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Introduction to
http://www.technofysica.nl/
Finite Elements
1st Semester 2020
Instructor:
www.magsoft-flux.com www.comsol.com Sebastian Roa Prada
Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga
Motivation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CThxYRMV8Vc
Info
Instructor:
Sebastian Roa Prada
email: sroa@unab.edu.co
Office: 7th Floor Engineering Building
Tel: x401
Office hours: by appointment
Course website:
We will share information on google drive
Experience in FEM
Total Deformation
Acoustic Field of the UTWC System
Odometer Sensor
wheels
Relevant references:
An Introduction to the Finite Element Method, Reddy, J.N.
Finite Element Procedures, K. J. Bathe, Prentice Hall
A First Course in Finite Elements, J. Fish and T. Belytschko
Second 50%
1. Home works (10 %)
2. CFD (12%)
3. Course project (25 %) 6% for progress report and 15min presentation by
week 12 and 14; and 20% for progress report and 20min presentation by
week 16.
4. Attendance (3%)
Collaboration / academic integrity
Logistics:
• Submit 2-page project proposal latest by one week from
now (in class).
• Proceed to work on the project ONLY after it is approved by
the course instructor.
• Submit a three-page progress report by week 8, give a
20min presentation
• Submit a project report (typed) by week 16 of the semester
to the instructor, give a 20min presentation.
Course project ..contd.
Project report:
1. Must be professional (Text font Times 11pt with single spacing)
2. Must include the following sections:
•Introduction
•Problem statement
•Analysis
•Results and Discussions
•COMSOL models
•Any additional supporting document used such as catalogs,
research papers, data sheets, thesis, etc
You must also burn the MS Word version of your project report on a CD
with your group name and project title written on it and submit it together
with the project report.
Course project ..contd.
Project examples:
1. Analysis of a rocker arm
2. Analysis of a bicycle crank-pedal assembly
3. Design and analysis of a "portable stair climber"
4. Analysis of a gear train
5.Gear tooth stress in a wind- up clock
6. Analysis of a gear box assembly
7. Analysis of an artificial knee
8. Forces acting on the elbow joint
9. Analysis of a soft tissue tumor system
10. Finite element analysis of a skateboard truck
Course project ..contd.
Node
Problem: Obtain the
stresses/strains in the
plate
Outline
http://www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/
Drag Force Analysis
of Aircraft
• Question
What is the drag force distribution on the aircraft?
• Solve
– Navier-Stokes Partial Differential Equations.
• Recent Developments
– Multigrid Methods for Unstructured Grids
San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge
• Question
– What is the load-deformation relation?
• Solve
– Partial Differential Equations of Continuum Mechanics
• Recent Developments
– Meshless Methods, Iterative methods, Automatic Error Control
Engine Thermal
Analysis
Picture from
http://www.adina.com
• Question
– What is the temperature distribution in the engine block?
• Solve
– Poisson Partial Differential Equation.
• Recent Developments
– Fast Integral Equation Solvers, Monte-Carlo Methods
Electromagnetic
Analysis of Packages
Thanks to
Coventor
http://www.cov
entor.com
• Solve
– Maxwell’s Partial Differential Equations
• Recent Developments
– Fast Solvers for Integral Formulations
Micromachine Device
Performance Analysis
From www.memscap.com
• Equations
– Elastomechanics, Electrostatics, Stokes Flow.
• Recent Developments
– Fast Integral Equation Solvers, Matrix-Implicit Multi-level Newton
Methods for coupled domain problems.
Lung Tumor Treatment
Planning
http://www.simulia.com/academics/research_lung.html
Virtual Surgery
General scenario..
Engineering design
Physical Problem
Questions:
1. What is the bending moment at section AA?
2. What is the deflection at the pin?
Finite Element Procedures, K J Bathe
Example: A bracket
Engineering design Mathematical model 1:
beam
Moment at section AA
M WL
27,500 N cm
Deflection at load 1 W (L rN )3 W (L rN )
at load W
3 EI 5
AG
6
How reliable is this model? 0.053 cm
How effective is this model?
