L

i
k
e
L If the skirl o the pipes disnsae raise yer hackles..then ye have nae Scottish blood in ye!
o
v
e When speaking, it may be best to use the glue that works, Ἔθος , τέλος , λόγος For the
H writer (borrowing a phrase), perhaps its more; credibility, connection, and content.
a
h
a
Ethos appeals to conscience.
W
Telos appeals to goals and the actions taken to achieve them.
o
w
Logos appeals to reason.
S Ousia  appeals to being.
a
d
Pathos appeals to emotions.
A
n
Soul         --> Ethos --> Self              (the proper root of all personal values)
g
r
Emotions --> Pathos --> Self-Esteem (the love of self first and foremost)
y
Mind       --> Logos  --> Reason        (the use of the mind to grasp reality)
Body       --> Telos  --> Purpose        (the taking of actions in accordance with the
preceding values)
Life         --> Ousia  --> Existence      (the continued living one experiences via
embracing the preceding values)
1.
Reality imposes a constant choice upon living human beings between life and death, i.e.
between existence and non-existence, i.e. being and non-being.  It follows that a human
being who volitionally chooses to live can "win the argument for life" with reality by
following the Aristotelian ethos-pathos-logos pattern to a proper telos and thus enjoy
ousia for as long as nature will allow him.

Of the modes of persuasion furnished by the spoken word there are three kinds. The first kind depends on
the personal character of the speaker; the second on putting the audience into a certain frame of mind; the
third on the proof, or apparent proof, provided by the words of the speech itself. -Aristotle

Attention to the purpose of  communication,  the setting, and  the attitude by which  a message is

delivered.

Rhetorical Concepts
Many people have heard of the rhetorical concepts of logos, ethos, and pathos even if they do not
necessarily know what they fully mean. These three terms, along with kairos and telos, were used by
Aristotle to help explain how rhetoric functions.

In ancient Greece, these terms corresponded with basic components that all rhetorical situations have.

Logos

Logos is frequently translated as some variation of “logic or reasoning,” but it originally referred to the
actual content of a speech and how it was organized. Today, many people may discuss the logos qualities of
a text to refer to how strong the logic or reasoning of the text is. But logos more closely refers to the
structure and content of the text itself. In this resource, logos means “text.”

Ethos

Ethos is frequently translated as some variation of “credibility or trustworthiness,” but it originally referred
to the elements of a speech that reflected on the particular character of the speaker or the speech’s author.
Today, many people may discuss ethos qualities of a text to refer to how well authors portray themselves.
But ethos more closely refers to an author’s perspective more generally. In this resource, ethos means
“author.”

Pathos

Pathos is frequently translated as some variation of “emotional appeal,” but it originally referred to the
elements of a speech that appealed to any of an audience’s sensibilities. Today, many people may discuss
the pathos qualities of a text to refer to how well an author appeals to an audience’s emotions. Pathos as
“emotion” is often contrasted with logos as “reason.” But this is a limited understanding of both pathos and
logos; pathos more closely refers to an audience’s perspective more generally. In this resource, pathos
means “audience.”

Telos

Telos is a term Aristotle used to explain the particular purpose or attitude of a speech. Not many people use
this term today in reference to rhetorical situations; nonetheless, it is instructive to know that early
rhetorical thinkers like Aristotle actually placed much emphasis on speakers having a clear telos. But
audiences can also have purposes of their own that differ from a speaker’s purpose. In this resource, telos
means “purpose.”

Kairos

Kairos is a term that refers to the elements of a speech that acknowledge and draw support from the
particular setting, time, and place that a speech occurs. Though not as commonly known as logos, ethos,
and pathos, the term kairos has been receiving wider renewed attention among teachers of composition
since the mid-1980s. Although kairos may be well known among writing instructors, the term “setting”
more succinctly and clearly identifies this concept for contemporary readers. In this resource, kairos means
“setting.”

Purpose

Authors and audiences both have a wide range of purposes for communicating. An author’s purpose could
be to instruct, persuade, inform, entertain, educate, startle, excite, sadden, enlighten, punish, console, or
many, many others. LIkewise  audiences may seek to be instructed, persuaded, informed, entertained,
educated, startled, excited, saddened, enlightened, punished, consoled, or many, many others.  Multiple
purposes can co-exist on both sides of the experience.

Attitude

Attitude is related to purpose and affects how a rhetorical situation unfolds. Consider if an author
communicates with a flippant attitude as opposed to a serious attitude, or with drama as opposed to
comedy, or calmly as opposed to excitedly. Depending on authors’ purposes, audiences’ specific qualities,
the  context, and other factors, any of these attitudes could either help or hinder efforts to communicate.

Setting

Lastly, all rhetorical situations occur in specific settings, or contexts or environments. The  setting include
time, place,  and the community or conversation in which authors and/or audiences engage.

Time: It is fairly common knowledge that  people communicate differently depending on the time in which
they live. They have different assumptions about the world and how to communicate based on the era in
which they live.
Place:  Specific places affect the nature of the communication. At a rally, the place may be a hall or the steps
of a national monument. In a  conference, lecture  or court case, the place is a  formal room. In other
rhetorical situations, the place may be in print, in the pages of a publication. The place  shapes  the way
communication takes place.
“Community” or “conversation” refers to  social interactions among authors and audiences.   Consider
Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream speech. The immediate community and conversation was the  Civil
Rights Movement. But the enduring nature of Dr. King’s speech has broadened the setting to include many
countries and many people who have since read or listened to it. Dr. King’s speech is an example of a
rhetorical situation that is much bigger than its initial text and audience. Not many rhetorical situations are
as far reaching in scope as Dr. King’s “I Have a Dream” speech.

