RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY,

SUSTAINABILITY, AND LIFE CYCLE: A CASE STUDY ON SULTAN HAJI AHMAD

SHAH MOSQUE OF INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA,

GOMBAK.

A written report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the course of Environmental
And Material Sciences (AQS 1160)
by:

MUHAMMAD AZRUL AFFENDI BIN MOHD ANUAR 1417047

NUUR NAAJIAH BINTI MUHAMMAD 1322204

NUUR NAAJIAH BINTI MUHAMMAD 1322204

NURUL ASYIQIN BINTI KAMARUDIN 1323364

\NUR FARIZA BINTI SULEIMAN 1329574

NUUR NAAJIAH BINTI MUHAMMAD 1322204

Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design

Department of Quantity Surveying
October 2014
TABLE OF CONTENS

CHAPTER 1

1.0 ABSTRACT

2.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

3.0 INTRODUCTION

4.0 BACKGROUND HISTORY ON SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH MOSQUE

5.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 2

6.0 MATERIALS

6.1 DEFINITON

6.2 MATERIALS AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

7.0 SUSTAINABILITY

7.1 DEFINITION

7.2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

7.3 GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE DEVEOPMENT

7.4 SUSTAINABILITY VS DURABILITY

8.0 LIFE CYCLE

8.1 DEFINITION

8.2 RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN MATERIALS, SUSTAINABILITY AND

LIFE CYCLE
CHAPTER 3

9.0 TIMBER

9.1 DEFINITION

9.2 CLASSIFICATION

9.3 SPECIFICATION

9.4 STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS

9.5SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IF ANY

10.0 PLASTER

10.1 DEFINITION

10.2 CLASSIFICATION

10.3 SPECIFICATION

10.4 STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS

10.5SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IF ANY

11.0 RUBBER

11.1 DEFINITION

11.2 CLASSIFICATION

11.3 SPECIFICATION

11.4 STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS

11.5SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IF ANY

12.0 PAINT

9.1 DEFINITION

9.2 CLASSIFICATION

9.3 SPECIFICATION
 9.4 STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS

9.5SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IF ANY

13.0 LIGHTING

9.1 DEFINITION

9.2 CLASSIFICATION

9.3 SPECIFICATION

9.4 STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS

9.5SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IF ANY

List of abbreviations

List of tables

List of images/pictures

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………. 89

APPENDIX I: Requirements ……………………………...……………………..... 94

APPENDIX II: Benefi ciaries…………………………………….…………..…….. 100

GLOSSARY …………………………………………………………………......... 120

INDEX …………………………………………………………………………….. 130

CHAPTER 1

1.0 ABSTRACT

Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Mosque of International Islamic University Malaysia,

Gombak was chosen as the prominent building for this case study. This was in relevant

to the fact that it is one of the main buildings in IIUM. This study was intended to study

the significance of choosing construction materials or technology to the design and

construction of a building. Selecting materials will play a very significant role to the

quality of the end product, which in this case, the constructed structure with it having the

highest attainable quality and performance at the optimum and possibly the lowest cost

level. A thorough research has been made part of the mosque that earlier identified as

defective and are not in good condition. After a complete observation and inspection of

the buildings, the name and type of the conventional construction materials that was

used to construct the Mosque, prior to this research was obtained. In order to have an

in-depth understanding and knowledge regarding the causes and factor that can lead to

any defects in structure or buildings, detailed specifications and engineering properties

of the conventional materials was obtained. Sustainability of a construction material in

any building has always been a major problem in construction industry. Different

material have different life span, and each one of them have their own sustainability.

Each and every one of materials different from one another as they were engineered

using different technology and raw materials. This explain the various material

sustainability. After thorough research, we have concluded that the choosing of the

materials effect the sustainability of the building. And defect need to be refurbished and

replaced with the current and latest technology. Current technology proven to be more
durable, and can even last longer compared to the technology that was used for this

Mosque. The suggested materials are proven to be more durable, and cost effective.

Not only that, most of the new technology and materials nowadays were engineered to

be eco-friendly. This mean that, they don’t cause any pollution or destruction to the

environment.

