveying 1

VISION:
To be an institution offering quality technical education and promoting research with
strong ethical values for public good.
MISSION:
To mould the young men and women into technologically up to date, socially conscious
and morally sound individuals by providing an inspiring environment of learning for the welfare
of the society.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VISION:
The Vision of the department is to become a leading Centre of excellence in Civil
Engineering education which will be highly recognized at national and international levels as well
as contributing to the civil engineering technology for the sustainable development of the society.
MISSION:
To provide quality education to prepare nationally competitive students for a successful
career in civil engineering; to provide advanced skills and knowledge in state-of-the-art research
and design in all areas of civil engineering and to provide service to the profession, the public and
society.
______________________________________________________________________________________

B.TECH IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Programs Educational objectives (PEOs):
PEO1: Graduates will establish a mastery of fundamental and advanced knowledge, problem
solving skills, engineering experimental abilities and design capabilities for the successful civil
engineering career or higher education and research.
PEO2: Graduates will establish a mastery of fundamental and advanced knowledge, problem
solving skills, engineering experimental abilities and design capabilities for the successful civil
engineering career or higher education and research.
PEO3: Graduates will obtain professional licensure and entrepreneurship skills, improvement of
ethicalism, skills to work in multi-disciplinary environment there by to enhance leader proficiency
and engage in lifelong learning.
Programme outcomes (POs):

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
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PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one own work, as a member and leader
in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSO):

1. Global competence.
2. Research and development.
3. Disaster management.
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COURSE OUTCOMES (COs) OF COURSE CEL 203
S.No Course Outcome No. Course Objective

1 CO1 Use conventional surveying tools such as chain/tape and
compass for plotting and area computation.
2 CO2 Apply levelling principles in field.
3 CO3 Solve triangulation problems using Theodolite
4 CO4 Employ the Total Station for field surveying.
5 CO5 Demonstrate the use of Distomat and Handheld GPS
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MAPPING OF EXPERIMENTS TO POs
S.NO List of experiments Programme

outcomes
1 (a) Study of instruments- chain survey a, b, c, f, i
1 (b) Study of instruments- compass survey a, b, c, f, i
2 Simple levelling a, b, c, d, f, h, i
3 Differential levelling a, b, c, d, f, h, i
4 Fly levelling a, b, c, d, f, h, i
5 Contouring a, b, c, d, f, h, i
6 Distance between accessible points (horizontal angle) a, b, c, f, g, h, i
7 Distance between inaccessible points (horizontal angle) a, b, c, f, g, h, i
8 Level difference between points (vertical angle) a, b, c, f, g, h, i
9 Tangential tacheometry (vertical angle) a, b, c, f, g, h, i
10 Height of building (vertical angle) a, b, c, f, g, h, i
11 Heights and distances a, b, c, e, f, g, h, i, j
12 Area computations a, b, c, e, f, g, h, i, j
13 Contouring a, b, c, e, f, g, h, i, j
14 Downloading a, b, c, e, f, g, h, i, j
15 (a) Automatic levels a, b, c, e, f, h, i
15 (b) Digital levels a, b, c, e, f, h, i
15 (c) Handheld GPS a, b, c, e, f, h, i
EXPERIMENT BEYOND SYLLABUS
S.No List of Experiments Programme outcomes

1 Continuing with previous work in Total station using a, b, c, e, d, f, h, i, j
Coordinates
MAPPING of COURSE OUTCOMES to PROGRAM OUTCOMES
Programme outcomes
Course PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
outcome a b c d e f g h i j k l
s
CO1 3 3 2 2 2
______________________________________________________________________________________

CO2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2
CO3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
CO4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
CO5 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
MAPPING of COURSE to POs
Course code Programme outcomes

and course
name PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CEL 203 and 3 3 2.6 0.6 0.8 2 0.4 1.6 2 0 0 0

Survey Lab
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Practical Survey I
CO-PO MAPPING FOR INDIVIDUAL EXPERIMENTS
Programme outcomes
S. NO List of Experiments C
O PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 (a) STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS- 1 3 3 2 2 2

CHAIN SURVEY
1 (b) STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS- 1 3 3 2 2 2
COMPASS SURVEY
2 SIMPLE LEVELLING 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2
3 DIFFERENTIAL 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2
LEVELLING
4 FLY LEVELLING 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2
5 CONTOURING 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2
6 DISTANCE BETWEEN 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
ACCESSIBLE POINTS
(HORIZONTAL ANGLE)
7 DISTANCE BETWEEN 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
INACCESSIBLE POINTS
(HORIZONTAL ANGLE)
8 LEVEL DIFFERENCE 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
BETWEEN POINTS
(VERTICAL ANGLE)
9 TANGENTIAL 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
TACHEOMETRY
(VERTICAL ANGLE)
10 HEIGHT OF BUILDING 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
(VERTICAL ANGLE)
11 HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
12 AREA COMPUTATIONS 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
13 CONTOURING 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
14 DOWNLOADING 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
15 (a) AUTOMATIC LEVEL 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
15 (b) DIGITAL LEVEL 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
15 (c) HANDHELD GPS 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 2

EXPERIMENT BEYOND SYLLABUS
S.N List of Experiments CO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO

o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Continuing previous 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3
work in Total station
using Coordinates
Practical Survey I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION TO CONVENTIONAL SURVEYING...........................................................1
(a) CHAIN SURVEYING.............................................................................................................1
(b) COMPASS SURVEYING.......................................................................................................5
2. SIMPLE LEVELLING..................................................................................................................6
3.DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING.....................................................................................................9
4. FLY LEVELLING......................................................................................................................12
5.CONTOURING............................................................................................................................14
6.DISTANCE BETWEEN ACCESIBLE POINTS (HORIZONTAL ANGLE).............................19
7.DISTANCE BETWEEN INACCESIBLE POINTS (HORIZONTAL ANGLE)........................22
8.LEVEL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS...................................................................26
10.HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING (VERTICAL ANGLE)............................................................31
11.HEIGHT AND DISTANCE.......................................................................................................34
12.AREA COMPUTATION...........................................................................................................35
13. CONTOURING USING TOTAL STATION...........................................................................37
14.DOWNLOADING USING TOTAL STATION........................................................................39
15. STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS...................................................................................................41
a) AUTOMATIC LEVEL:...........................................................................................................41
(b) DIGITAL LEVEL:.................................................................................................................41
(c) HANDHELD GPS:................................................................................................................42