Contributors: Ethan Sproat, Dana Lynn Driscoll, Allen Brizee Last Edited: 2012-04-27 10:29:16

The Book of Revelation describes a war in heaven between angels led by the Archangel
Michael against those led by "the dragon", identified as the devil or Satan, who are defeated
and thrown down to the earth.
 “Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the
holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire.”
Ezekiel 28:14
A granfalloon, in the fictional religion of Bokononism (created by Kurt Vonnegut in his 1963 novel Cat's
Cradle), is defined as a "false karass". That is, it is a group of people who affect a shared identity or
purpose, but whose mutual association is meaningless.[vague]
Charles J. Shields's 2011 And So It Goes: Kurt Vonnegut: A Life quotes the novelist, who wrote[where?] that
a "granfalloon is a proud and meaningless collection of human beings...." That biography also
cites Hoosiers as "one of [Vonnegut's] favorite examples" of what the term refers to.

The granfalloon technique is a method of persuasion in which individuals are encouraged to identify with
a particular granfalloon or social group.[1] The pressure to identify with a group is meant as a method of
securing the individual's loyalty and commitment through adoption of the group's symbols, rituals, and
beliefs.
In social psychology, the concept stems from research by the British social psychologist Henri Tajfel, whose
findings have come to be known as the minimal group paradigm. In his research, Tajfel found that strangers
would form groups on the basis of completely inconsequential criteria.
In one study, Tajfel subjects were asked to watch a coin toss. They were then designated to a particular
group based on whether the coin landed on heads or tails. The subjects placed in groups based on such
meaningless associations between them have consistently been found to "act as if those sharing the
meaningless labels were kin or close friends."[2]
Researchers since Tajfel have made strides into unraveling the mystery behind this phenomenon. Today it
is broken down into two basic psychological processes, one cognitive and one motivational.
First, knowing that one is a part of this group is used to make sense of the world. When one associates
with a particular group, those in the group focus on the similarities between the members. However, for
people not in the group, or "outsiders," differences are focused upon and often exaggerated. A problem
with the granfalloon is that it often leads to in-group, out-group bias.
Second, social groups provide a source of self-esteem and pride, a form of reverse Groucho Marxism as in
his famous remark "I don't care to belong to any club that would have me as a member." [3]
The imagined communities of Benedict Anderson form a similar concept. Therapist Grant Devilly considers
that granfalloons are one explanation for how pseudoscientific topics are promoted.[4]

 And then the darkness descended upon us.....and dwelled for 8 long
years..... And when we were brought back into the light again, there
were those who cursed both the light, and he who brought it, and
lamented for the darkness to return.....

Jane Haddow I saw that a commonality of the mass shooters is that they have absent fathers.
• Like

Danny Bruce Ellis Agreed on that, though other categories exist. My dad spent many years (a lifetime for me) away on aircraft
carriers, made up for it by keeping me in Scouting, surrounded by Navy Chiefs and Marine Sergeants. My book was the
Bluejackets Manual. Forgot the URL:https://bit.ly/2qbdrkg
The Worldview that Makes the Underclass – Imprimis

During the Wars of Independence the castle was garrisoned by Edward I, King of England, after his crushing
defeat of John Balliol, King of Scots. A year later, in 1297 AD, none other than William Wallace, laid siege to
Dunnottar, burning down its wooden walls with an English garrison inside. The Scots makar, or poet, Blind Harry,
wrote an chilling account of the struggle for the rock in his epic poem ‘Wallace’:
Therefore a fire was brought speedily:
Which burnt the church, and all those South’ron boys:
Out o’er the rock the rest rush’d great noise;
Some hung on craigs, and loath were to die.
Some lap, some fell, some flutter’d in the sea;
And perish’d all, not one remain’d alive. 
Extract of Blind Harry ‘Wallace’ c1470’s

“One has to free oneself from the illusion that international climate policy is environmental policy. Instead, climate
change policy is about how we redistribute de facto the world’s wealth" 
-- Ottmar Edenhofer, UN International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), November 2010

In Shakespeare’s King Lear, Edmund, the evil son of the Earl of Gloucester, says:
This is the excellent foppery of the world: that when we are sick in fortune—often the
surfeit of our own behaviour—we make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and the
stars, as if we were villains on necessity; fools by heavenly compulsion; knaves, thieves,
and treachers, by spherical predominance; drunkards, liars, and adulterers, by an enforced
obedience of planetary influence; and all that we are evil in, by a divine thrusting on. An
admirable evasion of whoremaster man, to lay his goatish disposition to the charge of a
star!

In other words, it wasn’t me.

“Water can flow or it can crash. Be water, my friend. Always be

yourself; express yourself; have faith in yourself.”
— Bruce Lee

As Einstein put it, “Whether you can observe a thing or not

depends on the theory which you use. It is theory which decides
what can be observed.”
St Augustine in The Confessions: the past is gone, the present moment is too insubstantial to
grasp, and the future has not yet arrived. Past, present and future therefore cannot be perceived
directly. What we call time arises from our own reflection. It is a composite of memory and
anticipation.