Students should be given time to prepare in pairs or groups before doing a class speaking activity; this will give them time to build confidence in what they are going to say. Sometimes it is useful to let them make notes about what they are going to say before doing the activity. Some silent think time can also be useful before an activity, but first make sure that your students are completely clear what activity they are preparing for. When preparing a presentation, some students like to record themselves before they actually do it, transcribe it, correct the errors and hand it over to the teacher for further comment before their actual presentation. Brainstorming with the whole class before a speaking activity can help to stimulate more ideas of what they are going to say.