Ex no: 01 (a) Date:
INTRODUCTION TO CONVENTIONAL SURVEYING
CHAIN SURVEYING
AIM:
To study the equipment required for chain survey.
INTRODUCTION:
In chain survey only linear measurements are made i.e. no angular measurements are
made. Since triangle is the only figure that can be plotted with measurement of sides only, in
chain surveying the area to be surveyed should be covered with a network of well-conditioned
triangles.i.e.no angle should be less than 30º or greater than120º. For accurate work, the
triangles should be equilateral. The arrangement of triangles to be adopted depends on the
shape of the area, topography, natural and artificial obstacles in the area etc. Chain survey is
suitable when the area to be surveyed is comparatively small, ground is fairly level and open
and the details to be filled up are simple and less.
DEFINITION:
(a) Station: Station is a point of importance at the beginning or at the end of a survey line.
Main stations: Main stations are the end of lines that determine the boundary of the
surveying.
Tie (Subsidiary) Stations: Tie stations are points which are specified on the chain line
(main survey lines) where it is required to identify interior details like buildings and
fences.
(b) Selection of Stations: The following points should be considered in selecting station
points:
(i) It should be visible from at least two or more stations.
(ii) As far as possible main lines should run on level ground.
(iii) All triangles should be well conditioned (No angle less than 30º and greater than
120º).
(iv)Main network should have as few lines as possible.
(v) Each main triangle should have at least one check line.
(vi)Obstacles to ranging and chaining should be avoided.
Department of Civil Engineering, MEC 1

(vii) Sides of the larger triangles should pass as close to boundary lines as possible.
(viii) Trespassing and frequent crossing of the roads should be avoided.
(c) Offsets: Lateral measurements to chain lines for locating ground features are known as
offsets. For this purpose perpendicular or oblique offsets may be taken. If the object to be
located (say road) is curved more number of offsets should be taken. For measuring
offsets tapes are commonly used.
(d) Base line: It is the most important line and is the longest. Usually it is the line plotted first
and then frame work of triangles is built on it.
(e) Detail lines: If the important objects are far away from the main lines, the offsets are too
long, resulting into inaccuracies and taking more time for the measurements. In such cases
the secondary lines are run by selecting secondary stations on main lines. Such lines are
called detail lines
(f) Check lines: These are the lines connecting main station and a substation on opposite
side or the lines connecting to substations on the sides of main lines. The purpose of
measuring such lines is to check the accuracy with which main stations are located.

EQUIPMENTS USED:
1. CHAIN:
Chains are formed of straight links of galvanized mild steel wire bent into rings at the
ends and joined each other by three small circular or oval wire rings. These rings offer
flexibility to the chain. The ends of the chain are provided with brass handle at each end
with swivel joint, so that the chain can be turned without twisting. The length of a link is
the distance between two consecutive middle rings. The length of the chain is measured
from the outside of one handle to the outside of other handle.
1.1. Types of chains:
1.1.1. Metric chain:
Metric chains are generally available in lengths of 5, 10, 20 and 30metres. IS 1492-
1970 covers the requirements of metric surveying chain. To enable the reading of fractions
of a chain, tallies are fixed. To facilitate holding of arrows in position with the handle of
the chain, a groove is cut on the outside surface of the handle.
1.1.2. Gunter’s chain or Surveyor’s chain:
It is 66 feet long and it consists of 100 links. It is convenient when linear
measurements are required in furlongs and miles.
10 Gunter’s chains =1 furlong and 80 Gunter’s chains = 1 mile.
1.1.3. Engineer’s chain:
It is 100 feet long and it consists of 100 links.
1.1.4. Revenue chain
It is 33 feet long and it consists of 16 links. It is mainly used for measuring fields in
cadastral survey.
1.1.5. Steel band or band chain:
It consists of along narrow strip of blue steel, of uniform width of 12 to 16mm and
thickness of 0.3 to 0.6mm. Metric steel bands are available in lengths of 20 or 30m. Steel
bands are wound on special steel crosses or metal reels from which they can be easily
unrolled. Steel band is lighter than the chain and is easier to handle.

Chains
2. TAPES:
Tapes are used for more accurate measurements. Cloth or linen tape, metallic tape, steel
tape and invar tape are used for taking linear measurements.
3. ARROWS:
Arrows or marking pins are made of good quality hardened and tempered steel wire 4mm
in diameter and are black enameled. The length of arrow may vary from 25cm to 50cm, the
most common length being 40cm. One end of the arrow is made sharp and the other end is
bent into a loop or circle for facility of carrying. Generally 10 arrows are supplied with a
chain. An arrow is inserted into the ground after every chain length measured on the ground.
Arrows
4. PEGS:
Wooden pegs are used to mark the positions of the stations or terminal points of a survey
line. They are made of stout timber, 2.5cm or 3cm square and 15 cm long, tapered at the end.
They are driven into the ground with the help of a mallet.

Pegs
5. RANGING RODS:
Ranging rods have a length of either 2m or 3m and have a heavy iron point bottom.
They are painted in alternative bands of black and white or red and white or black, red and
white in succession, each band being 20cm deep. Ranging rods are used to range some
intermediate points in the survey line. They are circular or octagonal in cross-section of 3cm
nominal diameter, made of well-seasoned straight grained timber. When used on long lines
each rod should have a red, white or yellow flag, about 30 to 50cm square, tied near its top.
Ranging rods
Ranging poles: Ranging poles are longer and of greater diameter than ranging rods. They
are used for very long survey lines.
6. OFFSET RODS:
It is similar to a ranging rod and has a length of 3m. They are round wooden rods with
pointed iron shoe at one end and provided with a notch or a hook at the other end. The hook
facilitates pulling and pushing the chain through hedges and other obstructions.

Offset rod
7. PLUMB BOB:
When chaining along sloping ground, a plumb bob is required for transferring the points
on to the ground. It is also used to make ranging poles vertical and to transfer points from a
line ranger to the ground.
Plumb bob
8. CROSS STAFF:
Cross staff is used to set out a right angle to a survey line. Different forms of cross
staff are open cross staff, French cross staff and adjustable cross staff.
Open cross staff consists of a frame or box with two pairs of vertical slits and is mounted
on a pole for fixing in the ground. The cross staff is set up at a point on the line from which
the right angle is to run, and is then turned until one line of sight passes through the ranging
pole at the end of the survey line. The line of sight through the other two vanes will be a line
at right angles to the survey line and a ranging rod may be established in that direction.