2.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, we thank Allah for being able to complete this research

study with ease and without any major complication. We would also like to express our

gratitude to Dr , course instructor for [insert course tittle]. He have been very passionate

in explaining about our study and for all the knowledge that he have been tiredlessly

gave us in class. With the help from him and the knowledge we gain in his class, we are

able to finish this study.

Apart from that, this research could never be completed on time without the

help and support from our family. Special thanks to them. Each and every one of them

have been very supportive during the completion period of this research.

Last but not least, to anyone who have contributed in some way or another

to the completion of this study, you have our gratitude. Without the help from any of the

party mentioned above, we doubt that we can finish this research, even the littlest thing

that each one of them has contributed to the completion of this study counts.
3.0 INTRODUCTION

Despite being very significant to economy growth in Malaysia, 1construction

industry, like any other industry, is also facing the same problem which is the

uncertainty of the business itself. Construction industry cannot exist on their own, it’s

correlated with other kind of industry, like manufacturing and logistic. They are very

dependent toward each other, one cannot exist or are worthless without the other one.

Without these other industry, the construction industry won’t grow. The industry has to

operate in a very competitive environment, and working with limited resource.

In order to overcome the problem of limited source, study and researches

have been made to create alternative materials which only require a small amount no of

raw materials. Improvements to these alternative materials are being conducted from

day to day in order to create a very high-quality and durable product. Compared to

conservative materials, these new alternative materials are proven to be much more

cost-efficient, and sustain much longer.

This is where Quantity Surveyors (QS) are needed. A good QS should

always prepare themselves with all the current research and development in regarding

to any new alternatives construction materials. They need to update themselves with all

the latest technology in the market.

In this written report, various new construction technology and the

specifications have been compiled inclusive the strength and weakness of the chosen

material

1
http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/05/30/construction-industry-a-significant-contributor-to-the-nations-gd
4.0 SULTAH HAJI AHMAD SHAH MOSQUE

5.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

For this study, one building was chosen and thorough inspections were

carried out onto this building. The objective was to find any defect on the building or any

construction materials that can be replaced with current’s construction materials and

technology. From our naked eye observation, a lot of defect has been detected and we

have selected those that are very obvious.

After identifying the defects on the building, list of potential materials was

listed out and narrowed down to only certain few. This study was completed after

thorough research that we made. All the information and details regarding the selected

construction materials are completely studied. Information regarding the specification of

the alternative materials are all over the net.

Information and details related to the materials were gathered from

extensive browsing on the net, and all the information were filtered out before being

used in this study. Only Information and specifications from credible and reliable source

like JKR and CIDB that was taken into account. Apart from that, in order to be able to

compete, on the global world, the materials selected are among those who only

received the credentials from.

Generally, materials are classified into three types which metals, ceramics and polymer.
CHAPTER 2

6.0 MATERIALS

6.1 DEFINITION

Merriam’s Webster Online dictionary define material as relating to or imade of matter. [4]

Materials defined from the context of construction are the very basic elements that can

be used to construct more complex structure by using different kind of construction

[4]
technique. For example, brick, brick is the basic element that made up the structure

“wall”, without even one single brick, a brick “wall” can’t be constructed.

6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Generally, materials are classified into three types which metals, ceramics

and polymer. Materials can be classified in many ways. It can be classified physically,

based on how they looks physical appearance or shape of the material. Some materials

are classified according to their chemical property and some even can be classified

based on their thermal reactions. One family vary from another in the terms of the
[4]
properties of the materials, molecular structure and composition of the material.

Backdated, few hundred years ago, materials have play a significance part of the civil

engineering itself. The properties, and composition of the material chosen will

determined whether a structure can withstand tons of load. Even how the materials are

being assembled, in what way, to form what shape, and what kind of aggregates are

going to be used to attach the materials is vital to the building.

 Materials are constantly evolving, in accordance to the construction

industry itself, it moves in a same pace, progressing each day. New technology are

being discovered and developed each day. It’s a constantly evolving industry. For

example, the usage of certain chemical in concrete work like additives which modify

workability of the concrete.

