Professional Documents
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Bhupendra Kumar
Integrated M.Tech.
Contents
Basic concepts and definitions
Classification of power system stability
Rotor angle stability
Transient stability analysis
Voltage stability
Voltage collapse
Factors affecting voltage stability
Classification of voltage stability
Small signal stability
Stability of dynamic systems
Dynamic stability analysis
Effect of excitation system
Power system stabilizers
Control of PSS
Applications of PSS
AESOPS algorithm
MAM method
Characteristics of small signal stability problem
References and bibliography
BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
Power system stability may be broadly defined as
that property of a power system that enables it to
remain in a state operating equilibirium under normal
operating conditions and to regain an acceptable
state of equilibirium after being subjected to a
disturbance.
Instability in a power system may be manifested in
many different ways depending on the system
configuration and operating mode.
Traditionally ,the stability problem has been one of
maintaining Synchronus operation.
BASIC CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS(cont..)
Since power system rely on synchronus machines for
electrical power generation, a necessary condition for
satisfactory system is that all syn. machines should
remain in synchronism.
This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics
of generators rotor angles and power-angle
relationships.
Instability may also encountered without loss of
synchronism. For example a system consisting of a
synchronus generator feeding an induction motor
load through a transmission line can become
unstable because of the collapse of load voltage.
BASIC CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS(cont..)
In the evaluation of stability the concern is the behavior of
the power system when subjected to a transient
disturbance. The disturbance may be small or large.
Small disturbances in the form of load changes take place
continually, and the system adjusts itself to the changing
conditions.
The system must be able to operate under these changes
and also be capable of surviving numerous disturbances of
severe nature, such as short- ckt. on transmission line, loss
of a large generator or load , or loss of a tie between two
subsystems.
Classification Of Power
System Stability
ROTOR ANGLE STABILITY
Rotor angle stability is the ability of synchronous
machines of a power system to remain in
synchronism.
In other words, rotor angle or load angle stability
denotes the angular displacement between stator
and rotor speeds.
It is directly proportional to the speed of the m/c i.e.
the load connected to the generator.
If the Angle is beyond to liable limit, the system will
come out of synchronism.
Transient Stability Analysis
For transient stability analysis we need to consider
three systems
1. Prefault - before the fault occurs the system is
assumed to be at an equilibrium point
2. Faulted - the fault changes the system equations,
moving the system away from its equilibrium point
3. Post fault - after fault is cleared the system
hopefully returns to a new operating point
VOLTAGE STABILITY & VOLTAGE
COLLAPSE
Voltage Stability-It refers to the ability of the
system to maintain a steady frequency, following a
system drastic change resulting in a significant
imbalance between generated and demand power
Voltage stability margins-
Factors affecting voltage stability
Voltage stability is a problem in power systems which are
heavily loaded, faulted or have a shortage of reactive
power.
The nature of voltage stability can be analyzed by examining
the production, transmission and consumption of reactive
power.
The reactive characteristics of AC transmission lines,
transformers and loads restrict the maximum of power
system transfers.
The power system lacks the capability to transfer power
over long distances or through high reactance due to the
requirement of a large amount of reactive power at some
critical value of power or distance.
Scenario of classic voltage collapse
The large disturbance causes the network characteristics to
shrink dramatically. The characteristics of the network and
load do not intersect at the instability point. A load increase
beyond the voltage collapse point results in loss of
equilibrium, and the power system can no longer operate. This
will typically lead to cascading outages.
The head of the curve is called the maximum loading point. The
critical point where the solutions unite is the voltage collapse point.
The maximum loading point is more interesting from the practical
point of view than the true voltage collapse point, because the
maximum of power system loading is achieved at this point. The
maximum loading point is the voltage collapse point when constant
power loads are considered, but in general they are different.