French cross staff consists of a hollow octagonal box. Vertical sighting slits are cut in the
middle of each face. Hence it is possible to set out angles of either 45º or 90º.
Adjustable cross staff consists of two cylinders of equal diameter placed one on top of
the other. Both are provided with sighting slits. The lower box is graduated to degrees and
subdivisions. Therefore it is possible to set out any angle with the help of this instrument.
Cross-staff
RESULT:
Study of equipment’s required for chain survey has been done.

Ex no: 01 (b) Date:
COMPASS SURVEYING
AIM:
To study the instrument used for compass survey.
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
Prismatic compass:
Prismatic compass is the most convenient and portable form of magnetic compass, which
can be used as a hand instrument or can be fitted on a tripod. Magnetic needle is attached to the
circular ring (compass card) made of aluminum. When the needle is on the pivot, it will orient
itself in the magnetic meridian. The line of sight is defined by the object vane and the eye slit,
both attached to the compass box. When an object is sighted, the sight vanes will rotate with
respect to the N-S end of the ring through an angle which the line makes with the magnetic
meridian. The advantage of using a prismatic compass is that both sighting the object as well as
reading circle can be done simultaneously without changing the position of the eye.
Observation of bearings:
To observe the bearings of a line AB,
i. Centre the compass over the station A and level it.
ii. Having turned up the vertical prism and the sighting vane, raise or lower the prism until
the graduations on the ring are clearly visible when looked through the prism.
iii. Turn the compass box until the ranging rod at the station B is bisected by the hair when
looked through the slit above the prism.
iv. When the needle comes to rest, look through the prism and note the reading at which the
hair line produced appears to cut the image of the graduated ring which gives the required
bearing of the line AB.

Prismatic compass
RESULT:
Study of instruments required for compass survey has been done.

Ex No: Date :
LEVELLING – STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS
AIM:
To study the instruments used for leveling.
INTRODUCTION:
Leveling is a branch of surveying and the object of leveling is to determine the elevations
of given points with respect to a given or assumed datum and to establish points at a given
elevation or at different elevations with respect to a given or assumed datum. Leveling deals with
measurements in a vertical plane.
1 DUMPY LEVEL:
Dumpy level consists of a telescope tube and a vertical spindle cast in one piece and a long
bubble tube attached to the top of the telescope. The leveling head consists of two parallel plates
with either three foot screws or four foot screws. The upper plate is known as tribrach and the
lower plate is known as trivet which can be screwed on to a tripod. The purpose of a level is to
establish horizontal line of sight.
1.1ADJUSTMENTS OF A DUMPY LEVEL:

The following adjustments are required:
1.1.1 STATION OR TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS:
Temporary adjustments are those adjustments which have to be made at every set up of the
instrument. They comprise the following.
1.1.1.1 SETTING UP THE LEVEL

The operation of setting up includes fixing the instrument on the stand and leveling the
instrument approximately by leg adjustment. To fix the level to the tripod, the clamp is released;
the instrument is held in the right hand and is fixed on the tripod by turning round the lower part
with the left hand. The tripod legs are so adjusted that the instrument is at convenient height and
the tribrach is approximately horizontal. Some instruments are provided with a small circular
bubble tube on the tribrach.

1.1.1.2 LEVELLING UP
Purpose is to make the vertical axis truly vertical. Accurate leveling is done with the help
of foot screws and with reference to the plate levels. If the level has three foot screws (leveling
screws), leveling up is done in the following manner. Loose the clamp and turn the instrument
until the longitudinal axis of the plate level is roughly parallel to the line joining any two foot
screws. Hold these two leveling screws between the thumb and the first finger of each hand and
turn them simultaneously so that the thumbs move either inwards or outwards uniformly until the
bubble is central. Turn the upper plate through 90º so that the axis on the level passes over the
position of the third leveling screw. Turn this leveling screw until the bubble is central. Repeat the
above procedure until bubble is central in all positions of telescope.
1.1.1.3 ELIMINATION OF PARALLAX:

Parallax is a condition which arises when the image formed by the objective is not in the
plane of the cross hairs. Parallax can be eliminated by focusing the eye piece for distinct vision of
the cross hairs and by focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of the
cross hairs.
1.1.1.1.1 FOCUSSING THE EYE PIECE:

Point the telescope towards the sky (or hold a sheet of white paper in front of the
objective) and move eyepiece in or out till the cross hairs are seen sharp and distinct.
1.1.1.1.2 FOCUSSING THE OBJECTIVE:
Telescope is now directed towards the staff and the focusing screw is turned till the
image appears clear and sharp. The image so formed is in the plane of cross hairs.
1.1.2 PERMANENT ADJUSTMENTS:

Permanent adjustments should be made only when the fundamental relations between
some parts or lines are disturbed.
2. LEVELING STAFF:
A leveling staff is a straight rectangular rod having graduations, the foot of the staff
representing zero reading. The purpose of leveling staff is to determine the amount by which the
station is above or below the line of sight. Leveling staff may be divided into self-reading staff
(can be read directly by the instrument man through the telescope) and target staff (contains a
moving target against which the reading is taken by the staff man). Three forms of self-reading

staff are available- Solid staff, folding staff and telescopic staff. Smallest division in a solid staff
is 5mm. Solid staff is made of well-seasoned wood having a length of 3 m.
RESULT:
Study of instruments used for leveling has been done.