6.2 MATERIALS AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Example of construction materials that are commonly used in the construction industry
[4]
are cement, tiles, timber, steel and concrete. All of these materials have their own

distinct specification. A lot of building materials are manufactured in standard shapes

and sizes, according to the standard materials specifications that have been imposed by

the local authority. For example, here in our country, the manufacturer will

manufactured the materials as what has been ruled out by the Organization that have

the authority and credential, like JKR, and CIDB. This is to ensure that the shapes, size

and dimension of the materials are standardized to ease the construction of a building.
[4]

7.0 SUSTAINABILITY

7.1 DEFINTION

Based on Merriam’s Webster Online dictionary, sustainability can be define as the

ability of being used repeatedly without being completely used up or destroyed

In simple words, sustainability means the ability of something to last long. In

construction, sustainability can refer to the life span of the construction

materials/technology. This sustainable materials/technology can be used to construct a

building that have a high sustainability.

7.2 SUSTAINABILE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development is a form of development that was proposed by the Gro

Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway in 1987. In his report he define

sustainable development as “a form of development that meets the needs of the present

without comprising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs”.

From his definition of sustainable development, he’s clearly referring to our

environment. Most of the building materials can be obtained and processed from our

environmental, for example, timber and stone. Cutting down forest, and destroying hills

or mountains to obtain these materials has provided a significant value to the

destruction of the environment and they even cause pollution. Sustainability emphasize

in using the materials as efficient as possible and at the same time be moderate in the

raw materials usage.

The concept of sustainability in construction is to create a harmonic balance between

the economic, social and environmental impacts on the design and construction

industries. It is strongly believed that, sustainability can help to reduce and minimize the

side effect of human activities on the environment.

7.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND GREEN DEVELOPMENT

Although the terms green building and sustainable design are often used to describe a

building in an environmental friendly way. The concept of Green building is governed by

sustainable develioment. Which mean that, a green building is always a sustainable

building but a sustainable building doesn’t have to be a green building. Green

construction seeks to provide a healthy envinronment by using the \resource as

efficiently as oissible.

Green building goverened by their own system and standars, for examble the

Leadership in Energy and Envinronmental Design(LEED©) Green Building Rates

System. This rating was developed by the U.S Green Building Council and is it regularly

evaluated and refined according to the information and freedback.This rating system

provide a set of rules and construction standart that promote envinrometnally

sustainable construction.
There are few major areas of development addressed by the rating system which as

follows:

1. Sustainable sites

a. Reducing pollution

b. Selecting appropriate sites for the development

c. Protecting environmental sensitive area

d. Restoring damaged natural habitats

e. Encouraging alternative modes of transportation

2. Water efficiency

a. Using water conserving technology like capturing rainwater, or recycled

rainwater.

b. Treating wastewater with in-situ treatment style

3. Energy and atmosphere

a. Encoruing the usage of reneable adnd non polluting soruces of energu;

b. Minimizing the emisision that contribute to thje ozone depletion and global

warming

4. Material and resoruces

a. Maixmise the usage of the lcal produc

 b. Easily aontaimed

c. Recylcanle

5. Indoppor Envinronmeal quaily

a. Promtes the nhanced comfort, prodcutivict and well bing of a buling

occupants by imporving the quality of indoor air quaily.

b. Maximinzing daylighting

8.0 LIFE CYCLE

8.1 DEFINITION

According to Merriam’s Webster Online dictionary, life is a noun and can be

defined as the ability to grow and change or the period of time when something is alive.

Where as, cycle is a noun that carry this meaning ; a set of events or actions that

happen again and again in the same order : a repeating series of events or actions.

Lifecycle can be literally defined as a set of events, for this case, the event of being

alive that happen again and again in the same order

Co life cycle is a concept that use scientific analysis and approach, which is

th the quantitative analysis. Two mainkeyword that can be used to define life cycle, is

repititiveness and being alive.This lifecycle approach are being applied to many fields

nowadays, such as computer science and manufacturing. Life cycle is the basic

foundation to the sustainability of any materials.