Example: A bracket
Engineering design Mathematical model 2:
plane stress
Physical Problem
Mathematical model
Governed by differential
equations
Numerical model
e.g., finite element
model
..General scenario..
Engineering design Finite element analysis
PREPROCESSING
1. Create a geometric model
2. Develop the finite element model
POSTPROCESSING
Preprocessing
Step 1
Step 2
Analysis
Step 3
Postprocessing
Example: A bracket
Engineering design Mathematical model 2:
plane stress
FEM solution to mathematical model 2 (plane stress)
Moment at section AA M 27 ,500 N c m
Deflection at load at load W 0 . 064 c m
Conclusion: With respect to the questions we posed, the
beam model is reliable if the required bending moment is to
be predicted within 1% and the deflection is to be predicted
within 20%. The beam model is also highly effective since it
can be solved easily (by hand).
What if we asked: what is the maximum stress in the bracket?
would the beam model be of any use?
Example: A bracket
Engineering design Summary
Mathematical Improve
Model mathematical
model
Numerical model
No!
Does answer
Refine analysis
make sense?
Physical Problem
Validation
Mathematical
Model
Verification
Numerical model
Critical assessment of the FEM
Reliability:
For a well-posed mathematical problem the numerical technique should
always, for a reasonable discretization, give a reasonable solution which
must converge to the accurate solution as the discretization is refined.
e.g., use of reduced integration in FEM results in an unreliable analysis
procedure.
Robustness:
The performance of the numerical method should not be excessively
sensitive to the material data, the boundary conditions, and the loading
conditions used.
e.g., displacement based formulation for incompressible problems in
elasticity
Efficiency:
Matrix Algebra Review
What is a matrix?
A rectangular array of numbers (we will concentrate on real
numbers). A nxm matrix has ‘n’ rows and ‘m’ columns
a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4
A column vector of length ‘m’ is a mx1 matrix
a1
a
2
a3
Special matrices
0 0 0 0
03x 4 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Identity matrix: A square matrix which has ‘1’ s on the diagonal and
zeros everywhere else.
1 0 0
I3x 3
0 1 0
0 0 1
Matrix operations
Equality of matrices
1 2 4 a b c
A 3 0 7 B d e f
9 1 5 g h i
a 1, b 2, c 4,
A B d 3, e 0, f 7,
g 9, h 1, i 5.
Matrix operations Addition of two
matrices
1 2 4 1 3 10
A 3 0 7 B
3 1 0
9 1 5 1 0 6
0 5 14
C A B 6 1 7
10 1 11
Addition of of matrices
Matrix operations
Properties
1 2 4
A 3
0 7 c 3
9 1 5
3 6 12
cA 9 0 21
27 3 15
Multiplication by a
scalar
Matrix operations
Special case
1 2 4
A 3 0 7 c 1
9 1 5
1 2 4
cA -A 3 0 7
9 1 5
Matrix operations Substraction
1 2 4 1 3 10
A 3 0 7 B
3 1 0
9 1 5 1 0 6
2 1 6
C A B 0 1 7
8 1 1
Note that A - A 0 and 0 - A -A
Special Transpose
operations
If A is a mxn matrix, then the transpose of A is the nxm matrix
whose first column is the first row of A, whose second column is
the second row of A and so on.