Ex no: 02 Date:
SIMPLE LEVELLING
AIM:
To find the difference in elevation between two points by (a) Height of instrument
method and (b) Rise and Fall method. Both the points are visible from a single instrument
station.
Dumpy level with tripod and leveling staff.
PROCEDURE:
1. Five points A, B, C, D and E are given on the ground where B, C, D are the intermediate
points between A and E. Reduced Level of bench mark A is given as 100.00
2. Set up the dumpy level at a station O such that all five points are visible from O.
Approximate leveling is done by adjusting the tripod legs and accurate leveling is done by
adjusting the foot screws. Parallax is eliminated by focusing the eyepiece and objective.
Thus temporary adjustments are done.
3. Telescope is directed towards the staff held vertically at A and the staff reading is noted
and is recorded as back sight reading.
4. With dumpy level at the same station, telescope is directed towards the staff held vertically
at B, C and D and the staff readings are noted and recorded as intermediate sight readings.
at E and the staff reading is noted and recorded as fore sight reading.
6. All readings are recorded on the field book and difference in elevation between A and E is
calculated by height of instrument method and line of collimation method.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
(a) HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD

STATION B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L REMARKS
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
(b) RISE AND FALL METHOD
STATION B.S I.S F.S RISE FALL H.I R.L REMARKS
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
ARITHMETIC CHECK:
∑ BACK SIGHT- ∑ FORE SIGHT = ∑ RISE - ∑ FALL = LAST R.L – FIRST R.L

RESULT:
Difference in elevation between the two given points = ……………………m.
Ex no: 03 Date:
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING
AIM:
To find the difference in elevation between two points by height of instrument method.
Both the points are not visible from a single instrument station.
Dumpy level with tripod and leveling staff.
PROCEDURE:
1. Ten points are given on the ground between A and J. Reduced Level of bench mark A is
given as 100.00

2. Set up the dumpy level at a station O1 such that certain points are visible from O1.
Approximate leveling is done by adjusting the tripod legs and accurate leveling is done by
adjusting the foot screws. Parallax is eliminated by focusing the eyepiece and objective.
3. Telescope is directed towards the staff held vertically at A and the staff reading is noted
and is recorded as back sight reading.
at B, C and D and the staff readings are noted and recorded as intermediate sight readings.
at E and the staff reading is noted and recorded as fore sight reading.
6. Dumpy level is shifted to O2. Temporary adjustments are done. Telescope is directed
towards the staff held vertically at E and the staff reading is noted and recorded as back
sight. Telescope is directed towards the staff held vertically at F, G, H, I and the staff
readings are noted and recorded as intermediate sight readings. Telescope is directed
towards the staff held vertically at J and the staff reading is noted and recorded as fore
sight reading.
7. All readings are recorded on the field book and difference in elevation between A and J is
calculated by height of instrument method and line of collimation method.
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD

A 100.00 BENCHMARK
B
C
D
E CHANGE POINT
F
G
H
I
J LAST POINT

ARITHMETIC CHECK:
∑ BACK SIGHT -∑ FORE SIGHT=∑ RISE - ∑ FALL = LAST R.L – FIRST R.L
RESULT:
Difference in elevation between the two given points = …………………… m.
Ex no: 04 Date:
FLY LEVELLING
AIM:
To perform fly levelling with a Dumpy level.
APPARATUS:
Dumpy level, Telescopic Staff, Tripod.
THEORY:
Fly levelling is done to calculate RL of a particular point from the known bench mark e.g.
in fig showing R.L of particular point is A is calculated taking back sight on B.M & F.S on A.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the level on the tripod at a convenient height and bring the foot screws approximately to
the middle of its rim.
2 .By temporary adjustments bring the bubble at centre open out typical levelling field book
columns.

3. Sight the given points and take the staff reading and note down the readings at the appropriate
columns.
4. If there are any points for away and is not clearly visible take. A change point and the levelling
is continued.
5. After finishing the levelling, calculate the elevations by the height of instrument method and
apply necessary checks.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD
A 100.00 BENCHMARK
B
C
D
E CHANGE POINT
F
G
H
I
J LAST POINT

RESULT:
Difference in elevation between the two given points = …………………… m.
Ex no: 05 Date:
CONTOURING
AIM:
To prepare a contour map of a given area (One full size drawing sheet).
APPARATUS:
Dumpy level, Ranging rod, Arrows, Levelling staff, Tripod, Chain, Tape, Prismatic
compass.
THEORY:
The elevation and depression and the undulations of the surface of the ground are shown
as map by interaction of level surface with by means of contour line. A contour may be defined as
the line of intersection of a level surface with the surface of the ground.
PROCEDURE:
Cross-section method:
This method is commonly used in rough survey, cross sections are run traverse to the
contour line of road, and railway as canal and the point of change of slope (representations) are
located. The cross-section line may be inclined at any angle to the centreline if necessary. The
spacing of the cross sections depends upon the characteristics of the ground. By interpolation of
contour is meant the process of spacing the contour proportioning between the plotted ground
points. Contour may be interpolated by
1) Estimation

2) Arithmetical calculations
3) Graphical method.
In all these methods it is assumed that the slope of the ground between any two random
points is uniform.
RESULT:
The contour of given land is drawn in the sheet.

THEODOLITE SURVEYING (THEORY)
AIM:
To study the instruments used for theodolite survey.
INTRODUCTION:
Theodolite is the most accurate instrument used for measurement of horizontal and vertical
angles.
1 TRANSIT THEODOLITE:
It consists of the leveling head, two spindles, lower plate, upper plate, level tubes,
standards, vertical circle, index bar or T frame. The upper plate is known as tribrach. Theodolite is
supported on a tripod. Tripod consists of three legs made of wood.
2. PLUMB BOB
Centering is done by suspending a plumb bob from the hook provide at the lower plate.
ADJUSTMENTS OF A THEODOLITE:
The following adjustments are required:
1.1. STATION OR TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS:
Temporary adjustments are those adjustments which have to be made at every set up of the
instrument. They comprise the following.
1.1.1.1 SETTING UP
The operation of setting up includes fixing the theodolite on the tripod and leveling
approximately by leg adjustment. To fix the theodolite to the tripod, the clamp is released; the
instrument is held in the right hand and is fixed on the tripod by turning round the lower part with
the left hand. The tripod legs are so adjusted that the instrument is at convenient height and the
tribrach is approximately horizontal. Centering is done by suspending a plumb bob from the lower
plate.
1.1.1.3 LEVELLING
Purpose is to make the vertical axis truly vertical. Accurate leveling is done with the help
of foot screws and with reference to the plate levels. If the level has three foot screws (leveling
screws), leveling up is done in the following manner. Loose the clamp and turn the instrument
until the longitudinal axis of the plate level is roughly parallel to the line joining any two foot
screws. Hold these two leveling screws between the thumb and the first finger of each hand and

turn them simultaneously so that the thumbs move either inwards or outwards uniformly until the
bubble is central. Turn the upper plate through 90º so that the axis on the level passes over the
position of the third leveling screw. Turn this leveling screw until the bubble is central. Repeat the
above procedure until bubble is central in all positions of telescope.
1.1.1.3 ELIMINATION OF PARALLAX

