Water

Sources of water Hard and soft water

Rain Lather forming ability
Rivers and lakes (Surface water) (HCO3)2 Ca
Wells and springs (Underground water) Cl2 Mg
Sea water SO4

Impurities present in water

Physical impurities
Chemical impurities
Bacterial impurities
Types of hardness

Temporary hardness (CH)

Due to bicarbonates of Ca & Mg
Permanent hardness (NCH)
Due to chlorides and sulphates
of Ca & Mg
Expression of hardness as equivalents of CaCO3
UNITS OF HARDNESS
• PARTS PER MILLION (ppm)
• It is defined as the number of parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per 10 6
parts of water.
• MILLIGRAMS PER LITRE (mg/lit)
• It is defined as the number of milligrams of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per
1 litre of water.
• CLARKE‟S DEGREE (°Cl)
• It is defined as the number of parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per
70,000 parts of water.
• FRENCH DEGREE (°Fr)
• It is defined as the number of parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per 10 5
parts of water.
• Relationship between various units 1 ppm = 1 mg/lit = 0.1° Fr = 0.07° Cl
 ESTIMATION OF HARDNESS BY EDTA METHOD

EDTA EBT

Since, EDTA is insoluble in water; its disodium salt is used as a

complexing agent.
PRINCIPLE OF EDTA TITRATION
Standardization of EDTA (EDTA Vs Std hard water)
End point = V1 mL
I mL of EDTA = 50/V1 mg of CaCO3
Estimation of total hardness (Std EDTA Vs sample water)
End point = V2 mL
Total hardness = V2/V1 x 1000 ppm
Estimation of permanent hardness
End point = V3 mL
Permanent hardness = V3/V1 x 1000 ppm
Estimation of temporary hardness
Temporary hardness = 1000/V1 (V2-V3) ppm
Caustic embrittlement
Softening of water
Zeolite process

Na2O.Al2O3.xSiO2.yH2O
(x = 2-10; y = 2=6)

Regeneration of zeolites
Demineralization by ion exchangers
CER AER
S.No. Zeolite process Ion exchange process

1 It exchanges only cations. It exchanges cations and anions

2 The cylinder is filled with zeolite. The cylinders are using
Na2O. Al2O3. xSiO2.yH2O cationexchange resin - RH2
Anion exchange resin - R‟(OH)2
3 NaCl is used for regeneration HCl, NaOH are used for regeneration.
4 Softening involves removal of only hardness Demineralization involves removal of all the ions
causing ions. present in water.
5 The treated water contains relatively large The treated water does not contain any dissolved
amount of dissolved Na salts which causes salts. They may not cause any boiler troubles.
caustic embrittlement in boilers.
6. The setup and operating cost is relatively The setup and operating cost high.
low.
7 The hardness may be upto 10 ppm The hardness may be upto 2 ppm
8 Acidic water cannot be treated because acid Acidic water can be treated.
decomposes the zeolite.
 Water treatment for drinking purpose

(A)Removal of suspended impurities

Screening
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with coagulation
(B) Removal of microorganisms
Boiling By adding chloramine
By adding bleaching powder or chlorine ClNH2
By adding ozone
 Desalination of brackish water by
Reverse Osmosis (RO) method
• Removal of common salt (NaCl) from water is called desalination
• Based on dissolved solids, water can be classified into three types

S. No Type of water Dissolved solids

1 Fresh water Less than 1000 ppm

2 Brackish water
1000 ppm – 35,000 ppm
Sea water
3 More than 35,000 ppm
Osmosis
When two different concentrated solutions are separated by a semi
permeable membrane, due to osmotic pressure, low concentrated solvent
flows to higher one. This is known as osmosis.

Reverse Osmosis
But when we apply an excess and opposite hydrostatic pressure of 15 –
40 kg / cm2 to overcome the osmotic pressure, then higher concentrated
solvent will flow to the lower one. This is known as reverse osmosis.
1. Advantages of Reverse Osmosis:

1. The life time of membrane is quite high. (2- 3 years)

2. Removes ionic, non-ionic and colloidal silica impurities, which can not be
removed by demineralization method.

3. Low capital cost.

4. Simple operational procedure.

5. The membrane can be replaced within a few minutes, thereby providing uninterrupted
water supply.

6. This method is also used to remove bio-molecules, proteins, sugar etc.,

Disadvantages:

1. Periodical cleaning of membrane is needed.

2. Pretreatment for bacterial removal is needed.

Electrodialysis