 Life cycle analayse a product, from the very beginning of its production intil

to the end of the product’s life. Evaluation of how the production of the product and the

usage of the product effect our envinronmental is going to be done. The produc will be

analyse in terms of the input and outpud of the product to the environment.

8.2 LIFE CYCLE, ILLUSTRATED

9.0 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSTRICYOPNN MATEROAL;S AMD

TECHNOLOGY, SUSSTAINABILITY, AND LIFE CYCLE

As a part of the nature, of the world itself, material can’t escape the process of

detoriaton. Over time, materials that was used to construct building will take damage

due to the load that acting on them. Detoriated and damaged materials or part of the

building does not have any value, in fact, when detoriation of a building occur, it require

replacement and disposal.

To relate sustainability and materials, we need to consider that how one material

is chosen, constructed and being used will affect the sustainability of the structure.

Material sustainability will provide us with the ability to make a rationale choices

in material selection and usage. It requires more energy to transfer one raw materials to

primary materials. And this hidden cost is always reflected in the price of the materials.

The properties of the materials will determine the level of sustainability of the specific

materials. Different kind of materials wrere engineered differently so that they will have

different engineering properties.

 One of the most fundamental engineering properties of a materials is

density of the material. Density can be easily defined as the ratio off mass to weight.

Another engineering properties that need to be taken into account is the thermal

propersites. This is very crucial, especially for construction in hot-climate country. Four

thermal properties of a material that are commonly discussed are the thermal

expansivity, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and melting point. As the name

suggest, thermal expansivity is about the point of when the material will expand. On the

other hand, thermal conductivity is the property that determines whether a material is a

good heat conductor or not. Materials with low thermal conductivity can be used to

prevent heat loss. The energy required to raise the temperature of one unit mass of a

material by 1 degree Celsius is called as specific heat capacity. Which mean, materials

with high specific heat capacity, heats up slowly and materials with low specific heat

capacity, heats up faster. The fourth thermal properties is the melting point of a material.

It’s a point that when the bodning of the materials are collapsing.
CHAPTER 3

PART OF THE BUILDING THAT NEEDED TO BE IMPROVED

(CHING, 2008) DOORWAYS

Door or doorways is the part of the buildings that provide access and

entrance from outside to the external part of the building or that connect any two a 2rea

of the building. It should be large enough to ensure that it can be easily accommodate

the moving of anything or to let any living things to move through and. It should be

located where it can be easily detected, and where the passageway will be clear

TIMBER

What is timber?

 Wood prepared for use in building and carpentry.

ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER

 Easy to work. Timber is light so it is easy to install and can be worked with simple

equipment. This reduces the energy needed for construction.

 Renewable. As long as new trees are planted to replace those harvested, timber

will continue to be available.

DISADVANTAGES OF TIMBER

2
Francis D.K. Ching, 2008. Building Construction Illustrated (Fourth Edition). Doors & Windows.
  Sun and rain are responsible for natural weathering processes by which the

timber changes color and, over a period of years, may show surface

deterioration.

 Wet timber may cause growth of fungi in timber.

 Affected by insects, for which the material serves as food.

 Cost of the good quality timber is very high.

Because of so many disadvantages of timber, we are proposing a new material for the

bathroom door that is fiberglass.

Wood vs steel vs fiberglass

Wood Doors Steel Doors Fiberglass Doors

Limitations Limitations Limitations

Expensive Easily dented None

 
Absorbs moisture Scratches can lead to rust

Can peel or bubble out Paint chipping can be common

Can bow, warp or twist Conducts temperature; cold or hot

to the touch
Will fade

Not energy efficient

Requires regular maintenance

Advantages Advantages
Advantages
 Wood Doors Steel Doors Fiberglass Doors

Limitations Limitations Limitations

Beautiful wood grain Lower maintenance Lowest maintenance

Resists denting and scratching

High end look No cracking or bowing

Offers wood grain and smooth

Scratches easily repaired Less expensive
finish look
Warm feel and touch Energy efficient
Won’t rot, deteriorate or rust
Good insulating value
Energy efficient
Secure
Can be painted or stained