Parallax is a condition which arises when the image formed by the objective is not in the
plane of the cross hairs. Parallax can be eliminated by focusing the eye piece for distinct vision of
the cross hairs and by focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of the
cross hairs.
1.1.1.1.3 FOCUSSING THE EYE PIECE:
Point the telescope towards the sky (or hold a sheet of white paper in front of the
objective) and move eyepiece in or out till the cross hairs are seen sharp and distinct.
1.1.1.1.4 FOCUSSING THE OBJECTIVE:
Telescope is now directed towards the staff and the focusing screw is turned till the image
appears clear and sharp. The image so formed is in the plane of cross hairs.
1.1.2 PERMANENT ADJUSTMENTS

Permanent adjustments should be made only when the fundamental relations between
some parts or lines are disturbed.
RESULT:
Study of instruments used for theodolite survey has been done.

Ex no: 06 Date:
DISTANCE BETWEEN ACCESIBLE POINTS (HORIZONTAL ANGLE)
AIM:
To determine the horizontal distance and level difference between two points P and Q.
Linear measurements are allowed.
Transit theodolite, tripod, plumb bob, measuring tape, ranging rod, wooden peg with nail.
PROCEDURE:
1. Theodolite is set up at a suitable position O such that a well-conditioned triangle is formed
with the points O, P and Q.
2. Approximate leveling is done by adjusting the tripod legs and accurate leveling is done by
adjusting the foot screws. Centering is done and a wooden peg is driven into the ground to
mark the station point O. Parallax is eliminated by focusing the eyepiece and objective.
3. Release horizontal circle upper clamping screw and lower clamping screw.
4. Turn upper and lower plates until Vernier A nearly coincides with the zero of the
horizontal circle.
5. Clamp horizontal circle upper clamping screw and lower clamping screw. Vernier A is
made to coincide exactly with the zero of the horizontal circle using upper tangent screw.
6. Release the horizontal circle lower clamping screw and bring the telescope to face left
position. Turn the instrument and direct the telescope to the left hand signal P by sighting
through the telescope. Clamp the horizontal circle lower clamping screw. Point P is
bisected exactly using horizontal circle lower tangent screw.
7. Reading from horizontal circle and Vernier A and Vernier B is noted and recorded in the
field book.
8. Here u have to add the steps for taking vertical angle reading for P
9. Unclamp the horizontal circle upper clamping screw. Rotate the telescope clockwise (right
swing)until the line of sight is nearly on the right hand signal Q. Clamp the horizontal
circle upper clamping screw. To bisect the signal exactly, upper tangent screw is used.
field book.
11. Here u have to add the steps for taking vertical angle reading for Q

12.
13. Transit the telescope and change the face of the instrument to right face and swing the
telescope towards left and repeat the above steps.
14. Value of angle POQ is obtained by taking the average of face left and face right
observations.
15. Measure the distances OP and OQ using a tape.
16. Horizontal distance PQ is calculated by cosine rule.
17. Vertical readings are taken sighting to P and Q and level difference between P and Q is
calculated.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
SKETCHREFERENCE
LEFT FACE RIGHT SWING RIGHT FACE LEFT SWING
LENGTH OF SIDE
ATINSTRUMENT
SIGHT TO
A B MEAN INCLUDED A B MEAN INCLUDED

ANGLE ANGLE
º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “
SKETCHREFERENCE
LENGTH OF SIDE
ATINSTRUMENT
SIGHT TO
C D MEAN AVERAGE C D MEAN AVERAGE

HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
INCLUDED ANGLE
ANGLE
º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “
RESULT:
Horizontal distance between P and Q = …………………….m
Level difference between P and Q = ………………………..m

Ex no: 07 Date:
DISTANCE BETWEEN INACCESIBLE POINTS (HORIZONTAL ANGLE)
AIM:
To determine the horizontal distance and level difference between two inaccessible points
P and Q. Base line measurement alone is permitted.
Transit theodolite, tripod, plumb bob, measuring tape, ranging rod, wooden peg with nail.
PROCEDURE:
1. Theodolite is set up at a suitable position O1 such that a well-conditioned triangle is
formed with the points O1, P and Q.
mark the station point O1. Parallax is eliminated by focusing the eyepiece and objective.
horizontal circle.
position. Turn the instrument and direct the telescope to the left hand signal P by sighting
field book.
8. Here u have to add the steps for taking vertical angle reading for P
9. Unclamp the horizontal circle upper clamping screw. Rotate the telescope clockwise(right
swing) until the line of sight is nearly on the right hand signal Q. Clamp the horizontal
circle upper clamping screw. To bisect the signal exactly, upper tangent screw is used.
field book.

11. Here u have to add the steps for taking vertical angle reading for Q
12. Fix a point O2 on the ground and measure the distance O1O2 using a tape. Unclamp the
upper clamping screw, rotate the telescope and sight the point O2 and record the angle
QO1O2.
14. Value of angles PO1Q and QO1O2 are obtained by taking the average of face left and face
right observations.
15. Shift the theodolite to station O2. Temporary adjustments are done and the above steps are
repeated. Repeat the whole process by turning the telescope in anticlockwise direction.
16. Horizontal distance PQ is calculated by sine rule and cosine rule.
17. Vertical readings are taken sighting P and Q at O1 and O2 and level difference between P
and Q is calculated.
18. Take the average of face left and face right observation to give the horizontal angle AOB.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
SKETCHREFERENCE
LENGTH OF SIDE
ATINSTRUMENT
SIGHT TO

ANGLE ANGLE
º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “
SKETCHREFERENCE
LENGTH OF SIDE
ATINSTRUMENT
SIGHT TO

HORIZONTA VERTICAL
L ANGLE
INCLUDED
ANGLE
º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “
RESULT:
Horizontal distance between P and Q = …………………m
Level difference between P and Q =……………………..m