1 2 4 1 3 9
A 3 0 7 A T
2 0 1
9 1 5 4 7 5
Special Transpose
operations
A A T
Matrix operations Scalar (dot) product of
two vectors
If a and b are two vectors of the same size
a1 b1
a a 2 ; b b 2
a 3 b 3
The scalar (dot) product of a and b is a scalar obtained by
adding the products of corresponding entries of the two
vectors
a b a 1b 1 a 2 b 2 a 3 b 3
Matrix operations Matrix multiplication
A B = AB
mxr rxn mxn
inside
outside
Matrix operations Matrix multiplication
k A 1 1 -1
A
k
Inverse of a Properties
matrix
Property 3: If A and B are invertible square matrices then
1
A B 1
B A
-1
(AB) AB
1
I
Premultiplying both sides by A-1
A (AB) AB A 1
-1 1
A A BAB
-1 1
A 1
B AB A 1
1
a11 a12
A ; det( A ) a 1 1a 2 2 a 1 2 a 2 1
a 21 a 22
1 3
Consider the matrix A
5 7
Notice (1) A matrix is an array of numbers
(2) A matrix is enclosed by square brackets
1 3
det( A ) 1 7 3 5 8
5 7
d e t( A ) a 1 1 a 2 2 a 3 3 a 1 2 a 2 3 a 3 1 a 1 3 a 2 1 a 3 2
a 1 3 a 2 2 a 3 1 a 1 1a 2 3 a 3 2 a 1 2 a 2 1a 3 3
This technique works only for 3x3 matrices
Example
2 4 - 3 2 4 3 2 4
A 1 0 4 1
0 4 1 0
2 - 1 2
2 1 2 2 1
0 -8 8 0 32 3
2 7 8
3 2 4 0
2 7 8
a 11 a 12 a 13
A a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
The minor, Mij, of entry aij is the determinant of the submatrix that remains after
the ith row and jth column are deleted from A.
The cofactor of entry aij is Cij=(-1)(i+j) Mij
a 21 a 23 a 21 a 23
M 12 a 21a 33 a 23a 31 C 12 M 12
a 31 a 33 a 31 a 33
What is a cofactor?
Sign of cofactor -
- -
-
Find the minor and cofactor of a33
2 4 - 3
A 1 0 4
Minor 2 4
2 - 1 2 M 33 2 0 4 1 4
1 0
Cofactor C ( 1 ) ( 3 3 ) M M 4
33 33 33
Cofactor method of obtaining the
determinant of a matrix
d e t ( A ) a 1 jC 1 j a 2 jC 2j a n jC n j
d e t ( A ) a i 1C i 1 a i 2 C i 2 a i n C i n
Example: evaluate det(A) for:
1 0 2 -3
A= 3 4 0 1
det(A) = a11C11 +a12C12 + a13C13 +a14C14
-1 5 2 -2
0 1 1 3
4 0 1 3 0 1 3 4 1
det(A)=(1) 5 2 -2 - (0) -1 2 -2 +2 -1 5 -2
1 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3
3 4 0
- (-3) -1 5 2 = (1)(35)-0+(2)(62)-(-3)(13)=198
0 1 1
Example : evaluate
1 5 -3
det(A)= 1 0 2
3 -1 2
By a cofactor along the third column
det(A)=a13C13 +a23C23+a33C33
4 1 0 1 5 1 5
det(A)= -3* (-1) +2*(-1)5 +2*(-1)6
3 -1 3 -1 1 0
= det(A)= -3(-1-0)+2(-1)5(-1-15)+2(0-5)=25
Quadratic form
The scalar U d k d
T d v ector
k square m atrix
Is known as a quadratic form
d1 k 11 k 12
Let d k
Symmetric
d 2 k 21 k 22 matrix
Then
k11 k12 d 1
U d k d d 1 d 2
T
k12 k 22 d 2
k11d 1 k12 d 2
d 1 d 2
k12 d 1 k 22 d 2
d 1 ( k11d 1 k12 d 2 ) d 2 ( k12 d 1 k 22 d 2 )
k11d 1 2k12 d 1 d 2 k 22 d 2
2 2
Differentiation of quadratic form
Differentiate U wrt d1
U
2 k11d 1 2 k12 d 2
d 1
Differentiate U wrt d2
U
2 k12 d 1 2 k 22 d 2
d 2
Differentiation of quadratic form
Hence
U
U d 1 k11 k12 d 1
2
d U k12 k 22 d 2
d 2
2k d