Won’t warp, bow or twist

Five times the insulation value of

wood

Secure

Category of Period Region

building
Timber A B C D E F
84.1 84.1 84.1 84.1 84.1 84.1
2013 Dec
2014 Jan 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8
2014 Feb 79.7 79.7 79.7 79.7 79.7 79.7
 2014 Mar 79.8 79.8 79.8 79.8 79.8 79.8
2014 Apr 78.7 78.7 78.7 78.7 78.7 78.7
2014 May 82.8 82.8 82.8 82.8 82.8 82.8
UNIT PRICE INDEX FOR TIMBER

Region

A = Pulau Pinang, Kedah and Perlis

B = Perak

C = Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan and Selangor

D = Johor

E = Pahang

F = Kelantan and Terengganu

Source:http://www.cidb.gov.my/cidbv4/images/pdf/n3c/MCI/mci%20sm%20_%20jadual

%202%202014.pdf

PLASTER

What is plaster?

Materials designed to provide a durable, flat, smooth, easily decorated finish to internal

walls or ceilings.

TYPES OF PLASTER

1. Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris).

  Produced by heating gypsum to about 300 °F (150 °C).

 Plasterers often use gypsum to simulate the appearance of surfaces of

wood, stone, or metal, on movie and theatrical sets.

2. Lime plaster.

 Lime plaster is a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sand (or other inert fillers).

3. Cement plaster.

 A mixture of suitable plaster, sand, portland cement and water which is

normally applied to masonry interiors and exteriors to achieve a smooth

surface.

4. Heat resistant plaster.

• Used in cases where the wall is likely to exceed temperatures of 50°C.

JKR BUILDING SPECIFICATION

In section J (plastering, paving and tiling works) of JKR building specification, it stated

that the lime plaster shall be of approved manufacture and shall comply with BS 890

(specification for building limes) and shall be applied strictly in accordance with the

manufacturer’s instructions.

LIME CEMENT
Permeable. This means that vapour can pass through them at an almost imperceptible

level, which is a healthier option for inhabited buildings as it regulates humidity. Not

permeable. Creates a sealed surface that does not allow vapour passage.

Soft. Plasters should not be harder/stronger than the backing surface to which they are

applied. Hard. A great property in the right place but often cement is too strong for

the materials it is used with.

Do not attract moisture. They are not a ‘wet’ material, and so don’t need to be covered

with a waterproof barrier in order to protect other materials around them. Attracts

moisture. Other materials around cement need to be protected from it as it holds water

and can cause rot to develop.

Deal with moisture effectively. They can hold excess moisture from the atmosphere in

humid conditions e.g. in a shower, without becoming ‘wet’ and then release it slowly

back as humidity drops. Does not deal with moisture. Can cause condensation

problems in bathrooms, kitchens, bedrooms etc. as it does not regulate moisture.

Reduces green house gas effect. Over its lifetime, due to the cycle of lime changing

from limestone to quicklime and back to limestone again, most of the CO2 released

during the manufacturing process is re-absorbed during the lifetime of the plaster, thus

being close to carbon neutral. Causes green house gas effect. The manufacture of

cement is one of the major causes of the green house gas effect globally as it releases

tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, none of which is re-absorbed by cement

plaster.
From the above list of properties it becomes clear why lime would be used in bathroom

in preference to cement because it is permeable, soft, do not attract moisture, deal with

moisture effectively and reduces green house effect.

Advantages of lime plaster

1. Lime allows buildings to breathe.

• They are vapour permeable and allow buildings to breathe. This reduces

the risk of trapped moisture and consequent damage to the building fabric.

2. Lime has a high pH level

• Resistant to mold, fungus, and other indoor air pollutants.

3. Lime provides a comfortable environment

• Porous and open textured materials such as lime plasters, help to stabilize

the internal humidity of a building by absorbing and releasing moisture. This makes for a

more comfortable environment and reduces surface condensation and mould growth.