TACHEOMETRY (THEORY)
Tacheometry is a branch of angular surveying in which the horizontal and vertical

distances of points are obtained by optical means. The method is very rapid and convenient. An
ordinary transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm is generally used for tacheometric
survey. The stadia diaphragm essentially consists of one stadia hair above and other an equal
distance below the horizontal cross hair. To study the principle of tacheometry and its types. The
various systems of tacheometric survey may be classified as:
(1) THE STADIA SYSTEMS:
(a) FIXED HAIR METHOD (STADIA METHOD):

The readings on the staff corresponding to all the three wires are taken. The staff interrupt,
depend on the distance of the staff from the instrument. For inclined sights, the readings may be
taken by keeping the staff either vertical or normal to the line of sight.
(b)MOVABLE HAIR METHOD OR SUBTENSE METHOD:

This method is similar to the fixed hair method except that the stadia interval is variable.
Suitable arrangement is made to vary the distance between the stadia hair so as to set them against
the two targets on the staff kept at the point under observation. Inclined sights may also be taken.
(2) THE TANGENTIAL SYSTEMS:

In this method, the stadia hairs are not used, the readings being taken against the horizontal
cross hairs. To measure the staff intercept, two pointing’s of the instruments are necessary. This
necessitates measurement of vertical angles twice for one single observation.
(3) MEASUREMENT BY MEANS OF SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS.
RESULT:
The principle of tacheometry and its types were studied.

Ex no: 08 Date:
LEVEL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
AIM:
To measure vertical angle between two points using theodolite.
APPARATUS:
Transit theodolite Tripod, ranging rod, pegs etc.
PROCEDURE:
To measure the vertical angle of an object P
1. Set up the instrument over station O and level it carefully with respect to altitude bubble.
2. By means of vertical circle clamp and tangent screw, set 0 of the vertical circle exactly to 0 of
the circle.
3. Bring the bubble of the altitude level to the centre of its run by means of foot &clip screw.
4. The line of sight is thus made horizontal.
5. Loose the vertical circle clamp and direct the telescope in vertical plane towards the object P,
and bisect exactly using vertical tangent screw.
6. Read both the Vernier C and D, the mean of two readings gives angle for that face.
7. Change the face and repeat the above process, and get the face reading.
8. The average of two face values gives exact value of required vertical angle

OBSERVATION TABLE:
RESULT:
The level difference between two points ……………………..

Ex no: 09 Date:
TANGENTIAL TACHEOMETRY (VERTICAL ANGLE)
AIM:
To determine the horizontal distance and level difference between two inaccessible ground
points P and Q using a tacheometer. Given a leveling staff at point P. Target of height 1.5 m is
provided at point Q. Linear measurements are not permitted.
INSTRUMENTS USED:
Tacheometer, leveling staff, ranging rod, peg, mallet.
HINT:
Horizontal distance, OP= K S +C
Where k= multiplicative constant= f/i = 100
S= staff intercept = upper cross hair reading – lower cross hair reading
C= additive constant =0
Horizontal distance, OQ is determined by method of tangential tacheometry. According to

field conditions three cases may arise. Refer experiment No. 2
By cosine rule (PQ)2 = (OP)2 + (OQ)2 – 2 × (OP) × (OQ) ×cos θ
(PQ) =❑√ (OP )2+(OQ)2 – 2×(OP )×(OQ)×cos θ
Where θ= horizontal angle POQ obtained by taking the average of face left and face right
observations.
Level difference between P and Q = (OP) × tan αp - (OQ) × tan αq
PROCEDURE:
1. Tacheometer is set up at a suitable position O such that a well-conditioned triangle is
formed with the points O, P and Q.
mark the station point O. Parallax is eliminated by focusing the eyepiece and objective.

4. Turn upper and lower plates until zero reading of Vernier A nearly coincides with the zero
of the main scale of the horizontal circle.
5. Clamp horizontal circle upper clamping screw. Zero reading of Vernier A is made to
coincide exactly with the zero of the horizontal circle using upper tangent screw.
6. Bring the telescope to face left position. Turn the instrument and direct the telescope to the
left most point (here, P) by sighting through the telescope. Clamp the horizontal circle
lower clamping screw. Point P is bisected exactly using horizontal circle lower tangent
screw.
7. Reading from horizontal circle Vernier A and Vernier B is noted and recorded in the field
book.
8. Note down the vertical circle readings from Vernier C and D. Let the vertical angle
measured be αp.
9. Make the zero of vertical circle main scale coincide with the zero of Vernier C and D thus
making the line of sight horizontal and tighten the vertical circle clamping screw. Note
down the upper, middle and lower cross hair readings from the leveling staff.
10. Unclamp the horizontal circle upper clamping screw. Swing the telescope clockwise until
the line of sight bisects Q. Tighten the horizontal circle upper clamping screw. For exact
bisection, upper tangent screw is used.
11. Reading from horizontal circle Vernier A and B is noted and recorded in the field book.
Let the horizontal angle measured be θ1.
12. Loosen the vertical circle tangent screw, sight to the top target and note down the vertical
angle, αqtop
13. Loosen the vertical circle tangent screw, sight to the bottom target and note down the
vertical angle, αqbottom
14. Loosen the vertical circle tangent screw, sight to the bottom of point Q and note down the
vertical angle, αq
16. Value of angle POQ is obtained by taking the average of face left and face right
observations.
17. Horizontal distance PQ and level difference between P and Q is calculated.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
SKETCHREFERENCE
LENGTH OF SIDE
ATINSTRUMENT
SIGHT TO

ANGLE ANGLE
º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “
SKETCHREFERENCE
LENGTH OF SIDE
ATINSTRUMENT
SIGHT TO

HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
INCLUDED ANGLE
ANGLE
º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “
RESULT:
Horizontal distance between P and Q = …………………m

Level difference between P and Q =……………………..m
Ex no: 10 Date:

HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING (VERTICAL ANGLE)
AIM:
To determine the height of the building.
Transit theodolite, tripod, plumb bob, tape, wooden peg with nail.
PROCEDURE:
1. Theodolite is set up at a suitable position O1. Select a point O2 on the ground such that
O1, O2 and pillar are collinear.
mark the station point O1. Parallax is eliminated by focusing the eyepiece and objective.
horizontal circle.
position. Turn the instrument and direct the telescope to the top of the pillar (P) by sighting
7. Readings from horizontal circle and Vernier A and Vernier B and vertical circle Vernier C
and D are noted and recorded in the field book.
8. Unclamp the horizontal circle upper clamping screw. Rotate the telescope clockwise until
the line of sight is nearly at the bottom of the pillar (Q). Clamp the horizontal circle upper
clamping screw. To bisect Q exactly, upper tangent screw is used.
9. Readings from horizontal circle and Vernier A and Vernier B and vertical circle Vernier C
and D are noted and recorded in the field book.
11. Shift the instrument to O2 and repeat the above steps.

12. Measure the horizontal distance O1O2 using tape.

13. Height of the pillar is calculated.
OBSERVATIONS:
SKETCHREFERENCE
LENGTH OF SIDE
ATINSTRUMENT
SIGHT TO

ANGLE ANGLE
º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “
SKETCHREFERENCE
LENGTH OF SIDE
ATINSTRUMENT
SIGHT TO

HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
INCLUDED ANGLE
ANGLE
º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “ ‘ “ º ‘ “ º ‘ “

RESULT:
Height of the building = …………………………. m

Ex no: 11 Date:
TOTAL STATION SURVEY

HEIGHT AND DISTANCE
AIM:
To determine the remote height and distance using total station.
INSTRUMENTS USED:
Total station with tripod, Prism pole with reflector.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the instrument at a suitable station such that the points to be located are clearly visible.
2. Level the instrument using tripod legs and then by using the leveling screws based on the
directions shown in the level and plummet screen. All these to be done in face 1
3. After leveling, go to the main menu screen and select ‘program’. Select second page of
this menu and do the station set up and job initialization.
4. Set orientation by pointing towards any prominent object in the field.
5. By placing the prism pole at each of the corner points in the field, ‘measure’ the details of
the points. Survey all the points and the point ID should be predefined before the
commencement of the work.
6. Go back to the main menu and select the second page of ‘programs’ and select the area
and volume options
7. Input the points for which area is to be found out and note down the area given in the
display screen (2D area)
RESULT:
Height =…………………………m
Distance =……………………….m

Ex no: 12 Date:
AREA COMPUTATION
AIM:
To determine the area of the given plot and to locate the details
INSTRUMENTS USED:
Total station with tripod, Prism pole with reflector.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the total station over a station and level it
2. Press the power button to switch on the instrument.
3. Select MODE B -------> S function------->file management------> create (enter a name) ------- >
accept
4. Then press ESC to go to the starting page
5. Then set zero by double clicking on 0 set (F3)
6. Then go to S function ------> measure-----> rectangular co-ordinate---->station --- >press enter.
7. Here enter the point number or name, instrument height and prism code.
8. Then press accept (Fs)
9. Keep the reflecting prism on the first point and turn the total station to the prism, focus it and
bisect it exactly using a horizontal and vertical clamps.
10. Then select MEAS and the display panel will show the point specification
11. Now select edit and re-enter the point number or name point code and enter the prism height
that we have set.
12. Then press MEAS/SAVE (F3) so that the measurement to the first point will automatically be
saved and the display panel will show the second point.
13. Then turn the total station to second point and do the same procedure.
14. Repeat the steps to the rest of the stations and close the traverse
15. Now go to S function----> view/edit----graphical view. 16. It will show the graphical view of
the traverse.

CALCULATION:
Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept
RESULT:
Area = …………………………. m2
Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept
Thus the area of the closed traverse is calculated.

Ex no: 13 Date:
CONTOURING USING TOTAL STATION

AIM:
Counter plan of given area (One full size drawing sheet) using total station.
APPARATUS:
Total station, Prism, Tripod, Pegs.
PROCEDURE:
The elevation and depression and the undulations of the surface of the ground are shown
as map by interaction of level surface with by means of contour line. A contour may be defined as
the line of intersection of a level surface with the surface of the ground.
1. Fix the total station over a station and level it
2. Press the power button to switch on the instrument.
3. Select MODE B -------> S function------->file management------>create (enter a name)
------- >accept
4. Then press ESC to go to the starting page
5. Then set zero by double clicking on 0 set (F3)
6. Then go to S function ------> measure-----> rectangular co-ordinate---->station ---
>press enter.
7. Here enter the point number or name, instrument height and prism code.
8. Then press accept (Fs)
9. Adopt Cross section method for establishing the major grid around the study area.
10. Project suitably spaced cross sections on either side of the centre line of the area.
11. Choose several points at reasonable distances on either side.
12. Keep the reflecting prism on the first point and turn the total station to the prism, focus
it and bisect it exactly using horizontal and vertical clamps.
13. Then select MEAS and the display panel will show the point specification
14. Now select edit and re-enter the point number or name point code and enter the prism
height that we have set.
15. Then press MEAS/SAVE (F3) so that the measurement to the first point will
automatically be saved and the display panel will show the second point.
16. Then turn the total station to second point and do the same procedure.

17. Repeat the steps to the rest of the stations and get all point details.
18. Plot cross section lines to scale and enter spot levels.
19. The points on the chosen contours are interpolated assuming uniform slope between
adjacent points and join them by a smooth line.
CALCULATION:
Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept 1
RESULTS:
Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept.
The contour of given land is drawn in the sheet.

Ex no: 14 Date:
DOWNLOADING USING TOTAL STATION
AIM:
To download the data from total station.
APPARATUS:
Total Station.
THEORY:
Two method data downloading:
 Electronic method (Microprocessor and wave propagation)
 Stored into the internal memory (Read, perform and record)
Three data collection modes: Distance Mode, Angle Mode and Coordinate Mode
PROCEDURE:
 Press Menu key.
 Go to page 2.
 Input the instrument height and reflector height
 Input the station coordinates as (Ex: 1000, 1000, 300 m).
 Sight the prism held on B.M.
 The difference in Z will be displayed.
 Depending on the line of sight, add/subtract accordingly the difference in Z to the R.L. of
the B.M. to get the R.L. of the station point.
 Press MENU key.
 Create a file in coordinate (NEZ) mode.
 Input occupied point data and Back sight data/Direction.
 Go to Side shots and orient the telescope towards the prism held at various intermediate
station points as per the visibility
 Before going to shift the instrument, note down the last point data as change point. A peg
mark of identification of the change point should be fixed.
 Shift the instrument to the change point and set it there.