4. Lime Binds Gently With Early Adhesion

• Due to the fine particle size, lime mixes penetrate minute voids in the

background more deeply than other materials. They bind gently and the stickiness gives

good adhesion to other surfaces.

5. Lime Mortar Can Protect Adjacent Materials

• Lime mortars with a high free lime content are porous and permeable.

These characteristics allow lime mortars to protect adjacent materials by handling

moisture movements through the building fabric and protecting them from harmful salts.

Adjacent materials frequently affected this way include timber and iron as well as stone

and brick masonry.

6. Lime Renders Can Assist Drying Out By Evaporation

• Dense and impermeable renders can trap moisture within the building

fabric. Trapped moisture is often the agent for various decay mechanisms. Dense

renders used in conjunction with softer materials or on weaker backgrounds can cause

serious problems by creating local stresses. High calcium lime renders allow

evaporation and reduce the risk of trapped moisture and decay. In simple terms, the

greater the extent of pure lime and permeability the better this is for the building. This

needs to be balanced with durability, however, and some reduction in permeability may

be necessary to obtain adequate weathering qualities, hence the advantage of feebly

hydraulic limes for external use.

10. Lime contributes to a healthy environment

• Lime is caustic and has been extensively used, often in the form of

limewash, for its disinfectant qualities. Lime is also used for water purification. Lime

mortars, plasters, renders and limewash have been used to create hygienic surfaces

and improve comfort conditions within buildings for thousands of years.

Repairing Damaged Plaster in a Bathroom

1. Clean Wall

• Ensure that the wall is free of mold and bacteria.

2. Scrape and prime

• Remove the peeling and damaged sections of plaster.

• Use a drywall knife or other scraping tool to gently scrape away any

peeling or soft sections of plaster until all that is left is smooth, solid wall.

3. Refinish

• Apply a new layer of plaster so it blends with the rest of the wall.

• Use a drywall knife or trowel to apply the plaster for a smooth, even finish.

4. Paint

• Use water-proof paint to protect the plaster

RUBBER

Rubber is a polymer that has the property of elasticity. There are two types of

rubber,natural rubber and synthetic rubber. Natural rubber comes from the rubber tree.

The trees will mature at the age of six or seven years,then,the workers will collect the
latex from a diagonal incision in the tree trunk. The health of the tree is not affected

because the tree wound will heal itself later.Whereas synthetic rubber is made by man

using petrochemical feedstocks.

Rubber materials are widely used in the construction industry. They are used for

sealing, electrical insulation ,fire-proof insulation, expansion joints, and others.

TYPES OF RUBBER

Latex

Advantages :

• Ready to use right out of the container

• Inexpensive

• Good abrasion resistance

• High elasticity

Disadvantages :

• Low-cost latex products generally shrink

• Production is slow and time consuming

• Not suitable for casting resins

Polysulfide Rubber

Advantages :
• Very soft

• Stretchy

• Long lasting

Disadvantages :

• Offensive odour

• Must be mixed accurately or else it won’t work

• High cost

Silicone Rubber

Advantages :

• Good release properties

• Chemical resistance

• Heat resistance

Disadvantages :

• High cost

• Sensitive

• Do not have a long library life

Polyurethan Rubber
Advantages :

• Easy to use

• Less expensive than silicones and polysufides

Disadvantages :

• Bad release properties

• Limited shelf life

Neoprene Rubber

• Good Weatherability

• Resistance to Abrasion

Buna-N Rubber

• Resists oil and solvents

• Not weather resistant

Silicone Rubber

• Good flexibility

• Resistance to ozone, sunlight, and oxidation

• Very good electrical insulator

EPDM Rubber
• Excellent for outdoor use

Natural Gum Rubber

• Superior resilience

• Tensile strength

• Elaticity

• Abrasion resistance

Viton Rubber

• Resists corrosive environments

• Resistance to heat, aging, weather, ozone, oxygen, and sunlight, plus

fuels, solvents, and chemicals

• Good flame resistance

Natural Latex Rubber

• Ultra-elastic

• Excellent strength

• Stretchability

• Has exceptional tear resistance

SBR Rubber

• Good abrasion and wear resistance

Vinyl Rubber

• Good resistance to water,chemical and weathering

Santoprene Rubber

• Excellent weatheribility and chemical resistance

ECH Rubber

• Excellent resistance to fuel,oil and ozone

Butyl Rubber

• Nearly air and gas tight

• Good weatheribility,oxidation resistance and electrical resistance

• Excellent resistance to alkalies and acids

Latex-Free TPE Rubber

• Transparent elastomer with gel-like consistency to absorb vibration and

conform to irregular surfaces

• Super stretchy

• Great tensile strength

Hypalon Rubber

• Superior weatheribility

• Resistance to ozone,chemicals and oil even at high temperatures

• Resist flex cracking and abrasion from weather,heat and chemical

exposure

• Low water absorption

https://sites.google.com/site/thekacassite/rubber/advantages-and-disadvantages

http://www.emachineshop.com/machine-shop/Types-of-Rubber/page519.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_rubber

TILES

Tile is a versatile accent that allows adding decorative embellishments to the kitchen,

bathroom and many other areas. Depending on what material chosen, tile can last for

the entire lifetime of a house. It is important to select style and colour that will last for

years to come. Tile is made from either ceramic or stone with a number of different

options available within each category. There are many types of bathroom tile, but not

all tiles are best used in wet spots. One important factor? Vitreosity, which is the tile's

ability to absorb water. There are many types of tiles to consider for bathroom, below

are some examples:

1. Travertine (limestone formed from minerals that have been dissolved in

groundwater and pushed through the earth's crust by water)

Advantage:

• unique beauty and a luxury flooring item

• easy to cut and shape

• more environmentally sound than porcelain tile since it is made from a

natural material, and porcelain is not.

Disadvantage:

• quite porous

• highly reactive to acidic substances

• it is very heavy,adequate subflooring is needed to support travertine

• It also is not a good choice in bathrooms because it is extremely slippery

when wet

• Travertine floors are a bit more delicate than marble or granite. Therefore

special attention needs to be paid to spills.

2. Marble

Advantages:

• available in a wide variety of colors.

• has a slightly translucent quality (allows illumination in a room to penetrate

the surface)

• eco friendly and bio degradable (not cause pollution)

Disadvantages
• one of the more expensive flooring materials on the market

• Slippery (very low coefficient of friction)

• polished marble tile is easy to scratch

• expensive to install and difficult to remove

• very absorbent

3. Slate

Advantages:

• Waterproof and stain resistant

• fire resistant and doesn’t require heavy (and expensive) maintenance.

• little expensive at first hand, but the extra money spent at the beginning will

surely prove to be worth it

Disadvantages:

• scratch easily

• can be a little colder underfoot during winter

4. Ceramic

Advantages:
• extremely tough and the tiles are difficult to crack. A quality installation can

last for 10 - 20 years and longer if well maintained

• affordable

• naturally resistant to the ravages of high humidity conditions (suitable for

bathroom and kitchen)

• fairly easy to care for. Dirt, stains, and liquids all rest on the surface,

allowing you to easily wipe or mop them away

Disadvantages:

• does not hold on to heat very well. That means that it can get very cold in

the winter, which can be a shock to your toes first thing in the morning

• heavy and they need to be installed using a variety of mortars, grouts, and

tools

5. Porcelain

Advantages:

• natural aesthetic of wood or stone

• highly resistant to water

• minimal maintenance

Disadvantages:

• can be chilly on the feet, particularly during the winter

6. Faux Wood

Advantages:

• higher resistance to water

• scratch resistant

• not susceptible to Termites

• offers unlimited design

• affordable costs substantially less than hardwood

Disadvantages:

• Can be very cold in winter

• More expensive than ceramic and porcelain

7. Quartzite

Advantages:

• Naturally beautiful with unique pattern and color

• Heat-resistant\• Scratch-resistant

• Stain-, mold- and mildew-resistant with proper care and maintenance

• Resistant to most acids, such as soft drinks and juices, as compared to

marble

Disadvantage:
• Best-suited for interior use. Not recommended for exterior use because

UV light can damage the appearance and color.

8. Granite (natural stone)

Advantages:

• Very durable

• Naturally stain resistant

• Easy to care for

• Heat resistant

• Unique colors and patterns that occur organically

Disadvantage:

• Can have design imperfections that occur naturally

9. Stone and Pebble

Advantages:

• easy to maintain

• is stain resistant and, in warmer climates, offers a cool pleasant comfort

under your feet

Disadvantages:
• cost of stone and masonry flooring is high

• it’s not easy to lay

• most stone, and especially marble, can be slippery – especially when wet

Therefore, based on the search we have done, we would like to support and defend that

the best material to use for the toilet’s tiles is ceramic tiles because of the best qualities

it have. The tiles used in UIA mosque are mostly ceramic tiles with medium size and it is

very suitable and tough and yet, the life span is longer while the price is affordable for

large size bathroom. It is recommended to use this type of tile, for the upcoming years

to come.

PAINT

Definition:

Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate

in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, colour, or

provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colours—and in

many different types, such as watercolour, artificial, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold,

and applied as a liquid, but dries into a solid.

Type of Paint Used In Bathroom:

Pearl (Satin) Finish is very durable in terms of wash ability and resistance to moisture,

even in comparison to eggshell finish. It protects walls from dirt, moisture and stains.

Accordingly it is exceptionally valuable for bathrooms, furniture, and kitchens, but it is

shinier than eggshell, so it is even more prone to show imperfections. Semi-Gloss

Finish typically is used on trim to emphasise detail and elegance, and to show off

woodwork, such as on doors and furniture. It provides a shiny surface and provides

good protection from moisture and stains on walls. Its gloss does however emphasise

imperfections on the walls and similar surfaces. It is popular in schools and factories

where wash ability and durability are the main considerations.

Water-Based and Solvent-Based Paints

Paints are made up of pigment and a binder. Water-based (latex or acrylic) paints use

water for a binder, solvent-based paints use mineral spirit, and some specialty paints

use thinner. Natural wood finishes are also water or oil-based.

More natural or eco-friendly alternatives to oil are available, and include alkyds. They

are made of renewable materials such as plant oils, contain fewer preservatives, and

their manufacture is less polluting.

Bathroom or Kitchen Paints

These flats resist fungal growth and moisture better than standard formulations,

although if you have condensation you should consider improving ventilation.

For bathroom paint, Satin and Semi-Gloss are the most suitable and affordable to use.

TILES

There are many types of tiles to consider for bathroom, for example;

1. Travertine
2. Marble

3. Slate

4. Ceramic

5. Porcelain

6. Faux Wood

7. Quartzite

8. Granite

9. Stone and Pebble

Tile is a versatile accent that allows adding decorative embellishments to

the kitchen, bathroom and many other areas. Depending on what material chosen, tile

can last for the entire lifetime of a house. It is important to select style and colour that

will last for years to come. Tile is made from either ceramic or stone with a number of

different options available within each category. Knowing which styles and finishes work

best in each room and what materials are best to withstand moisture and resist stains. It

helps to determine which type of tile is best suited to the client needs

The commonly used tiles for bathroom are ceramic tiles. Like stone,

ceramic tile can achieve a rich, textured, solid feeling. Like vinyl, it's waterproof and it's

fairly inexpensive. And like wood flooring, it looks pretty good.

Glazed ceramic tile features a liquid glass coating that helps tile resist stains, scratches

and fire while protecting it from fading and making it easier to clean.
 Downsides: like stone, it's cold (though radiant or heated tile is available.

Also, it can be slippery. But texturing solves that problem. Smaller tiles are less slippery,

because more grout is used and the grout acts as a non-skid surface.

The tiles used in UIA mosque are mostly ceramic tiles with medium size

and it is very suitable and tough and yet, the life span is longer while the price is

affordable for large size bathroom. It is recommended to use this type of tile, for the

upcoming years to come.

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