 Input last point data as occupied point data. Again, after input the instrument height and
reflector height, orient the telescope to the back sight station and continue the process to
other points.
RESULTS:
Thus the data is downloaded from the total station.

Ex no: 15 Date:
STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS
(a) AUTOMATIC LEVEL:

This type is the most usual total station used today. They feel both the vertical and
horizontal angles electronically and measure the slope distances, compute the vertical and
horizontal components of those these spaces, and then determine the coordinates of
observed points. To compute the coordinates of observed points, it is necessary to properly
orient the instrument to some known directions such as true north, magnetic north or to
some known bearing. The coordinate information obtained can either be stored in the total
station’s memory or by using an external data collector. Almost all total stations in the
market use infrared as the carrier for distance measurement. The less expensive unit with a
single prism reflector can measure distances up to 1000 m. Those in the higher price range
are capable of measuring distances up to 2000 m when single prisms are used. The
accuracies of measurements with the less expensive instruments probably run about 6 (5
mm 1 5 ppm), and the expensive total stations can run about 6 (1 mm 1 1 ppm).
(b) DIGITAL LEVEL:
The digital levels represented a breakthrough in levelling techniques using the

innovative concept of reading a bar coded staff. Optical readings are no longer needed.
Experience that with digital levels there is up to a 50% time saving when compared with
conventional levels. The main reasons are the faster data capture as well as the shorter
time and safer means of data processing, thanks to saving measured data on storage
devices. Digital levels measure and save the height and the distance to the staff at the press
of a button, and calculate the height of the point. Advantage: no readings required, no
copying or writing down and no calculation by hand Digital automatic levels are precise
instruments used for precise leveling. Operation of digital levels is based on the digital
processing of video information from the coded staff. At the beginning of measurement a
visual pointing of the instrument to the surface of leveling meter is performed. After that
the instrument automatically points the focus of its optical system on the surface of the
meter and then a rough correlation calculation is performed followed by the precise
correlation. According to the data received in the processor of the instrument an exact
distance from the axes of the instrument to the surface of the level meter is calculated.

According to the information received by decoding the data from the photoelectric matrix
the height of the level placing is calculated in the processor. During this operation the
coded view of the meter is compared with that saved in the memory of the instrument. A
true meter’s height position is determined according to the shift of the image in the
photoelectric sensor (pixels) matrix. Precision investigations of a particular model of
levels and coded staffs and digital leveling are necessary. The investigations of technical,
geometrical and methodological parameters of instruments are also needed. The scope of
this work includes resorting to digital automatic levels and impact of their accuracy on
construction measurements.
(c) HANDHELD GPS:
AIM:
To determine the coordinates of the given station by GPS.
APPARATUS USED:
Global positioning system (GPS)
THEORY:
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system that very accurately tells you your
latitude, longitude, altitude, velocity, and time. The United States government has created this
system for military applications, but has made it available to anyone in the world. GPS positioning
has a wide variety of applications, many unanticipated when the system was first designed. GPS
receivers are showing up in commercial and private aircraft, boats, backpacks, cars, and even
geology experiments.
PROCEDURE:
1. Press red button to turn on
2. Satellite status page will appear while GPS unit acquires satellites (will take a few minutes -also
don't block the GPS unit's view of the sky)
3. (Optional) Mark which satellites are acquired (first time only) - the acquired satellites show up
on the histogram at the bottom of the screen GPS unit # Satellites
4. Once sufficient satellite signals are acquired, the status page will be replaced by the position
page. Note your position in latitude, longitude, and elevation. You can average your latitude and
longitude by pushing the “mark” key, then tabbing down to the “Average?” line and then hitting

enter. The GPS unit will average until you either hit Page or select “Save?” and Enter. You cannot
average your elevation in this way.
5. To turn off, press red button for about 2 seconds (make sure you turn it off when you aren’t
using it - the batteries wear down fast!)
RESULT:
The coordinates of the given point (station) are ……………………

Corrected Surveying I - 29072020

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CEL 203 SURVEY LAB

MARIAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695 582

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC

MARIAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC

MARIAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

B.TECH IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Programme outcomes (POs):

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC

Program Specific Outcomes (PSO):

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC

COURSE OUTCOMES (COs) OF COURSE CEL 203

S.No Course Outcome No. Course Objective

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC

MAPPING OF EXPERIMENTS TO POs

S.NO List of experiments Programme

EXPERIMENT BEYOND SYLLABUS

S.No List of Experiments Programme outcomes

MAPPING of COURSE OUTCOMES to PROGRAM OUTCOMES

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC

MAPPING of COURSE to POs

Course code Programme outcomes

CEL 203 and 3 3 2.6 0.6 0.8 2 0.4 1.6 2 0 0 0

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC

CO-PO MAPPING FOR INDIVIDUAL EXPERIMENTS

1 (a) STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS- 1 3 3 2 2 2

15 (a) AUTOMATIC LEVEL 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 2

15 (b) DIGITAL LEVEL 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 2

15 (c) HANDHELD GPS 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 2

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC

EXPERIMENT BEYOND SYLLABUS

S.N List of Experiments CO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO

1.INTRODUCTION TO CONVENTIONAL SURVEYING...........................................................1

(a) CHAIN SURVEYING.............................................................................................................1

(b) COMPASS SURVEYING.......................................................................................................5

6.DISTANCE BETWEEN ACCESIBLE POINTS (HORIZONTAL ANGLE).............................19

7.DISTANCE BETWEEN INACCESIBLE POINTS (HORIZONTAL ANGLE)........................22

8.LEVEL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS...................................................................26

10.HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING (VERTICAL ANGLE)............................................................31

11.HEIGHT AND DISTANCE.......................................................................................................34

13. CONTOURING USING TOTAL STATION...........................................................................37

14.DOWNLOADING USING TOTAL STATION........................................................................39

15. STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS...................................................................................................41

(b) DIGITAL LEVEL:.................................................................................................................41

(c) HANDHELD GPS:................................................................................................................42

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC

Ex no: 01 (a) Date:

INTRODUCTION TO CONVENTIONAL SURVEYING

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC 1

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC 2

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC 3

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC 4

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC 5

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC 6

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC 7

Ex no: 01 (b) Date:

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC 8

Department of Civil Engineering, MEC 9

LEVELLING – STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS

1.1ADJUSTMENTS OF A DUMPY LEVEL: